V. International Architectural Sciences Congress

V. International Architectural Sciences Congress (IArcSC-2025) OCTOBER 29-30-31, 2025 / DEMRE, ANTALYA, TÜRKIYE PROCEEDINGS BOOK Editor s Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL Prof. Dr. Öner DEMIREL Dr. Alina AMANZHOLOVA Dr. Sibel AKTEN Neriman Gül ÇELEBİ İskender Emre GÜL ISBN: 979-8-89695-259-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17937655 December 15, 2025 Copyright © Liberty Liberty Publishing Ho use Water Street Corridor New York, NY 10038 www.libertyacademicbooks.com +1 (314) 597-0372 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOCOPYING OR BY ANY ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL MEANS, INCLUDING INFORMATION STORAGE OR RETRIEVAL SY STEMS, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM BOTH THE COPYRIGHT OWNER AND THE PUBLISHER OF THIS BOOK. © Liberty Academic Publishers 2025 The digital PDF version of this title is available Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 license (http://creativecomm ons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits adaptation, alteration, reproduction and distribution for noncommercial use, without further permission provided the original work is attributed. The derivative works do not need to be licensed on the same terms. adopted by Mariam Rasulan ISBN: 979-8-89695- 259 -6 DOI: https://doi.org/10. 5281/zenodo.179 37655 ISSUED: December 15 , 2025 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress (IArcSC-2025) https://www.iarcsas.org/ October 29- 30 - 31, 2025 / Demre, Antaly a, Türkiye PROCEEDINGS BOOK (Abstracts & Full Texts) Editors Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL Prof. Dr. Öner DEMIREL Dr. Alina AMANZ HOLOVA Dr. Sibel AKTEN Neriman Gül ÇELEBİ İskender Emre GÜL Congress Coordinato r Dr. Atabek MOVLYANO V Dr. Alina AMANZ HOLOVA Cover Design Dr. Atabek MOVLYANO V ISBN: 979-8-89695- 259 -6 DOI: https://doi .org/10.5281/ zenodo.17937655 ISSUED: December 15, 202 5 All rights of this book belongs to Liberty Publi shing House. Without permissi on can’t be duplicate or copied. Authors of chapt ers are responsible both ethically and juridi cally. www. ubakacademy.org UBAK contact@ubakacad emy.org Konu : Bilimsel Etkinlik Hk. Sayı : AE-3 12 .0 4 .202 5 İLGİLİ MAKAMA 10 Eylül 202 4 tarihinde saat 13.30’da “Bilimsel Etkinlik Düzenlenmesi ve Görevlendirmeler” gündemi ile toplanan Yönetim Kurulumuz’un 202 4 / E2 sayılı kararı ile 29-31 Ekkim 2025 tarihleri arasında Antalya'da “ 5. Uluslararası Mimarlık Bilimleri Kongresi ” düzenlenmesine karar verilmiştir İlgili kararın ifası için görevlendir i len düzenleme kurulu üyeleri unvan ve isimleri aşağıda belirtilmiş olup bilim ve danışma kurulunun düzenleme kurulu tarafından teşekkül ettirilmesi ile kongreye bizzat iştirak edecek düzenleme kurulu üyelerinin yolluk ve gündeliklerinin saymanlığımız tarafından ilgili harcama kaleminden ödenmesi Arz rica olunur Sefa Salih BİLDİRİCİ Başkan Yardımcısı Düzenleme Kurulu Üyeleri Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Öner DEMİREL - Kırıkkale Üniversitesi 2018 yılında kurulan UBAK Uluslararas ı Bilimler Akademisi Derneği T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı’nın 02.009.104 tescil numarası ile Tüzel Kişiliğe haiz olup “Bilimsel Alanda” faaliyetlerini sürd ü rmektedir. UBAK ULUSLARARASI BİLİMLER AKADEMİSİ DERNEĞİ V. International Architectural Sciences Congress (IArcSC-2025) https://www.iarcsas.org/ October 29- 30 - 31, 2025 / Demre, Antaly a, Türkiye CONTENTS Titles Page Numbers Congress ID 1-2 Organizing Board and Science & Advisory Board 3-13 Congress Schedule 14-66 Congress Photos 67-72 Abstract List 73-86 Abstract Contents 87-224 Full Text List 225-237 Full Text Contents 238-1751 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 1 CONGRESS ID Congress Title V. International Architectural Sci ences Congress (IArcSC-2025) Date and Place October 29-30-31, 2025, Demre, Antalya, Türkiye Organizing Demre Deputy Demre- Antalya, Türkiye https://demre.bel.tr/ The Editorial Board of the Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, Isparta, Türkiye. ( https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mbud ) Black Sea Nature and Environment Association (KADOÇ ED) https://kadoced.org/associations/kadoced/ Institute of Economic Development and Social Research (IKSA D) Ankara, Türkiye. ( https://www.iksadinstitute.org/ ) Liberty Publishing House ( www.libertyacademicbooks.com ) Architectural Sciences Platform Evaluation Process and Policies All applications have undergone dou ble blind peer review process. In addition, each paper was accepted and the process of publishing in the book was carried out through editorial oversight. The published papers were presented and discussed at the meeting. Full texts and abstracts published in accordance with the Congress Policy have been prepared in accordance with ethical rules and APA standards. All authors are responsibl e for the content and format of their articl es, both ethically and legally. The Editors and Publisher are not responsible in any way for articles published in the Congress Proceedings. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 2 Presentation Oral and Online Presentations Aim of The Congress This Symposium aims to bring together qualified scientists from Türkiye and abroad on a common international platform under the umbrella of Architectural Sciences and to enable different disciplines to share their valuable research. Topics of The Congress • Planning (Planning theories, planning paradigms, types of planning, regional planning, watershed planning, landscape planning, urban planni ng, rural planning, planning and protection, spatial and temporal changes, site selection methods, etc.) • Design (Design theories, Space, Building, Urban, Landscape, Rural, Village, Tourism, Recreational, Environment, Interial Architectu re, Plantation, Industrial P roducts, Ecological, Universal, Disabled, etc.) • Sociology / Psychology / Art / Philosophy / History / Identity / Theory / Aesthetics • Protected Areas / Natural and Cultural Heritage Protection / Documentation / Renovation / Repair / Restoration / Soil sealing • Tourism / Recreation / Cultural Tourism / Nature Tourism / Ecotourism / Archeology • Climate Change / Renewable Energy / Energy savi ng / Energy Transition / Water / Sustainability / Ecology/ Environment / Sustainable Development • Smart and Ecological Cities / Urbanizm / Landscape / Open and Green Spaces / Green infrastructure / Transportation / Urban Agriculture / Urban Renewal / Transformation • Building Materials / Green Buildi ngs / Urban Accessories and Furniture / Landscape materials/ Landscape Plant Materials and Using/ Plant Cultivation and Use • Technology / Artificial Intelligence / Digital Architecture and 3D Software and Printer, GIS, Remote sensing • Health / Pandemic / Food / Occupational Health and Safety • Higher Education in Architectural Sciences / R&D / Scientific Researches / Publicati ons • Future of Architectural Sciences / Utopia / Space Architecture / Water Architecture • Economic / Policies / Legislation / Manag ement / Governance / Practices / Sectoral Problems Participants Count ries Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bangl adesh, Ethiopia, Italy, Iran, India, Malaysia, Moldova, Mor occo , Nigeria, Northern Cyprus, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Türkiy e, Ukraine Total Accepted Articles: 26 5 Number of Rejected Papers: 25 The Number of Accepted Papers from Türkiye: 119 The Number of Accepted Full Papers from Other Countries: 146 Index in Index of Academic Documents (IAD), Open AIRE, Google Scholor, ResearchGate, Britishindex Scientific Database V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 3 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress (IArcSC-2025) https://www.iarcsas.org/ October 29- 30 - 31, 2025 / Demre, Antalya, Türkiy e Honorary Board • Emin BAĞLI Demre District Governor, Demre Türkiye • Fahri DURAN Mayor of Demre Municipality, Demre, Türkiye Head of the Or ganising Committee • Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Isparta- Türkiye Vice Heads of the Organising Committee • Prof. Dr. Öner DEMİREL Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kırıkkale - Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Şule ORMAN Akdeniz University Demre Dr. Hasan Unal Vocational School Director, Demre, Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Ümit ARPACIOĞLU Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Faculty of Architect ure, Department of Architecture, Department of Building Physics and Materials, Istanbul - Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Nevzat ÇEVİK Akdeniz University Department of Archaeology Antalya, Türkiye • Salih GÜNAY Demre Deputy Mayor, Demre, Türkiye • Osman YATKIN Demre Deputy Mayor, Demre, Türkiye • Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ebru Fatma FINDIK Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Art History, Hatay- Türkiye • Çağrı YOLUK Demre Municipality Park and Gardens Manager, Demre, Türkiye V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 4 • Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet FİDAN Chairman of Federation of Culture-Art, Research, Nature and Environment Associations (KADOÇED) Ordu- Türkiye • Assist. Prof. D r. Mert ÇAKIR Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Isparta- Türkiye • Assist. Prof. Dr. Gizem DİNÇ Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Isparta- Türkiye SYMPOSIUM COORDINAT ORS Dr. Atabek MOVLYANOV ( IKSAD Scientific Support Coordinator) Dr. Alina AMANZHOLOVA ( IKSAD Scientific Support Coordinator) Organizing Board M embers • Prof. Dr. Asen a SOYLU K - Gazi University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architectu re, Ankara- Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Ayfer Ayb ike KARADAĞ - Düzce University , Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Düzce - Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ - Karadeniz Techn ical Univ ersity, Faculty of Fo restry, Depart ment of Landscape Architecture, Trabzon- Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Hilal Tend ü GÖKTUĞ - Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Ayd ın - Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Kağan GÜNÇE - Eastern Mediterranean University, Department of Architecture, Interior Architecture, Famagusta- North Cypru s • Prof. Dr. Murat AKTEN - Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Isparta- Türkiye • Prof. Dr Murat ZENGİN - Pamukkale University, Faculty of Architecture ve Design , Department of Architecture, Denizli- Tü rkiye • Prof. Dr. Niyazi Uğur KO ÇKAL - Akdeniz Univ ersity, Faculty of En gineer, Department of Civil Engineering, Antalya- Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Ömer ATABEYOĞLU - Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Ordu- Türk iye • Prof. Dr. Saniye Gül GÜNEŞ - Unıversity of Cappadocia, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Fin e Arts, Cappadocia- Türkiy e • Prof. Dr. Sedef DOĞANER - Wentworth In stitute of Technology, USA • Prof. Dr. Sevgi YILMAZ - Atatürk University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Erzurum- Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Şebnem ERTAŞ BEŞİR - Akdeniz University, Faculty of Architecture, Departm ent of Interior Architecture, Antal ya- Türkiy e • Prof. Dr. Şükran ŞAHİN - Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Ank ara- Türkiye • Prof. Dr. Ufuk ÇOŞGUN - Karabü k University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forestry, Karabük - Türkiy e • Prof. Dr. Vib havari JANI - Kansas State University, College of Architecture, Pl anning and Design, Department of Interior Architecture & Product Design, USA V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 11 • Naif H ADDAD - Department of Conservation Science, Queen Rania Faculty of Tourism and Heritage, Hashemite Univ ersity, Jord a • Nermeen Adnan DALGAMONİ - Jordan University of Science and Technology, Department of City Planning and Design, Irbid, Jordan • Neslihan DALKILIÇ - Dicle University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Architecture, Diyarbakır - Türkiye • Neslihan YIL DIZ - Istanbul Gedik University Faculty of Fine Arts and Architecture Department of Architecture, Istanbul - Türkiye • Neşe Yılmaz BAKIR - Erciyes University, Faculty of Architectu re, Department of City and Regional Planning, Kayseri - Türkiye • Nihal Arda AKYILDIZ - B alıkesir University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Balıkesir - Türkiye • Nilay COŞGUN - Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Gebze- Türkiye • Nilgün GÖRER TAMER - Gazi University, Department of City and Regio nal Planning, Ank ara- Türkiye • Nilüfer KART AKTAŞ - Istanbul Univ ersity-Cerrahpasa, F aculty of Forest, Department of Landscape Architecture, Istanbul - Tü rkiye • Nur BELKAYALI - Kastamonu University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, D epartment of Landscape Architecture, Kasta monu- Türkiye • Nur ÇAĞLAR - TOBB E TU Faculty of Architecture and Design, Architecture, Ankara- Türkiy e • Nuray BENL İ YILDIZ - Düzce University, Faculty of Art and Design, Department of Architecture, Düzce - Türkiye • Nurdil ESKİN - Istanbul Technical Un iversity, Department of Mechan ical En gineering, Istanbul, Türkiye • Nusret ALGAN - Mersin University Faculty of Fine Arts Ceramics Department, Mersin - Türkiye • Oğuz KURDOĞLU - Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Engineering, Trabzon - Türkiye • Oleksandr ZINENKO - V. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Khark iv, 61022, Ukraine • Osman ARAYICI - Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Department of Interior Architecture, Istanb ul- Türkiye • Osman ATT MANN - Th e University of Colorado Denver, College of Archit ecture and Pl anning, Department of Architecture, Denver-USA • Ömer Faruk UZUN - Sak arya App. Sciences Univ. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Land scape Architecture, Sakarya- Türkiye • Ömer Lütfü ÇORBACI - Recep Tayy ip Erd oğan University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Rize- Türkiye • Ömer MİMAROĞLU - Istanbul Sabah attin Zaim University Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Department of Ar chitecture, Türkiye • Önder KÜÇÜKERMAN - Haliç University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Industrial Design, İstanbul - Tü rkiye • Özgü ÖZTURAN - Akd eniz University, Department of Interior Architecture, Antalya- Türk iye • Özgür YILDIZ - Malat ya Turgut Özal Univ ersity Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture Department of Architecture, Malatya- Türkiye • Özlem BOZ KURT - T ekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Materials and Materials Processing Technologies, Tekirdag- Türkiye • Özlem SAĞIROĞLU - Gazi University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Ankara- Türkiye • Pelin ŞAHİN KÖRMEÇLİ - Çankırı Karatekin University , Faculty of Fo restry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Çankırı - Türk iye V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 12 • Pınar KILIÇ ÖZKAN - İzmir Demo krasi University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture İzmir - Türk iye • Pervin YEŞİL - Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Archi tecture, Ordu- Türkiye • Piyush SHARMA - Amity University, Hindistan/ Prof. Dr., Amity University, India • Ruhan Aşkın UZEL - Yasar University, Director of Vocatio nal College, İzmir Türkiy e • Rosa Anna LA ROCCA - The University of Naples Federico II, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineerin g, Napoli, Italy • Rolando VOLZONE DINÂMIA’CET - iscte | ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal • Rüya ARDIÇOĞLU - Firat University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Elazig - Türkiye • Sadia FAROOQ - Univers ity of Home Economics, Lahore, Pakistan • Salih SALB ACAK - Fati h Su ltan Mehmet Vakif Uni versity, Department of Interior Architecture, Türkiye • Saliha TAŞÇIOĞLU - Kilis 7 Aralik University Tech nical Sciences Vocational School Department of Park and Horticulture - Türk iye • Sara DEMİ R - Bursa Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Bursa - Tü rkiye • Seden ACUN ÖZGÜNLER - Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Build ing Science Program, İstanb ul - Türkiye • Seden TURAMBERK ÖZ ERDEN - Final Internatio nal University, Girn e -TRNC • Seema Mehra PARIH AR - Departm ent of Geography, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, In dia • Serap KAYASÜ - Middle East Technical Univ ersity, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning Ankara- Türkiye • Serdar SELİM - Akd eniz University Faculty of Science, Department of Space Science and Technologies, Department of Distance Education , Antalya- Türkiy e • Serdar Oktay - Fin al International University, School of Tourism and Culinary Arts, Department of Tourism, TRNC • Serpil ÖNDER - Selçuk U niversity, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Depart ment of Landscape Architecture, Kon ya- Türkiye • Shirin IZADPANAH - Antalya Bilim University, Department of Interior Architectur e and Environmental Design, Antalya - Türkiye • Sibel ACAR - TOBB ETU Faculty of Architecture an d Design, Architecture, Ankara- Türkiye • Silvia ROSSETTI - Th e University of Parma, Department of Engineering and Architectu re, Parma Italy • Sima POUYA - İn önü University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of Lan dscape Architecture, Malatya- Tü rkiye • Soad ABOKHAMIS MO USAVI - Final Internatio nal Univ ersity, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Arts, Department of Architecture • Swetha MADHUSUDANAN - GR University , School of Architecture, Chennai, India • Şevket ALP - Van Yüzüncü Yıl Univ ersity, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Van- Türkiye • Şeyda EMEKCİ - Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Arts, Architecture Department, Ankara- Türkiye • Şirin DÖNMEZ - Süleyman Demirel Un iversity, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Isparta- Tü rkiye • Şule KISAKÜREK - Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Univ ersity, Faculty of Forestry, Depart ment of Landscape Architecture, Kahramanmaraş - Türkiy e V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 13 • Şükran ŞAHİN - Ankara University, Fac ulty of Agriculture, Departme nt of Landscape Architecture, Ankara- Türkiye • Taner ÖZDİ L - The University of Texas, College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture, Arlingt on-ABD • Tonguç AKIŞ - İzmir Institute of Technol ogy, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, İzmir - Türkiye • Tonguç TOKOL - Marmara University, Department of Interior Architecture, Istanbul - Türkiye • Tuğba DÜZENLİ - Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Trabzon - Türkiye • Umut Tuğlu KARSLI - Istanbul University, Faculty of Architectu re, Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Istanb ul - Türkiye • Ümit YURT - Düzce University, Düzce Vocational School Construction Technology Department, Düzce - Türkiye • Vagif MEMMEDOV - B aku Engineering University, Baku- Azerbaijan • Yasin XƏLİLOV - Baku Engineering University, Baku- Azerbaijan • Yasin ÜNA L - Isparta Univ ersity of Applied Sciences, Depar tment of Wildlife Ecol ogy and Management, Isparta- Tü rkiye • Yenal AKGÜN - Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, İzmir - Türkiye • Yılmaz A RI - Bandırma Onyedi Ey lül Univ ersity Faculty of Humanities and Social Scienc es, Head of Geography Department, Bandırma/Balıkesir - Türkiye. • Zeidan KAFAFI - Emeritus of Archaeolog y of Yarmouk University, Jord an • Zeliha ŞAHİN ÇAĞLI - Ostim Tec hnical University, Faculty of Architecture and D esign, Department of Industrial Design, Ankara- Türk iye • Zeynep PİRSELİM OĞLU BATMAN - Uludağ University, Faculty of Forestry, Departmen t of Landscape Architecture, Bursa - Türkiye • Zuhal KAYNAKÇI ELİNÇ - Akdeniz University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Interior Architecture, Antaly a Türkiye 14 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 - 31, 202 5, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org V. International Architectural Sciences Congress “IArcSC - 2025” October 29 - 30 - 31, 2025 https://www.iarcsas.org Face to face and online Join Zoom Meeting https://us02web.zoom.us/j/8 5971197642?pwd=N7LMLeaCi KtblaZX4Lbj2eMSG4JRd0.1 Meeting ID: 859 7119 7642 Passcode: 293031 PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES (1 7) Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Ethio pia, Italy, Iran, India , Malaysia, Moldova, Morocco, Nigeria, Northern Cyprus, Pa kistan, Poland, Romania, Türkiye , Uk raine TOTAL ACCEPTED ARTICLE S: 265 Türkiye : 119 Other Countries : 1 46 CONGRESS SCHEDULE 15 Congress General Program Framew ork October 29 , 2025 (Wednesday) Join Zoom Meeting https://us02web.zoom.us/j/85971 197642?pwd=N7LMLeaCiKtblaZX4Lbj2eM SG4JRd0.1 Meeting ID: 859 7119 7642 Passcode: 293031 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 12:00-13:00 OPENING SPEECH ES ( Dem re M uni cip alit y C ultu ral Ce nter Co nfe renc e Ha ll) De mre Bel edi yesi Kü ltü r Me rke zi K onf eran s S alon u Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL Dr. Mustafa Latif EMEK Prof. Dr. Nevzat ÇEVİK Assist . Prof. Dr. Ahmet FİDAN Prof. Dr. Öner DEMİREL Fahri DURAN Emin BAĞLI Ertuğrul GÜNAY 12:30- 12:50 Presentation of Plaques (Plaket Takdimi) Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 14:00-16:00 PANEL Sustainable and Resilient City Strategies in th e Climate Chang e Adaptation Process in Demre ( Demre Özelinde İklim D eğişikliği Uyum Sürecinde Sürdürülebilir ve Dirençli Kent Stratejileri) (Face to Face and Online) Co ngr ess Ve nue: De mre Mu nic ipa lit y C ul tur al Ce nte r C onf ere nce Ha ll, De mr e A ntal ya (D emr e B ele diye si Kül tür Mer kez i K onf era ns Sa lon u) Moderator Prof. Dr. Şule ORMAN Invited Speakers Prof. Dr. Kağan GÜNÇE Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL Prof. Dr. Nihat DİPOVA İbrahim IRMAK 16:00-16: 15 Tea Break 16 October 30, 202 5 (Thursday) (Face to Face) Co ngr ess Ve nue : Me dit erra nea n F is her ies Rese arch , P rod uct ion and T rain ing In stit ute Di rec tor ate Dem re Trai ning Ce ntr e- De mre , An tal ya (A kde ni z S u Ü rün ler i A raşt ırm a, Üret me v e E ğiti m E nst itüs ü M üd ürlü ğü Dem re Eğit im M erk ezi - D emre , An tal ya) Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time Face to Face SESSION S October 30, 2025 (Thursday) 9:00-10:45 SESSION 1 (LİKYA HALL) SESSION 2 (MYRA HALL ) SESSION 3 (KEKOVA HALL) Moderators Öner Demirel Şirin Gülcen Eren Murat Akten 11:00-12:45 SESSION 4 (LİKYA HALL) SESSION 5 (MYRA HALL ) SESSION 6 (KEKOVA HALL) Moderators Berrin Şahin Diri Ufuk Coşgun Ahmet Fidan 13:00-14:00 Lunch (Öğle Yemeği) 17 October 31, 202 5 (Fri day) (Online) Join Zoom Meeting https://us02web.zoom.us/j/85971 197642?pwd=N7LMLeaCiKtblaZX4Lbj2eM SG4JRd0.1 Meeting ID: 859 7119 7642 Passcode: 293031 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 9:00-10:45 SESSION 7 (Online) HALL-1 SESSION 8 (Online) HALL-2 SESSION 9 (Online) HALL-3 SESSION 10 (Online) HALL-4 SESSION- 11 (Online) HALL-5 SESSION 12 (Online) HALL-6 Moderators Ertan Düzgüneş Ümit Turgay Arpacıoğlu Gizem Dinç Aissam Gaagai Moses Adeolu Agoi Bhawana Pal Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 11:00-12:45 SESSION 13 (Online) HALL-1 SESSION 14 (Online) HALL-2 SESSION 15 (Online) HALL-3 SESSION 16 (Online) HALL-4 SESSION- 17 (Online) HALL-5 SESSION 18 (Online) HALL-6 Moderators Dr. Feran Aşur Hayriye Hale Kozlu Asena Soyluk Hachimi Dahhaoui Marcelina Krupa- Małkiewicz N.G. Kalyan i Reddy Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 13:00-14:45 SESSION 19 (Online) HALL-1 SESSION 20 (Online) HALL-2 SESSION 21 (Online) HALL-3 SESSION 22 (Online) HALL-4 SESSION 23 (Online) HALL-5 SESSION 24 (Online) HALL-6 Moderators Banu Çiçek Kurdoğlu Elif Sağlık M. Bihter Bingül Bulut B. Mahadevan Aicha Belgacem Melik Sami Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 15:00-16:45 SESSION 25 (Online) HALL-1 SESSION 26 (Online) HALL-2 SESSION 27 (Online) HALL-3 SESSION 28 (Online) HALL-4 SESSION- 29 (Online) HALL-5 SESSION 30 (Online) HALL-6 Moderators Sevgi Yılmaz Aybike Ayfer Karadağ Melik Sami Popescu Gh. Cristina Raluca Sándor Földvári Kazem Golizadeh Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 17:00-18:45 SESSION 31 (Online) HALL-1 SESSION 32 (Online) HALL-2 SESSION 33 (Online) HALL-3 SESSION 34 (Online) HALL-4 SESSION- 35 (Online) HALL-5 SESSION 36 (Online) HALL-6 Moderators Floriana Zucaro Soad Abokhamis Mousavi Sultan Sevinc Kurt Konakoğlu M. Fathrezza Imani Laura Diaconu (Maxim) Aliyu Hashimu Isah Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 19:00-20:45 SESSION 37 (Online) HALL-1 SESSION 38 (Online) HALL-2 SESSION 39 (Online) HALL-3 SESSION 40 (Online) HALL-4 SESSION 41 (Online) HALL-5 SESSION 42 (Online) HALL-6 Moderators Neriman Gül Çelebi Ahmet Benliay S. Shakthi Sree Ananda Majumdar Maryam Moslehi Subhashish Dey 18 IMPORTANT • To be able to make a meeti ng online, log in via https://zoom.us /join site, enter ID instead of “Meeti ng ID or Personal link Name’’ a nd solidify the session. • Each presentation is limited to a ma ximum of 15 minutes. • Session times shoul d never be exceeded. It must be completed on time b efore the next s ession starts. • Presentations can be pre sented in "English or Turkish" . However, visual p resentations must be "English text". • The Zoom application is free and no need to create an acc oun t. • The Zoom application can be used without r egistration. • The application works o n tablets, phones, and PCs. • Speakers must be connected to the session 15 minutes before the prese ntation time. • All Symposium parti cipants can connect live and listen to all sessi ons. • During the sessi on, your camera should be turned on at le ast %70 of the session period • Moderator is responsible for the presentation and scientif ic d iscussion (q uestion -answer) section of the ses sion. TECHNICAL INFORMATION • Make sure your comp uter has a microphone and is working. • You should be able to use t he screen sharing feature in Zoo m. • Attendance certi ficates will be sent to you a s a pdf at the end of the Symposium. Before you, log in to Zoom indicate Se ssion and Hall number and your surnam e (SESSION 1-HALL-1, XXXX) Important Notice: • The Protocol Opening and Panel event on October 29, 2025, in the Congress Program will take place at the Demre Municipality Culture Center Conference Hall. •The in -face to face sessions of the Congress (October 31, 2025) will be held at the ac commodation venue, t he Mediterranean Fisheries Research, Productio n, and Education Institute Directorat e Demre Education Center (Demre, Antalya). ÖNEMLİ ➢ Sempozyumda Yazım Kurallarına uygun gönderilmiş ve bilim kurulundan geçen bildiriler için online (video konferans sistemi üzerinden) sunum im kanı sağlanmıştır. ➢ Online sunum yapabilmek için https://zoom.us/join site si üzerinden giriş yaparak “Meeting ID or Personal Link Name” yerine ID numaras ını girerek oturuma katılabilirsiniz. ➢ Her bir sunum en fazla 15 da kika ile sınırlandırıl mıştır. ➢ Oturum süreleri kesinl ikle aşılmamalıdır. Bir sonraki oturum başlama dan önce zamanında tamamla nmalıdır. ➢ Sunumlar “İng ilizce veya Türkçe” su nulabilir. Ancak g örsel sunumlar mut laka “İngilizce metin” olmalıdır. ➢ Zoom uygulam ası ücretsizdir ve hesap oluşturmaya gerek yoktur. ➢ Zoom uygulam ası kaydolmadan k ullanılabilir. ➢ Uygulama tablet, telefo n ve PC’lerde çalışmaktadır. ➢ Sunum yapacaklar ın sunum saatinden 15 dk önce oturuma bağlanmış olmaları gerekm ektedir. ➢ Tüm katılımcılar oturumlar a online katılıp dinleyebil ir. ➢ Oturumdaki su nu mlardan ve bili msel tartışmalardan (soru - cevap) oturu m başkanları sorumludur. TEKNİK BİLGİLER ➢ Bilgisayarınızda çalı şır durumda mi krofon bulunmalıdır. ➢ Zoom’da ekran paylaşm a özelliği kullanılabil melidir. ➢ Katılım belgele ri Sempozyum sonunda tarafınıza pdf olara k gönderilecekti r. ➢ Sempozyum pr ogramında yer ve saat değişikli ği gibi talepler dikkate alınm ayacaktır. Zoom'a giriş te sırayla Oturum ve S alon numarası nı ve Soyadınızı yazınız (OTURUM 1-SALON- 1, XXXXX) Önemli Açıklama: • Kongre Progra mındaki 29 Ekim 2025 tarihindeki Pr otokol Açılışı ve Panel etkinliği D emr e B ele diy esi K ült ür Me rke zi Ko nfe ran s S alo nu nda ge rçe kleş ece kti r. • Kongreni n Yüzyüze Oturuml arı ise Konaklama yeri olan A kde niz Su Ürü nle ri Ara ştır ma , Ür et me ve E ğiti m E nst itü sü Mü dür lüğ ü D emr e Eği tim Mer kez ind e ( Demr e, Ant aly a) ger çek leş tir ile cekt ir. 19 OPENING SPEECHES Date: October 29, 20 25 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time: 11:30 -12:30 Face to Face and Onl ine Join Zoom Meeting https://us02web.zoom.us/j/85971197 642?pwd=N7LMLeaCiKtblaZX4Lbj2eMSG4JRd0.1 Meeting ID: 859 7119 7642 Passcode: 293031 Co ngr ess Ve nue : De mre M uni cipa li ty Cul tura l Ce nte r C onfe ren ce H all , D emre An taly a (D emre Bel edi yes i K ültü r Me rkez i K onfe rans Sal onu ) Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 11:30-12:30 SPEAKERS AFFILIATION Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL President of the Organizing Board (IArcSC-2025) and Chief Editor, Journal of Architectural Sciences an d Applications, Isparta- Türkiye Dr. Mustafa Latif EMEK President of the Economic Development and Social Research Association (IKSAD), Türkiye Prof. Dr. Nevzat ÇEVİK Akdeniz University Department of Archaeology Antalya, Türkiye and Direct or of Excavations at the Ancient City of Myra Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet FİDAN Chairman of Federation of Culture-Art, Research , Nature and Environment Associations (KADOÇED) Ordu - Türkiye Prof. Dr. Öner DEMİREL Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kırıkkale - Türkiye Fahri DURAN Mayor of Demre Municipality, Demre, Türkiye Emin BAĞLI Demre District Governor , Demre Türkiye Ertuğrul GÜNAY Former Minister of Culture and Tourism of Türkiye 12:30- 12:50 Presentation of Plaques (Plaket Takdimi) 20 Invited Speakers for IArcSC- 2025 PANEL October 29, 2025 (Wednesday) A n t a l ya Time: 1 4 : 0 0 -16 :00 Sustainable and Resili ent City Strategie s in the Clima te Change Adaptation Process in Dem re (Demr e Ö zelind e İkl im D eğişikli ği U yum Sür ecind e Sürd ürüle bilir ve Direnç li Ken t Stratejil er i) Join Zoom Meeting https://us02web.zoom.us/j/85971197 642?pwd=N7LMLeaCiKtblaZX4Lbj2eMSG4JRd0.1 Meeting ID: 859 7119 7642, Passcode: 293031 Co ngr ess Ven ue : De mre Mun icip ali ty Cult ura l C ente r Co nfe ren ce H all , De mre Ant aly a (D emr e Bel ed iye si Kü lt ür Mer kezi Ko nf era ns Sa lonu ) Moderator Prof. Dr. Şule ORMAN (Director of Demre Dr. Hasan Ünal Vocational School in Akdeniz University) Prof. Dr. Kağan GÜNÇE Prof. Dr. Atila GÜL Prof. Dr. Nihat DİPOVA İbrahim IRMAK Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri Çerçevesinde Dirençli Tarihi Kentler Oluşturmada Tasarım Stratejisinin Rolü Demre Kentsel Yeşil Alanların İklim Değişikliği Uyum Sürecindeki Önemi ve Stratejik Eylemler Demre ve Civarının Deprem Tehlikesi: Ne Yapmalı? Nasıl Yapmalı? Demre’de Tuzluluk ve Su Krizi The Role of Design Strategy in Creating Resilient Historic Cities within the Framework of Sustainable Development Goals The Importance of Urban Green Areas in Demre (Antalya) in the Climate Change Adaptation Process, and Strategic Actions Earthquake Risk in Demre and Surrounding Areas: What to Do? How to Do It? Salinity and Water Crisis in Demre Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Architecture, Famagusta/North Cyprus . Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Architecture, Departmen t of Landscape Architecture, Isparta Türkiye Akdeniz University Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Türkiye Antalya Provincial Directorate of Agricultur e and Forestry, Hea d of Coordination and Agricultural Data Department, Türkiye 27 THURSDAY – October 30, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 11:00-13: 00 (Face to Face) SESSION-6, KEKOVA HALL / OTURUM-6, KEKOVA SALON • MODERATOR: Assist Prof. Dr. Ahmet Fidan TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Classification of Kinetic Building Components in Contemporary Archi tecture • Hatice Eda Gül • Nazire Tuğçe Yenice • Yenal Akgün Dokuz Eylül University, Türkiye The Assessment of Key Factors Sustainable Smart Cities • Ahmet Fidan • Esra Bayır • Pelin Karaçar • Aysun Ferrah Güner Ordu University, Türkiye İstanbul Medipol University, Türkiye Spatial Distributions of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) in the Demre Stre am Corridor: Assessment of Current Issue • Hüseyin Batuhan Dündar • Atila Gül • Sibel Akten Süleyman Demirel University , Türkiye Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Türkiye Determining Route Selection Criteria for the Creation of a Bicycle Route in the C ontext of Diversifying Cultural Tourism • Sibel Akten • Atila Gül • Hüseyin Batuhan Dündar Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Türkiye Süleyman Demirel University, Türkiye Examining Secondary School Landscape Spaces from a Design Pers pective in the Climate Change Adaptation Process • Sibel Akten • Atila Gül Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Türkiye Süleyman Demirel University, Türkiye Reflections of the Bauhaus Approach t o Materials in Modern and Contempor ary Architecture • İskender Emre Gül Akdeniz University, Türkiye An Evaluation o f The Re storatıon of Sey h Mehmet Emin Efendi Lodge to Create An Effective Protection-Use Balance by Re- Functioning • Eyüp Salih Elmas Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, Istanbul Provincial Directorate, Istanbul- Türkiye 28 ONLINE SESSIONS October 31, 2025 (Friday) Join Zoom Meeting https://us02web.zoom.us/j/859711976 42?pwd=N7LMLeaCiKtblaZX4Lbj2eMS G4JRd0.1 Meeting ID: 859 7119 7642 Passcode: 293031 29 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 09 :00-10:45 (Online) SESSION-7, HALL-1 / OTURUM 7, SALON-1 • MODERATOR: Prof. Dr. Ertan Düzgüneş TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Local Implementation Challenges of Sustainable Campus Certification Systems: A Critical Analysis in the Cont ext of Turkey • Ertan Düzgüneş • Beyzanur Akkuş Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye Rural Decline and Revival: Alternative Living Models for the Rev italisation o f Migration-Affected Settle ments • Melike Aksakal • Büşra Yılmaz Erdoğan KTO Karatay University, Türkiye From Cultural Memory to Contemporary Design: Traces of Nom adic Structures i n Sustainability • Rümeysa Üzüm • Büşra Yılmaz Erdoğan KTO Karatay University, Türkiye Reflections of Designer Identity o n Architecture: Analyses on Peter Zum thor and Kengo Kuma • Pınar Tasl ı • Hare K ı l ıçaslan Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye Spatial and User-Centered Eval uation o f The Main Entrance a t Karadeniz Technical University Department o f Architecture • Sevde Dinçer • Hare K ı l ıçaslan Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye Marine Protected Areas and Protec tion Strategies • Ertan Düzgüneş • Duygu Karabıçak Günaydın Karadeniz Technical University, Türkiye Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Türkiye 30 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 09 :00-10:45 (Online) SESSION-8, HALL-2 / OTURUM 8, SALON-2 • MODERATOR: Prof. Dr. Ümit Turgay Arpacıoğlu TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Development of Lignin-Modified Phenol-Formaldehyde Re sins: Sustainability Effect in The Furniture Industry • Fatma P ı nar S enkon, • Busra Şi m ş ek, • Franz Zeppet zauer, • Birgit Kamm, • Arif Akıllılar Tosunogullari Furniture Industry and Tra de Inc ., Department of R& D, Konya- Türkiye Necmettin Erbakan University, Türkiye Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH- Wood K plus, Linz, Austria A Study on The Use of Parametric Design Tools in Architectural Educ ation • Berfin Yılmaz • Ümit Arpacıoğlu Istanbul Ayd ın Univ ersity, Türkiye Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Türkiye An Examination of Lighting Use i n Exhibition Spaces Within the Context o f Refunctioned Museum Buildings Through Sample Studies • Kübra Civele k Kalınca • Menşure Kübra M üezzinoğlu Firat University, Türkiye The Impact of the White C ube Paradigm on I nterior Design i n C ontemporary Art Museums: A Com parative An alysis of İstanbul Modern and New York Mom a • Sena Yılmaz • Menşure Kübra M üezzinoğlu Firat University, Türkiye Investigating The Effects of Tr ansport Factor on Struc tural Systems' Life Cycle Environmental Performance • Neriman Gül Çelebi • Ümit Arpacıoğlu Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Türkiye The Effects of M aterial on Spatial Atmosphere in Architectural Desig n Approaches Adopting a Minimalist Attitude • İremnur Mus lu • Ümit Turgay A rpacıoğlu Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Türkiye 31 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 09 :00-10:45 (Online) SESSION-9, HALL-3 / OTURUM 9, SALON-3 • MODERATOR: Assist Prof. Dr. Gizem Dinç TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Architectural Creativity Through Generative Ai: Evaluating Dall·E, Midjourney, And Stable Diffusion • Minel Kurtuluş Istanbul Gelisim University , Türkiye The Impact of Flexible Classrooms on Learning in Scandinavian Schools from an Ant Perspective • Nihansu Kücü • Sıdıka Benan Çelikel • Şebnem Ertaş Beşir Akdeniz University, Türkiye The Im pact of Female Patrons on Ur ban Form i n the Principalities and Ottom an Periods: The Manisa Exam ple • Yağmur Burcu Güneş • Şebnem Çakaloğulları Izmir Democracy University, Türkiye Manisa Celal Bayar University, Türkiye An Examina tion of Post- Disaster Housing Design in The Context of Regional and Climatic Adaptation • Emine Şeyma Erkan • Nilay Coşgun • Elif Özer Yüksel Istanbul Rum eli University, Türkiye Gebze Technical University, Türkiye Adaptive Reuse of Dead Malls Into Healthcare Facilities • Dilara B erk Coşkun • Kunter Manisa Yildiz Technic al University , Türkiye Cappadocia of Tr aces: Temporary and Permanent Layers • Emine Akcan Şirin İstanbul Ticaret Univ ersity, Türkiye 32 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 09 :00-10:45 (Online) SESSION-10, HALL-4 / OTURUM 10, SALON-4 MODERATOR: Aissam Gaagai TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION From Farm to Cup: The Interplay of Sustainability and Governance in Ethiopia’s Coffee Value Chain for Sustainable Development • Sintayehu As sefa Yirga Hawassa University , Ethiopia Utilizing Recycled Aggreg ate Concrete • ChayarajuBalaSai • Nadagouda Kalyani • K.Tharani G. Pulla Reddy Engineering Perceived Effects of Fuelwood Energy Exploitation on Livelihood of Farming Households in Bauchi and Gombe States, Nigeria • Sani Madi Yakubutate • Hannatu Ohu nene Yusuf • Fadlullah Olayiwola Issa • Omadachi Ogbodo Ugb abe Federal College of Horticulture Dadin Kowa, Gombe State Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State Integration of Green Jo bs in Architectural Carpentry and Joinery Pr actices for a Sustainable Environment in Gombe State • Dr. Sale, • Nimrod Kamo • Yakubu Molta Nitte, • Bala Japhet Amatiga Federal College Of Education, Gidan- Madi, Sokoto State Threads of Escape: Adaptive Reus e of Trains • Hira Zaina • Rimsha Imran • Maha Tariq Hira Zainab Interior Designer Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan Problem of the Quality of Groundw ater from Doucen Plain Intend ed for Irrigation and I ts Assessment • Aissam Gaagai, • Mallem Salah Eddine, • Ali Athamna, • Kebaili Feriel Kheira, • Ridha Lahkel, • Aouissi Hani Amir Scientific and Technical Research Center on Arid Regions (CRSTRA), Algeria University of Batna 2, 05078 Fesdis, Algeria. Badji Mokhtar Annaba University, Algeria Computer Solution to Replacement Models for Items that Fails Suddenly • Alfa Moham med, Abdulrahman Mohammed Saba Federal Polytechnic Bida, Nigeria 33 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 09 :00-10:45 (Online) SESSION-11, HALL-5/ OTURUM 11 SALON-5 MODERATOR: Moses Adeolu Agoi TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Dam Failure Mechanisms and Risk Assessment • Aissam Gaagai, • Mallem Salah Eddine, • Ali Athamna, • Kebaili Feriel Kheira, • Ridha Lakhel, • Aouissi Hani Amir Scientific and Technical Research Center on Arid Regions (CRSTRA), Algeria University of Batna 2, 05078 Fesdis, Algeria. Badji Mokhtar Annaba University, Algeria Smart Fabrıcatıon and Automated Buıld ing Technologi es • Kishore R, • Vaishnavi. K, • Keerthana. V, • Meenatchi. S, • Dr. Saravanan Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, India Quantitative Effects of Soft Skills on Project Success: Evidence f rom Construction Practitioners in Nigeria • Greg Odee Ik we Bingham University , Nigeria Emerging AI Regimes and Contemp orary Filmmaking in Nigeria: Governance , Practice, and Creative Fu tures • Rotimi-Williams Bello University of Africa, Nigeria Cybersecuri ty Rısks In Sm art Bu i ld ing Infrastructure • Moses Adeolu A goı • Samuel Olayi wola Ajaga • David Oladi meji Ajıbode • Oluwanifemi Opeyemi Agoı Lagos State University of Education, Lagos Nigeria. Integration of Informal Interactive Spac e in a Design of Faculty of Architecture • Muhammed Abdullahi Adoku Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria Assessment of Aquifer Protective Capacity and Corrosivity Around Solid Waste Dumpsites in Parts of Mi nna Metropolis, North-Cen tral, Nigeria • Balarabe J.J., • Rafiu A.A., • Adetona A., • Shehu J., • Salihu, Y.L. Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria 34 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 09 :00-10:45 (Online) SESSION-12, HALL-6/ OTURUM 12 SALON-6 MODERATOR: Dr. Bhawana Pal TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION On The Influence of the Number and Location of Elliptical İnclusions on the Deformation Process of a Cylindrical Shell With a Circular Hole • Eteri Hart • Oleksandr Shebanov Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine A Holistic Conceptual Framework for Biophilic Design in Healthcare Environments: Enhancing Elderly Well - Being Through Environmental Integr ation • Aylar Ranjbarian, • Mehrdad Kar imimoshaver Bu -Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Integrating Spatial and Environmental Needs in Architectural Education De sign • A.J. Simon, • D. O Alonge, • E. Udoko Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Sick Building Syndrome and Toxıcologic al Assessment of Constructıon Materials Among Workers and Residents in Dutse Metropolıs, Jıgawa State, Nigeria • Bate Garba Barde Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria Contribution of Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) in rur al prosperity in India • Bhawana Pal Bankers Institute of Rural Development, Kolkatai India Effect of Green Wall on R esidential Property Values in Ibadan, Nigeria • Nnaemeka B ethel Ezeokoli, • Ayooluwa Adeboye Adelakun • Dorcas Popoola Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria The Role of Artificial Intelli gence in Creating Public Value in Local Governmen t: Evidence from Hyderabad City, Pakistan • Dr. Liaquat A li Rahoo • Dr. Muhamm ad Nawaz Tunio Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro University of Sufism and Modern Sciences, Bhitshah 35 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 11 :00-12:45 (Online) SESSION-13, HALL-1 / OTURUM 13, SALON-1 MODERATOR: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Feran Aşur TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION In Search of Thermal Comfort: Forgotten Design and Planning Principles f or Cities • Nursevil Yuca • Feran Aşur Van Y ü z ü nc ü Yil University, Türkiye Climate-Concerned Urban Furniture i n the Urban Landscape • Feran Aşur • Nursevil Yuca Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Türkiye Comparative Performan ce of Adaptive Façade Sy stems in Different Climate Types: An Evaluation of Three Buildings • Esra Nur Arvas • Ümit Turgay Arpacıoğlu Mimar Sinan Fin e Arts University, Turkey Reclaiming Urban Squares: A Citizen - Centered Assessment of Aliağa Democracy Square in İzmir • Pelin Özden İzmir Kavram Vocational School, Türkiye The Role of Light She lf Systems in Architectural Design: An Examination in The Contex t of Vi sual C omfort and Energy Efficiency • Sümeyra Akgün • Ümit Arpacıoğlu Altınbas University, Türkiye Mimar Sinan Fin e Arts University, Türkiye Sinan & Zaha: Shaping the Urban Skyline Through t he “Art of Structure & Geometry” • Ürün Biçer • Serkan Yaşar Erdinç İstanbul Beykent University, Türkiye 36 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 11 :00-12:45 (Online) SESSION- 14 , HALL-2 / OTURUM 14 , SALON-2 • MODERATOR: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hayriye Hale Kozlu TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Technical Contributions of Civil Engineering i n the I ntervention Processes for the Conservation o f Historical and Cultural Heritage and the Comparative Analysis o f the Role o f Related Courses in Archi tectural Graduate Programs • Pınar Arık • Hayriye Hale Kozlu Erciyes University, Türkiye Daylight Usage in Architectural Structure • Zübeyde Çiçe k • Halil Sevim KTO Karatay University, Türkiye Assessing Soundscape Quality in Urban Open and Green Spaces • Gizem Delikan • Sima PouyA Inönü University, Türkiye Human-Centered Approaches t o Educational Furniture Design: Ergo nomic Analysis of Classroom Des ks • Emre Ecevit • Merve Bilgen Işik Kayseri University, Türkiye The Role of Streets and Av enues in The Formation of City Identity; Gaziantep Karagöz Street • Ebru Begün S açıkara • Meltem Barış Ararat Hasan Kalyoncu University, Türkiye Timber Decay i n Gaziköy Houses and The Sustainability o f the Rural Fabric • Özlem Bozku rt Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Türkiye 43 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 13 :00-14:45 (Online) SESSION-21, HALL-3 / OTURUM 21, SALON-3 • MODERATOR: Assoc . Prof. Dr. M. Bihter Bingül Bulut TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION The Social Implications o f the Climate C risis • Hatice Gözde Özkarakay • Murat Akten Süleyman Demirel University, Türkiye Ecological Compatibility and Accessible Design In Archaeological Sites • Bilgenur Ak • Öner Demir el • M. Bihter Bingül Bulut • Tuba Gizem Aydoğan Kırıkkale University, Türkiye Design Principles for Urban Ope n Parking Lots in the Climate Change Adaptation Process: The Case of Isparta • Fatma Özkan Bayındır • Ali Öz • Atila Gül Süleyman Demirel University, Türkiye Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Türkiye Urban Green Space-Sensi tive Parking Lot Planning: An AI-Supported Sustainable Approach • Fatma Özkan Bayındır • Ali Öz • Atila Gül Süleyman Demirel University, Türkiye Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Türkiye Natural Carbon Sinks and Ecosystem -Based Approaches in Combating the Climate Crisis • Mahmut Tuğl uer • Mert Çakır Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye Citizen Science a s a Tool for Urban Bio diversity Monitoring • Mert Çakır • Mahmut Tuğl uer Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş - Türkiye 44 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 13 :00-14:45 (Online) SESSION-22 HALL-4/ OTURUM 22, SALON-4 • MODERATOR: Dr.B. Mahadevan TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION The Me taphysics of Form: Energy, Geometry, and Sphericity in Nature • Yasin KHALILOV Baku Engineering University, Hirdalan, Azerbaijan A Performa nce Drive n Genera tive Design Workflow for Op timizing Building Fa cades for Daylight and Energy Efficiency i n a Mediterranean Climate • Fahim Yar Bai • Samira Mehrafza Ahlul Bayt International University, Tehran, Iran Smart Irrigation System for Sustainable Farming • Nithish Kumar R, • S Udhaya Kumar, • S Rakshith R.M.K. Engıneering College Information and Communication Technology Adoption Behaviour of Farmers in Thanjavur District: A Study • B. Mahadeva n Vellalar College for Women (Autonomous), Thindal (Post), Erode, Tamilnadu, India. Natural Farming a Sustainable Approach f or Management of Soil Degradation and Climate Change Mitigation • Ganesh Kum ar, • R.Y Hiranmai, • Harshita Marwal, • Ajay Neeraj Central University of Gujarat, Kundhela, Vadodara- 391107 Gujarat, India The Circular Memory of Hands: Circularity In The Domestic Wisdom Of Peoples • Yasin Khalilov Baku Engineering University, Hirdalan, Azerbaijan Circular Brid ge from East to Wes t: The Global Dialogue of Cultures • Yasin Khalilov Baku Engineering University, Hirdalan, Azerbaijan 45 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 13 :00-14:45 (Online) SESSION-23, HALL-5 / OTURUM 23, SALON-5 MODERATOR: Aicha Belgacem TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Advanced And Future Ndds Concept • V. Hariharan, • Danish khan, • G. Madhan prasadh, • S. Punithavalli, • P. Sarany a • A. Vivek, • Snehamayee mahapatra, • R. Thelshath Bharath Institute Of Higher Education And Research Capacity Analysis of Signalized Intersections in Oran, Algeria: A Probabilistic M odel for Left- Turn Movements • Wissem Belk heir • Zahra Bouno uara • Fatima Hadjadj • Wafaa Tebboune University of Sciences and Technology of Oran-Mohamed BOUDIAF, Algeria Integrating Traditional and M odern Sustainable Architectural Practices for Cost- Efficiency and Clim ate-Responsive Buildings i n Niger State, Nigeria • Muhammad Hassan Ishaq, • Bukar Ali Kime Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Effectiveness of Land Use Planning and Zoning Regulations in Controlling Urban Development in Bauchi Metropolis • Mustapha Umar Sa’a d, • Ibrahim Muhamma d Shera, • Ibrahim Idris Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria Integrating Climate-Res ponsive Strategies in Environmental Design for Sustainable Urban Futures • Jibril Jamilu, • Ibrahim Khal il Adamu American University of Nigeria Yola, Nigeria. Federal College of Education Gidan Madi Sokoto, Nigeria Sustainable Irrigation of an Apple Orch ard Using a PV Pumping System: A Case Study from Algeria • Aicha Belgacem, • Fatima Belgacem , • Mohamed M ostefai, • Yahia Miloud Moulay Tahar University of Saida, Algeria 46 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 13 :00-14:45 (Online) SESSION- 24 , HALL-6 / OTURUM 24 , SALON-6 MODERATOR: Melik Sami TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Impact of Gr een Fin ance in Sustainable Performance: Mediating the R ole of CS R • Aqsa Farooq, • Rimsha Iqbal Riphah International University Rawalpindi Economic Development and Sustainable Development Goals in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities, and Policy Perspectives • Ali Jan Sharifi, • Ahmad Farid Qasemi, • Mohammad Bashir Ashrafi, • Hamed Mohammadi, • Mohammad Yasin Rezaei International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan The Green Waqf: Fi nancing Eco - Architecture Through Isl amic Endowments • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria. LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. Economic Viability of Vertical Farming in Urban Architecture: A Sustainability Perspective • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria. LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. Embedding Circular Economy Principles in Architec tural Design for Sustainable Cities • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria . LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. Islamic Economic Principles in Eco - Mosque Architecture: A P ath to Sustainability • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria. LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. 47 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 15 :00-16:45 (Online) SESSION- 25 , HALL-1/ OTURUM 25 , SALON-1 MODERATOR: Prof. Dr. Sevgi Yılmaz TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Landscape Character Analysis Evalua tion in Rural Settlements: Erzu rum Palandöken Example • Ahmet Koç • Sevgi Yılmaz Dicle University, Türkiye Atatürk University, Türkiy e Climate-Sensitive Urban Design Approaches: The Case of E lazığ City • Yaşar Mente ş • Sevgi Yılmaz Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Türkiye Atatürk University, Türkiy e Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect with Water Surfaces: The Case of Lake Hazar • Yaşar Mente ş • Sevgi Yılmaz Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Türkiye Atatürk University, Türkiy e Spatial Hybridization and The Transformation of Identity : A Study o n Rural Settlements and Sec ondary Houses in The Edremi t Gulf • Aysu Çakır • Gaye Birol İzmir Democracy University, Türkiye Analysis of Studies on Tra nsparent Wood and Its Potential Use in The Construction Industry • Nilay Aykan • Esra Lakot Alemdağ Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Türkiye A Comparative Analysis o f Similar Traditional Wall Construction Techniques in Different R egions • Ayça Akkan Ç avdar • Esra Lakot Alemdağ Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University 48 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 15 :00-16:45 (Online) SESSION- 26 , HALL-2 / OTURUM 26 , SALON-2 • MODERATOR: Prof. Dr. Aybike Ayfer Karada ğ TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Use of Fragrant Plants Growing in Isparta i n Landscape Designs • Emine A ğlar • Şirin Dönmez Süleyman Demirel University, Türkiye Natural Medicinal And Aromatic Plants Growing in Konya Climatic Conditions and Their Use in Plant Design • Nilgül Bağcı • Şirin Dönmez Süleyman Demirel University, Türkiye Multi-Layered Spatial Developmen t o f Konya: A Topological Analysis of The Basin at Two Scales • Merve Al ı c ı A ka • Elif Yeşim Köste n • Gülşah Üner Kocaeli University, Türkiye The Development of Rom an Bath Architecture in the Light of the Sebastopolis Roman Baths • Akın Temür Ondokuz Mayıs University, Türkiye Legal Vulnerability of Ecological Assets In the Post-Disaster Period in Turkiye • Aybike Ayfer Karadağ • Demet Demir oğlu Düzce University Kilis 7 Aralık University, Turkiye Urban Open- Green Spaces Within the Framework of Turkiye’s Cli mate Law • Demet Demir oğlu • Aybike Ayfer Karadağ Kilis 7 Aralık University, Turkiye Düzce University, Turkiye 49 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 15 :00-16:45 (Online) SESSION- 27 HALL-3/ OTURUM 27 , SALON-3 MODERATOR : Melik Sami TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION A Holıst ic Conceptual Framework F or Bi ıoph ili c Desıgn in Healthcare Env ir onments: Enhancing Elderly Well- Beıng Through Env ironme ntal Integrati on • Aylar Ranjbarian, Mehrdad Karimimoshaver Bu -Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Urban Density, Morphology, and Soundscapes: Archi tectural Strategıes For Sustainable Desi gn • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria. LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria The Interplay of Sound and Space i n Vernacular Desert Hous ing: Toward Sustainable Futures • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, T allal Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria. LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria Soundscapes a nd Human Experıence: Archıtecture for the Ear in Urban Futures • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria. LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria Smart Soundscapes: Acoust i c Technologies for Sustaina ble Architectural Envir onments • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria. LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria Buıld ing Climate Resilienc e Rural Settlement Design f or Agricultural Communiti es • Most. Mokarroma • Esita Ghosh University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh 50 51 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 15 :00-16:45 (Online) SESSION- 28 HALL-4/ OTURUM 28 , SALON-4 MODERATOR: Popescu Gh. Cristina Raluca TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Leadership, Communication, and Cog nitive Skills as Drivers of Project Perf ormance: Prioritizing Soft Skills in the Construction Industry • Greg Odee Ik we Bingham University Dynamics of Funeral Practices Amo ng the Haussa Muslims of the City of Zinder • Soumana Abdoul- Wahab • Kassou Maman • Dlawali Mam an Toukour Université André Salifou, Zinder-Niger Republic Spaces That Enhance Well - Being in Türkiye, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, And United States: Designing for Health as a Holistic Appr oach W here Human R esources Can Thrive • Popescu Gh. • Cristina Raluca University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania and The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania Acoustic Planning Policies: Shaping Sustainable Urban and Architectural Environments • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria. LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. Biomechanically Informed and Sustainable Architectural Design in Sports Facilities: Enhancing Athlete Performance and Spectator Experience • Shiv Kumar Physical Education, SBV Vikas Puri, India Climate-Responsive Architec tural Strategies for Lahore: A Bioclimatic Approach Toward Sustainable Design • Farhana Naz Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan 52 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 15 :00-16:45 (Online) SESSION- 29 , HALL-5/ OTURUM 29 , SALON-5 MODERATOR: Sándor Földvári TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Echoes o f the Desert: Acoustic and Spatial Responses in Vernacular Sustainable Architecture • Melik Sami, • Khelil Sara, • Abdel Karim Bouzir Mohamed Khider Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria. LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. Multiculturality o f Lviv/Lemberg/L wów, the Centre of West Ukraine, As Reflected in The Architectural History o f the City • Sándor Földvári Debrecen University, Emeritus Potential and Constraints of Beek eeping Development in Sri Lanka : A Review o n Socioeconomic, Technological, And Environmental Perspectives • Mahamarakk alage Nethmi Ayodya Perera University of Ruhuna Valuing The Intangible: An Integrated Economic Framework f or Assessing the Cultural Capital of Heritage Archi tecture In Urban Regeneration • Mohsen Moh ammadi Khyareh • Mohadeseh Nezhadipour Gonbad Kavous university, Gonbad Kavous, Iran The Entrepreneurial City: Exploring The Impact of Zoning Regulations and Building Codes on Startup Ecosyste ms a nd Innovation Districts • Mohsen Moh ammadi Khyare • Mohadeseh Nezhadipour Achievements i n the Temple to Moon God Nanna Built By King Ur Engur In 3 100 Bce in Ur in Mesopotamia • Natela Borisovna Popkhadze Head of Scholarly Information Center at Academy of Phasis in Tiflis in Gurcistan//Georgia Republic//Sakartvelo Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggrega te with Crumb Rubber Chips in Concre te Production • N.G. Kalyani Reddy, Chayaraju BalaSai, K. Tharani G Pulla Reddy Engineering College 59 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 17 :00-18:45 (Online) SESSION- 36 , HALL-6/ OTURUM 36 , SALON-6 MODERATOR: Aliyu Hashimu Isah TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Use of Artificial Intelligenc e in Tra nsport for Rural Development • J. Salai Thillai Thilagam • Gorla Lalitha G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College , India Eco-Colonialism or Climate Justice? Reassessing Global Environmental Agreements from the Global South Perspective • Astitva Kumar Rao • Anamika Prasad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Law University, Sonepat, Haryana, India Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Geological Event Modeling and Illu stration • Abdelfattah Aboulfaraj, • Abdelhalim Tabıt, • Ahmed Algoutı, • Latifa Aboulkasım Cadi Ayyad University Eco-Building Mortars Incorporating Se wage Sludge As h f or Sus tainable Co nstruction: A Review • Bouslah Mahmoud • Maza Mekki • Rahmouni Zi e El Abidine • Tebbal Nadia