Digital Building Logbooks – the BUILDCHAIN vision

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Digital Building Logbooks – the BUILDCHAIN vision To cite this article: Filippo Landi et al 2025 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1546 012093 View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like A novel approach to beam size measurement at SSRF Yimei Zhou, Yongbin Leng, Sang Wu et al. - Prediction of surface morphology in laser processing of stainless steel based on BP neural network Chunyang Pan, Shu Mao, Feiping Tang et al. - Study on the influence of shaped charge liner material on linear cutting of PMMA Shuaiying Dang, Cheng Huang, Debo Zou et al. - This content was downloaded from IP address 193.2.76.2 on 23/12/2025 at 09:28 Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd Central Europe towards Sustainable Building 2025 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1546 (2025) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1546/1/012093 1 Digital Building Logbooks – the BUILDCHAIN vision Filippo Landi1, Noemi Friedman2, Juan Chiachio-Ruano3, Vlado Stankovski4, George Stamoulis5, Igor Osmokrovic 6, Raffaella Cioni7, Katja Malovrh Rebec8, Branimir Rakic9, John Peter Djungha10, Jairis Alvarez Trujillo11, Jan Slobodnik 12, Pietro Croce1 1Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy 2HUN-REN Institute for Computer Science and Control, Budapest, Hungary 3Departamento de Mec´anica de Estructuras e Ingenier´ıa Hidr´aulica, University of Granada, Granada, Spain 4Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 5Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece 6BEXEL Consulting, Belgrade, Serbia 7Municipality of Florence, Florence, Italy 8Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute ZAG, Ljubljana, Slovenia 9Trace Labs, Hong Kong, Hong Kong 10CLIO S.r.l., Lecce, Italy 11RINA Consulting, Genova, Italy 12Protim Rˇziˇsnik Perc, ˇ Senˇcur, Slovenia E-mail: filipp[email protected]; [email protected]u Abstract. The BUILDCHAIN vision is to build a Knowledge Base, that can be used to trace all activities related to the overall life-cycle of buildings. Since various directives of the EU are related to sustainability, resilience and energy efficiency of building stock, it is necessary to provide a marketplace where various actors can share their offers, including their quality certificates and credentials, and where it would be possible to log and trace every information, activity and change, and use the knowledge to improve sustainability. The project extends the concept of Digital Building LogBook (DBL) with several available and novel data, tools and functionalities, by the help of a Decentralized Knowledge Graph (DKG), an open source blockchain based solution. Specific buildingrelated ontologies are included in the DKG, so that the whole knowledge base about the life-cycle of the building can be logged and by that continuously updated, providing mechanisms and interfaces for the relevant stakeholders, to publish, trace, share, tokenize, end even trade models in a market economy. Such information integration can support decisions on optimal adaptation and intervention planning strategies for large populations of buildings. The DBL is integrated with several new functionalities demonstrated on a dozen of use cases via easily accessible and publicly available APIs. The new DBL based applications are now tested on pilot buildings focusing on historical and critical buildings, and on building stocks. The project targets a smarter and more sustainable built environment of the EU providing new market and new value creation. Central Europe towards Sustainable Building 2025 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1546 (2025) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1546/1/012093 2 1 Introduction Digital Building Logbooks (DBLs) are common repositories for collecting all relevant building data, from administrative details to performance metrics. DBLs have the potential to efficiently manage building related information and process, enabling better decision making throughout the building lifespan by digitizing building-related information. The DBL’s transformative impact includes real-time monitoring, optimization of operations, and improved sustainability in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, providing a single point of entry to verified and trusted building data. The development of comprehensive DBLs is considered a very important step toward enhancing the sustainability, efficiency, and transparency of the construction industry. In the last decade, an increasing interest in DBL is observed among policy makers, public authorities, and enterprises, which is reflected in the number of DBL initiatives currently being tested or developed (see e.g. [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9]). A technical study was carried out on behalf of the European Commission with the objective of guiding the member states of the European Union (EU) in setting up and operationalizing DBLs under a common EU Framework [10]. The project ended in October 2023 and the main outputs are an EU semantic data model for DBLs and the technical guidelines for DBL implementation in EU Member States. The long-term vision is a network of interoperable national DBL platform connected at EU level through a European portal. The study highlights the reasons why users would use a DBL are numerous and shows how to develop Use Cases (UCs) related to building processes based on DBL data. Three Horizon Europe projects are underway with the aim of demonstrating the use of DBLs for buildings (HORIZON-CL4-2022-TWIN-TRANSITION-01-09): BUILDCHAIN (https://buildchain-project.eu/) - BUILDing knowledge book in the blockCHAIN distributed ledger, openDBL (https://www.opendbl.eu/) - an one step open DBL solution, DemoBLog (https://demo-blog.eu/) - Development and Demonstration of Digital Building Logbooks. BUILDCHAIN aims to exploit the potential of using Digital Building Logbooks (DBLs) for a smarter and more sustainable built environment in the European Union, building a Knowledge Base, that can be used to trace all activities related to the overall life-cycle of buildings. At its core, BUILDCHAIN introduces a comprehensive DBL system designed to manage a wide array of building data, encompassing administrative details, fundamental building characteristics, operational and financial insights, safety and health performance metrics, carbon footprint measurements, and associated certifications and classifications, models and digital twins representing the physical parts of the building as well as ones simulating different building performances. This paper presents the BUILDCHAIN vision, the design and initial architecture, as well as the developed use cases and features. 2 BUILDCHAIN vision The foundation concept of the project is summarized in Figure 1and lies in the integration of reliable, transparent, and fully traceable data and knowledge, enabling interconnection between the different actors, the built environment and the building life-cycle, and providing new services based on innovative technologies. Figure 1: BUILDCHAIN core idea. Central Europe towards Sustainable Building 2025 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1546 (2025) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1546/1/012093 3 The BUILDCHAIN platform connects the diverse actors of the building sector (owners, tenants, designers/engineers, investors, public administrations, operators, etc..) with personalized credentials enabling them to search/query/retrieve and log all building related data, models, methodologies — collectively referred to as knowledge assets (KAs) — stored in a semantic fashion on a so-called Decentralized Knowledge Graph (DKG). DKG combines semantic networks, the knowledge graph, with trust networks, the blockchain, providing a solution to structure and interlink data assets making them queryable and verifiable. Blockchain-based digital identity systems offer upgraded security and trustworthiness with respect to traditional digital identity systems, by encrypting and distributing data across a decentralized network, making it resistant to unauthorized access. Knowledge Assets are thus built on the basis of Decentralized Identifier (DIDs) that combined with blockchain technology enable the creation of immutable records and audit trails for building data, offering enhanced data privacy and security by minimizing the need to store sensitive information in centralized databases. The designed BUILDCHAIN system fosters an ecosystem around these assets, facilitating collaboration and innovation within the construction sector. The incorporation of blockchain technology further enhances the capabilities of DBLs. For example, the inclusion of IoT sensor data into the Blockchain network enhances data collection, verification and sharing in other applications, such as structural health monitoring (SHM), energy optimization, and resilience to natural hazards ([11]). Moreover, the BUILDCHAIN platforms allows the integration of versatile tools tailored to user needs to make digitalization of building data efficient. Drawing from the use case methodology proposed by the above-mentioned EU DBL initiative ([10]), BUILDCHAIN designs its system and tools by aligning it to a set of high-level and specialized use cases identified in the project, each accompanied by defined user stories and requirements. To fulfill the requirements, the system’s architecture is made up of three main layers (see 2): •the Application Layer, which provides access to the various applications developed on top of the DBL supporting the deployment of the project use cases. The Application layer utilizes the Service and DBL layers underneath providing interfaces for the different actors operating in the building sector. •the Service Layer, which incorporates BIM Software Services, use-case-specific APIs and tools, smart oracles and similar services, ensuring seamless data processing and service execution that underpin the system’s operational capabilities. The Service Layer operates on top of the data contained in the underlying DBL layer. •the DBL Layer, which is the core of the systems and hosts the Common DBL APIs and the DKG APIs. Knowledge Assets and data from various data sources are incorporated in the DKG, organized in a semantic, machine-readable format, and made secure and verifiable by the blockchain-based ledger. Figure 2: BUILDCHAIN high level architecture. 