SOEP-Core v38.1 - BIOIMMIG: Generated information on immigration history

Gauer, Miriam; Kara, Selin Research Report SOEP-Core v38.1 - BIOIMMIG: Generated information on immigration history SOEP Survey Papers, No. 1337 Provided in Cooperation with: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) Suggested Citation: Gauer, Miriam; Kara, Selin (2024) : SOEP-Core v38.1 - BIOIMMIG: Generated information on immigration history, SOEP Survey Papers, No. 1337, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW), Berlin This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/284356 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. 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If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 1337 2024 Series D – Variable Descriptions and Coding SOEP-Core v38.1 – BIOIMMIG: Generated Information on Immigration History Miriam Gauer, Selin Kara, and SOEP Group Running since 1984, the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) is a wide-ranging representative longitudinal study of private households, located at the German Institute for Economic Research, DIW Berlin. The aim of the SOEP Survey Papers Series is to thoroughly document the survey’s data collection and data processing. The SOEP Survey Papers is comprised of the following series: Series A – Survey Instruments (Erhebungsinstrumente) Series B – Survey Reports (Methodenberichte) Series C – Data Documentation (Datendokumentationen) Series D – Variable Descriptions and Coding Series E – SOEPmonitors Series F – SOEP Newsletters Series G – General Issues and Teaching Materials The SOEP Survey Papers are available at http://www.diw.de/soepsurveypapers Editors: Dr. Carina Cornesse, DIW Berlin and University of Bremen Dr. Jan Goebel, DIW Berlin Prof. Dr. Cornelia Kristen, University of Bamberg and DIW Berlin Prof. Dr. Philipp Lersch, DIW Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Carsten Schröder, DIW Berlin and Freie Universität Berlin Prof. Dr. Jürgen Schupp, DIW Berlin and Freie Universität Berlin Prof. Dr. Sabine Zinn, DIW Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Please cite this paper as follows: Miriam Gauer, Selin Kara, and SOEP Group, 2024. SOEP-Core v38.1 – BIOIMMIG: Generated Information on Immigration History. SOEP Survey Papers 1337: Series D – Variable Descriptions and Coding. Berlin: DIW Berlin/SOEP This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. © 2024 by SOEP ISSN: 2193-5580 (online) DIW Berlin German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Mohrenstr. 58 10117 Berlin Germany [email protected] The German Socio Economic Panel at DIW Berlin SOEP-Core v38.1 – BIOIMMIG: Generated Information on Immigration History Miriam Gauer, Selin Kara, and SOEP Group 2024 The file bioimmig is part of a collection, which is released with doi:10.5684/soep.core.v38.1o. SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig Contents 1 Introducing the BIOIMMIG dataset 3 Sources used to generate the BIOIMMIG dataset ..................... 4 2 Updating the BIOIMMIG dataset 4 Updating the BIOIMMIG dataset on a yearly basis .................... 4 Missing values ...................................... 5 Using the BIOIMMIG file ................................. 5 3 Variables in the BIOIMMIG dataset 6 biimgrp – BI: Immigration Group ............................. 8 biresper – BI: Residence Status .............................. 8 biwfam – BI: Already Had Family In Country ....................... 9 bifamc – BI: Contacts With Family In Germany ...................... 10 bifamcl – BI: Moved To Same City,Town As Family ..................... 10 birelhp – BI: Family Country of Origin: Parents ...................... 11 birelhgp – BI: Family Country of Origin: Grandparents ................... 11 birelhc – BI: Family Country of Origin: Children ...................... 12 birelhbs – BI: Family Country of Origin: Brother,Sister ................... 12 birelhdr – BI: Family Country of Origin: Distant Relatives ................. 13 birelhsp – BI: Family Country of Origin: Spouse, Partner .................. 13 birelhmi – BI: Persons Abroad Bring To Germany ..................... 14 biscger – BI: Attended School In Germany ........................ 15 biscgrad – BI: Which Grade, Year In German School .................... 15 syear – Year, Survey Year ................................. 16 hid – Current Wave HH Number ............................. 16 cid – Original Houshold Number, Case ID ......................... 17 pid – Never Changing Person ID ............................. 18 SOEP Survey Papers 1337 2 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig 1 Introducing the BIOIMMIG dataset The 14 variables contained in the BIOIMMIG dataset are a small pool of selected, generated variables that deal with questions related to the situation of immigrants and their descendants in Germany. These questions concern, for example, their reasons for immigrating to Germany, their living conditions in Germany, and whether they have relatives in the country of origin. BIOIMMIG was first generated in 1996 and aims to provide the data user with some pre-generated variables that might be useful when conducting migration and integration research. All 14 variables are generated by pulling together a multitude of variables from various datasets and therefore aim to alleviate the coding