University of M’sila, Algeria Thermochemical Optimization o f Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (Pcms) for Passive Thermal Regulati on i n Heritage and Modern Arc hitecture • Aliyu Hashim u Isah Federal College of Education Gidan Madi, Sokoto, Nigeria The Architect ure of Extracurricula r Activ ities In F oreign Languages: Stra tegies for Developing Intercultural Competenc e • Serghei Vasil achi • Djulieta Rusu Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, Moldova Factors I nfluencing the Adoption of Green Walls in Residential Property Devel opment in Ibadan, Nigeria • Nnaemeka B ethel Ezeokolı • Ayooluwa Adeboye Adelakun Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria. 60 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 19:00- 20 :45 (Online) SESSION-37, HALL-1/ OTURUM 37, SALON-1 MODERATOR: Neriman Gül Çelebi TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Sustainability in Traditional Urban F orm: Example of Tire • İzzet Yüksek • Ecem Uğurlu • Yağmur Burc u Güneş Celal Bayar University, Türkiye Izmir Democracy Univ ersity, Türkiye Adaptive Reuse of Historical Buildings as Libraries: Original Function-Based Approaches • Rümeysa Ay dın • Şebnem Ertaş Beşir Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Türkiye Akdeniz University, Türkiye Interior Architecture Design Sugges tions in Traditional Urfa Houses: Re -Functioning • Ayşe Gül Güz el İstanbul Beykent University, Türkiye Spatial And Functional Suggestions for The Sustainability of Traditional Marketplaces: From Cons umption to Production • Ayşe Seda Ç alışkan • Özge Kandemir Konya Technical University , Türkiye Eskişehir TechnicalUniversity, Türkiye Organization of Outdoor Tourism and Planning of Outdoor Recreation Servi ces • Yegana Ahm adova Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, Azerbaijan 61 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 19:00- 20 :45 (Online) SESSION-38, HALL-2 / OTURUM 38, SALON-2 MODERATOR: Ahmet Benliay TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Healthy Cities I n Environmenta l Protection • Belgin Yıldırım • Seher Sarikaya Karabudak Aydın Adn an Me nderes University/Faculty of Nursing, Departme nt of Public Health Nursing, Aydın, Türkiye The Place and Importance of En vir onmental Education in Nu rsing • Belgin Yıldırım • Seher Sarikaya Karabudak Aydın Adnan Menderes University/Faculty of Nursing, Department of Public Health Nursing, Aydın, Türkiye The Sculptural Effect in Architecture: The Valencıa Opera Ho use • Nihansu Kücü • Özgü Özturan • Şebnem Ertaş Beşir Akdeniz University, Türkiye Media Representation of Non -Structural Elements Following the February 6 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Türkiy e • Ayşan Ilgın P olat • Şebnem Erta ş Beşir Akdeniz University, Türkiye Virtual Reality (Vr) Techn ology and Interactive Design Process es in Landscape Design • Ahmet Benliay • Yaren Sadık Akdeniz University, Antalya- Türkiye Comparison of 3D Modeling and Artific ial Intelligence Tools in Landscape Design Visualizations • Türkan Azeri • Ahmet Benliay Akdeniz University, Antalya- Türkiye 62 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 19:00- 20 :45 (Online) SESSION-39, HALL-3 / OTURUM 39, SALON-3 MODERATOR: S. Shakthi Sree TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Sustainable Urban Planning and Development • S. Shakthi Sree Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur, Chennai- 73. Utilisation of Restor ative Design Feature s in The Desig n Proposal f or Resor`T C enter in Abuja, Nigeria • Kasim Ahmed Tahir Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Thermal Stability of Composite M aterials Using a Refined Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory • Tebboune W afa, Belkheir Wissem, Bounouara Zahra, Hadjaj Fatima Zohra University of Sciences and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria. Fire -Adaptive Architectur e: Integrating Indigenous Fire Stewardship for Climate- Resilient and Regenerativ e Design • Aravindhan. R Ramshin Rahiman Private deemed university, Chennai, India Green By Design: The Role of Urban Farming in Achieving Sus tainable Cities • Astitva Kumar Rao Anamika Prasad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Nation al Law University, Sonepat, Haryana – 131029 (India) Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh – 474005 (India) Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of biological activities of M(II) metal complexes (M=Co, Zn and C u) based on a bidentate Schiff base ligand • Ibtissam Elaaraj, Oumayma Oulidi, Asmae Nakkabi, Filippo Giarratana, Noureddine El Moualij, Mohammed Fahim Moulay Ismail University, Kingdom of Morocco University of Messina, Italy The Use of Berberis L. Spe cies i n the Creation and Reconstruc tion of Parks a nd Squares i n the Steppe Dnipro Regi on • Anatoliy M. Kabar • Tetyana Y. Lykholat • Maksim O. Kv itko • Olena A. Lykholat • Yuriy V. Lykh olat Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine 63 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 19:00- 20 :45 (Online) SESSION- 40 , HALL-4 / OTURUM 40 , SALON-4 MODERATOR: Ananda Majumdar TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Greasing The Gears of Innovation: The Role of Petroleum Chemistry in Architectural Design and Engineering • Ibrahim Khalil Adamu, • Abdullahi Aliyu American University of Nigeria Yola, Nigeria. Federal College of Education Gidan Madi Sokoto, Nigeria. Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. The Urban Landscape of Western Europe: Impact of The Decline of The Wes tern Roman Empire on Urbanization From AD 400 To The 17th Century • Ananda Majumdar Harvard University Sustainable Urban Farming in India: Pathways to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (Sdgs) • Hari Prasad Agarwal The Assam Royal Global University, Guwahati Integration of Digital Tec hnologies in Landscape D esign: Physics -Based M odels and Technological Innovations in Agricultural Landscapes • Ali Jan Sharifi, • Ahmad Farid Qasemi, • Mohammad B ashir Ashrafi, • Hamed Moh ammadi, • Mohammad Yasin Rezaei International Islamic University, Pakistan Capitalizing on Local Knowledge of Tetraclinis articulata in Morocco's Central Plateau: Challenges for Conservation of an Endangered Medicinal Heritage • Jaayefar Fatima - ezzahra, • Dahmani Jamila Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco Rural Displacem ent and Livelihoods : A Study of Farmer -Herder Conflicts in Benue State and its Impact on Agricultural Development • Adoga Peter Adoga • Ikyapa Peter Tertese Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria Iranian Art And Architecture • Dr. Mehdi Shalchi To usi Ahle Beyte Internatinal University, Tehran, Iran 64 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 19:00- 20 :45 (Online) SESSION-41, HALL-5 / OTURUM 41, SALON-5 MODERATOR: Maryam MOSLEHI TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Evaluation of Height Influence on the Seismic Behavior Factor of Reinfor ced Concrete Frame Structures Using Nonlinear Pushover Analysis • Mohammed O UALI, • Mahfoud TO UHARI Khemis Miliana University, Algeria The Ksour of The Ksour M ountains in Algeria: An Oasian Heritage on The Pat h to World Recognition • Sana MEKKI • Rima BOUKERMA • Leila SRITI Mohamed Khider University, Biskra University of Algiers 1 Gep- Bas ed On Model ing of Alka line Activators Effects on Geopolymer Concrete • Chayaraju Ba la Sai • Nadagouda Kalyani • K.Tharani G. Pullareddy Engineering college (Autonomous), Kurnool, AP, INDIA Green Spaces: Restoring Mind and Body in Urban Life • Maryam MO SLEHI Natural Resources Rese arch Department, Iran Effects of Organic Mul ch and Natural Methods on Soil Moisture Re tention and Growth of Ziziphus spina christi Seedlings in Afforestation • Maryam MO SLEHI Natural Resources Rese arch Department, Iran Fire -Adaptive Arc hitecture: Integ rating Indigenous Fire Stewardship for Climate- Resilient and Regenerativ e Design • Aravindhan. R, • Ramshin Rahiman, • Sri Harshavar shini C • Private deemed university, Chennai, India Colonial Loftiness in Be ngal: Form, Space and Spatial Organization in Three Colonial Houses at Narayanganj • Shahriar Hasan Mridha Ratul, • Moukuri Mohim, • Ahsan Rezwan Southeast University (SEU), Dhaka, Bangladesh University of Asia Pacific (UAP) 65 FRIDAY – October 31, 2025 Antalya (Demre)- Türkiye Time 19:00- 20 :45 (Online) SESSION-42, HALL-6 / OTURUM 42, SALON-6 MODERATOR: Subhashish Dey TITLE AUTHORS AFFILIATION Strength Characteris tics of M40 Grade Concrete as Partial Replacement Of Cement by Gg bs and Fine Aggregate by Crusher Dust • Subhashish Dey Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Andhra Pradesh, India Forest Carbon Assessment and Modeling in Bangladesh: Pathways for Sus tainable Forest M anagement and Cl imate Mitigation • Sadid Shahriyar Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Durability of Vegetable fiber -reinforce d concrete under External sulfate attack • Imane Mihoub, • Sif Allah Meghzili , • Abderraouf ACHOUR University Center of Morsli Abdellah Tipaza, Algeri a. Mapping Al bania’s Cultural Heritage: A Spatial and Typological Analysis of Tangible and Intangible Assets • Msc. Mishela Rapo European University of Tirana Colonial Loftiness in Be ngal: Form, Space and Spatial Organization in Three Colonial Houses at Narayanganj • Shahriar Hasan Mridha Ratul, • Moukuri Mohim, • Ahsan Rezwan Southeast University (SEU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, University of Asia Pacific (UAP) Experimental Stu dy on Mechanical Properties of Normal Strength Concrete by Partial Replacemen t of Fine Aggregate with Demolished Brick Waste • Pathangi Eswanth, • Mahendrakar Hema nth Kumar, • Ramireddy Sushmi tha G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous), Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India Implications and Envir onmental Impac t of Artisanal Gold Mining on Land use Patterns in Minna Metropolis, Niger State • Abdullahi M.I. Usman • Z.N., Ndako N., • Abdullahi M.K. • Hussaini I. Ni ger State College of Education Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 67 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress (IArcSC-2025) https://www.iarcs as.org/ October 29- 30 - 31, 2025 / Demre, Antalya, Türkiy e CONGRESS PHOTOS V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 68 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 69 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 76 Smart Design Solutions For University Housing: A Waste-Optimized Ar chit ectural Solution for Postgraduate Accommodation at Futminna • OKONNAH SAMUEL David 113 Effect of Mat erial Suit ability and Availabilit y on Residents’ Buildi ng Preferences in Nupe Land, Kwara State • KOLO, Vincent Mana • OLAKANBI BOLAJI Abdulraheem 114 Influence of Lighting Quality on Emotional and Cognitive Responses to Artworks: A Comparative Study of Prominent Art Galleries in Lagos State, Nigeria • SA’AD Muhammad Abolakale • OLAKANBI BOLAJI Abdulraheem 115 A Holis tic Conceptual Framework for Biophilic Design in Healthcare Environments: Enhancing Elderly Well-Being Through Environmental Integration • Aylar RANJBARIAN • Mehrdad KARIMIMOSHAVER 116 Building Envelope Strategies for Enhancing Urban Thermal Comfort: A Climate-Sensitive Perspective • Alireza GERAMI • Mehrdad KARIMIMOSHAVER 117 Urban Morphology and Natural Ventilation: Evaluation of Differen t Textures in Hot and Dry Climate Cities (Case Study: Kashan City) • Mostafa AZAD • Mehrdad KARIMIMOSHAVER 118 Urban Density, Morphology, And Soundscapes: Architectural Strategies For Sustainable Design • Melik SAMI • Khelil SARA • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 119 The Interplay of Sound and Space in Vernacular Desert Housing: Toward Sustainable Futures • Melik SAMI • Khelil SARA • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 120 Soundscapes and Human Experience: Architecture for the Ear in Urban Futures • Melik Sami • Khelil Sara • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir 121 Smart Soundscapes: Acoustic Technologies for Sustainable Architectural Environments • Melik Sami • Khelil Sara • Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir 122 A Performance Driven Generative Design Workflow for Optimizing Building Facades for Daylight and Energy Efficiency in a Mediterranean Climate • Fahim Yar BAIG • Samira MEHRAFZA 123 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 77 Building Climate Resilience Rural Settlement Design for Agricultural Communities • Most. MOKARROMA • Esita GHOSH 124 Dynamics of Funeral Practices Among the Haussa Muslims of the City of Zinder • SOUMANA Abdoul- Wahab • KASSOU Maman • LAWALI Maman Toukour 125 Spaces That Enhance Well- Being in Türkiye, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Uni ted States: Designing for Health as a Holistic Approach Where Human Resources Can Thrive • Habil. Cristina Raluca Gh. POPESCU 126 Acoustic Planning Policies: Shaping Sustainable Urban and Architectural Environments • Melik SAMI • Khelil SARA • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 127 Biomechanically Informed and Sustainable Architectural Design in Sports Facilities: Enhancing Athlete Performance and Spectator Experience • Shiv KUMAR 128 Climate-Responsive Architectural Strategies for Lahore: A Bioclimatic Approach T oward Sustainable Design • Farhana NAZ 129 Echoes of The Desert: Acoustic and Spatial Responses in Vernacular Sustainable Architecture • Melik SAMI • Khelil SARA • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 130 Multiculturality of Lviv/ Lemberg/Lwów, The Centre of West Ukraine, as Reflected in the Architectural History of The City • Sándor FÖLDVÁRI 131 Potential And Constr aints of Beekeeping Development in Sri Lanka: A Review on Socioeconomic, Technological, and Environmental Perspectives • Mahamarakkalage NETHMI AYODYA PERERA 132 Valuing the Intangible: An Int egrated Economic Framework for Assessing the Cultural Capital of Heritage Architecture in Urban Regeneration • Mohsen Mohammadi KHYAREH • Mohadeseh NEZHADIPOUR 133 The Entre preneurial City: Exploring The Impact of Zoning Regulations and Building Codes on Startup Ecosystems and Innovation Districts • Mohsen Mohammadi KHYAREH • Mohadeseh NEZHADIPOURr 134 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 78 Enhanced Adsorptive Performance of Modified Clay for Efficient Dye Removal from Wastewater • Soumaya MATCHI • Adil El YADINI • Hanae OUADDARI • Abdelkbir BELLAOUCHOU 135 Achievements in the Temple to Moon God Nanna Built By Kıng Ur Eng ur in 3 100 Bce in Ur in Mesopotamia • Natela Borisovna POPKHADZE 136 Evaluation of Biophilic Design Principles in the Design Proposal of 5-Star Hotel • Safiya Bello ABDULLAHI 137 Artificial Intelligence and 3d Printing Technology in Construction: A Review • N.G. Kalyani REDDY • Chayaraju BALASAI • K. THARANI 138 Perceived Effects of Fuelwood Energy Exploitation on Livelihood of Farming Households in Bauchi and Gombe States, Nigeria • Sani Madi YAKUBU • Hannatu Ohunene YUSUF • Fadlullah Olayiwola ISSA • Omadachi Ogbodo UGBABE 139 A Comparative Analysis of The Role of Rock-Cut Architecture in The Life Cycle of Rural Tourism: A Case Study of Kandovan, Iran, and Göreme, Türkiye • Kazem GOLIZADEH 140 Threads of Escape: Adaptive Reuse of Trains • Hira ZAINAB • Rimsha IMRAN • Maha TARIQ 141 Greasing The Gears of Innovation: The Role of Petroleum Chemistry in Architectural Design and Engineering • Ibrahim Khalil ADAMU • Abdullahi ALIYU 142 Architecture, Environmental Externalities, And Economic Policy for Sustainable Cities • Melik SAMI • Khelil SARA • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 143 The Trade-off Between Economic Growth and Environmental Architecture in Developing Regions • Melik SAMI • Khelil SARA • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 144 From Farm to Cup: The Interplay of Sustainability and Governance in Ethiopia’s Coffee Value Chain for Sustainable Development • Sintayehu Assefa YIRGA 145 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 79 Artificial Intelligence Revolutions and Breakthroughs for Architecture, Engineering, Cultural Studies, and Environmental Disciplines • Vinod Kumar VERMA • Klimis NTALINIS • Chao-Tung YANG • Carlos MORENO • Eric GAMESS • Monica Karel HUERTA • Vimal Rau APPROW 146 Smart and Ecological Citi es: Pathways to Climate - Resilient and Sustainable Urban Futures • K. R. PADMA 147 Sustainable Urban Planning and Development • S. SHAKTHI SREE 148 The Urban Landscape of Western Europe: Im pact of the Decline of the Western Roman Empire on Urbanization from AD 400 to the 17th Century • Ananda MAJUMDAR 149 Sustainable Urban Farming in India: Pathways to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) • Hari Prasad AGARWAL 150 Integration of Digital Technologies in Landscape Design: Physics-Based Models and Technological Innovations in Agricultural Landscapes • Ali Jan SHARIFI • Ahmad Farid QASEMI • Mohammad Bashir ASHRAFI • Hamed MOHAMMADI • Mohammad Yasin REZAEI 151 Capitalizing on Local Knowledge of Tetraclinis articulata in Morocco's Central Plateau: Challenges for Conservation of an Endangered Medicinal Heritage • Jaayefar FATIMA- EZZAHRA • et Dahmani JAMILA 152 Contribution of Rural Infrastructure Developme nt Fund (RIDF) in rural prosperity in India • Bhawana PAL 153 Integrating Spatial and Environmental Needs in Architectural Education Design • A. J. SIMON • D. O. ALONGE • E. UDOKO 154 Pekalongan City Culture and its Nickname as the City of Batik • M. Fathrezza IMANI 155 Cybersecurity Risks in Smart Building Infrastructure • Moses Adeolu AGOI • Samuel Olayiwola AJAGA • David Oladimeji AJIBODE • Oluwanifemi Opeyemi AGOI 156 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 80 Historic Monument Buildings – European Union Perspectives on Their Protection • Voroneanu- Popa Rareș - VASILE • Richard CONSTANTINESCU 157 Socio-Economic Dynamics and Urban Transformation in Algerian Desert Cities: An Analytical Approach to the Case of Biskra • MOKHNANE Tarek • KHIARI Reguia • ADJLANE Sabah 158 Eco-Friendly Forei gn Investment: The Role of Green FDI in Sustainable Development • Laura DIACONU (MAXIM) • Mihai- Bogdan PETRIȘOR 159 An Analytical Study of AI -Enabled Tourism and Global Integration • Deepanjali MISHRA 160 The Energy Affor dability Crisi s: Fuel Pric e Shocks, Urban-Rural Disparities, and the Climate Mitigation Paradox in Northern Nigeria • Sabiu Bello YUSUF • Ashiru BELLO • Umar SHAMSUDEEN 161 Legal Implications of Buildi ng Collapse in Nigeria: A Case Study Approach • Samuel Akpadiagha ETUK • Udeme E. ETTENTUK 162 The Architectural Philo sophy of Southern Albania (15th Century – Early 20th Century) • Vivian MUKLI 163 Sustainable Concrete Design Using Low-Volume Fly Ash: Experimental Evaluation of Strength and Durability • Marjuka MEHJABIN 164 Development of Smart Biosensors for Rea l- Time Glucose Monitoring • DAVID. G • DEEPAK. S • PALANISAMY. A • RAVI. C • N. JAYARAMAKANI • R. SRINIVASAN 165 Islamic Economic Principles in Eco-Mosque Architecture: A Path to Sustainability • Khelil SARA • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR • Melik SAMI 166 The Green Waqf: Financing Eco-Architecture Through Islamic Endowments • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR • Khelil SARA • Melik SAMI 167 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 81 Economic Viabilit y of Vertical Farming in Urban Architecture: A Sustainability Perspective • Melik SAMI • Khelil SARA • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 168 Embedding Circular Economy Principles in Architectural Design for Sustainable Cities • Khelil SARA • Melik SAMI • Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 169 Logistical Aspects of The Transport System Development in Zakarpattia Region (Ukraine) • Natalia HABCHAK • Svitlana MYSHKO 170 Economic Development and Sustainable Development Goals in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities, and Policy Perspectives • Ali Jan SHARIFI • Ahmad Farid QASEMI • Mohammad Bashir ASHRAFI • Hamed MOHAMMADI • Mohammad Yasin Rezaei 171 Sustainable Irrigation of an Apple Or chard Using a PV Pumping System: A Case Study from Algeria • Aicha BELGACEM • Fatima BELGACEM • Mohamed MOSTEFAI • Yahia MILOUD 172 Integrating Climate-Responsive Strategies in Environmental Design for Sustainable Urban Futures • Jibril JAMILU • Ibrahim Khalil ADAMU 173 Advanced And Future NDDS Concept • V. HARIHARAN, • D. KHAN • G. MADHAN PRASADH • S. PUNITHAVALLI • P. SARANYA • A. VIVEK • S. MAHAPATRA • R. THELSHATH 174 From Beneficial Modulation to Adverse Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Insights into TBHQ Safety Thresholds • Saha, ANIK • Datta NARAYAM • Chowdhury BAPPy • Hossain, TAMIM • Ranjan Acharjee, MAHIMA • Prank RASEL • Ahmad MONSUR 175 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 82 Natural Farming a Sustainable Approach for Management of Soil Degradation and Climate Change Mitigation • Ganesh KUMAR • R.Y HIRANMAI • Harshita MARWAL • Ajay NEERAJ 176 Smart İrrigation System for Sustainable Farming • Nithish KUMAR R. • S. Udhaya KUMAR • S. RAKSHITH 177 Iranian Art and Architecture • Mehdi Shalchi TOUSI 178 Information And Communication Technology Adoption Behaviour of Farmers in Thanjavur District: A Study • B. MAHADEVAN 179 Comparison of the Effectiveness of Silicon and Nanosilicon in Stimulating the Growth of Lycıum Chınense Mıll. Shoot Cultures in Vitro • Marcelina KRUPA- MAŁKIEWICZ • Ireneusz OCHMIAN 180 Conceptual Considerations on the Applic ation of The Precautionary Principle in the Environmental Law Relationship • M iha ela (B EJE NAR I) • C OJO CARU 181 Toxic Tanning: Assess ing Environmental Pollution and Occupational Health Risks in the Leather Industry • Seifeslasie ASMAMAW • Esayas SHEGAW 182 Economic Implications of Clim ate Change on Rice ( Oryza sativa) Production in Bangladesh • Most MOKARROMA • Arifa YEASMIN • Salauddin SOHAN • Sakhawat Hosen SOURAV • ALSHAHRIA • Sazzadul ISLAM • Mizanur RAHMAN 183 Capacity Analysis of Signalized Intersections in Oran, Algeria: A Probabilistic Model for Left-Turn Movements • Wissem BELKHEIR • Zahra BOUNOUARA • Fatima HADJADJ • Wafaa TEBBOUNE 184 Integrating Traditional and Modern Sustainable Architectural Practices for Cost -Efficiency and Climate-Responsive Buildings in Niger State, Nigeria • Muhammad Hassan ISHAQ • Bukar Ali KIME 185 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 83 Public Squares Along Di douche Mourad Street in Skikda: Urban Continuities and Transformations • Boukerma RIMA • Mansouri LAMIA • Bouaroudj RADIA • Mekki SANA • Azzam ROUFAIDA 186 Choosing a Slope-Stability Method under Groundwater Conditions: A Decision-Oriented Reframing of an Inter-Software Comparison • Hachimi DAHHAOUI • Abdeldjalil ZADJAOUI, • Mohammed BEKHTI • Naima BELKADI 187 Rapid Estimation of Secondary Creep in Soft Clays Using Machine Learning • Hachimi DAHHAOUI 188 The Circular Memory of Hands: Circularity in the Domestic Wisdom of Peoples • Yasin KHALILOV 189 Circular Bridge from East to West: The Global Dialogue of Cultures • Yasin KHALILOV 190 The Met aphysics of Form: Energy, Geometry, and Sphericity in Nature • Yasin KHALILOV 191 Eco-Colonialism or Climate Justice? Reassessing Global Environmental A gre ements from the Global South Perspective • Astitva Kumar RAO • Anamika PRASAD 192 Geological Event Modelling and Illustration • Abdelfattah ABOULFARAJ • Abdelhalim TABIT, Ahmed ALGOUTI • Latifa ABOULKASIM 193 Eco-Building Mortar s Incorporating Sewage Sludge Ash for Sustainable Construction: A Review • BOUSLAH Mahmoud • MAZA Mekki • RAHMOUNI Zine EL Abidine • TEBBAL Nadia 194 Thermal Stability of Composite Materials Using a Refined Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory • Tebboune WAFA • Belkheir WISSEM • Bounouara ZAHRA • Hadjaj Fatima ZOHRA 195 Fire-Adaptive Architecture: Integrating Indigenous Fire Stewardship for Climate-Resilient and Regenerative Design • B. S. Abdur Rahman CRESCENT 196 Green by Design: The Role of Urban Farming in Achieving Sustainable Cities • Astitva KUMAR RAO 197 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 84 Synthesis, Charact erization, and Evaluation of Biological Activities of M(Ii) Metal Complexes (M=Co, Zn and Cu) Based on a Bidentate Schiff Base Ligand • Ibtissam ELAARAJ • Oumayma OULIDI • Asmae NAKKABI • Noureddine El MOUALIJ • Mohammed FAHIM • Filippo GIARRATANA 198 The Use of Berberis L. Species in the Creation and Reconstruction of Parks and Squares in the Steppe Dnipro Region • Anatoliy M. KABAR • Tetyana Y. LYKHOLAT • Maksim O. KVITKO • Olena A. LYKHOLAT • Yuriy V. LYKHOLAT 199 The Ksour of the Ksou r Mountains in Alger ia: An Oasian Heritage on the Path to World Recognition • Sana MEKKI • Rima BOUKERMA • Leila SRITI 200 Green Spaces: Restoring Mind and Body in Urban Life • Maryam MOSLEHI 201 Effects of Organic Mulch and Natural Methods on Soil Moisture Retention and Growth of Ziziphus spina Christi Seedlings in Afforestation • Maryam MOSLEHI 202 Fire-Adaptive Architecture: Integrating Indigenous Fire Stewardship for Climate-Resilient and Regenerative Design • ARAVINDHAN. R. • RAMSHIN R. • SRI HARSHAVARSHINI C. 203 Strength Characteristics of M40 Grade Concrete as Partial Replacement of Cement by GGBS and Fine Aggregate by Crusher Dust • Subhashish DEY 204 Durability of Vegetable Fiber- Reinforced Concrete Under External Sulfate Attack • Imane MIHOUB • Sif Allah MEGHZILI • Abderraouf ACHOUR 205 Mapping Albania’s Cultural Heritage: A Spatial and Typological Analysis of Tangible and Intangible Assets • M ish ela R APO 206 Colonial Loftiness in Bengal: Form, Space and Spatial Organization in Three Colonial Houses at Narayanganj • Shahriar Hasan Mridha RATUL • Moukuri MOHIM • Ahsan REZWAN 207 Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregat e with Crumb Rubber Chips in Concrete Production • N.G. KALYANI REDDY • Chayaraju BALASAI • K. THARANI 208 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 85 Implications and Environmental Impact of Artisanal Gold Mining on Land use Patterns in Minna Metropolis, Niger State • ABDULLAHI, M.I. • USMAN, Z.N. • NDAKO N. • ABDULLAHI M. K. • HUSSAINI, I. 209 Assessment of Aquifer Protective Capacity and Corrosivity Around Solid Was te Dumpsi tes in Parts of Minna Metropolis, North-Central, Nigeria • BALARABE, J. J. • RAFIU, A. A. • ADETONA, A. • SHEHU, J. • SALIHU, Y. L. 210 The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Creating Public Value in Local Government: Evidence from Hyderabad City, Pakistan • Liaquat Ali RAHOO • Muhammad Nawaz TUNIO 211 The Role of Mosques and Shrines in the Socio- Political L ife of Settlements and Their Influence on Urban Formation • Mahammad BAYRAMOV 212 Utilizing Recycled Aggregate Concrete • Chayaraju BALA SAI • Nadagouda KALYANI • K. THARANI 213 Intellectual Property and Design Protection • Aswin M. NAIR • Payal SHUKLA 214 Exploring Evidence Based Design Strategies to Foster Healing in the Design of a Paediatric Hospital in Rigasa, Kaduna State • Amira ABDUL-AZEEZ 215 Use of Artificial Intellig ence in Transport for Rural Development • J. Salai Thillai THILAGAM • Gorla LALITHA 216 GEP- Based on Modelling of Alkaline Activators Effects on Geopolymer Concrete • Chayaraju BALA SAI • Nadagouda KALYANI • K. THARANI 217 Forest Carbon Assessment and Modelling in Bangladesh: Pathways for Sustainable Forest Management and Climate Mitigation • Sadid SHAHRIYAR 218 Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Normal Strength Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Demolished Brick Waste • Pathangi ESWANTH • Mahendrakar HEMANTH KUMAR • Ramireddy SUSHMITHA 219 Impact of Green Finance in Sustainable Performance: mediating the role of CSR • Aqsa FAROOQ • Rimsha IQBAL 220 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 92 Rural Decline and Re vival: Alternative Living Models for t he Revitalisation of Migration-Affected Settlements Melike AKSAKAL 1* ORCID 1: 0009- 0009-1173-5655 1 KTO Karatay Uni versity, Faculty of Fine Arts an d Design, Department of Archite cture, Konya/T ürkiye melikeaksakal12@ gmail.com * ( Responsible Author) Büşra YILMAZ ERDOĞAN 2 ORCID 2: 0000- 0002-2993-4240 2 Res. Assist. Dr., KTO Karat ay Un iversity, Facult y of Fine Arts and Design, Departme nt of Architecture, Konya/ Türkiye Abstract The population losses experienced in rural areas i n recent years are not merely a nume rical decline; they also signal the rapid disappe arance of cultural herit ag e, traditional architec ture, local production methods, and social fabric. However, villages that have experienced migration are not merely witnesses to the past; they are also potential spaces for alternative and sustai nable living models. This study argues that rura l settlements affec ted by migration are undergoing not only physic al decline but also cultur al, economic, and social disintegration. It examines the importance of revitalizing t hese areas from a multidimensional perspective. T he potential of sustainable development tools such as agriculture- based development, women’s labor -focused product ion networks, cooperatives, local production, eco/agro-tourism, and cultural routes is highlighted in terms of preserving rural heritage and sustaining local identity. Preserving and applying trad itional construction techniques supports the continuity not only of architectural heritage but also of historical and cultural memory. Active participation of local communitie s enables more sustai nable, need-based solutions rather than imposed models, while promotio na l opportunities such as digital platforms, films, and cultural events enhance the visibility and appeal of rural life. This study view s abandoned rural areas not only as heritage sites to be preserved but also as potential spaces for productive, resilient living models oriented toward the future. Ultima tely, it aims to contribute to emerging holistic conserv ation approaches by proposing a red efined understanding of rural conservation and encour ag ing an