3 Use Cases The BUILDCHAIN system’s design has been meticulously shaped through a comprehensive analysis of various use cases and applications, ensuring that it meets a wide spectrum of requirements. The purpose of the use case analysis is to provide a concise description of how each type of user interacts with the DBL to achieve a specific goal ([10]). Examples of generic Use Cases can be those related to: I) collection and storing of building certifications (e.g., EPC, LEED, BREEAM, fire safety) for easy access and use, II) design and engineering, providing essential information about the buildings like layouts, materials, structure, existing systems and equipment, building performance, interventions, energy consumption, III) monitoring and maintenance of buildings, collecting data through inspections and sensors with the aim to provide alerts when interventions are needed allowing informed decisions. The use cases developed in the BUILDCHAIN project has been categorized as: •generic use cases enabling data collection retrieval and collaboration. Central Europe towards Sustainable Building 2025 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1546 (2025) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1546/1/012093 4 •dynamic management of energy efficiency targeting decarbonization goals •structural health monitoring, safety of buildings •construction economics and building management •renovation processes •preparedness and resilience for natural disasters. The detailed examination of these use cases is presented in the following sub-sections organized by the category defined above, while the numbering of UCs follows that given in the project to avoid confusion. 3.1 Generic use cases The first general use case consists of logging and inquiring building related data to the DBL. Engineers first collect and generate data related to the properties of the building (geolocation, drawings, certificates, material properties, historical information, BIM, FEM,, etc..). Then, this data is logged to DBL and published on the DKG using special credentials based on special engineering practicing permission or habilitation (based on national regulations). This data will be thus accessible by the data publisher, the building owner(s) and the authorities. The data will be also discoverable for the public, and access will be managed by the owner. In this way generated knowledge does not get lost and can be reused and monitored. 3.2 Dynamic management of energy efficiency targeting decarbonization goals Two use cases are devoted to this task: Use Case 1 (UC1) - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint calculations and Use Case 11 (UC12) - Increase Energy Efficiency of Buildings. Aim of UC1 is to improve data transparency in environmental footprints reporting activities, showcase standardized methodologies, and increase collaboration between stakeholders. BIM will be semantically enriched with Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) to prepare a comprehensive LCA report, when requested by a third party (e.g. Investor). An EPD summary for the building is prepared, providing a clear assessment of its environmental impact and uploads it to ECO platform (https://www.ecoplatform.org/home.html). In this way, the work in LCA is standardized to a greater degree, digitalized and streamlined to allow for much faster assessment and result dissemination. Aim of UC12 is to improve the operational energy consumption and efficiency of buildings through short-term operation decisions and long-term building interventions. To achieve the former, the development and installation of mechanisms that allow for the energy flexibility of building during the operation is necessary. A digital twin is developed to monitor and predict energy consumptions of the office supporting the building manager in scheduling operation of the HVAC system. Moreover, an app for the communication between the occupants and the DBL is developed. An occupant of the office views current sensor measurements and weather data in the app or reports her feedback on the app, which is then stored aggregated in the DBL. In this way, occupant feedback can directly influence HVAC and lighting operations, while predictive models will help optimize building energy consumption. 3.3 Structural health monitoring, safety of building Several use cases are devoted to the assessment and monitoring of the structural behaviour of buildings: •Use Case 3 - Structural Health Monitoring, reliability assessment and anomaly detection with AI sensor fusion. The objective of this use case is to leverage continuous sensor data on structural behavior, encompassing measurements of strains, displacements, and accelerations, to detect anomalies and assess structural reliability effectively. A machine learning predictive model that can predict building behavior (e.g. frequencies and mode shapes) based on weather data is developed. Deviations from predicted structural behavior in real time can be detected and promptly notified to building maintainers and data providers to validate sensor signal accuracy and assess possible deterioration of the structure.The system enables proactive maintenance and reduces the reliance on outdated methods enhancing structural safety, optimizing maintenance efforts, and minimizes downtime, marking a significant step towards modernizing the industry with automated SHM solutions. •Use Case 4 - Earthquake and climate proof of buildings. The objective of UC4 is to improve the earthquake and climate resilience of buildings. To achieve this objective is important first to assess Central Europe towards Sustainable Building 2025 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1546 (2025) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1546/1/012093 5 the vulnerability and risk, related to natural hazards and changing climate ([12]), facing the assets and then to plan intervention strategies based on available financial resources. The assessment process is facilitated by the information that is already available on the building structure from the DKG. Engineers analyse the available data, validate its actuality based on on-site analysis, and prepare a comprehensive analyses on the structural performance based on an ad-hoc tool for seismic analyses of masonry buildings ([13]). The prepared structural safety report is then published on the DKG with performance indicators and