burden on the data user. For version 38 of the BIOIMMIG dataset, we decided not to include variables in the BIOIMMIG dataset that are exact copies of one migration specific variable recorded in the BIOL, JUGENDL or PL datasets and variables that are simple combinations of two variables recorded in the respective datasets. That is the reason why you will find 14 instead of 41 variables in this year’s BIOIMMIG dataset. However, you can still use the source variables of those variables that are not recorded in the BIOIMMIG dataset anymore by checking the variable lists in the section ‘Variables, Values and Sources in File BIOIMMIG’ in the BIOIMMIG documentation of version 37 of the dataset. The data available in the BIOIMMIG dataset are longitudinal. This means that the same variable name is used for every year. The different years for which data in the BIOIMMIG file is available can be distinguished by using the variable SYEAR, ranging from 1984 to 2021. Thus, for every respondent included in the dataset, there are as many person-years as the number of years in which the respondent completed interviews. The main unit of observation is therefore person-years. The sample population of the dataset is defined using the following criteria: • First, all available information related to the BIOIMMIG variables is collected and assigned to the person-year observations. Thereafter, all respondents who do not have valid information on any variable that is included in the BIOIMMIG dataset are excluded from the dataset for this year. In other words: respondents who do not have information on at least one variable that is generated as part of the BIOIMMIG dataset are excluded from the BIOIMMIG population, even if they might be immigrants or refugees. • Second, the dataset includes only person-year combinations for those years in which SOEP respondents completed a questionnaire (visible via the variable $NETTO in the dataset PPATHL). This refers not only to the personal and youth questionnaires but also to the biography questionnaires. In other words, at least one of these interviews had to be realized in a given year so that the person-year combination was considered for the BIOIMMIG dataset. At the same time, the dataset excludes person-yearobservations from children and individuals who were not part of a SOEP household in a given year (for more information, see the PPATHL dataset documentation on the current wave’s survey status of the variable $NETTO). Ultimately, for v38 this leaves a sample size of 443,800 person-years and 72,197 individuals in the BIOIMMIG dataset. SOEP Survey Papers 1337 3 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig Sources used to generate the BIOIMMIG dataset The BIOIMMIG dataset is build based on some migration specific variables that are collected using individual and biography questionnaires in different samples. As data from new samples and corresponding variables are collected year on year, their information is being fed into the BIOIMMIG dataset. In general, the variables used are both from biographical data stored in the BIOL dataset and individual data stored in the PL dataset. The following bullet points provide a concise overview on which data sources were used from when on to build the BIOIMMIG dataset. • In 1994 and 1995 (wave K and L) the SOEP’s first immigrant samples (Samples D1 & D2) have been created and information from those specific questionnaires have been used to create the first BIOIMMIG datset in 1996. • In 2000 (wave Q) the SOEP started sampling youth. Information from the youth dataset JUGEND, which contains similar information to the BIOL dataset but for 16and 17year-olds, was incorporated into the BIOIMMIG dataset. In any given year, a person could complete either a youth or a biography questionnaire depending on their age. Thus when you look for the original information, it is either available in the JUGEND dataset or the BIOL dataset but never in both. • In 2013 (wave BD), the IAB-SOEP migration samples (subsamples M1 & M2) have been launched in order to collect a large number of interviews with migrants in Germany. Information from those samples’ questionnaires have been added to BIOIMMIG in subsequent years. • In 2016 and 2017 (wave BG and BH), three IAB-BAMF-SOEP refugee samples (subsamples M3, M4, M5) were launched and added to the overall SOEP sample. The questionnaires of these samples varied slightly from the previous individual and biography questionnaires as they were tailored to capture the specific circumstances of refugees. The information from subsamples M3-M5 have also been added to the BIOIMMIG dataset in subsequent years. • In 2017, all the cross-sectional data collected through migrant and refugee samples M1-M5 were integrated into the long-format datasets PL and BIOL. From then on those longitudinal datasets have been used to extract the information that is needed to generate the variables of the BIOIMMIG dataset. • In 2020 (wave BK), data from the newly released migration samples M7 and M8a, and the refugee sample M6 have been fed into the BIOIMMIG dataset for the first time. 2 Updating the BIOIMMIG dataset Updating the BIOIMMIG dataset on a yearly basis Some of the information included in the BIOIMMIG dataset, especially information taken from the biography dataset BIOL, are assumed to be constant and valid