approac h that integrates spatial improvement wit h social transformation. Keywords: Abandoned vill ages, local participation, rural development, rur al heritage, rural revitalization V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 93 From Cultural Mem ory to Contemporary Design : Traces o f Nomadic Structures in Susta inability Rümeysa ÜZÜM 1* ORCID 1: 0009- 0005-0455-4793 1 KTO Karatay Uni versity, Faculty of Fine Arts an d Design, Department of Archite cture, Konya/ Türkiye rumeysauzm0@gmail .com *( Responsible Author) Büşra YILMAZ ERDOĞAN 2 ORCID 2: 0000- 0002-2993-4240 2 Res. Assist. Dr., KTO Karat ay Un iversity, Facult y of Fine Arts and Design, Departme nt of Architecture, Konya/ Türkiye Abstract Nomadism is a lifestyle based on the seaso nal and re gu lar move ment of communities, ty pically rooted in past oral animal husbandry. This way of life requires harmony with the environment, whi ch in turn necessitates architectural structures that are portable, lightweight, durable, and temporary. In this study, the concept of nomadism is exami ned from cultural, economic, and socia l perspectives, wi th attention to spati al organization and usage patterns. Through literature research, portable ar chitectural typolo gies emerging in different regions are analyzed; examples such as yurts, Bedoui n tents, tipis, and yak hair tents ar e evaluated in detail. These structures shar e common c haracteristics in t erms of c on struction techniques, materials, spatial organiz ation, and cultural symbols, inclu ding light ness, ease of transport, quick as sembly and disa ssembly, climate ad aptability, and sustainable use of natural and local materials. Designed as single -volume, multifunctional spaces, these sustainable structures mini mize environmental impact, use resources efficiently, and support co mmunal lifestyles by strengthening s ocial bonds. The stu dy investigates the typol ogical features of a rchitect ur al forms devel op ed in relation to the nomadic way of life, revealing how they have inspired con temporary approaches centered on sustainability, modularity, and temporarine ss. It is determined that modern solutions such as the tiny house movement, mobile struct ures, container homes, an d disaster shelte rs are directly i nfluenced by tradit ional nomadic architecture. The analysis of thes e typologies se rves as a reference not only i n historical and cultural contexts but al so in the development of innovative, environmentally frie ndly designs. The study aims to offer a concrete evaluation of how these traditional principles can be integrate d into contemporary architectural practice. Keywords: Temporary shelter, nomadic architectural forms, mobile str uctures, mobile architecture, sustainable architecture V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 94 The Lifecycle As sess ment Analysi s: Recycled Concrete Aggregate Incorporating Boron Seda Nur ALKAN 1* ORCID 1: 0002-3482- 5348 1 Assist Prof. Dr., İsta nbul Medipol University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Arc hitecture, Department of Architecture, İstanbul - T ürkiye alkan.sedanur@gmai l.com *( Responsible Author) Gamze DOĞDU YÜCETÜRK 2 ORCID 2: 0002-0278- 8503 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr., B olu Abant İzzet Ba ys al University, Fa culty of Engineering, Depart ment of Environmental Engineering, Bolu- Türkiye Özkan ŞENGÜL 3 ORCID 2: 0003-3353- 2516 2 Prof. Dr., İstanbul Tec hnical University, Faculty of Engine ering, Department of Civil En gin eering , İstanbul - Türkiye Abstract Recycling has become a critic al issue consid ering the results of global warmin g, especially the depletion of natural resources. Concrete, as on e of the commonl y used construction materials, has be en a crucial research topic in order to decrease the disadvantages of the high amount of energy consumption du ring the production phase and the limited recy cling opportuni ties after destruction. After the February 6, 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye, depending on the high amount of construc tion and de molition waste (CDW), recycling concrete (RC) can be an efficient way in terms of preservation of natural resourc es an d sustainability of t he environment and ec onomy. Additionally, several urban transformation projects have been planned and implemented in most of the cities of Türkiye. Accordingly, recycling CDW may play a significant role in reusing waste with an environmentally friendly approach. In this study, the equivalent CO 2 emissions of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) incorporation of various proportions of boron were investigated by applying the Excel- based GreenConcrete LCA software developed at the University of California Berkeley Campus (UC Berkeley). Based on the analysis, it is observed that the use of RCA has a po sitive con tribution to the environmental impac ts in the LCA analysis. Furthermore , the use of c oncrete mixtures that contribute to the recycling of waste, boron, as admixtures contributes t o reducing the environmental dam ag e of the waste and developing mat erial properties. Keywords: Construction and demolition waste (CDW), boron, lifec ycle assessment analysis (LCA), recycled concrete aggregate (RC A), Türkiye V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 95 A Study o n Rural Resilie nce: The Case of Akçaabat District Duygu AKYOL KUYUMCUOĞLU 1* ORCID 1: 0000- 0002-7191-9343 1 Asst.Prof., Karadeniz Tec hnical University, Faculty of Foresty, De par tment of Landsca pe Architecture, Trabzon, Türkiye * [email protected] ( Re sponsible Author) Tuğçe YAZICI 2 ORCID 2: 000 -0003-3653-4170 2 PhD Student, Karade niz Technical Universi ty, Faculty of Foresty, Department o f Landscape Architecture, Trabzon, Türkiye. tugceyazici.pem@ gm ail.com Abstract Rural resilience is defined as the capacity of rural areas to survive, adapt, and, when necessary, tr ansform in the face of e nvironm ental, economic, and social shocks. The concept emerged from the theoretical framework developed in the 1970s on the resilience of ecological systems and has evolved over time into a multidimensional structure with a socio-ecological systems perspective. Today, rural resilience studies are ba sed on a holisti c approach that considers interrelated factors such as climate change, natural disasters, economic fluctuations, migration movements, and c ultural transformations. This paper first examines the historic al development of the concept of rural resilie nce in the literature and its definitions across different disciplines, f ocusing on thr ee main dime nsions: ec ological resilience econo mic resilience and social resilience. In the second part of the study, the Trabzon/Akçaabat district, located in the coastal- rural transition zone of the Black Sea Region, is examined as a case study. A kçaabat offers a suitable platform for multidimensional resil ience discussions, with factors such as agricultural production systems (especially ha zelnuts and tea) vulnerable to climate change, urbanization pressures, youth migration, and the fragility of coastal ecosystems. The theoretical framework found in the literature is linked to Akçaabat' s local dynamics, and reco mm endations are developed to enhance resilience capacity . Keywords: Rural resilience, rural planning, landsca pe planning, rural de velopmen t, Akçaabat V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 96 A Machine Learning- Driven Model to Pr edict Urban Outd oor Thermal Comfor t Hüseyin ÖGÇE 1* ORCID 1: 0000- 0001-9051-4272 1 Research Assistant, Ista nbul Technical University, Facult y of Architecture, Department of La ndscape Architecture, Istanbul- Türkiy e [email protected] *( Responsi ble Author) Meltem ERDEM KAYA 2 ORCID 2: 0000- 0002-3272-3049 2 Prof. Dr., Istanbul Technic al University, Fa culty of Architecture, Department of Lan dscape Architecture , Istanbul- Türkiye Abstract Climate change has been significantly altering both natural and built environments, leading to mo re frequ ent extreme weather eve nts, droughts , microclimate shifts, and ass ociated outd oor t hermal co mfort (OTC) chall eng es in urban areas. Predicti ng the magnitude and extent of these changes is essential for clim ate-responsive landscape design. However, microclimate models such as ENVI-met, while highly detailed, require substantial computational power and long simul ation times, limiting their accessibilit y in practical decision-making. This study develops a mac hine learnin g (ML)-base d model to predict the OTC in open and semi-open urban areas in the T uzla district of Istanbul for the year 2100, using climate projections under the RCP8.5 scenario. ENVI-met simulations were performed for 24 grid-based urban configurations (100*100 cells, 2*2 m resolution), incorporating diverse surface covers and vegetation types. Microclimatic variables - including air temperature, mean radiant temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, shortwave radiati on, and Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) - were collected at pedestri an height (1.4 m). After data cleaning, balancing, and augmentation, the final dataset comprised over 200000 cell-level records. A Random Forest Regressor was trained separately for tre e shade and open conditions, using surface and tree types as primary predictors. Currently, model performance showed high prediction performance when it compares with ENVI- Met results (R² >= 0.8) for PET estimatio n. A user -friendly graphical interface enables rapid scenario evaluation without the need to operate complex simulation tools, allowi ng landscape architects and urban planners to assess the i mpact of surface and vegetation confi gu rations on OTC under future climate conditions. Keywords: Artifici al intelligence, climate change, outdoor t hermal comfort, ENVI-Met, landscape desi gn V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 97 Strategic Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation İzel MERAL 1* ORCID 1: 0000- 0001-7788-7672 1 KTO Karatay Uni versity, Faculty of Fine Arts an d Design, Department of Archite cture, Konya- Türkiye izelmeral@gmai l.com *( Responsi ble Author) Abstract Climate change is one of the maj or issues of the 21st century , directly or indirectly affect ing the lives of all living beings. When the 2021 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) reports are evaluated alongside previous IPCC reports, it is evident that the effects of climate change are becoming more pronounced (IPCC, 2021, IPCC , 2014, and IPCC, 2007). This study exami nes the factors c au sing climate change and th e possible consequences associated with these factors. Sinc e climate change is a complex and multidimensional problem , developing effective and sustainable solutions will be of great benefit on a global scale. The attitudes and approaches of different coun tries towards making cities more resilient in the fight against climate change have been examine d. Based on current emissions, the latest data shows that China, the US, Russia, and EU countries are responsible for 50% of global emissions. In this context, countries such as the US, the Netherlands, Japan, Austria, Denmark, China, the UK, and Scotland, which contribute significantly to the increase in global emissio ns related to climate change, were selected. The use of permeable materials on Chicago streets allows rainwater to seep int o the ground, i mp roving drainage. In R otterdam, rainw ater is collected in basins and used to w ater plants in the square . A hotel in Vie nna stores rainwater to irrigate its gardens and flush its toilets. Gree n parking lots in Copenhagen help prevent flooding. Green roofs in Shanghai improve air quality while redu cing flood risk. The selected examples examine methods for mitigating the effects of climate change and strategies for adapting to climate change. Some of the recommendations for Türkiye include strengthening infrastructure systems, creating rainwater collection areas, increasing the use of renewable energy sources, reducing roof snow loads, using permeable materials on streets, and creating climate change action plans specific to cities. By following international developments in light of these recomme ndations, the negative effect s of climate change can be mitigated. Keywords: Climate cha nge, urban resilience, climate change ada ptation, and mitigation V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 98 A Sustainable Developme nt Allegory: Entelköy Efeköy'e Karşı and SDGs Pınar ZEĞEREK ALTUNBEY 1* ORCID 1: 0000- 0002-5855-1484 1 Research Assistant Dr., Ni ğ de Omer Halisdemir Uni ver sity, Faculty of Architecture, Department of La nd scape Architecture, Niğ de - Türkiye [email protected] *( Responsible Author) Abstract Yüksel Aksu’s 2011 film Entelköy Efeköy'e Karşı humorously engages with environment al sustainability themes, which remain underexplored in Tu rkish cinema. This study examines the film through the lens of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aiming to understand how popular culture r eflects sustainabilit y concerns. The story of a small Aegean village resisting a proposed ther ma l power plant provides a compelling backdrop for explori ng these issues. Through a qu alitative film analysis, the study interrogat es the film’s social, economic, and environmental dimensions in relation to specific SDGs. Socially, the interactio ns between urban envir onmental activists and villagers reveal both conflicts and mom ents of solidarity, connected to SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). Economically, the film highlights the tension between short -term promises of industrial development and the long- term sustainability of traditional agriculture, relating to SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 12 (Res ponsible Consumption and P roduction). Environmentally, the narrative emphasizes the importance of pr otecting na tural resources and addressing climate change, corresponding to SDG 7 (Af fordable and Cle an Energy), SDG 13 (Cli ma te Action), an d SDG 15 (Life on Land). Overall, this study illustr ates how Entelköy Efeköy'e Karşı not only entertains bu t also comm un icates complex sustainability principles. By weaving together social justice, environmental stewardship, and economic considerations, the film exemplifies the interconnected na ture of the SDGs. The analysis presented here reflects the unique contribution of cinematic narrativ es to fostering awareness and critical reflection on sustainability challenges. Keywords: Environme ntal sustainabili ty, environmental films, eco-criti cism, political cinema, sustainable development goals (SDGs ) V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 99 Development of Hospital Ga rden Design Melike SAĞLAM 1 ORCID 1: 0009- 0007-5133-4499 1 Research Assistant, Inonu University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Malatya- Türkiye Sima POUYA 2* ORCID 2: 0009- 0007-5133-4499 2 Prof. Dr., Inonu University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Desi gn, Department of Landscape Architecture, Malat ya- Türkiye [email protected] *( Responsible Author) Abstract Some clinical findings have been obtai ned regarding the effect of natural areas, which appear as hospital gardens, on the psychological well- being of patients. In the literature, the reasons for the positive contributions of being with nature to the daily lives of patients have been investigated and patients ha ve been shown to benefit from nature internally, mentally and physically. In Türkiye , there are very limited institutions that individuals, especially th ose with cancer, who need hospital gardens can go t o. For this reason, families and patients with cancer are helpless, hopeless, unhappy and in a diffic ult situati on. Natural environments, such as hospital gardens, are known to positively impact patients' psychological well -being. However, these therapeutic spaces are scarce in Türkiye , c ausing distress for cancer patie nts and their families. To address this issue, this study aimed to create a design proposal for an interior ga rden at İnönü Un iversity's Oncology Hospital. The design's core goal was to reduce pati ent stress, enhanc e motivation, and provide a calm, welcomin g space distinct from the typical hospital setting. The research methodology involved four stages: a literature review, an on-site s urvey, a needs assessment based on interviews and surveys with patients and do ctors, and the development of a final design proposal using digital software. Th e study successf ully identified key landscaping elements and provided concrete suggestions for designing effecti ve therapeutic gardens for oncology patients. Keywords: Cancer pati ents, hospital garden design, therapeutic landscape, healthcare arc hitecture, patient well- being, healing envi ronment, hospital stay V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 100 Assessing Soundscape Q ua lity in Urban O pen and Green Spaces Gizem DELİKAN 1 ORCID 1: 0000- 0002-4248-3990 1 Research Assistant, Inonu University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Malatya- Türkiye Sima POUYA 2* ORCID 2: 0000- 0001-6419-1756 2 Prof. Dr., Inonu University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Desi gn, Department of Landscape Architecture, Malat ya- Türkiye * [email protected] u. tr ( Responsible Aut hor) Abstract Due to rapid urban growth and unplanned development driven by technological advancements, cities have become excessively dense. This has increased the importance of open and green spaces where individuals can meet their social, cultural, and physiological needs. However, the presence of uncontrolled environmental sounds in these areas negatively impacts the user experie nce and reduces spatial co mfort. I n this context, the primary goal of this study is to move beyond the "quiet/calm areas" approach in urban open and green spaces. The aim is to explain the design principles of "soundscape," a more comprehensive, human-centered, and perceptual concept, and to raise awareness about its significance. The research also aims to determine the auditory preferences of user profiles, a topic not yet compre hensively defined in Türkiye . The study takes a human-centric approach to evaluating the ph enomenon of sound in the landscape design process. To this end, soundscape analyses were conducted i n four different ur ban open and green spaces in the city of Malat ya, using both objective measurements and subjective evaluations. Based on the col lected data, sound and noise maps were created. Through surveys and observations, the "symbol sounds," "backgroun d sounds," and "foreground sounds" tha t define the auditory identity of the study areas we re identified. T he findings provided a foundati on for developing design and planning recommendations to improve the qualit y o f soundscapes in u rban open and gree n spaces. Keywords : Soundscape, soundwalk, noise, a coustic comfort V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 101 Integration of Advanced B uilding- Integrated Photovoltaic (Bıpv) Systems for Sustainable Architectural Design Muhammad Mateen AFZAL AWAN ORCID 1: 0000- 0002-7354-5058 Assist. Prof., Unive rsity of Management and Technology L ahore, Sialkot Campus, Pakistan mateenafzalawan@gmail .com Abstract: The global demand for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings has accelerated the adoption of Building- Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems that seamlessly merge architectural aesthetics with renewable energy generation. This paper presents an interdisciplinary approach combining architectural design principles with advanced electronics enginee ring to optimize photovoltaic performance within building structures. The study emphasizes the role of semiconductor materials, power electronics, and maximum po wer point tracking (MPPT) algorithms in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of BIPV installations. Various integration strategies are analyzed, including façade, rooftop, and wi ndow -based PV modules, with a focus on their electrical modelling , energy yield, and thermal management. The work also explores the potential of emerging thin -film and organic PV technologies for flexible and transpare nt surfaces, e nabling novel design possibilities for modern architec ture. The proposed framew or k aims to establi sh an efficient syner gy between aesthetic design and functional e nergy conversion, contributi ng toward the development of self-sustai ning smart buildings. Keywords: Bui lding-integrated p hotovoltaics (BIPV), a rchitectural design, re newable energ y, power electronics, MPPT, semiconductor mat erials, sustainable buildings, ene rgy efficiency V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 108 Evaluation of Ro om Acoustics in Audit or iums in the Conte xt of Speech Intelligi bility: An Examina tion of A University Auditorium Okan ŞİMŞEK 1* ORCID 1: 0000- 0003-3500-9438 1 Research Assist ant D r., Adana Alpa rslan Türkeş Science and Technology Uni ver sity, Faculty of Archi tecture and Design, Departme nt of Architecture, Adana- Türkiye [email protected] du.tr *( Responsible Author) Abstract Auditoriums are spaces used for conferences, seminars, ceremonies, and educational purposes within university campuses, where ensuring a high level of sp eech intelligibilit y is of critical importance. The acoustic performance of such enclosed spaces depends on many physical variables, including volume, geometric pr oportions, stage design, source – listener relationship, surface material pro perties, and ceili ng design. In this study, the audito rium of Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University wa s comprehensivel y examined in terms of room acoustics, the curre nt situation was analyzed, and im provement proposals were devel oped. In the researc h process, the v olume values, prop ortions, stage lay out, and all surface materials of the space were examined in detail. Based on these data, the room acoustic parameters of reverberation time (RT), strength (G), and bass ratio (BR) were calculated. Th e c alculated param eters were evaluate d within the fra mework of national and international standards, and the obtained results were assessed in the context of the speech-oriented use of the space. In the subsequent stage, design interventi ons were developed to improve acoustic performa nce. In particular, t he ceiling design was reconsidered, s olutions for ac hieving a more bala nced distributi on of reflect ions were proposed, and alternative usage scenarios for surface materials were discussed. In this context , the possible effects of different mat erials on absorbing, reflecting, or diffusing soun d were evaluated. The study emphasizes the necessit y of providing acoustic conditions suitable for the functional uses of auditoriu ms in educational institutions and presents a guiding framework for the evaluation and design processes of similar spaces. Keywords: Room acousti cs, auditorium desi gn, speech intelligibility V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 109 Multi-Layered Spatial Dev elopment of Konya: A Topological Analysis of The Basin at Two S cales Merve ALICI AKA 1* ORCID 1: 0002-8260- 7767 1 Research Assistant, Kocael i University, Faculty of Archit ecture and Design, De partment of Interior Architecture, Kocaeli- T ürkiye [email protected] *( Responsible Author) Elif Yeşim KÖSTEN 2 ORCID 2: 0003-3070- 6015 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr., Kocael i University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Kocaeli- Türkiye Gülşah ÜNER 3 ORCID 3: 0001-8039- 3024 3 Research Assistant, Kocaeli Un iversity, Fa culty of Architecture a nd Design, Department of Architec ture, Kocaeli- Türkiye Abstract Throughout history, Anatolia has been located at the intersection of east-west and north-south roads, hosted many civilizations; t hu s, a rich cultural heritage accum ulated in its cities. Yet modernization and rapid urbanizatio n have diminished its visibili ty in today’s urban fabric and c aused the fading of historical identity. Konya, in central Anatolia, is not only a transit po int at th e crossro ad s of historic al routes but also a hub where cultural accumulations and socio-economic relations converge . Situated on the Royal Road, Silk Road and Pilgrimage Road, the city demonstrates a multi-layered spatial development. This paper aims to read the historical development of Konya through transportation axes and to evaluate the layered structure of the city using the to po logical analysis method. This st udy adopts a two-scale approach: at the Anatolian scale, the physical geography of the basin and its surroundin gs , successive settl emen ts/civilizati on s, and the historical road network shap ed by geography are examined to reveal regional interactions; at the basin scale, the emergence of the f irst settlements following the retreat of the Ancient Lake Konya and the temporal connections of the ancient r oad network are assessed through the maps produced. In t his context, the analysis process not only traces the historical continui ty; it also focuses on identifying the cultural a nd spatial values th at can guide future planning and design decisions for the city. Thus, it is aimed to shed light on today's urban interventions by considering the unique morphology created by transportation networks, together with urban memory and layered texture . Keywords: Topology, K onya, route structure, urban morphology. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 110 The Transformation of t he Rami Barracks into a Li brary: An Evaluation Within th e Context of Adaptive Reuse Miskine AKAR 1* ORCID 1: 0000- 0002-9743-9401 1 Research Assist ant D r., Recep Tayyip E rdoğan Unive rsity, Faculty of Engineeri ng and Architecture, Department of Architec ture, Rize- Türkiye [email protected] u. tr ( Responsible Author) Derya SU 2 ORCID 2: 0000- 0002-0908-8374 2 Assistant Professor Dr., Fat ih Sultan Mehmet University, Vocati onal School - Architectural Restoration Program, İstanbul - Tü rkiye [email protected] Abstract The reuse of buildings, also referred to as adaptive reuse, ha s emerged as a key design and planning strategy in contemporary architecture, combining sustai nability principles with the preservation of cultural heritage. Locate d in Istanbul’s Eyüpsulta n dis trict, the Rami Barracks w as constructed i n the second half of the 18th century and is one of the largest examples of Otto man military arc hitecture. After losing its military function in the 20th century, the complex se rved for decades as a storage facility and graduall y fell into disuse. In 2023, foll owing an ext ensive restoration and ada ptive reuse project, it w as reopened to the public as Türkiye’s larges t library. The transformation of the R ami B arracks represents a significant example of adaptive reuse, in which t he ori ginal spatial organisation, façade composition, and material character of the historic structure were preserved, while a “minimum in tervention” pri n ciple guided t he design. In parallel, contemporary functions such as reading halls, a children’s library, exhibition spaces, event areas, and social amenities were carefully integrated into the building. The redesign of the courtyards and landscape aimed t o create a public realm that harmonises with the library’s new f unction. This stu dy ex amines the transformation of the Rami Barrac ks throu gh the lenses of architectural c onservation, public space production, and cultural memory. It discusses how the project goes beyond physical restoration, facilitating a symbolic shift in the urban memory from a site associated with military and commercial uses to a cultural and educational hub. The findings suggest that historic buildings can be both preserved and revitalised through adaptive reuse , thereby contributing me aningfully to the creation of hi gh -quality public spaces. Keywords: Adaptive reuse, arch itectural conservation, Rami Barracks, public space transformation, sustainable architecture, cultural herit age, reuse/repurposing. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 111 IoT And Mobile Applicat ion Based Smart Environment Monitoring and Drug De ter ioration Pre diction System Design Bedirhan KORKMAZ 1 ORCID 1: 0009- 0004-2381-5795 1 Student., D ü zce Unive rsity, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Co mputer Engineering, D üzce, Türki ye Büşra TAKGİL 2 * ORCID 2: 0000- 0002-7927-0083 2 Asst. Prof., D ü zce Uni versity, Faculty of E ng ineering, De par tment of Comp uter Engineering, D üzce, Türkiye [email protected] du.tr * ( Responsible Author) Abstract Storing medicines under optimal c onditions is critical throughout the production and delivery process. Various environmental conditi ons, such as temperature and h umidity, significantl y impact the shelf lif e of medicines. T his study develops an IoT- based mobile application system that continuously monitors the environment al conditions where medicines are stored, alerts users of out - of -threshold conditions, and also uses artificial intelligence to predict spoilage risk. The primary ob jective of the study is t o instantly monitor environment al variables such as temperature, humi dity, and gases, notify users of critical situations via mobile devices, and calc ulate the probability of spoilage ba sed on environmental risk for drugs entered by the user using artific i al intelligence. This system aims to detect improper drug storage conditions, prevent health risks, and minimize economic losses. The system transfers data obtained from DHT11 and MQ2 sensors to the Firebase database via ESP8266 and presents it to the user instantly in the mobile application interface. If the specified thresholds are exceeded, the system notifies the user with a push notification and lists critical situations within the application. The application also stores historical data and offers data export in PDF format. Users can enter medication information into the system and receive AI-powered spoilage predictions based on environmental conditions. This system offers an effective, reliable, and user-friendly solution, particularly for monitoring te mp erature- and humidity-sensitive medications. All functions operate in real time, and t he system operates seamlessly within an i ntegrated structure. The developed application is e xpected to offer an innovative and practical approach to environmental monitoring and health technologies and contribute to the foundati on of more advanced systems in the futu re. Keywords: Artifici al Intelligence, IoT, mobile application. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 112 Sinan & Zaha: Shaping the Urba n Skyline Through t he “Art of Structure & Geometry ” Ürün BİÇER 1 ORCID 1: 0000- 0002-2436-9844 1 Assist. Prof. Dr., İstanb ul Beyk ent Universit y, Faculty of Engineeri ng and Architecture, Departme nt of Interior Architecture, İstanbul - T ürkiye urunbicer@beyke nt.edu.tr Serkan Yaşar ERDİNÇ 2* ORCID 2: 0000- 0002-0970-3453 2 Assist. Prof. Dr., İstanb ul Beyk ent Universit y, Faculty of Engineeri ng and Architecture, Departme nt of Architecture, İstanbul - T ürkiye yasarerdinc@beyke nt.edu.tr * ( Responsible Au thor) Abstract In arc hitecture, structure and geometry play important role in shaping of artefact, safety, durabilit y and aesthetic value of structures. Architecture cannot be fully understood with ou t discovering the dialectical relationship between structure and ge ometry. Mimar Sinan and Zaha Hadid interpreted this relatio nship in different eras and cultural contexts, resha ping the dimensions of architecture and silhouettes of cities. Mimar Sinan, by blending the innovative geometric order and structural knowledge that brought to Ottoman Architecture, prioritized str uctural integrity and aesthetics in addition to functio nality in his structures. On the other hand, Z aha Hadid's bol d use of fluid geometric for ms has not only ensured t hat the struct ures offer a visual feast, but also provided a futuristic image and structural strength. The works of these two great architects reveal the impact of the interaction between structure and geometr y on architectural design and urban image, while providing examples o f how these elements can b e brought toget her in archite ctural practice. In this context, the aim of the study is to analyze the geometric and structural elements in the designs of Mimar Sinan and con temporary architect Zah a Hadid fr om a holistic perspective. In the study, a qu alitative research approach is adopted. Using a qualitative research and comparative analysis method, their design philosophies, aesthetic pr eferences and their effects on urban space will be systematically addressed. The iconic structures of Sinan and the geometric and structural innovations in Zaha Had id's contemporary structures will be focused on with case studies, and the effects of the structures on the urban silhouette will be analyzed. The study will reveal how architecture evolved over time by bri ng ing together the arc hitectural understanding and geometric aesthetics of two different peri od s in a historical and cultural context and eval uating the works of two gr eat architects. Keywords: Mimar Sinan & Zaha Hadid, architectural geometry, structure & materiality, futuristic vision & innovation, city ima ge V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 113 Smart Design Sol utions for University Housin g: A Waste- Optimized Architectu ral Solution for Postgraduate Accommodation at Futmi nna OKONNAH SAMUEL David 1* 1 Department of Arc hitecture, Federal Universit y of Technology, Minna [email protected] om * ( Responsible Au thor) Abstract Solid waste management in un iversity hostels is essential for environmental sustainability and public health. Inefficient systems in postgraduate hostels can lead to littering, poor sanitatio n, and operation al c hallenges, highlighting the nee d for optimized manage men t practices. This study aims to optimise waste management systems in the design of post gr aduate hostels, improving efficiency, reducing environmental i mpact, and promoting sustainable waste disposal behaviours among residents. A qualitative approach was be employed, using unstructured intervie ws and non -participant observations. Participants from the interview included hostel managers, cleaners, waste collection contractors, and student residents. For the non -participant observation, purposive sampling with maximum variation was used to ensure diversity across hostels. The observations focused on three overarching themes; behavioural strategies in place, student participation behaviours, and effe ctive indicators. The interviews e xplored participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of existing practices. Observational data was analysed using content analysis with deductive themes, while i nterview data was analysed using t hematic analysis. The st udy revealed that student participation in waste segregation was moderate, with higher compliance in hostels where bins were cle arly labelle d, aw ar eness materials were visible, and waste co llection was timely. Gaps were noted in are as with irregular collec tion and inconsistent behavioural strategies, like irre gular w as te segregation, delayed collection schedules, poor adherence to disposal guidelines, inconsistent monitoring and enforcement and limited community education indicating opportunities for improving operational efficiency and resident engagement. Findings provided recommendations for integrating efficient waste management system into hostel design and operations, fostering s ustainable practi ces and informi ng higher educatio n environmental strate gies. Keywords: Behavioural strat egies, observation, postgradua te hostels, solid waste management, thematic analysis, waste optimisati on . V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 114 Effect of Material Suitabi lity and Availability on Resid ents ’ Building Preferences in Nupe Land, Kwara State KOLO, Vincent Mana 1* 1 Department of Archite cture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, Un iversity of Ilori n, Kwara, Nigeria OLAKANBI BOLAJI Abdulraheem 2 2 Department of Archite cture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, Un iversity of Abuja, FC T, Abuja, Nigeria abdelrahim.bol [email protected] * ( Responsi ble Author) Abstract The increasi ng shift toward modern construc tion materials has led to the gradual neglect of indigenous materials traditionally used in rural Nigerian architecture, particularly in Nupe Land, Kwara State. This study examined the effect of materi al suitabili ty and availability on residents’ building preferences i n the Nupe -speaki ng region of Edu Local Go vernment Area. The primary aim was to evaluate how perceptions of indige nous materials influence construction choices and to identify factors that sustain or hinder their continue d use. Specifically, the objectives were to assess community awareness of indigeno us ma terials, determine their perceived su itability and availability, and ex plore challenges, opportunities, and c ost imp lications associate d with their use. A mixed-methods approach was adopted. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires administered to a sam ple of 330 respondents, drawn from an adult population of 2,257 residents acr oss the villages of Bokungi, Yana, and Patidzuru . A tot al of 280 v alid responses (86.4%) were an alyzed using desc riptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and means. Qualitative insights were obtained t hrough interviews with local architec ts, builders, and artisans experie nced in the use of indigenous materials. Findings revealed a high level of awareness (80%) of indigenous materials among resident s, with Earth, La terite, and Timber rated highest in both suitability and availability. Over 70% of respondent s perceive d indige nous materials as more cost-effective than modern alternatives. Ho wever, the stud y identified growing neglect and decline in traditional knowledge, even though communities recognized the environment al, cultural, and aesthetic benefits of indigenous c onstruction practices. The st ud y concludes that e nhancing local production, technical traini ng, and policy support can revitali ze the use of indigenous materials, promoting sustainability and cultural preservati on. It contributes to knowledge by linking material suitability and availabilit y to user pr eference in rural housing development. It is recommended that government agencies, NGOs, and e ducational institutions promote hybrid building models integrating indigenous and modern materials to ac hieve affordable, cli ma te-responsive architect ure in nupe land, kwara state. Keywords: indigenous materials, vernacular architecture, Nupe land, suitability, stability, sustainable construction, hybrid arc hitecture, earthen construction, cultural heritage, Nigeria V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 115 Influence o f Ligh ting Quality on Emotional and Co gnitive Responses to Art works: A Comparative Study of Prominent Art Galleries in Lagos State, Nigeria SA’AD Muhammad Abolakale 1 1 Department of Archite cture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, Un iversity of Ilori n, Kwara Nigeria OLAKANBI BOLAJI Abdulraheem 2 2 Department of Archite cture, Faculty of Environment Sciences, Un iversity of Abuja, FC T, Abuja, Nigeria abdelrahim.bol [email protected] * ( Responsi ble Author) Abstract Poor lighting design in art galleries can distort visual perception, reduce emotional engagement, and impair visitors’ cognitive appreciation of artworks. In tropical contexts like Lagos State, Nigeria, where natural and artificial lighting conditions vary significantly, achieving optimal visual comfort remains a challenge. This study therefore exam ines the influence of lighting quality on emotional and cogni tive responses to artw orks across four prominent art galleries — Nike Art Gallery (Lekki), Red Door Gallery (Victoria Island), Mydrim Gallery (Ikoyi), and Thought Pyramid Art Gallery (Ikoyi). The study aimed to determine how lighting adequacy, visibility, comfort level, and shadi ng effectiveness affect visitors’ satisfaction and perceptual experiences. A quantitative survey research design was adopted, using structured questionnaires administered to 382 visitor respondents, dete rmined through Coc hran’s finite population correct ion method fro m an estimated 50,000 gallery visitors. Data were analyzed using the Satisfaction Index (SI), Mean Adequacy Sco re (MAS), and inferential statistical methods including Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis to measure the relationships between lighting qualit y variables and visitors’ emotional and cognitiv e responses. Findings revealed that lighting quality significantly influenced both emotional and cognitive engagement. The overall MAS of 4.2969 indicated general satisfaction with lighting adequacy across all galleries. Comfort level (MAS = 4.4 ) and visibility of artworks (MAS = 4.375) ranked above the mean, c on firming their positive impact on visitor experience, while shading effectiveness (MAS = 4.1875) score d slightly lower, suggesting minor improvement needs. Regression results further showed that lighting parameters collectivel y explained over 60% of the variance in visit ors’ emotional and cognitive s atisfaction. The study concludes that op timal lighting design enhances visitors’ emotional connection, comfort, and interpretive depth within gallery environme nts. It contributes to knowledge by providing a quantitative framework for evaluating perceptual adequacy in art spaces. The study recommends that Lagos art galleries adopt adaptive daylight and artificial lighting system s, improved shading devices, and regular lighting audits to sustain visual comfort and enhance overall visitor experience. Keywords : Lighting qual ity, emotional responses, cognitive r esponses, artworks, a rt galleries and Lagos State. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 116 A Holistic Conceptual Fr amework for Biophilic Design in Healthcare Envir onments: Enhancing Elderly Well-Being Through Environm ental Integration Aylar RANJBARIAN 1 1 Department of Arc hitecture, Faculty of Ar t and Architecture, Bu -Ali Sina University, Ha medan, Iran Mehrdad KARIMIMOSHAVER 2 ORCID 1: 0000- 0001-5536-2138 2 Professor of Architecture, Depa rtment of Architecture, Faculty of Art a nd Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hameda n, Iran, [email protected] .ir * ( Responsible Auth or) Abstract Biophilic design, w hich inte gr ates natural elements into built envir onments, offers significant potential for supporting human well-being, particul arly among elderly populations who are vulnerable to environmental stressors in healthcare settin gs. Despite growing research, a critical gap persists: the absence of comp rehensive, multisensory frameworks specific ally tailored to healthcare environments for older adults. Existing studies often focus on isolated design el ements, overlooking the complex interactions between environmental factors and the well-being of the elderly . This paper proposes a holistic conceptual framework that systematically integrates biophilic design principles into healthcare environme nts to enhance the we ll -being of the elderl y through environmental integration. A systematic review and synthesis of interdisciplinary literature — including architecture, environmental psychology, gerontology, and healthcare design — identifies key biophilic elements and their theoretical applications in geriatric care . The framework encompasses five core dimensions: optimization of natural light to support circad ian rhythms, integration of therapeutic greenery to reduce stress, incorporation of water features for visual and auditory comfort, enhance ment of na tural ventilation f or air quality, and application of multisensory stimuli, including tactile, olfactory, and acoustic natural elements. Each dimension is analyzed with co ns ideration of el derly-specific physi ological and cognitive nee ds . This novel conceptual model provides guidance for architects and healthcare designers, identifies research gaps for future empirical studies, and establishes a theoretical basis f or systematic implementation of biophilic principles in healthcare environments. By offering the first comprehensi ve, multisensory framework for elderly-focused spaces, this study advances biophilic design theory and promotes restorative, supportive healthcare settings for older adults . Keywords : Biophilic design, elderly w ell-being, health care environments, environmental integration, conceptual framework V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 117 Building Envelop e Strategies for Enhancing Urban Therm al Comfort: A Climate-Se nsitive Perspective Alireza GERAMI 1 1 Department of Arc hitecture, Faculty of Ar t and Architecture, Bu -Ali Sina University, Ha medan, Iran Mehrdad KARIMIMOSHAVER 2 ORCID 1: 0000- 0001-5536-2138 2 Professor of Architecture, Depa rtment of Architecture, Faculty of Art a nd Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hameda n, Iran [email protected] .ir * ( Responsible Auth or) Abstract Rapid urbanization and climate change have intensified the challenge of outdoor thermal discomfort in many cities. Among the fact ors that shape this condition, building envelopes and façade materials can play an important role. This study discusses how env elope materials, surface finishes, and vegetation applied to façades and roofs can mitigate outdoor overheating and contribute to more sustainable urban spaces. Insights from climate - responsive design approaches in diff erent Irani an context s suggest that s mooth and li ght- colored materials are more beneficial in dry climates, w hile vegetat ion enhances outdoor livability across m ultiple regions, although its effectiveness is moderated by humidity. This highlights the importance of c on sidering not only air temperature but also humidity, wind, and so lar exposure when assessing the environmental impact of façades. Overall, building envelopes should be seen no t just as physical boundaries but as environmental tools. By choosing materials and greening strategies suited to local conditions, designers can reduce heat stress in cities and support sustainable urban development. Keywords : Building envelop e, façade materials, outdoor comfo rt, veg etation, cli mate -responsive design V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 124 Building Climate Resilience Rural S ettlement Design for Agricultural Communities Most MOKARROMA 1 ORCID 1: 0009- 0001-8350-0670 1 Department: Crop Scie nce and Technology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh [email protected] . bd * ( Responsible Aut hor) Esita GHOSH 2 ORCID 2: 0009- 0003-7933-2314 2 Department: Eco nomics, University of Rajshahi, Rajsha hi, Bangladesh Abstract Rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and degrading soils are not only reducing crop yields but also testing the resilience of tr aditional settle men ts. This study explores how thoughtful design and planning can help farming communities adapt linking the spa ces where people live with the systems that sustain their crops. Based on s urveys of 80 farming households in the Rajshahi region, convenience sampling was applied and the data were analyzed using SPSS. Results showed that 43.2% of farmers were experienc ed very high climate impacts on their crops, driven mainly by pest outbreaks (56%), rising input costs (43%), and increasing irrigation demands (19%). Yet, adaptation was visible in action: many farmers rely on resilient crop varieties such as BR -32 and BARI Gom- 33 for wheat, and experiment with maize hybrids like C.P-988 and BARI maize. Regarding actions taken to address the climate cri sis, most respondents reported focusing on improvi ng food security (24.00%), reducing fertilizer use (21.00%), and ensuring adequate water supplies for crops (18.00%). Architectural responses mirror this resilience. Traditional building forms, sha ded courtyards, and rainwater harvesting systems — combined with modern environmental design — re duce heat stress, improve water use, and support productive land use. The study argues that real climate resilie nce lies not in isolated interventions but in designi ng entire rural environments that sustain both people and their l ivelihoods. By blending indi genous wisdom with practical i nnovation, this research offers a grounded, low-cost framework for climate-sensitive rural development — one that honors the deep link between shelte r, soil, and surviv al. Keywords: Cl imate resilience, rural architect ur e, ag ricultural adaptation, sustainable settl ement design, a gro eco- system planning V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 125 Dynamics of Funeral Pr actices Among The Haussa Muslims of the City of Zinder SOUMANA Abdoul-Wahab 1* 1 Dr., Lecturer at t he Department of Soci ology- An thropol ogy of Université André Sal ifou, Zinder -Niger Republic soumsant@gmail .co m * ( Responsible Au thor) KASSOU Maman 2 2 Dr., at the Department of Hi story and Strategic Studies of Université An dr é Salifou, Zi nd er -Niger Republic LAWALI Maman Toukour 3 3 Dr., Lecturer at t he English Departme nt of Université André Salifou, Zinder -Niger Re public Abstract Funerals ar e essential sociocultural events in all societies. This study investigates the dynamics of fun eral practices Hausa Muslims of Zinder. To do s o, the paper attempts to answer the research question how can changes occur in funeral practices among the Hausa Muslims of the city of Zinder. In conducting this research, a qualitative approach is used, with 50 people being intervi ewed as well as participant ob servation sessions during the fu nerals. The investigations led to several results. Funerals are not only an expression of mourni ng, but also fulfill sociocultural, religious, and symboli c functions in the Hausa Muslim societies of the city of Zinder. These results made it possible to understand that these rites strengthen family and community ties, cu ltural identity, and active solidarity. Th e results also show that significant socio-cultural, religious and eco nomic changes, with multiple and varied fact ors, are observed in fu neral rites. Keywords : Zinder, f uneral practice, dy namics, Hausa of Muslim faith, mutati on. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 126 Spaces That Enhance We ll- Being in Türkiye, Ireland, Netherlands, Por tugal, Spain, and United S tates: Designing for Health as a Holis tic Approach Where Human Resources Can Thrive Habil. Cristina Raluca Gh. POPESCU 1 ORCID 1: 0000- 0002-5876-0550 1 Full-Professor PhD., Uni versity of Bucharest, Bucharest, Roma nia and The Bucharest University of Ec onomic Studies, Bucharest, R omania. [email protected] * ( Responsible Aut hor) Abstract Nowadays the Sustainable Development Goals have a profound impact on all domains, including on the architectural, engineering and cultural studie s, envir onmental studies, urban studies which have to adapt in order to create spaces that enhance users’ well -being. The current research has the objective of highlighting the characteristics of the spaces that promote and enhance well-being, while creating valuable connections with the social, environmental, and econo mic fields. The paper argues that by incorporating na ture, providing ample natural light and fresh air spaces are expected to become functional and comfortable, offering, in turn, significant opportunities for social c onnection or quiet retreat. Also, by including biophilic design with key eleme nts su ch as plants and water features, cl ear air, diverse and adaptable layouts inten ded to meet different needs, and access to communal and private areas, i ndividuals can thrive, feel happier, and work with m or e dedication. The study starts with a literature review on this important topic, where the accent is positioned on the importance and role of incorporating nature. Additionally, valuable explanations and examples are provided so that a better understanding of the followi ng elements is facilitated: promoting mental and emotio nal health; encouraging social well-being; an d, fostering physical well-being. The benefits and opport unities of inclusivity in space design in t he form described by the European Environment Agency (EEA) initiatives are presented togethe r with several case studies from countries such as Türkiye, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and United States. The current work demonstrates that designing for health is essential in developing a holisti c ap proach where human resources can thrive. In essence, those spaces that promote and enhance well-being incorpor ate successfully biophilic design, natural li gh t, and ventilation s o that mental and physi cal health are considered accordi ng ly. Keywords: Sust ainable development goals; architectural studies; engineeri ng and cultural studies; environmental studies; urban studies; employee experience; change management; biophili c design; green and bl ue spac es; indoor elements; functionalit y; comfort. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 127 Acoustic Planning Polici es: Shaping Sustainabl e Urban and Architectural Envir onments Melik SAMI 1 * 1 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. 2 LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. sami.melik@univ-bis kra.dz * ( Responsible Author) Khelil SARA 2 2 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 3 3 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. Abstract This paper analyses how acoustic planning policies can help achieve sustainable urban and architectural environments, especially how noise pollution can be managed and its effects on the sustainabilit y of the urban environment. This study uses a mixed-method design that combi nes qualitative and quantitati ve da ta and examines the c ase studies of existi ng acoustic policy, urban noise level measurements and resident satisfaction survey in terms of auditory comfort. Results s how that there is a strong relationship between posit ive acoustic planning and optimized resident well-being and that lower noise levels may result in better healthcare outcomes such as lower stress and anxiety. These findings i ndicate the importance of sound management in the larger framework of urban health and that cities with effective acoustic poli cies are in a better position to support programs in the enhancement of the public health and to improve the living conditions of the citizenry. Th is research has added value to the discipline of healthcare by illustrating the importance of considering the auditory setting within the urban planning systems and this is w hy this research proposes an interdiscipli nary methodology that has to integrate environmental s ustainability with promotin g health. This study has implications on policymakers, urban planners, and professionals working in healthcare and therefore there is a necessity to embrace sound as an important el ement of sust ainable urban development poli cies, and it is possible that future policies on t hese areas and create heal thier cities. Keywords: Acoust ic planning; sustainable urban environments; soundsc ape assessment; noise management policies; urban desi gn strategies. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 128 Biomechanically Inform ed and Sustainable Architectural Design in Sports Faciliti es: Enhancing At hlete Performance and Spectator Experience Shiv KUMAR ¹ * ORCID 1: 0009- 0009-6196-2063 ¹Lecturer Physic al Education, SBV Vikas Puri , India shiv.kmr1986@gmai l.com * ( Responsible Author) Abstract The architecture of sports facil ities is evolving into a multidisciplinary field that integrates human performance science, environmental sustainability, and smart technology. This study examines how advanced ar chitect ural strategies — suc h as parametric de s ign, computati onal fluid dynamics (CFD)-optimize d airflow, and adaptive da y lighting — improve athleti c performance, recovery, and spectator comfort across multiple sports. By incorporating evidence from biomech anical analyses and environmental s imula tions, the research highl ights the critical role of spatial geometry, thermal comfort, and acoustics in influencing athlete efficie ncy and psychological well-being. Case st ud ies of next-gener ation multi-sport c omplexes and LEED-certif ied stadiums demonstrate how green roofs, passive ve ntilation, high -albedo s ur faces, an d renewable ene rg y systems can re duce operational energy demands by up to 35% while ma intaining high-performance standards. Additionally, the paper explore s the use of AI-driven crowd management, digital twin modelling, and modular designs for adaptable, cost-effective, and inclu sive sports infrastructures. The findings underscore that ath lete-centric and eco-responsive architectural innovations foster not only superior sports performance but also resilient, community-orie nted urban deve lopment. Keywords: Sports architecture , sustainable design, biomechanics, adaptive facilit ies, smart infrastructure, environmental innovat ion. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 129 Climate-Responsive Archi tectural Strategies for Lahore: A Bioclimatic Appr oach Toward Sustainable Design Farhana NAZ 1* ORCID 1: 0009- 0000-9495-5489 1 Assistant Professor, Lahore College for Women Universi ty, Faculty of Arts and Social Sci ences, Interior Design Department, L ahore, Pakistan [email protected] u.pk * ( Responsible Author) Abstract This study examines Lahore’s climatic conditions to derive a comprehe nsive framework of design strategies that can significantly reduce reliance on ar tificial systems and promote thermal comfort through passive, climate- responsive architecture. By analyzing interr elated climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, sol ar radiation, daylight levels, and wind velocity), the research establishes a bioclimatic design approach tailored to Lahore’s hot semi-arid cli ma te with monsoon influenc e. The results reveal that Lahore experiences substantia l temperature extremes, rang ing from low winter temperatures below comfort levels to summer peaks exceeding 40°C. Consequently, winter design strategies emphasize c ompact layouts, south-facing openings for solar gain, thermal insulation, and contr olled wi nd exposure to retain heat. In contr ast, summer conditions necessitate intensive passive cooling through cross - ventilation, evaporati ve cooling systems, shaded courtyards, reflective materials, and ve geta tive buffers to mitigate solar gain. Spring and Autumn, being naturally comfortable periods, allow for open, flexible, and naturally ventilated spaces requiring minimal mechanic al intervention. Solar radiation analysis confirms Lahore ’s strong year - round solar potential, advocating dual use, passive solar heating in wi nter and photovoltaic integration for energy generation in sum mer. The daylight ava ilability (averaging 6,000 – 8,500 footcandles annually) supports the use of daylight harvesting systems, light shelves, and adjustable shading to balance il lumination with thermal comf ort. Wi nd analysis indicates low average spe eds (5 – 6 mph), limiting wind energy utilization but emphasizing architectural ventilation strategies through orientation and spatial permeabil ity. Temperat ur e – humidity correlat ion highlights the need for hy brid HVAC systems that can adapt to dry summers an d humid monsoon months while maintaining indoor air qualit y and moisture con trol. In conclusion, the study establishes a dual- seasonal, bioclimatic design mod el for Lahore, promoting ener gy efficiency through contextual strategies, integrating insulation, shading, orientation, ventilation, and renewable energy systems, to e nsure sustainable, adaptive, and human-centere d bu ilt environments. Keywords: Climate-res ponsive design, biocli matic architecture, passive cooli ng and heating, thermal comfort, sustainable building strat egies V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 130 Echoes of The Desert: Ac oustic and Spatial Responses in Vernacular Sustainabl e Architecture Melik SAMI 1 * 1 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. 