Innovations in education: The development of a new pedagogical technology of a combinational type, focused on the development of personality of students

Zhurakovskaya, Vera et al. Article Innovations in education: The development of a new pedagogical technology of a combinational type, focused on the development of personality of students Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity Provided in Cooperation with: Society of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity (SOItmC) Suggested Citation: Zhurakovskaya, Vera et al. (2020) : Innovations in education: The development of a new pedagogical technology of a combinational type, focused on the development of personality of students, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, ISSN 2199-8531, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 6, Iss. 4, pp. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040123 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/241509 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. 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If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity Article Innovations in Education—The Development of a New Pedagogical Technology of a Combinational Type, Focused on the Development of Personality of Students Vera Zhurakovskaya 1,*, Aleksandr Sichinava 1, Tatyana Simakova 1, Olga Olicheva 2, Sergey Rykov 3, Julya Valeeva 4, Anastasia Kulachinskaya 5and Svetlana Ilyashenko 6 1Department of Administration, Academy of Public Administration, 129344 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (T.S.) 2Istra City Lyceum, 143500 Moscow Oblast, Russia; [email protected] 3Department of Humanitarian Disciplines, The Military Academy of Strategic Rocket Troops n.a., 143900 Balashikha, Russia; [email protected] 4Department of Industrial Management, Kazan State Power Engineering University, 420066 Kazan, Russia; [email protected] 5Graduate School of Industrial Economics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] 6Base Department of Trade Policy, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 117997 Moscow, Russia; [email protected]u *Correspondence: [email protected]u Received: 6 September 2020; Accepted: 14 October 2020; Published: 21 October 2020   Abstract: The paper considers the problem of adolescent and young students’ personalities’ development in the conditions of face-to-face and distance school learning. The scientific novelty of the study is the proposed classification of pedagogical technologies according to the degree of their novelty: modernized technology, combinational technology, progressive technology, pedagogical technology of the combinational type, the essence of which is shown in its title. A specific model of pedagogical technology of the combinational type “Teaching in cooperation, in a team using flipped classroom” was developed. The developed technology was implemented during the classes of the humanities and natural-mathematical cycles. Nine hundred and eight adolescent and young students (divided into experimental and control groups) and 32 teachers participated in the experimental work. To analyze the differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of the student’s personality manifestation, several criteria and indicators were considered. For mathematical and statistical processing of the obtained results, the multifunctional statistical Fisher’s F-test was used. Analysis of the implementation of the developed technology in the conditions of face-to-face and distance learning showed a positive dynamics of experience formation of the student’s personality manifestation. This allowed the authors to consider the developed pedagogical means effective. Keywords: combinational technology; flipped classroom; blended learning; e-learning; distance learning; student personality 1. Introduction The e-learning and distance educational technologies are widely used in education programs of various levels and directions [ 1 ]. A growing interest in online education is recorded in all countries. Distance learning, digital transformation of education and growing competition in open distance education [ 2 – 8 ] together with open innovation issues [ 9 – 13 ] are the typical features of the modern world. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020,6, 123; doi:10.3390/joitmc6040123 www.mdpi.com/journal/joitmc J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020,6, 123 2 of 15 E-learning is understood as the organization of educational process including information obtained from databases and used in the implementation of educational programs. The e-learning educational content can be taken from the Internet; the federal system of information educational resources developed within the framework of federal programs and projects; the textbook sets; or be developed by the teachers themselves [ 14 – 16 ]. The development of electronic educational resources and methodological materials for distance learning is an urgent task at the present stage. E-learning opportunities can be implemented through the following modern resources: Rosetta Stone; Tell me More Ultimate; Livemocha, Bussuu, AlGeo [ 17 – 19 ]. The software product “1C: E-Learning” can be used for the development of online courses and electronic resources [ 20 ]. The Blackboard and Moodle software can also be used for the development of e-courses, their uploading and direct implementation of e-learning using distance learning technologies. The eFront, Moodle systems can be used for blended learning of students using e-learning tools [ 21 ]. The new trends in e-learning include the H5P service, which can be used to create and edit interactive videos, presentations, games, advertisements and so forth; Adapt Learning, a service for creating electronic content [ 22 ]; development of new interfaces for the exchange of mathematical ideas when teaching mathematics (the Case Study for MyMathLab Learning System, Lessons Learned from a Calculus E-Learning System), creation and implementation of new massive open online courses (MOOC) and Rich Media Platform