Magneto tactic Bacteria: A Quest for Biomedical Field

Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 40 Original Article Magneto tactic Bacteria: A Quest for Biomedical Field Mrs. Sarita Milind Wadmare Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology. Willingdon College, Sangli. Manuscript ID: yrj-140304 Abstract: Magneto tactic bacteria (MTB) are a different group of microorganisms distinguished by their ability to align and move along magnetic fields, a phenomenon driven by the presence of magnetosomes intracellular, membrane-bound organelles containing magnetic nanoparticles. These unique magnetic properties have not only made MTB a subject of interest in microbiological research but also positioned them as valuable tools in various biotechnological and industrial applications. This review explores the critical magnetic properties of MTB, emphasizing their natural capacity for magneto taxis and the controlled synthesis of magnetic nanomaterials. The biogenic magnetosomes produced by these bacteria are highly uniform in size, shape, and magnetic orientation, making them ideal candidates for applications in targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, and environmental remediation through bioremediation of heavy metals. Furthermore, advances in genetic engineering have enabled the tailoring of MTB for specific functions, enhancing their utility in biosensing and nanotechnology. The potential of MTB in sustainable and innovative technological solutions is vast, with ongoing research aiming to harness their full capabilities. This review highlights the significance of MTB in bridging biological systems with advanced material sciences and outlines future research directions that could further exploit their unique properties. By integrating MTB into cutting-edge biotechnological applications, we can anticipate breakthroughs that may revolutionize fields ranging from medicine to environmental science. Keywords: Biosensing, Bioremediation, Biogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles, Magnetotactic Bacteria, Magnetosomes, Targeted Drug Delivery ISSN: 2277-7911 Impact Factor – 5.958 Volume 14 Issue 3 July-August-Sept.- 2025 Pp. 40-56 Submitted: 7 July 2025 Revised: 19 July 2025 Accepted: 26 July 2025 Published: 10 Sept. 2025 Corresponding Author: Mrs. Sarita Milind Wadmare Quick Response Code: Web. https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18066966 DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.5281/ze nodo.18066966 Creative Commons Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), which permits others to remix, adapt, and build upon the work non-commercially, provided that appropriate credit is given and that any new creations are licensed under identical terms. How to cite this article: Mrs. Sarita Milind Wadmare (2025). Magneto tactic Bacteria: A Quest for Biomedical Field . Young Researcher, 14(3), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18066966 Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 41 Introduction: Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a fascinating group of microorganisms that have evolved a unique mechanism for navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field. This ability is facilitated by the presence of magnetosomes, which are specialized intracellular organelles containing nanocrystals of magnetic minerals such as magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄). These magnetosomes are organized into linear chains within the bacterial cells, acting like a compass needle that allows MTB to align and migrate along geomagnetic field lines, a behavior known as magnetotaxis [1]. Since their discovery by Richard Blakemore in 1975, MTB have garnered significant attention not only for their unique magnetotactic behavior but also for the potential applications of their biogenic magnetosomes in various fields, particularly in biotechnology and nanotechnology [2]. The highly uniform size, shape, and magnetic properties of magnetosomes provide a distinct advantage over synthetic magnetic nanoparticles, which often suffer from inconsistencies and potential cytotoxicity [3]. Moreover, magnetosomes are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, which imparts biocompatibility and provides functional groups for chemical modification, making them ideal candidates for targeted drug delivery systems, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, and magnetic hyperthermia treatments [4]. Recent advances in genetic and molecular biology have enabled researchers to manipulate the biosynthetic pathways of magnetosome formation, allowing for the customization of magnetosomes for specific applications. For example, genetic engineering of MTB has been explored to produce magnetosomes with enhanced magnetic properties or to express surface proteins that facilitate the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to specific tissues [5]. Additionally, the environmental applications of MTB, such as in bioremediation, have shown promise due to their ability to interact with heavy metals and other pollutants, thereby contributing to the detoxification of contaminated environments [6]. Despite the widespread presence of MTB and their abundance in the sediments of various freshwater and marine environments, their isolation and cultivation pose significant challenges due to their demanding lifestyle. Consequently, research progress in this field has been hindered at times. However, advancements in biotechnology and magneto-technology have facilitated some breakthroughs in laboratory MTB culture, biomineralization, MTB ecology, magnetism of MTB and magnetosomes, and the identification of fossil magnetosomes in sediments fig 1. The scope of this review encompasses the detailed