linked to the updated knowledge about building structure when SHM data is available. Building managers and owner(s), as well as public authorities, can access to the vulnerability reports and take informed-decisions about building renovation. An overview of the developed use case is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: Overview of the Use Case 4 architecture. •Use Case 5 - SHM tools for cultural heritage buildings. Aim of UC5 is to develop and validate a comprehensive methodology for sequential structural model updating. This methodology leverages DBL data to enhance the structural integrity assessment of cultural heritage buildings, ensuring their preservation and sustainability. Engineers or researchers inquiry information on the building structure, sensor and weather data from the DKG. FE model response is compared with as-built monitored behavior and Bayesian parameter identification is performed updating material properties based on modal data ([14]). Combining real-time data and probabilistic modeling, civil engineers can provide accurate, data-driven guidance to building managers. The assessment of building performance shift from static to dynamic, allowing continuously updated insights and potentially enabling early detection of material degradation or structural vulnerabilities. •Use Case 6 - Follow-up procedures of design processes by Bayesian updating. The tools introduced in the BUILDCHAIN project can contribute to streamline the refinement of design procedures. This is achieved through the application of Bayesian methods, allowing for the revisiting, and updating of selected, uncertain modeling parameters within the design process using measured values of critical quantities such as displacements, deformations, or dynamic properties of the structure. UC6 is demonstrated through the refinement of structural design procedures for tall timber buildings using SHM data from buildings with similar structural systems collected stored on the DKG. •Use Case 8 - Optimised ‘self-attentive’ sensing. The goal of UC8 is to develop a self-attentive sensing system that intelligently automates the process of data collection and analysis. At the core of the methodology is a system architecture, self-attentive in nature, designed to provide means for the acquisition and automatic analysis of structural data, especially environmental vibrations, and their translation into actionable insights, such as the identification of natural frequencies related to the state of the structure. To avoid the collection of redundant data, leading to inefficiencies in storage, the system intensifies data collection based on triggers from seismic data providers like the national registers of seismic events. Central Europe towards Sustainable Building 2025 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1546 (2025) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1546/1/012093 6 3.4 Construction economics and building management The main goal of Use Case 10 - Construction Economics is to prepare better and more accurately estimate of costs for the construction of the building in different project phases. The interconnection of DBL and BIM becomes a shared tool for the assessment and monitoring of the cost management. Certified Quantity Surveyor (QS) prepare a preliminary budget plan according to project requirements, BIM, and DBL data (unit costs). BIM models are developed according to the modeling guidelines found in DBL to ensure consistency and standardization. BIM is enriched with cost data serving as the precise basis for contractor bids. Use Case 2 - Reasoning architecture for the management of a large population of buildings aims to develop a high-level reasoning engine taking data from the individual logbooks of the buildings to automatically discover optimal management policies at a whole system level. Graph models such as Petri nets are proposed as a reasoning engine at whole-system level. In fact, there are many situations where public administrations and private companies operate and manage a large population of buildings (e.g., network of public schools of a region or a Municipality, train stations in a railway network, network of shops of an international brand, etc.). Often, a network or sub-network of buildings share the same maintenance resources, but the management is decentralized, leading to suboptimal management schemes. UC2 integrates operational data, probabilistic models, and advanced analytics to: I) discover optimal policies for shared maintenance resources, II) enable proactive, data-driven decision-making, and III) reduce operational costs and improve resource allocation efficiency. 3.5 Renovation processes Deep renovation works represent highly unpredictable and complex processes, involving several stakeholders (construction companies, final users of the interventions, other people affected by the disruption caused by the construction site, etc.) and often too complicated to plan single activities to optimize the time, costs, equipment rentals as well as users’ disruption and inconveniences. Use Case 11 - Management of deep renovation work flows aims to optimize construction workflows, minimize disruptions and ensure efficient use of resources during renovation projects. DBL data are used to run the Deep Renovation Work flow Management Tool developed in the project to the impact of renovation plans on the users of the buildings. Work flows are simulated and visualized on BIM environment to compare different renovation scenarios, identifying potential collisions or conflicts and evaluating where renovation activities may cause disruption. Real time updates and alerts about possible disruptions, effects and the recommended preparatory actions are then published on the DBL and made accessible to the building manager. 