over time. This could be, for example, a respondent’s main reason for coming to Germany. Other information, like for example whether a spouse is living in Germany, might change over time. In previous versions of the BIOIMMIG dataset the respondent’s answer was filled into all years going forward in which the respondent takes part in the SOEP survey, even if the respondent doesn’t answer that specific question again in subsequent years (in the case of time invariant information) or if the respondent answers again but in later years (in the case of time variant SOEP Survey Papers 1337 4 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig information). We proceeded in the same manner with questions that were posed to the respondent once in the youth questionnaire and then again in the adult questionnaire if the answers remained consistent. For example, when a respondent mentioned that he or she wanted to stay in Germany permanently, first in the youth questionnaire, and later in the biography questionnaire. In last year’s documentation we have described the disadvantages and issues of the practice of artificially filling in information for all person-years. From this year’s version of the BIOIMMIG dataset forward, we are not filling in information anymore. This means that there are more missings in the dataset, but on a positive note it also means that the data recorded in the BIOIMMIG variables is more transparent because it only includes person-year information that the respondents have actually given. Additionally, this means that users themselves can decide which information they want to fill in for the purpose of their respective research project. Missing values Four missing values were assigned to the variables in the BIOIMMIG dataset. -1 (No answer) is assigned to respondents who received a BIOIMMIG question but did not answer it. If no information is available for a respondent on one variable, the variable is set to -2 (Does not apply) for all years. The value -5 (Not included in this version of questionnaire) is assigned to respondents who did not receive the sample-specific question. This applies mainly to respondents whose samples were included retrospectively in a dataset, such as respondents to FID (“Families in Germany”) or respondents given variations of the BIOIMMIG questions such as those in the migration samples in 2016 and 2017. The Value -8 is only applicable to datasets in long format. This missing value applies, when a question isn‘t part of the survey program in a given year. The missing values were filled in across person-years according to the procedure described previously. Using the BIOIMMIG file The BIOIMMIG file can be used for cross-sectional or panel data analysis. The dataset is provided in long format but can easily be reshaped to wide format or, if necessary, be combined with cross-sectional data by simply selecting the relevant year via the variable SYEAR in the BIOIMMIG dataset. Relevant variables for merging other SOEP datasets provided in long format to the BIOIMMIG dataset are PID, HID, CID and SYEAR. It is important to note that the analysis with the BIOIMMIG data should always be started by using the PPATHL dataset as the basis for defining the analysis population. BIOIMMIG can then be merged onto the PPATHL dataset in order to use the variables that are available in BIOIMMIG. 1. Open the PPATHL dataset use data/ppathl.dta 2. Merge datasets merge 1:1 pid syear using data/bioimmig.dta 3. Keep analysis population SOEP Survey Papers 1337 5 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig keep if merge==1 (observation appear in the master file only, produces system missings due to observations which are not in the BIOIMMIG dataset) keep if_merge==2 (observations appear in the using file only, not possible in this case, because PPATHL provides all necessary ID‘s for any data analysis on the individual level) keep if _merge==3 (observations appear in both files, population of BIOIMMIG with information from PPATHL for the population) 3 Variables in the BIOIMMIG dataset In this section you find a description of the 14 variables that are contained in the BIOIMMIG dataset. For every variable, you will find the latest question that relates to the variable as well as a description about the content and possible peculiarities of the variable. This will help you to understand what information can and cannot be derived from each variable. Please refer to paneldata.org in order to find more information on the questions that pertain to the variable and in order to find the source variables which have been used to generate the respective variable. Biimgrp Biimgrp contains information about the immigrant group that the respondent belonged to when they last migrated to Germany. In the context of the biimgrp variable immigrant group refers to the broad legal basis upon which the respondent entered Germany. It does not relate to the respondents’ specific legal status or to their country of origin. The declaration about the immigrant group is self-reported by the respondent. Biimgrp streamlines and harmonises the information across all samples who have received a question that relates to the type of immigrant group at the time of immigration. In order to be able to provide a streamlined longitudinal variable, the following answer categories are available: 