characterization of MTB, the current and potential applications of their MTB in Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 42 various biotechnological and industrial contexts, and the future directions of research in this rapidly evolving field. By bridging the gap between biological systems and advanced materials science, MTB hold the potential to revolutionize several technological sectors, paving the way for innovative solutions in medicine, environmental science, and nanotechnology [7.8]. Magnetotactic Bacteria: Characteristics and Classification: 1. Discovery and History: The discovery of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) dates back to the early 1970s when Richard Blakemore first identified these unique microorganisms in sediments from freshwater environments. Blakemore observed that certain bacteria exhibited a distinct behavior of orienting and swimming along the magnetic field lines of the Earth, a phenomenon termed magnetotaxis [2]. His groundbreaking work not only highlighted the existence of MTB but also set the foundation for subsequent research into their ecological roles and applications. Following Blakemore's initial discovery, several significant milestones marked the history of MTB research. In 1984, the first detailed characterization of the magnetosome structure was conducted, revealing the presence of magnetite nanoparticles encapsulated in a lipid membrane [3]. This discovery was crucial in understanding the biogenesis of magnetosomes and their unique magnetic properties, leading to further investigations into the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying magnetosome formation [7]. In the subsequent decades, advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering have enabled researchers to explore the phylogenetic diversity of MTB, uncovering a vast range of species across various environmental niches. Notably, the identification of diverse magnetosome morphologies and compositions has expanded the understanding of MTB’s evolutionary significance and adaptation strategies [1]. In the subsequent decades, advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering have enabled researchers to explore the phylogenetic diversity of MTB, uncovering a vast range of species across various environmental niches. As shown in Fig. 2, this diversity is reflected in the gradual expansion of the phylogenetic tree within the Bacteria domain, specifically for Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB). The schematic illustration in the figure depicts the progressive growth and branching of MTB lineages, highlighting the evolutionary significance and adaptation strategies that have allowed these microorganisms to thrive in diverse environments. The identification of diverse magnetosome morphologies and compositions further underscores the complexity of MTB's evolutionary pathways [1]. Recent research has also focused on the potential applications of MTB in biotechnology, particularly in developing Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 43 novel magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical and environmental applications. As the interest in MTB continues to grow, understanding their discovery and historical significance remains pivotal in unlocking their potential for innovative solutions in various fields [8]. 2. Biological Characteristics: Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are characterized by their unique ability to synthesize magnetosomes, which are intracellular organelles that contain magnetic minerals. These magnetosomes, typically composed of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄), are organized in a chain-like structure, allowing the bacteria to align with the Earth’s magnetic field and navigate through aquatic environments. The size, shape, and arrangement of magnetosomes can vary significantly among different species of MTB, influencing their magnetic properties and functional capabilities [7]. Magnetosomes are typically 35-120 nm in size and are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane that provides biocompatibility and stability as show in (table 1). The magnetic properties of magnetosomes are primarily determined by their mineral composition, crystallinity, and the arrangement of the magnetosome chain within the bacterial cell [3]. The magnetic dipole moment generated by these chains enables MTB to exhibit strong magnetic responses, facilitating their movement towards magnetic field lines, a behavior that is essential for their ecological niche Fig. 3 [1]. Morphologically, MTB exhibit a wide range of shapes, including rodshaped, spiral, and coccoid forms. This morphological diversity is often correlated with their ecological adaptations and environmental niches. For instance, rod-shaped MTB are commonly found in freshwater environments, while coccoid forms are more prevalent in marine habitats [8]. The phylogenetic diversity of MTB is significant, with several genera and species identified across different environments, including freshwater, marine, and even extreme conditions such as acidic hot springs. The classification of MTB into different groups is based on their genetic, biochemical, and morphological characteristics, highlighting their evolutionary significance and adaptability [5]. 