for training mathematics teachers [23]. Distance learning technologies are defined as educational technologies, implemented mainly using information and telecommunication networks with indirect (at a distance) interaction between students and teachers [ 24 ]. The distance learning can be implemented in the following ways: synchronous (video conference lesson, webinar, chat, offline meetings), asynchronous (video lectures, e-mail, messengers) [ 25 ], through the integration of distance and face-to face components of electronic courses for blended learning of students. The latter uses the following algorithm: (1) student’s independent work with the material; (2) fulfillment of test and training tasks; (3) the student’s independent determination of the subsequent route of his work: determination of the reference material volume, training exercises and so forth; (4) performing tasks to check the learnt material; (5) discussion of results, answers to students’ questions; (6) face-to-face classroom work [ 26 ]. Distance learning can be carried out through one of the types of blended learning: online electronic educational-methodical complex on the Moodle platform [ 27 , 28 ], DiSpace 2.0 platform, which allows one to manage seminars, consult, keep a journal, check the performed work, perform testing [ 29 ]. Flipped classroom is a new teaching methodology, which has received recognition in primary, secondary and higher educational institutions. The essence of it is that lectures are held outside the classroom, study time is devoted to solving problems, the teacher has a role of trainer and facilitator [30–32] The course can include—(a) a content module—a section of educational materials, which contains web-links to the necessary resources on the topic under study, tests; (b) a help module in the form of a tooltip, a dialog box, a text file; (c) an interactive module—mail, small forum, chat, electronic conference, video conference and so forth; (d) an administrative module for managing the group [ 33 ]. For distance learning, researchers used the following tools and methods: paper books, online electronic educational publications, computer training systems in hypertext and multimedia versions, audio and video educational and information materials, laboratory remote workshops, simulators with remote access, information databases, electronic libraries with remote access and so forth [ 34 ]. Distance learning is implemented using the following resources: (a) lecture texts, methodological instructions for practical, laboratory exercises, control tasks and so forth, (MSWord, Excel, Adobe Reader, PDF-editor, etc.); (b) scanned printed texts; (c) text-graphic interactive and motivating educational materials (HTML hypertext markup language, programming languages JavaScript, PHP, Java, etc.); (d) interactive text-graphic multimedia materials (C++, Python, Java, etc.), in a form of Windows (Linux, Android) applications, including virtual laboratory and simulation environments, simulators and emulators of equipment and devices [35]. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020,6, 123 3 of 15 The UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL), the International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE) and StudyPortals (SP) have collaborated on a research project called “Impact of Distance Education on Adult Learning (IDEAL).” The IDEAL team published the final report of the research project “Closing the gap: opportunities for distance education to benefit adult learners in higher education”, which gives a set of recommendations on program design and implementation, as well as national policies related to distance education [36]. World practice of distance learning at the present stage of education development includes the following methods, organizational forms, means: •Teleconferences with trainees at remote sites using VideoConferencing technology [37]; •An innovative model of Virtual Business Projects (VBP) based on teamwork [38]; • Remote online lessons based on technologies of synchronous and asynchronous remote communication [39]; • Model of intelligent learning “Monitoring the environmental parameters in a Smart City”, which, among other things, provides the creation of remote laboratories for students and so forth [40]; • Creation of breakthrough technologies using virtual reality (VR) environment, games and educational programs, leading to a creative result [41,42]. This result is provided by the transfer of education, which should become more modular, from the classroom to an informal setting and especially to the Internet [ 43 ]. Of great importance are also empirical research related to the achievement of student learning outcomes in non-traditional (virtual and distance) and traditional (practical) scientific laboratories, as well as studying the factors that must be taken into account when assessing the state and progress of research in this area [44–46]. Thus, the analysis of works on the problem of organizing the educational process from the standpoint of e-learning and distance learning technologies showed that it is necessary to develop the following ideas for organizing this process: - Improvement of the flipped classroom methodology of the face-to-face and distance learning form, which still has not a uniform version; - Integration of gaming and distance technologies that provide motivation for learning in online environment; - Development of electronic educational resources for the implementation of distance learning; - Improvement of psychological and pedagogical means that ensure self-regulation of students within the framework of distance learning, since it is based on the independent activities of students and so forth. In our work we focus on the problem of adolescent and young students’ personalities’ development in the conditions of face-to-face and distance school learning. In this regard an interesting work is devoted to the study of relationship between flexible learning and self-regulating strategy of learners in the framework of distance learning. The results showed a positive impact of flexible learning and its three factors (time management, teacher contact and content) on self-regulatory learning strategies (cognitive, metacognitive and resource-based). Groups with high learning flexibility have shown that they use more learning strategies than groups with low flexibility [47,48]. This work considers development of a new pedagogical technology of the combinational type, which is a system of technologies and teaching methods forming an indissoluble unity, integrity, united by a common concept, idea, algorithm. It integrates flipped classroom, game technology, a collective way of teaching technology, multilevel learning technology, rating assessment method. The developed combinational technology should contribute to the development of the student’s personality, motivate students to learn in the online environment and promote their self-regulation. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020,6, 123 4 of 15 2. Materials and Methods The study was carried out using theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis and generalization of data from theoretical sources, scientific publications, Internet resources, etc.), diagnostic methods (questionnaires, testing) and statistical methods for processing experimental data The classification of innovative projects by M.M. Potashnik was considered, which includes: • Retro-innovations, that is, innovations already known to some extent, described in the literature; •Innovations of modification type having an analogue or prototype; • Innovations of a combinatorial type, in which the known things are divided into parts and combinations of these parts result in something new, which gives a new educational effect; •Radical innovations, which have no analogues, no prototypes, no preliminary prototypes [49]. Based on the classification of innovative projects by M.M. Potashnik, we propose to classify the pedagogical technologies according to the degree of novelty: modernized technology, combinational technology, progressive technology. The pedagogical technology of the combinational type (PTCT) is not a mechanical sum of technologies and teaching methods aimed at achieving a certain result. It is a system of technologies and teaching methods forming an indissoluble unity, integrity, united by a common concept, idea, algorithm, the implementation of which focuses on the solution of the set goals. We have developed and tested the technology of the combination type “Teaching in cooperation, in a team using flipped classroom”, which contributes to the development of the personality of the student, their self-regulation, motivation of the learning of students in face-to-face and distance learning. This combinational technology includes the following technologies and methods: flipped classroom, game technology, a collective way of teaching (CWT) technology (V.K. Dyachenko), multilevel learning technology, rating assessment method. Further we present the detailed description of the developed PTCT, Figure 1. Figure 1. The model of the pedagogical technology of the combinational type (PTCT) “Teaching in cooperation, in a team using flipped classroom”. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020,6, 123 5 of 15 2.1. The Conceptual Component of Model It deals with the following issues: (1) The purpose of the technology is to promote the development of the personality of students during the educational process of the school, expressed in the creation of conditions for the awareness and realization by students of the need to develop their personality. (2) The theoretical and methodological basis of the combinational technology “Teaching in cooperation, in a team using flipped classroom” is the concept of developing the student’s personality [ 50 ]. The main conceptual provisions include the following: - The process of developing the personality of adolescent and young students passes the stages of self-knowledge, self-determination, self-creation, self-esteem, each of which consists of certain steps; - The activity of teacher involves the creation of situations and conditions in which the student performs a free, conscious, alternative choice from 2/several opposite types of activity, involving the development of his personality, the formation of experience in decision-making; - The transition of the external motivation of the student’s activity into the internal one means that the teacher provides pedagogical support to the student in mastering the method of managing his activity motivation, which is expressed in the organization of goal-setting based on reflection from the position of communication with society, the key characteristics of personality, using coaching techniques, implementing techniques regulation by volitional actions, organization of a critical attitude towards oneself; - The activity of teacher is to create conditions for effective processes of self-realization of students. It can be expressed in a breakthrough beyond the boundaries of the students’ actual abilities (creativity), self-improvement, in their ability to positively surpass themselves. The task of teacher is to organize students to solve their problems, to perform creative tasks of heuristic, research, innovative, meaning-generating types, implying a breakthrough beyond the boundaries of the actual abilities of students (manifestation of their creativity), to develop the programs of self-education, self-development, the concept of “I am an personality”, which determine the self-improvement of students [50]. (3) The scientific approaches to the technology implementation: personality-oriented, activity-based, coaching; (4) The principles of the technology implementation: principles of pedagogical support, cooperation, freedom of choice, humanization, positive self-transcendence, subjectivity; (5) The technology functions: self-improvement of students; (6) The criteria for the effectiveness of technology: mentality, communication, self-development, morality, criticality. 