2 LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. sami.melik@univ-bis kra.dz * ( Responsible Author) Khelil SARA 2 2 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 3 3 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. Abstract This study examines the inter actions between acousti c attributes an d spatial designs in vernacular sustainable architecture in desert settings in order to optimize architectural designs to increase the acoustic comfort and ecological stability. The results of the thorough analysis based on the synth esis of the qualitative information obtained through acoustic measurements, spatial reviews, and interviews with users show that certain architectural qualitie s, including the choice of materials, design, and ori entation, have a strong impact on the auditory experience and affect the emotio nal condition of the residents. It is worth noting that buildings constructed using natural sound management systems do not only support a he althier acoustic su rrounding but also social interactions and cohesion of the community, which underlines the importance of these designs in improving t he general standard of life. The implications of the findings to healthcare are that stress can be alleviated and mental health outcomes are improved through e nvironments that support acoustic comfo rt, and this may provide new avenues to integrate architecture with the wellness -oriented hea lthcare practices. The gen eral implication of this research is the promotion of acoustic and spatial concerns as part of sustainable architecture as a support towards better health and environmental performance in desert environments that may influence future building poli cies and standards towards enhancing holi stic health in such e nvironmental settings. Keywords: Vernacular a rchitecture; acoustic environment; deser t arc hitecture; traditi onal building techniques; cultural sustainabili ty. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 131 Multiculturality of L viv/Lemberg/Lw ów, The Centre of West Ukraine, as Reflected in the Architectur al History of The City Sándor FÖLDVÁRI 1* ORCID 1 : 0000-0002-7825-0531 1 Debrecen University, Fac ulty of Humanities, Baltic Progr am, Debrecen, Hungary; Emeritus. [email protected] m * ( Responsible Aut hor) Abstract Lviv's architectural legacy is a fusi on of various styles that reflect the city's rich histo ry. These include Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Clas sical, Art Nouveau and Modernist features. A notable example is the Hutsul Art Nouveau style, which attempts to create a distinct Ukrainian design by combining folk motifs with Art Nouveau elements. This style is cha racterised by its deco rative features and is a unique Ukrainian style that combines elements of the Viennese Secession with local folk architecture. It is characterised by the use of bold colours and geometric patterns, p ar ticularly the pr ominent sun motif. Lviv was an important centre for the Hutsul Secession movement, where architects like Ivan Levynsky incorporated local folk elements into the broader Secessionist trend. The historic centre of Lviv, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, showcases a diverse range of Europe an and local architectural styles through its narrow streets. These elements combine to create a unique and distinctive look t ha t represents Lviv's rich cultur al heritage and history. This paper focuses on Hutsul art as a significant Ukra inian cultural phenomenon, providing an overview of the vari ou s peoples who have inhabited the region over the centurie s. Keywords: Lviv, Ukraine, Polish-Lithuania n commonwealth, hutsul_architec ture, cultural_he ritag e. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 132 Potential And Constrai nts of Beekeeping Development in Sri Lanka: A Review on Socioecono mic, Technological, and Environmental Perspectives Mahamarakkalage NETHMI AYODYA PERERA 1* 1 Department of Agric ultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Ruhuna ayodyanethmi99@ gmail.com * ( Responsible Author) Abstract Beekeeping, or apiculture, represents an increasi ng ly important component of sustainable agricultural development and r ur al livelihoods in Sri Lanka. As a tropical and high bio diversified c ountry, Sri Lanka also has very good clim atic conditions and e nvironmental conditions for beekeeping. Th is revie w explores the potenti al and constraints of beekeeping development from socioeconomic, technological, and environme ntal perspectives. Beekeeping provides a viable income- generating opportunity , particularly for unemployed and low-income rural populations, while co ntributing to crop pollination and biodiversity conservation. T he native species Apis cerana indica remains the primary honeybee us ed for commercial honey pro duction, supporte d by Sri Lanka’s diverse fl oral resources. However, the national honey yield and consumption remain relatively low compared to global averages, in dicating underutil ized potential. Adoption of precision apiculture technologies offers opportunities to enhance productivity, quality assurance, and c olony management efficiency. How ever, challenges such as inadequate training, limited access to modern equipment, high initial costs, and low youth engagement limit the progress. Environmental constraints, includin g pesticide exposure, drought, deforestation, and bee diseases, further limit colony su rvival and honey yield. The review also identifies positive market prospects through value addition, including the use of wax, propolis, ro yal jelly, and venom, which can improve profitability and export potential. Strengt hen ing instit utional support, expandin g training and extension programs, and integratin g technology into apic ulture practices are ess ential for realizing the industry’s full potential. T herefore, beekeeping in Sri Lanka constitutes a viable pathway for enhancing rural livelihoo ds, food security and contribute to environmental sustai nability despite existing challenges . Keywords; Apiculture, r ur al livelihoods, e nvironmental sustainability V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 133 Valuing the Intangıbl e : An Integrated Ec onomic Framework fo r Assessing the Cultural Capıtal of Heritage Architect ure in Urban Regeneration Mohsen Mohammadi KHYAREH 1* 1 Gonbad Kavous uni versity, Gonbad Kavous, Iran m.mohamadi@gonba d. ac.ir * ( Responsible Au thor) Mohadeseh NEZHADIPOUR 2 2 BA in Economics, Go nbad Kavous university, Gonbad Kavous, I ran m.nejadipour@gmai l.com Abstract This paper addresses the central challenge of quantifying the economic value of cultural capital embedded in heritage architecture within urban regeneration projects. Urban develo pment often priori tizes new structures due to the perceived intangible nature of cultural as sets, resulting in a loss of historical heritage and undermined sustainable economic growth. The core research question is: How can the economic value of cultural capital from heritage architecture be quantified, and how can these assessments i nfluence urban policy? To answer this, we propose an int egrated, mixed-methods approach combining the Hedonic Pricing Model (HPM), the C on tingent Valuation Met hod (CVM), and the Social Return on Investment (SROI) framework to capture both ma rket and non-market values. Through case study analysi s, the framework is demonstrated to robustly quantify cultural capital via indicators such as a heritage premium on property values and tourism multipliers. Expected results, supported by e mp irical models, s uggest that preservation can yield a 10-20% increase in adjacent property values and significant social returns. The findi ngs advocate for the inclusion of standardized, measurable metrics in cost- benefit analyses, ensuring that cultural preservation is effectively integrated as an economic asset in urban planning and policy d ecisions. Keywords: Heritage archite cture; urban regeneratio n; cultural capital; economic valuation ; urban policy V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 140 A Comparative Analysis of The Role of Rock-Cut Architecture in The Life Cycle of Rur al Tourism: A Case Study of Kandovan, Iran, a nd Göreme, Türkiye Kazem GOLIZADEH 1* ORCID 1: 0000- 0002-0381-2667 1 Department of Archite cture and Urban Planning, National Un iversity of S kills, Tehran, Iran [email protected] .ir * ( Responsible Aut hor) Abstract Rock-cut architecture, as one of the most authenti c manifestations of ver nacular architecture, plays a crucial role in shaping cultural identity and attracting tourists. This stud y aims to provide a compar ative analysis of the tourism life cycle in tw o rock-cut settlements —Kandovan in Iran and Göreme in Türkiye —using Butler’ s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model. It analyzes the role of rock-cut architecture in sustaining or eroding tourism in these regions. Kand ovan, as one of the few living rock-cut settlements in the world, remains in t he early stages of tourism development despite its physical and cultural richness. In c o ntrast, Göreme, be nefiting from UNESCO World Heritage registration, infrastructural diversity, and cultural branding, has reached a consolidation phase and is recognized as a promi nent destination i n cultural and experiential touris m. Using a descriptive – analytical approach and Butler’s model, this study examines the current status of these two destinations from physical, managerial, and community participation perspectives, and employs the SWOT matrix to propose strategies for Kandovan’s transition toward sustainable development. Findings indicate that rock-cut architecture, beyond its visual appeal, serves as a foundation for a cultural ecosystem and, if properly managed, can act as a driver for balanced development. In this regard, ph ysical restoration, p revention of unprinciple d interventions, architecture- centered branding, an d local community educatio n for the wise use of this herita ge are essential steps towar d achieving sustainable t ourism in Kandovan Keywords: Rock-cut architec ture; butler model; rural t ourism ; Kandovan; Göreme; sust ainab le develop ment V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 141 Threads of Escape: Adaptive Reuse of Trains Hira ZAINAB 1 1 Interior Designer hirazainab2003@gmail .com * ( Responsi ble Author) Rimsha IMRAN 2 2 Ph.D. Architect ure (Scholar) Unive rsity of Engineeri ng & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan Faculty of Interior De sign Department, Lahore College for Women University, La hore, Pakistan. Maha TARIQ 3 ORCID 1: 0009- 0008-0917-6981 3 Masters In interior desig n National College of Arts, Lahor e, Pakistan Faculty of Interior De sign Department, Lahore College for Women University, La hore, Pakistan. Ab str act Old train carriages are often left to rust and decay, even though they're built to last and could be repurposed in creative ways. This project repurposes these forgotten carri ag es into immersive escape r ooms, creating interactive environments that engage visitors both intellectually and physically. By building on the existing structure, the design reduces environmental impact and revives forgotten infrastructure with a fresh purpose. The "Threads of Escape" concept links several carriages into one seamless journey, creating a st ron ger se nse of ex plo rati on and ke epi ng the ex pe ri enc e eng agi ng thr oug ho ut. Pr es erv ing th e original form of the trains, the project blends history with innovation, offering a unique recreational attraction that local tourism and public engagement. It demonstrates how adaptive reuse can turn outdated spaces into vibrant, experience-focused destinations, reimagining ab andonment as a chance f or creativity and innovation. Keywords : Abandoned trains, adaptive use, adventure, escape, environments, experiential design, interactive space. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 142 Greasing The Gears of I nnovation: The Role of P etroleum Chemistry in Archite ctural Design And Engineering Ibrahim Khalil ADAMU 1* 1 Department of Petr oleum Chemistry, American University of Nigeria Yola, Nigeria. Department of Chemist ry, Federal College of Education Gi dan Madi Sokoto, Nigeria. ibrahimkhaliladamu@ya hoo.com *(Responsible Author) Abdullahi ALIYU 2 2 Department of Pure a nd Industrial Chemistry, Federal Uni versity, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Abstract Petroleum chemistry is a branch of chemistry concerned with the transformation of crude oil and natur al gas i nto valuable products. It pl ays a fundamental role in the de velopment of materials and technologies used in engineering, constructio n, design and modern architectural development. The petrochemical industry provides essential building blocks for plastics, resins, adhesives, insulation materials, paints, synthetic rubbers etc. which are integral to modern construction, design, infrastructure and architectural development projects. As architecture and engineering increasingly emphasize efficiency, durability, and sustainability, the relationship between petroleum-derived materials and design innovation becomes more compound and critical. Petroleum chemistry has been a foundational asset behind the conte mporary built environment, it influenced both the engineering and architectural realms. While it has aided outstanding improvements in materials science and construction techni ques, the environment al cost is substantial particularly the greenhouse gases, oil spills and marine degradation. The future lies in complementi ng functionali ty and sustainability through innovation, circular economy models, an d integration of gree ner alternatives for effective servi ce delivery. Keywords: Petroleum c hemistry, architectural design and engi neering . V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 143 Architecture, En vironmental Extern alities, And Economic Polic y for Sustainable Citi es Melik SAMI 1 * 1 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. 2 LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. sami.melik@univ-bis kra.dz * ( Responsible Author) Khelil SARA 2 2 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 3 3 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. Abstract This paper explores the complex correlatio n of architectur al practices, e nvironmental exte rnalities and economic policy in urban environments which center around the critical role of sustainable urban development. It fills a gap that is very i mportant on current research because it presents empirical information that links architectural strategies to their environmental effects and financial results by gathering and analyzing case studies, thorough statistical data about urban environmental indicators, and analysis of contemporary economic policies. The results indicate that particular design options and c onstruction materials have a considerable impact on urban thermal trapping, air quality, and res ource use, and t he evaluati on of the economic policies indicates th e flaws in the incentivization of eco-friendly architectural innovation. The study highlights the importance of combining architectural decision-making with environmental health factors, which might imply that better architectur al work could result in a dramatic increase in urban public health c onditions, including the number of respiratory diseases solved and the quality of life. Also, the impli cations go bey ond personal health gains; by educating policy-makers and city planners, the study proposes a syne rgist action plan that creates an equilibrium betw een the architectural design solution and the environmental sustainability and economic benefits, which will generate the resiliency in the healthcare systems of the city. The findings highlight why the interdisciplinary work of t he architects, environmental scientists, and economists is needed to facilitate one holistic approach to urban development that would lead to t he long-term sustainabili ty and the benefits of urban development to t he populatio n. Keywords: Environmental externalities; economic policy; sustainable cities; urban sustainability governance; green building desig n. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 144 The Trade-Off Between Economic Growth and Envi ronmental Architecture in D eveloping Regions Melik SAMI 1 * 1 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. 2 LACOMOFA Biskra laboratory. Algeria. sami.melik@univ-bis kra.dz * ( Responsible Author) Khelil SARA 2 2 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. Tallal Abdel Karim BOUZIR 3 3 Department of architec ture, Mohamed Khider Biskra Uni versity, Biskra, Algeria. Abstract This paper examines the compound relationship betwe en economic growt h and environmental architec ture in the developing w orld with main emphasis on the fr antic confl ict between the fast rate of economic growth and the need to follow sustainable environmental pr actices. The study i nvolves qualitative and quantitative approaches and includes an in-dept h exa mination of ec onomic i nd icators, environmental impact evaluation, and multiple case- studies of development initiatives in a number of geographic settings. I mportant findings include the fact that economic growth is a necessary process tha t improves the standards of living, but it tends to compromise the environmental integrity, which translates to increased pollution and degradation of natural resources. Nota bly, the research study finds a strong relationship between sustainable architec ture and better public health outcomes, which suggests that areas that consider the environmental factor in their developmental policies have improved healthcare profiles, including a lower rate of respiratory dis eases and an overall incre as e in the well- being of the communities. The implications of these res ults are not limited to the context of urban planning and population health but are vital in policy-making and stakeholders in the healthc ar e industry, who nee d to take into consideration the need to ensure that environmental sustainability is part of the economic planning to enhance a holistic development. Finally, the study can be described as part of a more sophisticated p erception of the trade- offs inherent in the practice of development, which is why the need to promote the adoption of policies that will encourage economic growth a nd the preservation of the environment al health are justified, which is also directly connected to t he main goal of ensuring t hat the healthcare syste ms of emerging economies become more sustainable. Keywords: Economic growth; environmental arch itecture; green building design; socio -economic trade-offs; sustainability c hallenges. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 145 From Farm to Cup: The Interplay of Sustainability and Governance in Et hiopia’s Coffee Value Chain for Sustai nable Development Sintayehu Assefa YIRGA 1 Ph.D., Hawassa University, Department of Management sintayehuassefa58@ yahoo.com * ( Responsible Author) Abstract Coffee, Ethiopia’s leading export and the livelihood of mill ions of smallholder farmers, faces mounting challenge s from volatile prices, environmental stress, and social inequities. This study explores how economic, social, and environmental sustainability, alongside governance, influence development outcomes in the Sidama coffee value chain. Using survey data fr om farmers analyzed t hrough Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the findings reveal that all three sustainability dimensions significantl y foster development, with social sustainability exerting the strongest influence, followed by environmental and economic aspects. Governance not only directly drives deve lopment but also strengthens the impact of su stainability practices, especially social s ustainability, on developmental outcomes. These re su lts underscore that long-term resil ience in Ethiopia’s coffee sector requires more than economic viability it depends on socially inclusive practices, ecological stewardship, and effective governance frameworks. By grounding the analysis in Sustainable Development Th eory and Institutional Theory, this study offers fresh empirical evidence on how governance ampl ifies sustai nability’s role in advancing development w ithin Ethiopia’s coffee sector. Keywords: Coffee value chain, sustainability, governance, development, Sidama, Ethiopia, institutional theory, sustainable developme nt theory V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 146 Artificial Intelligenc e Revolutions and Breakthroughs for Architecture, En gineering, Cultural Stu dies, and Environmental Disciplines Vinod Kumar VERMA 1* 1 Assiatnat Professor. Dr., Sant Longowal Institute of Engine ering and Technology, Deeme d to be Universit y, Longowal – India vinod5881@gmail .com * ( Responsi ble Author) Klimis NTALINIS 2 2 Professor, Dr., Universit y of West Attica, Athens - Greece Chao-Tung YANG 3 3 Professor, Dr., Tunghaı Un iversity, Taic hung City - Taiwan Carlos MORENO 4 4 Professor, Dr., Central Univ ersity of Venezuela, Carscus – Venezuela Eric GAMESS 5 5 Associate Professor, Dr., Ja cksonville State University, Jacks onville, Alabama - USA Monica Karel HUERTA 6 6 Professor, Dr., Universi dad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca - Ec uador Vimal Rau APPROW 7 7 Associate Professor, Dr., Ta ylors University, Selangor - Malaysia Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) is gaining remark ab le momentum in the modern era, influenci ng nearly every domain — from automated design systems to intelligent urban planning and sustainable environmental solutions. Its impact and adaptability are particularly critical in architecture and engineeri ng, w here A I-driven tools directly influence human livi ng environments, structural safety , and ecological balance. The AI revolution has i ntroduced new dimensions in addressing complex design challenges, optimizing bu ilding performance, and preserving cultural heritage through intel ligent data analysis and predicti ve modelling. Recent advancements have shown how AI algorithms can simulate structural behavior, predict material degradation, and even reconstruct historical sites with unprecedented precision, there by transforming both design and c onservation practices. The growing comp lexity of global environmental challenges poses a major test for urban planners and architects, demanding innovative, data-driven, and interdisciplinary approaches. Researchers and professionals are now integrating AI not only as a computation al aid bu t also as a creative partner capable of generating sustai nable and culturally sensitive design s olutions. The Informati on technology-based era f urther demonstrated the transformati ve potential of AI and digital collaboration tools in maintaining continuity of architectural research, design education, and project coordination. Platforms powered by AI enhanced virtual modelling, simulation, and cultural documentation processes, bridging physical gaps across disciplines. Overall, the integration of AI across architecture, engineering, cultural studies , and environmental sciences is redefining the way humanity conceives, designs , and sustains its built and natural environments — fostering innovation while supporti ng economic and ecological resilience. Keywords: Artifici al intelligence , information technology, a rchitecture, enginee ring, culture, environme nt, V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 147 Smart and Ecological C ities: Pathways to Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Urba n Futures K. R. PADMA 1* ORCID 1: 0000- 0002-6783-3248 1 Assistant Professor, Departm ent of Biotechnology, Sri Padma vati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women’s University), Tirupati, AP. thulasipadi@gmail .co m * ( Responsi ble Author) Abstract Smart and Ecologic al Cities is the vision of a new way of building cities, which combi nes the innovative technology with the envir onmentally-friendly policy. Du e to the rapidly increasing urbanization of the world, cities ar e increasingly challenged by the lack of resources, pollution, climate change, and social inequality. The idea of smart and ecological citi es is suggested to overcome these problems usin g the digital innovations, gree n infrastructure, and data-driven governance in order to m ake living in cities more liveable and resilient. The core idea here is the co nverg ence of informati on and communicat ion te chnologies (IC T) and urban systems in order to maximize the consumption of energy, transportation, waste management, and services to the population. Meanwhile, the principles of the ecological design f ocus on re newable energy, protection of biodiversit y, effi cient use of water resources, and development of green areas th at help people live better and maintain the natural state. A combination of clever technologies and environmentally friendly planning will allow cities to reduce the ecological footprint, but also support economic development and social integration. As case studies in different countries show, such cities do not only contribute to the quality of the environment, but also to the quality of life of citizens, due to participatory form of governance and feedback of data in real -time. The shift to smart and ecological cities needs the cooperation of policymakers and technolo gists, urb an pla nners, and citizens to guarantee e quity and sustainability in the long run. The f uture stu dies in the field should be aimed at creating quantifiable sustainabilit y indicators, how citizens use digital ecosystems, and how technology innovation can be consistent with ecological and et hical norms. Finally, smart and ecological cities represen t a c omprehensive view of the expected ur ban environment in the future- efficient, adaptable and friendly t o the environment. Keywords: Smart cities, Ecological cities, sustaina ble development, urban planning, green infrastructure, renewable ener gy, internet of things (IoT), ar tificial intelligence (AI), climate resili ence, circular econom y. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 148 Sustainable Urba n Planning and Development S. SHAKTHI SREE 1* 1 Bharath Institute of Hig her Education and Re search, Selaiyur, Chennai-73. shreesshakthi@gmai l.com * ( Responsible Author) Abstract Sustainable urban planning and developmen t aim to create cities that balance environmental protection, economic growth, and social equity while ensuri ng long-term resilience. As rapid urbanization accelerates worldwi de, cities face growing challenges such as resource depletion, pollution, inadequate housing, and climate change. Sustainable planning provides a strategic approach to addre ss these issues by integratin g land use, transportation, housing, and infrastructure in a manner that minimizes environmental impact and promotes efficient resource utilization. Key principles include compact city design, green i nfra structure, renewable energy adoption, waste reduction, and partici pa tory governance. Innov ative models such as smart cities, transit-oriented development, and eco-friendly urban systems demonstrate how te chnology and policy can work together for sustainable outcomes. Case studies from cities like Copenhagen, Singapore, and Curitiba highlight the effectiveness of sustainable practices in enhanci ng li veability, resilience, and economic vitality . However, achieving sust ainability requires inclusive policies, community engagement, and strong institutional support. Overall, sustainable urban planning and development are essential for building resilient, equitable, and environmentall y responsible urban futures. Keywords: Urban pla nning, urbanization, resource depleti on, pollution, inade quate housing, climate change. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 149 The Urban Landsc ape of Western Europe: Impact of the Decline of the Western Roman Em pire on Urbanization from AD 400 to the 17th Century Ananda MAJUMDAR 1* ORCID 1: 0000-0003-3045-0056 1 Ananda Majumda r - Harvard Universit y anandamajumdar2@gmai l.com * ( Responsible Author) Abstract This study looks at how the decline of the Western Roman E mp ire affected urban development in Western E urope. It focuses on the social and economic changes that occurred from A D 400 to the 17th cent ur y. T he main goal is to understand w hy urban life stagnated duri ng the me dieval period an d how ci ties eventually started to rec over. The study uses historical analysis, reviewing existing literature and archaeological findings t o explore changes in city layouts, population shifts, and the impact of invasio ns by Germanic tribes and Norsemen. It identifies three types of urban forms during this time: rect angular layouts, spontaneous irregular desig ns, and planned tow ns , each representing different historical backgrounds and environmental factors. The findings show that urbanization nearly stopped after the fall of the Roman Empire due to isolation, declining agriculture, and the dominance of farming societies. Trade disruptions, particularly during the rise of Islam and Norse raids, worsened city life in Europe. However, the 10th c entury marked a t ur ning point, leadin g t o a gradual revival of comme rce with the reopening of trade routes and the growth of fortified settlements, signalling the beginning of urb an re newal. In conclusion, the research highlights how various factors shaped the medieval urban landscape, leading to limited city growth characterized by small populations and a lack of large urban centers. This study offers valuable insights into the political, economic, and social changes during a key period in European history, emphasizing the importance of underst anding urban development in a broader c ontext. Keywords: Decline, isolatio n, cities, revival. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 252 patterns and associated anthropogenic pressures withi n a 1.5 km buffer zone along the Demr e Stream corridor using GIS-based analyses. 2.Materials and Methods This study was conducted using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - based anal yses to determine land use and land cover characteristics in the Demre Str eam and its surround ing area and to spatially assess human-induced pressures. The analyses were performe d using ArcGIS Pro 3.5 software. Figure 1. Research area boundary (From the authors' archive, 2025) The distri ct boundary of Demre district was obtained from the Antalya -Isparta-Burdur 1/100,000 Environmental Planning Map; the section of the Demre Stream included in the scope of the study is defined as the river section within the environmental planning boundaries at coordinates 36°17′3.07″ N – 29°58′1.48″ E (Figure 1.). Due to the absence of surface water within the study area a nd the inability to ident if y a continuous water sur face, the stream boundaries were determined using a screen digitisation metho d based on current satellite imagery. Using this method, the river course was produced as vect or data, taking into account the morphological traces of the Demre Stream within the boundaries of the environmental planning map. In the assessment of the topographic structure, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data obtained from the USGS EarthExplor er platform was utilised; contour li nes and stream network data for the study area were generated using this data . In order to spat ially re veal anthropogenic pressure around the stream, a 1.5 km wide buffer zone was created using the stream boundaries produced as vector data as a reference, and analyses were performed within this area. The spat ial fi ndings obtained were analysed and interpreted in comparison with the visual materials obtain ed. Within the scope of the study, land use and land c over were evaluated under 7 classes, and the spatial pressures around the Demre Stream were revealed by cal culating the spatial sizes and percentage distributions of each class . Planning and management recommendations were made based on the findings obtained. The current land use and lan d cover data are from 2024. The V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 253 LULC classes were determined based on dominant land use patterns observed in the study area and their potential ecological impacts on stream systems. 3.Findings and Discussion Within the scope of th is study, a total area o f 5,325.53 hectares located within the 1.5 km wide buffer zone established around the Demr e Stream and its immediate surroundings was evaluated. The findings were obtained through the combined interpretation of GIS-based land use and land cover analyses, spatial statistics, stream network assessments, and field an d aerial photographs obtained from the Demre Munici pality Press, Publication and Public Relat ions Directorate. Withi n this framework, the spatial distr ibution of land use classes and anthropogenic pressures on the stream ecosyste m were comprehensively presented, taking into account the upper, middle, and lower sections along the Demre Stream. Figure 2. Land use/land cover (LULC) distribution of Demre Stream and its surroundings (From the authors' archive, 2025) When examining the spatial distribution of land use and land cover classe s, forest area s, which constitute 36.1% (1,921.13 ha) of the study area, are largely concentrat ed in the upper reaches of the Demre Stream. These areas play a critical role in the stream system in terms of regulating surface runoff, sediment retention and ecological continuity, and exhibit a relatively more holistic distribution. Maki formations follow forest areas with 27.4% (1,456.85 ha). These area s are particularly widespread in the middle sections and form transition zones between natural areas and human uses (Figure 2). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 254 In contrast, settlement and gre enhouse areas show a significant distr ibution in the study area, accounting for 23.4% (1,24 7.55 ha). They are particu larly concentrated in the lower reaches of the Demre Stream, in areas close to the coast and delta plain. It has been determined that these areas are in direct contact with the riverbed and have largely elimi nated the natural coastal zones. The spat ial concentration of settlement and greenhouse areas constitutes the most pronounced anthropogenic pressure on the stream ecosystem. In particular, the covering of natural ground by lar ge are as of greenhouses directly affects the quality of the flow rea ching the stream by altering the amount and direction o f s urface runoff (Figure 2.). Bare surfaces (s oil, roc k and gravel areas) are concentrated particularly in the stream cor ridor and surrounding area s where the slop e increases, accounting for 8.7% (462.11 ha). These areas stand out as potentia l risk areas that cause accelerated surface runoff, increased sedimentation and height ened erosion risk. Str eam network analyses show that some tributaries connected to the Demre Stream pass through stone and quarry are as, while others pass through or directly adjacent to residential and greenhouse areas (Figure 2). This situation leads to surface runof f reaching the stream being deprived of natural infiltration processes and an increase in the load of transported sediment and pollutants. Sparse maquis formations cover a limited area of 2.4% (126.97 ha) within the study area, most ly located in transition zon es between natur al and human uses. Although quarry and mine areas cover only 1.2% (67.14 ha), they are considered areas with high ecolo gical damage impacts due to their location near tributaries feeding the stream. Although agricultural are as account for a low percentage of 0.8% (43.79 ha), when considered toget her with greenhouse areas and taking into account human-induced chemical use, this becomes a significant factor increasing the pressure on the stream ecosystem (Figure 2.). Table 1. Area and percentage of land use/land cover (LULC) classes LULC Class No Land Use and Land Co ver Area (Ha) Percentage (%) 1 Forest Area 1921.13 36.1 2 Settlement and Green hous e Area 1247.55 23.4 3 Stone and Mini ng Quarry 67.14 1.2 4 Agricultural Area 43.79 0.8 5 Bare Surface (Soil, St on e and Gravel) 462.11 8.7 6 Maquis Formation 1456.85 27.4 7 Sparse Maquis Formati on 126.97 2.4 TOTAL 5325.53 100 Field and aerial photographs, along with spatial anal yses, strongly support these findings with the current situation on the ground. Upon examination of the images, it is evident that the natural morphological structure of the Demre Stream bed has been significantly alte red, parti cularly in its middle and lower sections, due to excavation, filling, and bed regulation works. Areas where the streambed has been widened, leve lled, and the natural vegetation cover largely removed are noteworthy. Furthermore, the pressure exerted by settlement and gre enhouse areas on the stream ecosystem is clearly evident in these images. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 255 Figure 3. Field and aerial photographs of demre stream and ıts surroundings (Demre Belediyesi Basın Yayın ve Halkla İlişkiler Müdürlüğü, 2025) Overall, the land use and land cover distri bution of the Demre Stream and its surroundings reveal a distinct spatial differentiation: natural areas are relatively well preserved in the upper reaches, maquis formations dominate in the middle reaches, and settlement, greenhouse, and infrastructure interventions intensify in the lower reaches. The varying lan d use and la nd cover classes along the stream corridor dir ectly affect the quantity and quality of surface runoff; tributaries passing thr ough mining site s, greenhouse areas, and settlement areas, in particular, increase the intensity of pressure on th e Demr e Stream ecosystem. The findings reveal that the current land use pattern not only points to today's ecological problems but also to the risks of flooding, erosion and ecosystem degradation that may increase in the future. The construction of dams and reservoirs in the upper reaches of the Western Mediterranean Basin, the intense anthropogenic pressure on land use and land cover, and the resulting significant interruption of surface runoff are the main factors contributing to the lack of continuous water flow in the Demre Stream today. 4.Conclusions and Recommendations Within the scope of this study, spatial analyses conducted within the 1.5 km buffer zone established around the Demre Stream and its immediate surroundings revealed that land use and land cover distribution exert pressures on the Demre Stream ecosystem. Th e findings clearly show that natural areas are rel atively well preserved in the upper reaches, maqui s formations dominate in the middle reaches, and settlement and greenhouse infrastructure interventions are concen tr ated in the lower reaches. The varying land use and land cover classes along the stream corridor directly affect the quantity and quality of surface runoff; tributary routes feeding the strea m, particularly in mining areas, green house areas, and settlement are as, increase the ecol ogical pressure on the Demre Stream. The construction of dams and reservoirs in the upper basin sections, the exposure of land use and land cover to intense an thr opogenic pressure, and the significant obs tr uction of su rf ace runoff associated with this play an eff ective role in the lack of continuous water flow observed in the Demre Stream today. This sit uation clearly demonstrates the necessity of comprehensive, basin -scale planning approaches for the sustainability of the Demre Stream and its surroundings. In thi s regard, the fol lowing conclusions and recommendations have been devel oped based on the findings of the study: V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 256 • A comprehensive planning approach should be adopted at the basin scale; all natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the Demre Stream should be addressed at the scale of the upper basin system (Western Mediterrane an Basin) that feeds the Demre Stream, and the basin, which includes the river, should be considered within the boundaries of the Western Mediterranean-Transition Micro- Basin, located at 36.29410°N, 29.91917°E, with an area of 16,972.2 ha, (Çölleşme ve Erozyonla Mücadele Genel Müdürlüğü , n.d.). • For the settlements and greenhouse areas concentrated in the lower reaches of the Demre Stream, ecological corridor solutions shoul d be implemented along the stream corridor to create bu ffer zones, and uses in direct contact with the stream bed should be g radually restricted. • Within the str eam network, tributary routes feeding the str eam that pass through mines and greenhouse areas should be identified as priority risk areas; measures to regulate surface runoff and reduce pollutant loads should be developed for these sections. • Nature-based solut ions should be implemented to reduce erosion and sedimentation risks in areas with concentrated bare surfaces and excavation/fill areas. • The hydrol ogical and ecological impacts of dams and reservoirs located in the upper reaches of the Western Mediterranean basin on the Demre Stream should be comprehensively assessed, and mana gement strategies should be developed to ensure the continuity of environmental flow in areas where possible. • Bed regulation and engineering interventions carried out along the riverbed should be approached in line with ecosystem -based approaches; practices that support natural morphology and ensure coastal zone continuity should be encouraged. • Considering the concentration of subsurface agricultural activities in the lower reaches of the Demre Stream, contr ols and practices should be developed for agricultural pesticides and chem ical inputs used in these areas, targeting groundwater sources that feed the stream through irrigation processes or are located within the stream corridor. • GIS and remote sensing-based monitoring studies should be carried out periodically in and around th e Demre Stream; land use changes and anthropogenic pressures should be tracked over time. • A mul ti-stakeholder management model should be established between local authorities, rel evant public institutions and produc er sta keholders to develop a joi nt decision-making mechanism for the protection and sust ainable mana gement of the Demre Stream. In conclusion, the l and use and anthropogenic pressures identified in the Demre Stream and its surroundings indi cate not only existing ecological problems but also potential future hydrological and environmental risks. Therefore, the sustainability of the Demre Stream depends on the implementation of long -term, basin -scale strategies that integrate ecological protection, land use planning, and water management. Thanks and Information Note The article complies with national and international research and publication ethics. Ethics Committee appr oval was not required for the study. All authors contributed equally to the article. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 257 References Ahern, J. (2011). From fail-safe to safe- to -fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landscape and Urban Planning , 100(4), 341 – 343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.021 Allan, J. D. (2004). Landscapes and ri verscapes: The influence of land use on stream ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics , 35(1), 257 – 284. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.120202.110122 Carpenter, S. R., Caraco, N. F., Correll , D. L., Howarth, R. W., Sharpley, A. N., & Smith, V. H. (1998). Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications , 8(3), 559. https://doi.org/10.2307/2641247 Dündar, H. B., Aydemir, Ç. & Gül, A. (2024). Ecotourism potential of D emr e (Antalya) region. 5th International Urban Landscape and Art Congress , October 25-27, 202 4 / p.560-579. Paris, France. ISBN: 978-625-367-954-5. ISSUED: November 27, 2024. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14229713. https://www.iksadkongre.com/urban Ellis, E. C., & Ramankutty, N. (2008). Putting p eople in the map: Anthropogenic biomes of the world. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 6(8), 439 – 447. https://doi.org/10.1890/070062 Foley, J. A., DeFries , R., Asner, G. P ., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., Coe, M. T., Daily, G. C., Gibbs, H. K., Helkowski, J. H., Holloway, T., Howard, E. A., Kucharik, C. J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J. A., Prent ice, I. C., Ramankutty , N., & Snyder, P. K. (2005). Global consequences of land use. Science , 309(5734), 570 – 574. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772 Giorgi, F., & Lionello, P. (2008). Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Global and Planetary Change , 63(2 – 3), 90 – 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005 IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Globa l and Sectoral Aspects . Contri bution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J . Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girm a, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp. Keser, N. (2012). Demre Çayı’nın paleocoğrafi dönem vadi değişiklikleri ve Beymelek Lagünü’nün jeomorfolojik evrimi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi , 17(28), 175-192. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well- being: Synthesis . Island Press, Washington, DC. Selim, S. (2011). Akarsu vadisindeki insan kaynaklı faaliyetlerin ekosistem bütünl üğüne olası etkileri: Çağlayan Vadisi örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi , 15(2), 94-101. Şahin, Ş., Perçin, H., Kurum, E. ve Memlük, Y. (2014). Akarsu Koridorlarında Peyzaj Onarımı ve Doğaya Yeniden Kazandırma Teknik Kılavuzu . T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 258 Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü adına BEL -DA BeldeProje ve Dan. Tic. Ltd. Şti., 154 sayfa, Ankara. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlı ğı, Çölleşme ve Erozyonla Mücadele Genel Müdürlüğü (ÇEM). (t.y.). Mikro Havza Sınırları [Veri Katmanı]. T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, Ulusal Coğrafi Bilgi Platformu (TUC BS) Harita Görüntüleyici. Erişim adresi: https://ucbp.tucbs.gov.tr/harita-goruntuleyici (Accessed on December 13, 2025). Turner, R. K., Lorenzoni, I., Beaumont, N., Bateman, I. J., Langford, I. H., & McDonald, A. L. (1998). Coastal management for sustainable development: Analysing environmental and socio-economic changes on the UK coast. The Geographical Journal , 164(3), 269. https://doi.org/10.2307/3060616 Vörösmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P. B., Gessner, M. O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S. E., Sullivan, C. A., Liermann, C. R., & Davies, P. M. (2010) . Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature , 467(7315), 555 – 561. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 259 The Role of Light Sh elf Systems in Architectural Desi gn: An Examination in t he Context of Visual Comfort and Energy Efficiency Sümeyra AKGÜN 1 * ORCID 1 : 0000-0002-0539 -3603 1 Research Assistant, Altın bas University, Faculty of Engine ering and Architecture , Department of Interi or Architecture and E nv ironmental Desi gn, Istanbul- Türkiye sumeyra.akgun@alt inbas.edu.tr ( Responsi ble Author) Ümit ARPACIOĞLU 2 ORCID 2: 0000- 0001-8858-7499 2 Prof. Dr., Mimar Sina n Fine Arts Unive rsity, Faculty of Architecture, Departme nt of Architecture, Istanbul- Türkiye umit.arpacioglu@msg su.edu.tr Abstract The controlled integration of daylight into inte rior spaces has become a significant design issue in cont emporary architecture, as it relates directly to both energy efficiency and user comfort. In this context, light shelves, which are passive systems dev eloped to redirect and evenly distribute daylight, are elements that must be carefully considered within the architectural design process. The performanc e of light shelves is dete rmin ed by factors such as latitude, sky conditions, window chara cteristics, d imensional proportions, and cei ling surface properties. Proper consideration of these parameters enhances the functionality of light shelves and their contribution to indoor lighting quality. Beyond being merely a technical system, light shelv es make a direct contribution to visual comfort, glare control, balanced illumination, and energy efficiency. In this way, they reduce the need for artificial lighting, promote energy savings, and support sustainable design goals. This study addresses the role of light shelves in the architectural design process from a theoretical perspective, demonstrating that they should not be regarded solely as daylight-directing elements but as important design tools that integrate visual comfort, reduced energy consumption, and sustainabilit y principles. In this framework, sub sequent sections will provide a detailed discussion of the definition of light shelves, their relationship with visual comfort and energy efficiency, and the key approaches emphasize d in the literature. Keywords: Visual comf ort, energy effici ency, light shelf, sustainable 1.Introduction In architectu ral practice, natural daylight is regarded not only as a source of illumination but also as a fundamental design element that enriches spatial experience, reduces energy consumption, and enhances user comfort. Throughout history, daylight has been introduced into interior spaces through windows, courtyards, skyl ights, and various types of openings; however, with the widespread adoption of deep-plan spa tial typologies in modern arc hitecture, the control led distribution of dayli ght withi n interio r spac es has become a critical design challenge. In this context, light shelf systems ha ve gaine d a significant p lace in architectural literature as innovative passive elements that homogenize daylight distribution and reduce glare. Daylight emerges as an effective strategy for optimizing building ener gy performance. The use of advanced dayli ghting design systems not only significantly reduces electrical energy consumption but also improves the quality of interior lighting. Although d aylight is primarily introduced into spaces through window openings, the presence of windows alone is not sufficient; additional systems that direct and control daylight are required (Moazzeni & Ghiabaklou, 2016). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 260 A light shelf installed at a window is a typical daylight -control system that reduces lighting energy consumption by delivering natural li ght from outside int o the deeper areas of a room through the use of a reflective surface and the ceiling plane. By pre venting direct entry of daylight into the room through windows, light shelves can improve illuminance uniformity (Lee et al., 2019). This study aim s to reconsider the role of li ght shelves within the arc hitectural design process and to discuss them withi n a theoretical framework in the context of sustainable and comfortable interior environments. Consequently, the light shel f should be regarded not only as a daylight-control element but als o as an architectural design tool positioned at the intersection of visual comf ort, ener gy efficiency, and sustaina bility objectives. In the subsequent sections of this study, the def inition of li ght s helves, their historical development, their relationship with visual comfort and energy efficiency, and the key fi ndings highlighted in the literature will be examined in detail. 2.Materials and Methods This study examines light shel f systems within the context of the architectural design process and evaluate s them in terms of visual comfort and energy efficiency. Research on light shel f typologies, dimensional characteristics, and their performance under different sky conditions has been systematically reviewed. Findings from various s tudies have been compared in terms of shelf dimensions, orientations, surface reflectance properties, glass types, and ceiling geometries. In this way, the critical factors influencing the effectiveness of light shelves in achieving a homogeneous dist ribution of dayli ght within interior spaces have been identified. The obtained data were interpreted within the framework of sustaina ble architectural design. The study emphasize s that light shelves are not only systems that contribute to energy savings but also design tools that enhance visual comfort. 2.1. Emergence of the Light Shelf System In buildings with fully glazed façades, the d istribution o f daylight within interior spaces is o ften not homogeneous. This condition becomes particularly evident in are as located farther from the façade, where daylight alone is frequently insufficient, mak ing the use of artificial li ghting unavoidable. As a solution to this problem, it is recommended to integrate systems into façade design that can collect daylight, redirect it into interior spaces, and, if possible, provide adequat e daylight even to areas farthest from openings. In this context, various studies have been conducted with the aim of protecting user s from glare caused by direct sun li ght while ensuring a more uniform distribution of daylight within interior spaces. As a result of these studies, light shelf systems have been developed to both reduce glare and distribute daylight more ev enly (Kontadakis et al., 2017). These systems, designed to enhance daylight performance, have become prominent in contemporary architectural desi gns that focus on the effective use of natural lighting. Today, light shelves are among the passive daylighting elements frequently preferred in modern buildings and are described in the lite rat ure as effective systems due to th eir ability to improve lighting quality and contribute to energy savings when combine d with appropriate daylight control strategies (Kontadakis et al., 2017). These relatively simple systems operate through a horizontal or inclined surface install ed above eye level, either on the interior or exterior side o f a window, ref lecting incident d aylight and redistributing it into the interior space. In this V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 261 respect, light shel ves divide the window into upper (clere story) and lower (vi ew) sections and can perform both shading and light-redirecting functions (Littlefair, 1995). The system primarily directs a lar ge portion of incoming daylight toward the ceiling, from where it is reflected into the space, thereby reducing glare near the window and increasing illuminance levels in deeper areas of the room. While the lower window se ction maintains visual connection to the exterior and supports natural ventilation, the upper section functions to deliver daylight into the interior space (Masoud, 2024). With this dual functionality, li ght shelves are considered an important architectural compone nt that enhances user comfort and energy efficiency. Figure 1. Summer (left) and winter (right) light shelf performance (Masoud, 2024) Light shelves are classified into three main groups according to their placement configurations: interior, exterior, and combined interior – exterior systems. Light shelves positioned on the exterior provide shading, particularly during summer months, thereb y reducing the buil ding’s cooling load, while interior light shelves have been shown to achi eve higher average illuminance levels (Masoud, 2024). 2.2. Factors Affecting Performance in Light Shelf Design 2.2.1. Latitude and sky conditions The performance of li ght shel ves is directly in fl uenced by latitude and sky conditions, which vary according to geographical location. In particular, under overcast sky conditions, the efficiency of light shelves is significantly reduced compared to clear sky conditions. For example, in cli mates characterized by predominantly overcast skies, such as the United Kingdom, light shelves have been observed to exhibit relatively low performance. Nevertheless, they can still offer advantages such as providing shad ing during summer mont hs and enhancing daylight penetration into interior spaces during winter (Masoud, 2024). Some studies have shown that under ‘intermediate sky’ conditions where the sky alternates between su nny and cloudy light shelves y iel d more effective results in terms of dayli ght availability and interior light distr ibution. While performance decreases on fully ove rca st days, intermittently sunny conditions allow for more homogeneous and deeper daylight penetration within interior spaces (Lim & Ahmad, 2014). Another study reported that simulations conducted at latitudes of 30° and 45° indicated the suitability of interior light shelves, and that shelf efficiency increased significantly in conjunction with space height (Kurtay & Esen, 2019). 2.2.2 Window components V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 268 transforms not only environmental protection behaviors but also social values and lifestyles. Therefore, aligning education systems with sustainability principles is considered a long - term strategic necessity in the processes of combating and adapting to climate change. A sus tai nable school is defined as an educational institution designed and managed by comprehensively addressing the social, environmental, and economic dimensions required for sustainable development (Kalaitzidis, 2012). These schools are important not only in terms of energy and resource efficiency but also in terms of developing students' awarene ss of climate change adaptation and environmental responsibility. The fundamental approach of a sustainable school is to integrate the principle of sustainability into a ll a rea s of school life, management processes, teaching programs, building and landscape management, transportation arrangements, and relationships estab lished with school management (Huckl e, 20 10). Papadimitriou (2010), on the other hand, defines the concept of a sustainable school through three main components (pedagogical, social-organizational, and environmental-technical-economic components). These components represe nt fundamental areas corresponding to different aspects of school li fe and requiri ng the holistic application of sustainability. Failure to consider climate change adapt ation and sustainab il ity principles in the planning and design processe s of school landscape spaces leads to serious problems, particularly in terms of energy efficiency and student comfort. Therefore, educational buildings and their surrounding landscape spaces must be reevaluated with a climate-sensitive approach. School landscape spaces are not merely spaces serving aesthetic func tions; they are also criti cal environmental systems in terms of regulating the microclimate, contributing to ecological balance, and protecting user health. Open and green spaces, plant designs, and permeable su rfaces in school landscape spaces reduce the urban heat island effect, improve air quality, and support biodiversity. These areas are also important learning environments where students can interact with nature, observe environmental processes, and develop their ecological awareness. Therefore, designing school landscapes in line with sustainability principles provides long -term benefits from both an environmental and pedagogical perspective. Secondary school represents a critical developmental period during which indi viduals acquire environmental awareness, a sense of responsibility, and sustainable li ving habits. Creating nature-based and participatory learning environments that enable studen ts in this age group to interact with the environment contributes to the permanent establishment of sustainability awareness. Therefore, evaluating secondary school landscape spaces fr om the perspective of climate change adaptation not only enhance s the quality of the physical environment but also carries social value in terms of raising future environmentally conscious in divi duals. Measuring and evaluating climate change adaptation characte ri stics at the school level enables institutions to identify their strengths and weakn esses in this area and devel op strategies for improvement accordingly. This process contributes to the developm ent of a comprehensive perspective that will support the tr ansformation of schools in line with sustainability principles. In this context, the development of measurement tools to determine schools' adaptation to climate change will enable the systematic e valuation and improvement of sustainable school practices. In this regard, the primary objective of the research is to develop a valid and rel iable measurement tool that can asse ss sustainable school characteristics in the context of the climate change ada ptation process. Such a tool will contribute to objectively evaluating schools' V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 269 sustainability and climate adaptation performance, identifying areas for improvement, and promoting the dissemination of the sustainable school model. The research seeks to answer the following fundamental question: “How can a measurement tool be developed that can vali dly and rel iably assess sustainable school characteristics in the context of secondary schools' adaptation process to climate change?” 