3. Taxonomy and Classification: The taxonomy of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) has evolved significantly since their initial discovery, driven by advances in molecular biology and genetic sequencing techniques. MTB are classified into several genera and species based on their genetic, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. Traditionally, they were grouped under the umbrella of the phylum Proteobacteria, but recent studies have revealed a more complex phylogenetic landscape [1]. Currently, MTB are primarily classified into three main groups based on their magnetosome Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 44 composition and structure. Magnetospirillum this genus includes some of the mostwell-studied species, such as Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. These bacteria typically contain magnetite magnetosomes arranged in chains and exhibit a rodshaped morphology. They are often found in freshwater environments [2]. Desulfovibrio species in this genus, like Desulfovibrio magneticus, are known for their spiral shape and the presence of magnetite in their magnetosomes. Classification of Magnetotactic bacteria explain in Table 2. These bacteria are typically found in marine and brackish environments and are also involved in sulfate reduction processes [3]. Aquaspirillum members of this genus, such as Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum, display coccoid shapes and often contain greigite magnetosomes. They can inhabit a variety of aquatic environments, including freshwater and sediment [5]. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have uncovered a diverse range of MTB species, indicating that magnetotaxis has independently evolved multiple times across different lineages. The evolutionary significance of MTB lies in their adaptation to various ecological niches, driven by their unique magnetic properties. The ability to navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field offers these bacteria a competitive advantage in locating optimal habitats for growth and resource acquisition [7] Moreover, the study of MTB’s phylogenetic relationships provides insights into the evolutionary mechanisms that govern magnetosome formation. For example, the presence of specific genes associated with magnetosome biogenesis, such as the mam gene cluster, has been linked to the magnetotactic capabilities of different MTB species. This genetic diversity suggests that magnetotaxis may have evolved as a response to environmental pressures, facilitating the survival and adaptation of these microorganisms in diverse ecological settings [8] Mechanism of Magnetosome Formation: 1. Genetic Basis of Magnetosome Formation: Magnetosome formation in magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) is a complex process governed by a specific set of genes responsible for magnetosome biogenesis. Understanding the genetic basis of magnetosome formation is crucial for elucidating how these microorganisms synthesize their unique intracellular organelles that enable magnetotaxis. The primary genes associated with magnetosome formation are clustered within the mam gene cluster, which consists of approximately 15 to 20 genes. These genes are critical for the biosynthesis, transport, and arrangement of magnetosomes [7]. Notably, the mamA, mamB, mamM, and mamK genes play significant roles in the development of Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 45 magnetosomes fig. 4. mamA is essential for the membrane anchoring of magnetosomes and is involved in the initial steps of magnetite crystallization [4]. mamB and mamM are implicated in the formation of the magnetosome membrane, influencing the shape and size of the magnetosomes. mamK encodes a protein involved in the organization of magnetosome chains, facilitating alignment within the cell to enhance magnetotactic behavior [9]. The regulation of these genes is orchestrated by complex genetic networks and environmental factors, including iron availability and oxygen levels. For example, iron is a critical precursor for magnetite (Fe₃O₄) synthesis; hence, MTB tightly regulate iron uptake and storage through various transport proteins [10]. Additionally, the expression of magnetosome-related genes is influenced by the cellular environment, ensuring that magnetosome synthesis occurs under optimal conditions for growth and magnetotaxis [11]. Recent studies have shown that other non-mam genes also contribute to magnetosome biosynthesis, highlighting the multifaceted nature of this process. These include genes involved in cellular signaling, metabolic pathways, and the overall physiological state of the bacterium, indicating that magnetosome formation is intricately linked to the organism's survival strategies and ecological niche [12]. 2. Magnetosome Membrane and Protein Composition: Magnetosomes, the unique organelles found in magnetotactic bacteria, are enclosed by a specialized membrane that plays a crucial role in their function and assembly. This section explores the structure of magnetosome membranes, the proteins associated with them, and their respective functions. The magnetosome membrane is a lipid bilayer that encapsulates the magnetic mineral, typically magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄). Unlike conventional biological membranes, magnetosome membranes are characterized by their unique lipid composition, which includes phospholipids and specific proteins that contribute to the organelle's stability and functionality. The lipid bilayer is enriched with specific phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, which provide structural integrity to the membrane and facilitate the biogenesis of magnetosomes [13,14]. Studies have shown that the magnetosome membrane is permeable to small ions, facilitating the transport of essential ions and substrates required for magnetite formation. Additionally, the membrane is involved in the regulatory processes that control the magnetosome's growth and mineralization [2]. The magnetosome membrane houses a variety of proteins that are critical for magnetosome formation and function. These proteins can be categorized into Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 46 several