3.6 Preparedness and resilience for natural disasters DBLs can represent in a long-term perspective also a useful tool to increase preparedness and resilience against natural disasters at urban level. Besides the UC-4 for the assessment of building vulnerability, two additional Use Cases are devoted to this aim: Use Case 7 - Precipitation monitoring for active control of local flooding and Use Case 9 - Post-catastrophic interventions. Selected sentinel buildings in the city and their DBLs could represent a monitoring and control network to: •evaluate flood risks, support risk reduction policy, and develop stormwater management plans at the City level. •support decision-makers in managing emergency phases after a catastrophic/extreme event. Analyzing damages on the sentinel buildings compared to the reference conditions stored in the DBL, a specific emergency management plan tailored to the city’s overall needs can be formulated. 4 Large scale demonstrators The twelve use cases described in Section 3 are developed in connection with the tools and tested on large scale demonstrators and/or toy examples. Five Pilots are currently under investigation (see Figure 4): •The Hospital Real in Granada, a significant 16th-century building in Spain, hosting the rectorate of the University. Aim of the pilot is to demonstrate the capabilities of DBL to act as self-adaptive expert system for proactive maintenance of cultural heritage buildings with the support of SHM system (UC3, UC5, and UC8). Operational modal analysis combined with Bayesian inference techniques will enable real-time monitoring of the building’s key structural parameters to ensure its preservation and safety. Central Europe towards Sustainable Building 2025 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1546 (2025) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1546/1/012093 7 •A hospital building under design in Slovenia. The pilot aims to demonstrate the use of DBL for new building, providing rules for the creation and placement of Priced Bill of Quantities (PBoQ) in BIM enviornment enabling statistical analyses and data processing (UC10). Additionally, UC1 is showcased enriching BIM with EPDs and preparing comprehensive LCA report. •A strategic and heritage building from the XVIII century, “Palazzo Poniantowski-Guadagni” in Florence, head office of the local police. Several use cases and DBL-based applications will be demonstrated on this Pilot including the development of mulit-resolution and purposes BIM from point clouds, the assessment and monitoring of the structural performance (UC3, UC4 and UC5) and the management of energy efficiency (UC12). •A large set of school buildings in the city center of Florence. Information regarding in-situ survey, material properties, seismic performance, safety risk indexes, are collected in the DBL based on previous researches carried out by the University of Pisa in agreement with the Municipality of Florence ([13]). The analysis of the DBL data in accordance with Use Cases UC2, UC4 and UC11, will demonstrate the use of DBLs to support large building owners in identifying intervention priorities and manage deep renovation processes. •Pioneering tall timber structures of at least seven stories made of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. CLT is still a relatively new technology, with only a few notable examples, primarily in Scandinavia. To expand the use of such designs across Europe, it is crucial to validate the performance and safety of these non conventional structures to ensure they meet building regulations and can be confidently adopted in a different environment. This Pilot involves the use of monitoring data and the finite element (FE) models to update the modeling parameters used in the design processa and will allow to showcase UC6. Figure 4: BUILDCHAIN demonstrators and deployed use cases 5 Summary and expected results The BUILDCHAIN project is extending the concept of DBLs combining innovative technologies for the building sector such as decentralized knolwedge graphs and blockchain, to create a trusted, integrated, transparent knowledge base that can be used to trace all the activities related to the building life cycle. Several use cases are developed to demonstrate the capabilities of the new DBLs including energy efficiency and LCA, as well as structural assessment and reliability against natural hazards, building stock management, renovation, and construction economics. The presented use cases are now under testing on five large-scale Pilots showcasing their benefits and supporting the EU initiatives aiming to increase the diffusion of DBLs at European level. Central Europe towards Sustainable Building 2025 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1546 (2025) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1546/1/012093 8 6 Acknowledgements This work is part of the BUILDCHAIN project (https://buildchain-project.eu/). BUILDCHAIN has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement no.101092052. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. References [1] J Volt, Z Toth, J Glicker, M De Groote, G Borrag´an, S De Regel, S Dourlens-Quaranta, and G Carbonari. Definition of the digital building logbook – report 1 of the study on the development of a european union framework for buildings’ digital logbook. Technical report, European Commission and Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, 2020. 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