1. Spätaussielder, Aussiedler (English: repatriates, ethnic Germans) 2. Deutscher, Ausland (English: German, from a foreign country) 3. EU-Mitgliedsstaat (English: EU Member State) 4. Asylbewerber, Flüchtling (English: Asylum seeker, refugee) 5. Sonstige Ausländer (English: Other foreigners) The category 5 Sonstige Ausländer (other foreigners) includes respondents who gave one of the following answers: Erwerbstätige mit Jobzusage (employed with job offer); Student, Schüler, Azubi (student, trainee); Arbeitssuchend (job seeking); Auf einem anderen Weg/Nichts davon (another track/none of the above); Familiennachzug (family reunification); Touristenvisum/Tourist (tourist visa/tourist), Anerkennungsverfahren (asylum recognition procedure). Biresper Biresper contains information about whether the respondent holds a temporary or a permanent residence permit in Germany. In the context of biresper the type of residence permit is determined based upon the resondents’ self-declared specific legal status in Germany. Biresper is generated by taking multiple variables about the legal status of the respondent into account and simplifying the multitude of possible legal states of a person into a binary information. A respondents’ status can change from temporary to permanent or in rare cases from permanent to temporary. If you would like to have more detailed information on which legal states have been coded as temporary and permanent, please get in touch with the team at the SOEP. Biwfam Biwfam contains information about whether the respondent migrated to Germany due to family ties that predated their immigration. Biwfam streamlines information across all samples who have received a question that relates to the matter of migrating to Germany because at least one family member already lived in Germany. For asylum seekers and refugees this could mean that they migrated to Germany due to the legal framework of family reunification, for migrants from EU member states they could more simply have chosen to SOEP Survey Papers 1337 6 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig answered that his or her siblings are still living in the country of origin. The variable does not contain information about the number or gender of the siblings still living in the country of origin. birelhdr – BI: Family Country of Origin: Distant Relatives ?Where do these relatives live now? // In my country of origin (from: soep-core/soep-core2021-pb-m3456-erst/Q513:lr3224[34847]) ?Where was the person who received these payments from you living? // In my country of origin (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-pb-m3456-erst/Q524:plj0645[34856]) 1Distant Relatives 5529 -1 No Answer 40 -2 Does not apply 259935 -3 Answer improbable 1 -4 Inadmissible multiple response 0 -5 Not included in this version of the questionnaire 120399 -6 Version of questionnaire with modified filtering 0 -7 Only available in less restricted edition 0 -8 Question not part of the survey program this year 57739 Birelhdr contains information about whether any of the respondents’ distant relatives are still living in the respondents’ country of origin. The variable takes the value of 1 when the respondent answered that any of his or her distant relatives are still living in the country of origin. The variable does not contain information about how many distant relatives still live in the country of origin or what kind of distant relatives they are. birelhsp – BI: Family Country of Origin: Spouse, Partner ?Where does your partner live? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-pb-m3456-erst/Q479:plj0630 [34814]) ?Where was the person who received these payments from you living? // In my country of origin (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-pb-m3456-erst/Q522:plj0643[34854]) 1Spouse/Fiancee 50 -1 No Answer 10 -2 Does not apply 253119 -3 Answer improbable 0 -4 Inadmissible multiple response 0 -5 Not included in this version of the questionnaire 140043 -6 Version of questionnaire with modified filtering 0 -7 Only available in less restricted edition 0 -8 Question not part of the survey program this year 50421 Birelhsp contains information about whether the respondents’ spouse or fiancé is still living in the respondents’ country of origin. The variable takes the value of 1 when the respondent answered that his or her spouse or fiancé are still living in the country of origin. The variable does not distinguish whether the person still living in the country of origin is the respondents’ spouse or fiancé. SOEP Survey Papers 1337 13 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig birelhmi – BI: Persons Abroad Bring To Germany ?Do you or did you have children? If so, how many? // Do you plan to bring the child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll-m78/202:lr3194_1[33681]) ?Do you plan to bring your 1st child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2-m78/ 202g_1:lr3194_1[33764]) ?Do you plan to bring your 2nd child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2-m78/ 202g_2:lr3194_2[33765]) ?Do you plan to bring your 3rd child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2-m78/ 202g_3:lr3194_3[33766]) ?Do you plan to bring your 4th child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2-m78/ 202g_4:lr3194_4[33767]) ?Do you plan to bring your 5th