groups based on their roles. Integral to the membrane structure and involved in magnetosome assembly and stabilization, key proteins include: MamA and MamB are Essential for the early steps of magnetosome formation, influencing the positioning of the magnetosome within the bacterial cell [14, 15]. MamC is Crucial for magnetite nucleation and growth, interacting directly with iron ions during mineralization [16]. Facilitating the transport of iron and other essential elements into the magnetosome, these proteins ensure that the required precursors for magnetite formation are adequately supplied. For example, MamM has been identified as a transport protein that aids in the influx of iron ions [17,18]. Specific proteins involved in the regulatory pathways that control the expression of genes related to magnetosome formation coordinate the synthesis and assembly processes, ensuring that magnetosome formation occurs under optimal conditions. MamR has been identified as a regulator that influences the transcription of magnetosome-related genes [19]. Some proteins function as molecular chaperones, assisting in the proper folding and assembly of magnetosome proteins. They play a pivotal role in ensuring the functionality of the magnetosome organelle [20] Fig. 5. The interplay between these proteins and the magnetosome membrane is fundamental to the effective biosynthesis of magnetosomes. Understanding the composition and function of magnetosome membranes and their associated proteins provides insight into the mechanisms of magnetotaxis and the biotechnological applications of magnetotactic bacteria [21,22]. 3. Magnetosome Biogenesis and Assembly: Magnetosomes are specialized organelles found in magnetotactic bacteria, responsible for the biomineralization of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) crystals. The biogenesis of magnetosomes is a highly regulated process that involves the precise coordination of various genes and proteins, contributing to the unique functionality of these organelles [23]. The formation of magnetosomes initiates with the invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, leading to the development of magnetosome membranes that encapsulate the iron minerals. Key genes, particularly those within the mamAB operon, play crucial roles in magnetosome formation. For instance, MamA is essential for the assembly and stabilization of the magnetosome membrane, while MamB is involved in the mineralization process. These proteins facilitate the nucleation and growth of magnetic crystals, ensuring their proper orientation and arrangement within the cell [21,24]. Environmental factors significantly influence magnetosome biogenesis. Studies have shown that variations in oxygen levels, temperature, and nutrient availability can Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 47 affect the size, shape, and quantity of magnetosomes produced [24]. This adaptability allows magnetotactic bacteria to thrive in diverse aquatic environments. Furthermore, magnetosomes are typically organized in chains, a characteristic that enhances the magnetotactic behavior of these bacteria. The alignment of magnetosomes along the cell’s long axis not only optimizes the magnetic dipole but also aids in navigation through geomagnetic fields, providing a competitive advantage in their ecological niche [25]. Recent advances in genomic and proteomic analyses have unveiled the intricate regulatory networks governing magnetosome biogenesis. For example, the identification of additional genes and regulatory pathways has deepened our understanding of how magnetotactic bacteria adapt their magnetosome production in response to changing environmental conditions [26]. Various Applications of Magneto Tactic Bacteria in Different Fields: Bioremediation, cell separation, DNA/antigen recovery or detection, drug delivery, enzyme immobilization, magnetic hyperthermia, and contrast enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging are among the applications that use magnetite-producing MTB, magnetite magnetosomes, and/or magnetosome magnetite crystals. Summarize applications of MTB are depicted in table no.3 1. Environmental and Ecological Applications: 1.1 Role in Bioremediation: Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are valuable in bioremediation due to their ability to reduce heavy metals and degrade pollutants in various environments. Their magnetosomes, which are intracellular magnetic nanoparticles, allow them to navigate along geomagnetic fields, making them particularly effective in targeting pollutant-rich areas. Studies have shown that Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense can biomineralize cadmium into cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles, which are less toxic and more stable [28]. Additionally, MTB's potential in oil spill bioremediation has been explored, with the bacteria's magnetotaxis being harnessed to remove oil contaminants from water [21]. 1.2 Applications in Environmental Monitoring: MTB offer promising applications in environmental monitoring due to their sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, and the presence of toxic substances. Their magnetotactic behavior can serve as a biosensor for detecting environmental pollutants. For example, MTB have been utilized to monitor water quality, with their response to pollutants serving as an indicator of contamination levels [29]. Moreover, genetically engineered MTB have been proposed as living biosensors for detecting specific contaminants, Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 48 offering a real-time and cost-effective method for environmental monitoring [5]. 