2.2. The Informative Component The combinational technology “Teaching in cooperation, in a team using flipped classroom” was implemented during the classes of the humanities and natural-mathematical cycles. The basic ideas for integrating the above listed technologies and methods into a single whole PTCT included: - Creation motivation for the learning of students in the classroom, conditions for the development of personality of students, improving the quality of education, which was also ensured through the use of the “flipped classroom” methodology. According to it the teacher in the classroom forms students’ skills and abilities to apply knowledge in practice and the development of new knowledge is carried out independently by students within the framework of online homework. In the classroom, the teacher uses CWT technologies, game technologies, multi-level teaching. Within the framework of these technologies, students complete tasks of different difficulty levels and receive points for J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020,6, 123 6 of 15 this: 10 points for a low level of difficulty, 30 points for an average level of difficulty and 60 points for a high level of difficulty (rating methodology). As a result, the student, the team gets a rating (1st, 2nd, 3rd place, etc.), which provides status to students and his team in different nominations: best student of the year, best critic, analyst (of the quarters, semesters, year) or the most successful team, the most close-knit team and so forth. The best team of students can get the entry to the Duma of the school, the Council of Leaders and so forth. Achievements of students, teams are noted in the magazine “The school truth” (encouragement of students). Changing the student’s status, his position, encouraging the student, according to the research of psychologists [ 51 ], ensures the inclusion of volitional processes, the regulation of volitional actions, that is, the development of his self-regulation, which is a mechanism for the student’s self-development [ 52 ]. Self-development of a student is the basis for the development of his personality. - Creation motivation for learning students online (homework), conditions for the development of personality of students, improving the quality of education: (1) Through the use of electronic resources (TimeLine, StoryMapJS, WordArt.com, Tilda Publishing services), the Screencast-O-Matic program for the development of educational videos, on the basis of which content for homework was developed, providing students with enthusiasm and interest to independently master new knowledge; (2) In order for the student to master the educational material, a discussion of new material is organized, the solution of problems in a team (in Zoom, Moodle, WhatsApp, etc.), since it is difficult for a teacher to conduct consultations every day for a large number of students. The team (of 6 people) has advanced students. To get the advanced students to want at a high level of responsibility, on the basis of a conscious, free choice to discuss, explain, advise team members (weak, average students), the algorithm was as follows. At the beginning of the classroom lesson, the teacher tested one student from the team (medium or weak, as a rule) on his homework mastering; and the points that the student received were received by the whole team. In addition, the teacher conducted reflection with the students from the perspective of coaching techniques, providing students with an understanding of why and how they need to carry out mutual assistance in a team while performing homework or class work. The received scores changed the status of the student, the team, which contributed to the development of self-regulation, which is the student’s self-development mechanism. Self-development of students is the essence of the development of their personality. The informative component of the model includes a description of electronic resources, based on which the homework related to mastering new knowledge was developed: - TimeLine service is a free service for arranging content in chronological order; this service can contain text, educational video, links to Wikipedia and other text resources; - StoryMapJS service is a free service for the uploading of the following content: text, instructional video, links to Wikipedia and so forth. - WordArt.com service is a free service as a way of presenting text information: translation of words, interpretation of words and so forth, providing links to Wikipedia, explanatory, foreign dictionaries, Internet news publications and so forth. - Tilda Publishing service is a free service that allows one to present educational information: educational videos, texts, content made in the services TimeLine, StoryMapJS, WordArt.com and so forth; - Google classroom platform, which allows one to upload educational material, tasks for students, evaluate the work of students and so forth; - Screencast-O-Matic program for recording training videos. We offer the following methodology for using the content presented in the electronic services listed above: J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020,6, 123 7 of 15 - Students identify important, key events in the text and their arrangement in chronological order in the TimeLine service; - Students, whose biography is presented in TimeLine, determine, which process I shown in TimeLine and so forth. - Students determine the missed dates and events contained in the TimeLine and fill in the missed content; - Students find errors in the text (dates, sequence of events, etc.) presented in the TimeLine; - Students answers to problematic questions to the text, located at the beginning/middle/end of the training video, electronic content; - Students create a Booktrailer—a short video that reveals the essence of the viewed content, made in electronic services, programs; - Students state problematic questions to the educational text, that can be put into their research, project work. A competition for the most difficult question is organized; - Students/teacher develop a quest based on the content presented in electronic services, programs; - Students develop a mind map based on the mastered electronic content in the MindManager/XMind/FreeMind program and so forth; - Students/teacher develop problem cases based on the content of the viewed content, made on the basis of electronic services, programs; - Students retell the mastered material offered in electronic resources, in the context of modern problems, moral problems, in the context of other academic disciplines and so forth; - Students find in the text (from electronic resource) arguments, counterarguments, findings, conclusions, premises and designate them in different colors; - Students develop a graphic image of the structure of argumentation of any thesis, a graphic image of the derivation of the thesis, taken from the text posted in any electronic service; - Students develop a critical analysis of the text presented in any electronic resource. 