child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2-m78/ 202g_5:lr3194_5[33768]) ?Do you plan to bring your 6th child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2-m78/ 202g_6:lr3194_6[33769]) ?Do you plan to bring your 7th child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2-m78/ 202g_7:lr3194_7[33770]) ?Do you plan to bring your 8th child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2-m78/ 202g_8:lr3194_8[33771]) ?Are you planning on bringing your spouse to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021pb-m3456-erst/Q476:plj0628[34811]) ?Is your partner planning to move to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-pb-m3456erst/Q482:plj0631[34817]) ?Are you planning on bringing this child to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-pbm3456-erst/Q494:lr3194[34828]) ?Are you planning to bring your spouse / partner to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core2021-pe-m78/195b:peheplan_n[31162]) ?Do you plan to bring this partner to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-pe-m78/ 198b:ppaplan_n[31164]) ?Do you plan to bring your spouse / partner to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021pe2-m78/195b:peheplan_n[33887]) ?Do you plan to bring this spouse / partner to Germany? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021pe2-m78/198b:ppaplan_n[33890]) 1Yes 1285 2No 952 -1 No Answer 4 -2 Does not apply 239851 -3 Answer improbable 0 -4 Inadmissible multiple response 0 -5 Not included in this version of the questionnaire 41013 -6 Version of questionnaire with modified filtering 0 -7 Only available in less restricted edition 0 -8 Question not part of the survey program this year 160538 Birelhdr contains information about whether any the respondent would like to bring any of his relatives to Germany in the future. The answer is coded as a binary yes/no answer. The answer of the respondent may relate to any relative that still lives in the country of origin. SOEP Survey Papers 1337 14 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig biscger – BI: Attended School In Germany ?Where did you last attend school? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2-m78/148:lsab3[33355]) ?What federal state is your last school located in today? (from: soep-core/soep-core-2021-ll2m78/152:lschbund[33361]) ?Did you last attend school in Germany or in another country? (from: soep-core/soep-core2021-pb-m3456-erst/Q282:lb0186_v2[34610]) 1Yes 46766 2No 20766 -1 No Answer 251 -2 Does not apply 344708 -3 Answer improbable 0 -4 Inadmissible multiple response 0 -5 Not included in this version of the questionnaire 3576 -6 Version of questionnaire with modified filtering 0 -7 Only available in less restricted edition 0 -8 Question not part of the survey program this year 27576 Biscger contains information on whether the respondent has gone to school in Germany at any point in time. Of all the variables that are recorded in the BIOIMMIG dataset, biscger is the only variable based on a question that goes to every SOEP respondent, regardless of their migration background. Therefore, more respondents than in other BIOIMMIG variables have no migration background. The answer is coded as a binary yes/no answer. biscgrad – BI: Which Grade, Year In German School 1866 2 84 3 94 4 78 5 95 6 77 7 75 8 81 9 70 10 42 11 18 12 9 13 8 -1 50 -2 366822 -5 21734 -8 53440 Biscgrad contains information about the grade that the respondent went to when he or she first arrived in Germany. The answer possibilities range from 1st to 13th grade corresponding with the German school system. Biscgrad does not display which type of school the respondent went to when they arrived in Germany. SOEP Survey Papers 1337 15 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig syear – Year, Survey Year 1984 3367 1985 2915 1986 2832 1987 2844 1988 2742 1989 2678 1990 2812 1991 2802 1992 2714 1993 2664 1994 2856 1995 3358 1996 3311 1997 3182 1998 3142 ... (8 rows omitted) 86353 2007 12078 2008 11336 2009 12058 2010 19109 2011 21448 2012 21594 2013 24737 2014 21644 2015 21579 2016 24089 2017 27537 2018 25690 2019 25782 2020 26752 2021 17638 Survey Year hid – Current Wave HH Number 167 15 230 1 418 15 647 13 930 38 949 12 981 22 990 12 1082 33 1368 6 1708 73 SOEP Survey Papers 1337 16 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig 1767 30 1872 5 1902 30 1929 32 ... (44527 rows omitted) 443289 5557440 1 5557550 1 5557580 1 5557610 2 5557620 1 5557630 1 5557700 1 5557720 1 5557810 1 5557830 1 5557840 2 5557850 1 5557890 1 5557900 1 5557930 1 ID variable Households cid – Original Houshold Number, Case ID 60 34 167 15 230 1 418 15 531 15 604 8 647 13 744 7 868 38 930 38 949 19 981 31 990 33 1082 38 1155 3 ... (39077 rows omitted) 443308 5538353 6 5538388 1 5538418 5 5538523 1 5538566 1 5538590 3 5538744 1 5538779 1 5539180 1 SOEP Survey Papers 1337 17 SOEP-Core (v38.1) bioimmig 5539198 1 5539546 1 5539600 2 5539660 1 5540200 1 5540404 1 ID variable Households pid – Never Changing Person ID 1602 12 1603 3 2305 1 4101 15 6401 13 8603 33 9302 38 9403 19 9803 31 9903 26 9906 4 10806 21 10807 12 13603 6 17001 36 ... (72141 rows omitted) 443358 55500202 1 55500502 1 55503502 1 55507302 1 55514302 1 55518202 1 55520102 1 55535102 1 55537002 1 55546202 1 55549002 1 55560402 1 55562402 1 55564702 1 55572102 1 ID variable Persons SOEP Survey Papers 1337 18