2. Biomedical Applications: 2.1 Use in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Magneto tactic bacteria (MTB) have shown significant potential in biomedical applications, particularly in targeted drug delivery systems. The magnetosomes within MTB can be directed to specific sites within the body using external magnetic fields, making them ideal candidates for delivering drugs to target tissues with precision. This targeted approach minimizes side effects and enhances the efficacy of the treatment. For instance, research has demonstrated the use of MTB in delivering chemotherapeutic agents directly to tumor sites. By applying an external magnetic field, MTB loaded with drugs can be navigated to the tumor, where the drugs are released, leading to localized treatment and reduced systemic toxicity [5]. Another study explored the potential of MTB for delivering antiinflammatory drugs to inflamed tissues, showing promising results in reducing inflammation while minimizing adverse effects [28]. 2.2. Applications in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Diagnostics: MTB and their magnetosomes have also been explored for their applications in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diagnostics. The magnetic properties of MTB make them suitable as contrast agents in MRI, providing enhanced imaging of soft tissues and tumors. Additionally, the ability of MTB to be functionalized with specific ligands allows them to target and bind to certain biomarkers, making them useful in diagnostic applications. One study highlighted the use of MTB as a contrast agent in MRI, where their natural magnetism provided clear and enhanced imaging of tumor tissues in animal models [21]. Additionally, functionalized MTB have been used in diagnostic assays to detect specific proteins and pathogens, offering a novel approach to early disease detection [6]. 3. Future Prospects and Challenges: 3.1 Emerging Applications and Technologies: The future of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) in various industries holds great promise as emerging applications and technologies continue to evolve. Recent advancements in genetic engineering and synthetic biology have opened new avenues for enhancing the capabilities of MTB. These advancements include the modification of MTB to produce magnetosomes with customized properties, such as increased magnetic strength, altered size, and functionalized surfaces, making them suitable for more specific and sophisticated applications. For example, genetically engineered MTB have been explored for their potential in hyperthermia treatment, where the magnetic properties of magnetosomes are used to generate localized heat for cancer Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 55 Nanoparticles for Water Purification: A Critical Review. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(24):7500. 36. Wang P, Chao D. [Phytoremediation of heavy metal contamination and related molecular mechanisms in plants]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2020;36(3):426-435. 37. Y. Zhang, Sun X. Genetic engineering of magnetotactic bacteria for enhanced magnetosome production. J. Microbiol. Methods. 2021;184. 38. Liao Y, Chen H, Zhao X. Development of magnetotactic bacteria-based biosensors for environmental monitoring, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2020; 327:128853. 39. Gupta A, Singh M, Rani A. Magnetotactic bacteria as drug delivery vehicles, Adv. Drug. Deliv.Rev. 2019;148:39-49. 40. Komeili A. "Magnetosomes and magnetotaxis," Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2007; 10:286-292. 41. Liu X. " Recent advances in magnetotactic bacteria: Biotechnological applications," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2018; 102:6385-6396. 42. Pang B, Zheng H, Ma S, Tian J, Wen Y. Nitric oxide sensor NsrR is the key direct regulator of magnetosome formation and nitrogen metabolism in Magnetospirillum. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024;52(6):2924-2941. 43. Hiroyuki I. “Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote-eukaryote interface.” Nature. 2020;577(7791):519-525. 44. Damien F, Schüler D. “Magnetotactic bacteria and magnetosomes.” Chemical reviews. 108,11 (2008): 4875-98. 45. Kolinko S. “Single-cell genomics reveals potential for magnetite and greigite biomineralization in an uncultivated multicellular magnetotactic prokaryote.” Environmental microbiology reports. 2014;6(5):52431. 46. Borg, S., Rothenstein, D., Bill, J., & Schüler, D. (2015). Generation of multishell magnetic hybrid nanoparticles by encapsulation of genetically engineered and fluorescent bacterial magnetosomes with ZnO and SiO2. Small, 11(33), 4209-4217. 47. Liu, R. T., Liu, J., Tong, J. Q., Tang, T., Kong, W. C., Wang, X. W., ... & Tang, J. T. (2012). Heating effect and biocompatibility of bacterial magnetosomes as potential materials used in magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 22(1), 31-39. 48. Gao, J. H., Lei, H., Chen, Q., Du, Y. P., Liang, D., & Zhuo, Y. (2020). Magnetic resonance imageing: progresses and perspective. Scientia Sinica Vitae, 50(11), 1285-1295. 49. Wu, L., Sedgwick, A. C., Sun, X., Bull, S. D., He, X. P., & James, T. D. (2019). Young Researcher Peer Reviewed | International Open Access Journal ISSN: 2277-7911 | Impact Factor – 5.958| Website: https://yra.ijaar.co.in/ Volume-14, Issue-3 | July – August – September 2025 56 Reaction-based fluorescent probes for the detection and imaging of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species. Accounts of chemical research, 52(9), 2582-2597. 50. Alphandéry, E., Abi Haidar, D., Seksek, O., Guyot, F., & Chebbi, I. (2018). Fluorescent magnetosomes for controlled and repetitive drug release under the application of an alternating magnetic field under conditions of limited temperature increase (< 2.5° C). Nanoscale, 10(23), 10918-10933.