2.3. The Processual Component The stages of this component are presented in Figure 1. 2.4. The Communicative Component (Managing the Technology) The technology implementation was managed through the activities of the project office. Teams of teachers implemented this technology at the parallels of the 6–7 grades using specially developed projects. The functions of the project office included the following: - Coordination the plans of teachers’ projects by time and resources among themselves; - Receiving reports from project managers on the implementation of project activities; - Reduction of resource conflicts at the level of the set of projects; - Motivation of project managers to successfully implement projects by teachers. The project office meets once a month under the leadership of the project set manager. They discuss the following themes: launching or suspension of project; building a monitoring system for the implementation of a set of projects; reporting for project managers; resolution of resource conflicts and so forth. The implementation of projects is monitored via regular analysis of reports. Monitoring can be carried out in the Trello service. The monitoring system includes the selection and assessment of various indicators of project implementation, expressed quantitatively and qualitatively. The project manager directly manages the project implementation. He is responsible for the schedule, for managing the project activities of teachers. He receives reports from teachers on project implementation and provides them to the project office, motivates teachers to successfully implement their projects. For the project implementation, the following tasks should be set and resolved by the project manager and teachers: J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2020,6, 123 8 of 15 - Setting the work directions of the teachers’ team; - Assigning persons in charge of the development of electronic content on the specified educational topics. Teachers should discuss the resulting electronic content as well as the experience of implementing this content, correct and improve it; - Assigning persons in charge of the development of content of different disciplines from the position of knowledge integration based on different electronic services. Teachers should discuss the resulting content, correct and improve it discussion by teachers of the experience of implementing this content, its correction; - Mutual training of teachers when working in various electronic resources (TimeLine, StoryMapJS, WordArt.com, Tilda Publishing, Google classroom, in the Screencast-O-Matic program); mastering new services; - Identification of persons in charge of posting reports in the Trello service and so forth. 2.5. The Analytical Component It includes the selection and compilation of diagnostic tools to determine the development of the student’s personality. This is conditioned by the enrichment of experience of manifestation of his personality. By the experience of manifestation the personality of a student, we mean the ability in a peculiar, original way to show their unique properties and qualities in creating oneself, one’s life path and reality. The components of the student’s personality manifestation experience are the following: mental experience, communicative, spiritual and moral, self-development, critical thinking. 2.6. The Feflection Component It includes comprehension, assessment, identification of shortcomings, forecasting ways of improvement and so forth. 3. Results 908 adolescent and young students and 32 teachers participated in the experimental work. The experimental group consisted of students from the Moscow and Kemerovo regions. The pedagogical experiment was carried out in the conditions of traditional educational process. The considered students groups are a continuous sample from a homogeneous environment of students of a general education school (the same curriculum, age (12–15 years), the same approximate general education program). The results obtained in the experimental group (N1 =116 people) were compared with that from the control group (N2 =119 people). During the implementation of the PTCT “Teaching in cooperation, in a team using flipped classroom”, the student’s individual experience was monitored. The technology was implemented during the classes of the humanities (Russian language, foreign language, literature, history, etc.) and natural-mathematical cycles (mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc.). The indicators of the effectiveness of the formation of the experience of the manifestation of the student personality were the indicators of the formation of its structural components: mental experience, spiritual and moral, communicative, experience of critical thinking of students and self-development, Table 1. The criteria for assessing the formation of the experience of student’s personality manifestation include the following: mentality, communication, self-development, morality and criticality. Each of the structural components of the experience of student’s personality manifestation was brought to four levels: high, above average, average and low. 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