2. Materials and Methods The study aim s to evaluate sust ainable school characteristics within the context of the adaptation process to the effects of c limate change using a holistic approach. In this regard, the measurement tool to be developed is int ended to cover the fundamental compone nts of the sustainable school concept and enable the evaluation of schools across different dimensions. The sub-objectives of the research are outlined below: 1. Determining the Physical – Environmental Dimension: Assessing the level of physical arrangements (use of open and green spaces, ener gy efficiency, water management, etc.) that adapt to climate change in the design of the school's indoor and outdoor spaces, 2. Examination of the Pedagogical Dimension : Determine the extent to which education and learning environments are integrated with the principles of sustainability and climate change adaptation, 3. Assessment of the Social and A dministrative Dimension: Analyzing the level to which school administration, teacher, student, and parent interactions support a culture of sustainability; examining participation, awareness, and collaboration processes, 4. Examination of the Economic and Technical Dimension: Evaluate the school's efficiency in terms of resource use, maintenance a nd repair processes, waste management, and economic sustainability, 5. Development of a Meas urement Tool: Develop a scientific tool that can measure sustainable school characteristics in the context of clima te adaptation. This research is based on a scale development model conducted within the fr amework of a quantitative research app roach. In order to develop a valid and rel iable measurement tool for assessing schools' sustainability and climate change adaptation characteristics, the research process includes the stages of (1) literature review, (2) determining performance criteria, (3) obtaining expert opinion, and (4) model creation. The original “MEBP ERMOD ” model, designed to determine the performance status of school fac ilities in the climate change adaptation process, will enabl e the prioritization of str ategic actions by revealing the strengths and weaknesses of schools. The study uti lized descriptive and correlational survey methods. The descriptive dimension aimed to reveal the current sustaina bility levels of school s, while the correlational dimension focused on the relations hips between the scale's sub -dimensions and the overall construct validity. The data collection tool used in the study was rated on a five- point Likert scale as “1 - Equally important,” “3 - Moderately important,” “5 - Strongly important,” “7 -Very strongly important,” and “9 - Definitely important,” based on li terature review and expert opinions, and weight coefficients and importance rankings were determined. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 270 The content vali dity of the scale will be ensur ed by obtaining opinions from academic experts in the field and school administrators. The results obtai ned have been interpreted to represent the adaptation dimension of the sustainable school concept to climate change. 3. Findings and Discussion In line with Türkiye's net zero c arbon tar get by 2053, the commitment made at the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) requires the inclusion of school buildings, which constitute a significant portion of the public building stock, in thi s transformation process. In this context, efforts to develop green school buildings, zero -energy school buildings, and carbon -neutral or carbon-positive school buil dings are of strategic importance in line with sustainable development goals. The development of zero -energy school strategic plans for school facilities serves as an institutional roadmap for both mitigating the effects of climate change and supporting climate change adaptation proc esses. Such plans not only increase energy efficiency but also contribute to the creation of healthy, high-performance learning and working environment s. This supports students in gaining environmental awarene ss and conservation conscio usness during their development processes, while enabling school users to be more productive while saving energy and resources. In the process of adapting to climate change, it is crucial to set measurable targets to objectively evaluate the sust ainability performance of educational structures. These tar gets ensure that improvement and development processes in key areas such as energy, water, materials, carbon, transportation, waste, ecology, and mai ntenance in exis ting and potent ial school buildings become trackable. In this context, in the design and operation processes of school landscape spaces; 1. Energy use and efficiency, 2. Efficient use of water, 3. Sustainable material status and use, 4. Carbon emissions and storage capacity, 5. Environmental location and transportation relationship, 6. Waste and residue management and recycling, 7. Ecological contributions, 8. Building maintenance and repair level, 9. User perception and awareness performance-based criteria must be developed for these topics. In dete rmining these criteria, globally rec ognized green building certification systems that are also widely used in Türkiye have been taken as a basis. These include LEED (Lea dership in Energy and Environmental Design), BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), DGNB (De utsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen), CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environm ent Efficiency), GREEN STAR, SBTool, IISBE, Green Globe, B.E.S.T., and the YeS - TR syst em specific to Türki ye (Çapkın, 2010). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 271 The evaluation criteria der ived from these certification sys tems have been cla ssified within a framework of 15 basic criteria to determine the sustainability and climate change adaptation performance of school buildings (Table 1). These criteria enable a h olistic approach to both physical environmental conditions (energy, water, materials, carbon management) and socio- pedagogical compone nts (awareness, ecol ogical contribution, sust ainable behavior). The criteria developed in this direction provide a strateg ic framework for the design of climate- resilient, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable green school buil dings and the improvement of existing structures. Table 1. Performance criteria for secondary school spaces Criteria LEED Breeam DGNB IISBE Greenstar Casbee Green Globe SBTool B.E.S.T YeS- Tr Frekans Weight Score 1-Energy use and effici ency X X X X X X X X X 9 0,13 2-Exterior, interior quality an d comfort X X X X X X X X 8 0,12 3-Effective use and efficiency of wat er X X X X X X 6 0,09 4- Sustainable material status and use X X X X X 5 0,07 5- Carbon emissions and storage capacity X X X X X 5 0,07 6-Innovation in s patial design X X X X X 5 0,07 7-Environmental impacts and pollution X X X X X 5 0,07 8-Environmental location and transportation X X X X X 5 0,07 9-Evaluation of waste an d residues X X X 4 0,06 10 -Ecological con tributions X X X 3 0,04 11 -Building management a nd governance X X X 3 0,04 12 -Service and service quality X X X 3 0,04 13 -Social, cultural perception and awareness X X X 3 0,04 14 -Economic capacity X X 2 0,03 15 -Level of maintenance and rep air of school premise s X 1 0,01 67 1,00 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 272 The criteria were eval uated by experts using a 5- point Likert scale: “Equally important” 1 point, “Moderately im portant” 3 points, “Strongly important” 5 points, “Very strongly important” 7 points, and “Definitely important” 9 points, thereby establishing the priority and weight coefficient of the criteria (Table 2). When weighing up, the opinions of 20 experts in the fields of Landscape Architecture, Architectu re, Civil Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Food Engineering, and Environmental Engineering were consulted. Table 2. Evaluation of performance criteria for secondary school spaces Criteria Total Points Total Weight Energy use and efficie ncy 160 0,10 Ecological contributions 146 0,08 Effective use and ef ficiency of water 144 0,08 Environmental impacts and pollution 140 0,08 Exterior, interior quali ty and comfort 132 0,07 Sustainable material status and use 128 0,07 Carbon emissions a nd storage capacity 124 0,07 Evaluation of waste a nd r esidues 120 0,07 Social, cultural pe rcep tion and aware ness 110 0,06 Building management and governance 110 0,06 Environmental location and trans portation 102 0,06 Innovation in s patial design 96 0,05 Service and service qual ity 94 0,05 Economic capacity 92 0,05 Level of maintenance and repair of school premises 82 0,05 TOTAL 1780 1,00 Weight scores were determined by calculating the ratio of the scores obtained by 15 basic criteria, which were scor ed by experts according to their importance. Accordingly, the basic criteria are ranked as follows: first, “Energy use and eff iciency (0.10)” , followed by “Ecological contributions (0.08)”, “Effective use and efficiency of water (0.08)”, “Environmental impacts and pollutio n (0.08) ”, “ Exterior, int erior environment quality and comfort (0.07)”, “Sust ainable material status and use (0.07)”, “Carbon emissions and storage capacity (0.07)”, and “ Evaluation of waste and residues (0.07)”. Thus, it is envisaged that strategic action plan decisions for school landscape spaces will be developed using holistic performance benchmarks for school spaces. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 273 In this context, the “MEBPERMOD” model has been developed to evaluate each school's performance in adapting to climate change by scor ing sub -criteria and indicators based on 15 basic criteria. In schools where performance evaluation will be conduc ted, the goal is to obtain the school's total performance score by multiplying the weight score of each basic criterion, which includes the sub- criteria, by 5 points for “Yes” and 1 point for “No” for each of the 69 sub-criteria (Table 3). Table 3. Approach to evaluating the performance status of secondary school spaces with the MEBPERMOD model Number Basic Criteria (BC) Sub -Criteria (SC) Total Indicator Score (TIS) Basic Criteri a Weight Scor e (BWS) 1 Energy use and efficie ncy 1-Availability of a low-e nergy appliance s ystem 2-Conversion of the heating boiler system (conversion to natural gas ) 3-Reduction of capacit y load during holiday periods 4-Building interior an d exterior thermal i nsulation 5-Daylight usage 6-Renewable energy generation from solar , wind, etc. 7-Awareness training on energy consumption and conscious use 8-Availability of electricity generation with piezoelectric systems (pressurized) Yes 5 P oint No 1 Point 0,10 2 Exterior, interior quali ty and comfort 1-Ventilation envi ronments 2-Air circulation status 3-Presence of ventila tion shafts 4-Indoor acousti cs 5-Natural lighting sta tus 6-Geothermal heati ng availability 7-Presence of light shelves on windows 8-Sufficient space capacity 9-Cleaning frequenc y 10 -Accessibili ty of space Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,07 3 Effective use and efficiency of water 1-Presence of water c onservation measures 2-Current greywater usa ge status 3-Photocell batteries 4-Presence of time relay batteries 5-Rainwater storage a nd use for garde n irrigation 6-Presence of an a rtesian water source 7-Monitoring of wate r usage Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,08 4 Sustainable material status and use 1-Use of natural materials in interior and exterio r spaces 2-Use of recycled mate rials 3-Use of materials that do no t pose a cancer risk 4-Use of natural water-base d emulsion paints Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,07 5 Carbon emissions and storage capacity 1-Indoor carbon c ontent 2-Tree carbon stora ge in landscape d spaces 3-Per capita carbo n content Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,07 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 274 6 Innovation in spatial design 1-Technologies for the efficient use of renewable energy resources 2-Availability of buil ding automatio n systems 3-Use of innovati ve construction techniques Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,05 7 Environmenta l impacts and pollution 1- Presence of ai r pollution 2- Vehicle traffic densit y and noise 3- Dust density 4- Prevailing wind in fluence level Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,08 8 Environme ntal location and trans portat i on 1-Availability of pu blic transportation 2-Bicycle density 3-Parking capaci ty 4-Shuttle availability Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,06 9 Evaluation of waste and residues 1-Availability of separation systems for waste and residues 2-The status of food waste utilization 3-The status of compost fertilizer made from plant residue 4-The status of waste paper utiliz ation 5-The availabil ity of recycled mat erials 6-The status of prod ucing new material s f rom waste Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,07 10 Ecological contributions 1-Indoor planting 2-Roof and terrace planting 3-Vertical plant ing on the building facade 4-Presence and number of trees and shrubs in the school landscape spaces 5-Presence of fruit trees in the school landscape spaces 6-Presence of plant production and cultivati on areas Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,08 11 Building management and governance 1-Awareness level of sc hool administrators 2-Administrators' prioritization of maintenance and repair 3-Landscape planting acti vities 4-Green building project d evelopment 5-Support for stude nt activities 6-Participation l evel in decision-making processes Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,06 12 Service and service quality 1-The healthine ss of school canteen product s Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,05 13 Social, cultural perception and awareness 1-Number of educatio nal and cultural events 2-Number of stude nt clubs 3-Number of act ivities Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,06 V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 275 14 Economic capacity 1-Prioritizing the sc hool budget 2-Allocating funds for mai ntenance and repair Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,05 15 Level of maintenance and repair of school pr e mises 1-Existence of a periodic maintenance and repair program 2-Availability of sup port personnel Yes 5 Point No 1 Point 0,05 The MEBPERMOD ( Ministry of Nationa l Education Performance Model), developed to determine the sustainability and climate change adaptation levels of secondary school fac ilities, enables the evaluation of the physical, environmental, social, and economic dim ensions of educational structures through a holistic approach (Akten, 2024). The MEBPERMOD model is formulated as follows: BCS: Basic criterion score TSCS: Total sub-criterion score n: Number of criteria BWS: Basic criterion weight score TPS: School's total performance score BCS = TSCS n x BWS n TPS = BCS 1 (TSCS x BWS 1 ) + BCS 2 (TSCS x BWS 2 ) + …. BCS 15 (TSCS x BWS 15 ) The total performance score (TPS) has been grouped in three different ways to determine performance status. This scoring system quantifies the school's sustainability performance and its capacity to adapt to climate change. TSCS max 69x5 = 345 TSCS min 69x1 = 69 TSCS max – TSCS min = 345-69 = 276/3 = 92 • Low Performance Schools: 69 to 161 points • Medium Performance Schools: 162 to 253 points • High Performance Schools: 254 to 345 points Based on the total performance score obtained from the model, school facilities are classified into three main groups: 1. High-Performance Schools (Green Schools): These are schools that implement sustainability principles at a high level, provide energy and resource efficiency, and have effectively integrated climate change adaptation strategies. This group represents the highest level in the MEBPERMOD score range. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 276 2. Medium-Performance Schools (Developing Schools): These are schools that meet some sustainability criteria but need improvement in certain areas. These schools have made certain progress in environmental awareness and res ource management and have the potential to achieve sustainable sc hool s tatus. 3. Low-Performing Schools (Schools Requiring Improvement): These are schools that fail to meet most sustainability criteria and demonstrate low efficiency in areas such as energy, water, and material management. Schools in this group have the weakest capacity to adapt to climate change and require comprehensive ph ysical and administrative improvements. This three-tier classification enables the objective assessment of schools' current status and allows each school to develop sustainability strategies according to its own devel opment potential. Thus, the MEBPERMOD model serves as a measurable tool that gu ides decision- makers in the process of transforming secondary schools into climat e-resilient, sustainable, and healthy spaces. 4. Conclusion and Recommendations The selection and evaluation of performance criteria in secondary school settings requires a process based on multiple data sourc es. This is important not only for in creasing the reliability of results relate d to institutions but also for contributing to i nformation access and decision- making processes. Indeed, approaches aimed at improving the performance measurement and management of public institutions also support this understanding (Lettieri et al., 2004). According to Fındıkçı (2002), Barutçugil (2004), and Döngel (2006), evaluation based on multiple data sources increases measurement reliability and serves as an effective tool for analytical thinking, forecas ting the future , managerial improvem ent, and org aniz ational development. The evaluation process conducted within this scope enabl es the orga nization to conduct a self- assessment of its own performance. Thus, the findings obtained allow for the identification of exis ting deficiencies and problem areas, t hereby enabling the development of targeted improvement strategies for these areas. Based on the evaluation results, schools can define thei r own change and development goals by prioritizing areas with low perfor mance. This process is an im port ant part of sustainable school transformation and contributes to the continuous development cycle of institutions. Schools play an important role as insti tutions that present a comprehensive vision by raising awareness among all stakeholders on climate change and sustainability issues. However, the effective continuation of this vision depends on the implementation of regular monitoring, auditing, and improvement proc esses. In this regard, “MEBPERMOD” h as been developed to assess the performance status of schools' climate change adaptation processes. The MEBPERMOD m odel enables the quantitative assessment of schools' effectiveness in adapting to climate change. Within the scope of th e model, 15 basic criteria and 69 sub -criteria and indicators linked to these criteria are scored using specific weights to generate a total performance score for each school. The tot al scores obtained categorize schools' climate change adaptation performance levels into three categories: • 69 – 161 point range: Low-performing schools V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 277 • 162 – 253 point range: Medium-performing schools • 254 – 345 point range: High-performing schools This cla ssification enables school s to objectively analyze their current status, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and define str ategic areas for improvement in terms of sustainability. Thus, the MEBPERMOD model can be used as a scientifically based assessment tool for monitoring and managing adaptation to climate change in educational ins ti tutions. The MEBPERMOD model serves as an important guide for identifying the current status and shortcomings of schools based on their performance scores, enabling the formulation and prioritization of strategic action dec isi ons in the proc ess of adapting to clima te change. By highlighting the areas w her e each institution excels and those open to improvement, the model provides a data-driven approach to sustainability-based school management. Additionally, by comparing schools' eval uation results , it is possible to monitor the temporal development of institutions and asse ss the effectiveness of im provement processes. In this respect, the MEBPERMOD model covers not only the evaluation process but also th e stages of analyzing, interpreting, and translating the results into action. Therefore, the model offers a comprehensive framework that can be used bo th as a decision support tool and as a monitoring and evaluation mechanism in the process of developing sustainable school policies. This study was conducted to improve the adaptation process to climate change in secondary school lands cape spaces. The MEBPERMO D m odel develo ped for this purpose has a structure that can be applied not only to secondary schools but als o to educational institutions at different levels. This fea ture of the model allows for reaching a broader sample group and obtai ning generalizable results. During the evaluation process, institutions can adapt, develop, or redefine the criteria that affect their performance, taking into account the structural, environmental, and pedagogical characteristics of their own school levels. Thus, the model provides a flexible framework for different types of schools and contributes to improving sustainability performance. Furthermore, it is possible to conduct a comparative analysis of climate change adaptation performance outcomes by examining the model 's relationships with school facilities in different cities. Such comparative studies can serve as an important reference source for evaluating both regional differences and the impact of local government policies on school sustainability. Thanks and Information Note This work is a publication produced under project No FDK -2023-8998, supported by the Scientific Research Projects Management Unit of Süleyman Demir el University, and I would like to thank the Scientific Research Projects Management Unit of Süleyman Demirel University for its financial support. The article complies with national and international research and publication ethics. Ethics Committee approval in the study, Ethics Committee of the Univers ity of Süleyman Demirel date d 16 January 2023 and SDU Science and Engineering Ethics Committee Decision Number 70. All authors contributed equally to the article. References Akten, S. (2024). Okul Peyzaj Mekanlarının İklim Değişikliği Uyum Sürecine Yöneli k Stratejik Eylem Plan Modeli, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, Isparta. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 284 In this context, within the types of tourism, we can define bicycle tourism as trips made by bicycle by people whose main motivations are seeing the natural environment, physical fitness, experiencing adventure, seeking excitement and change, escaping rout ine, and feeling independence. Cycling tourism is recognized as a new market that conti nues to grow worldwide. In this context, it is accepted that cycling tourism has great potential in terms of tourism and that tourism regions that provide the necessary infrastructure and superstructure for cycling tourists stand out more in a competitive environment (Türkay & Atasoy, 2 021). Bicycle tourism can gen erally take place in nature, urban and rural areas, that is, in any locati on. Bicycles, which can also be described as a form of vacation transportation, are still considered a niche market in the tourism sector (Sheng, 2015). However, bicycle tourism provides opportunities to diversify and develop tourism at the national and regional levels. The creation of bicycle routes aims to attract tourists traveling in nature by providing them with a different activity (Ünüyar et al., 2017). T hus, visiting tourists contribute economically, socially, and environmentally to tourism destinations (Ritchie et al., 2010). In the EU, it is acknowledged that the meaning attributed to and importance given to cycling, particularly in terms of environmentally conscious options, has been effective in meeting the demand for envir onmentally conscious tourism that aims to foster dia logue between communities at both urban and rural scales, as well as other policy approaches (Blondiau & Zeebroeck, 2014; Transport and Tourism Policy, 2019; Türkay & Atasoy, 2021). Bicycle tourism cre ates cer tain advantages and disadvantages for tourism regions. The availability of e-bikes, the existence of different routes, and natural attractions are opportunities that tourism regions have in terms of bicycle tourism. On the other hand, the fact that it can only be carried out during certain periods of the year due to unsuitable weather conditions, the cost of creating bicycle rout es, the difficulty of establishing technological infrastructure, and safety issues are cited as disadvantages that bicycle tourism brings to countries or regions (Innovation Norway, 2016). However, there are also some physical, envir onmental, and individual limitations that hinder the widespr ead use of bicycles. Firstly, bicycles are sensitive to topographical features; cycling becomes difficult on sloping terrain, which dir ects users toward s public transportation. However, electric bicycles (e-bikes), which have become widespread in recent years, significantly eli minate this diffi culty, enabling bicycle transportation to be sustainable in different geographical conditions. Bicycles are also highly sensitive to climatic conditions. Adverse weather conditions such as rainfall, extreme heat, or cold reduce bicycle usage rat es. However, even in Northern European countries with unfa vorable climatic conditions, bicycle transportation does not disa ppear entirely; despite seasonal declines, it continues to be an important part of urban transportation syst ems (Türkay & Atasoy, 2021). In addition, travel distance is also an important factor affecting bicycle use. As distance increases, bicycle use becomes more diffi cult, especially for individuals with limited physical capac ity, the elderly, or those with physical disabilities, leading to a decline in usage rates. Therefore, for bicycles to be used effectively as a means of tr ansportation, urban planning must take these physical and environmental limitations int o account, and infrastructure and supportive policies must be shaped accordingly. For bicycle tourism to develop to the desired level in a region, infrastructure and well -defined bicycle routes are required. These conditions, in turn, require significant political power. Similarly, when discussing bicycle tourism, oth er important factor s include natural attractions, V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 285 scenery, as well as accommodation facilities offering quality services, bicycle rental and transfer companies (l uggage transport). At this point, provi ding the infrastructure and superstructure needed by tour ism regions bri ngs the political environment to the fore. For this reason, the EU supports bicycle tourism in th e political environment. In this context, the German Cyclists' Association (ADFC) is one of the official organizations established to secure the political environment's support for bicycle tourism (Innovation Norway & NCE Tourism Fjord Norway, 1998). 2.Materials and Methods The criteria considered in the creation of bicyc le rout es in this study were dete rmined thr ough a literature review. During the process of establishing the criteria for the research topic, the “Bicycle Paths Regulation” publi shed in the Official Gaze tte da ted December 12, 2019, with the number 30976, and the relevant TSE sta ndards were examined. In addition, international standards such as AASHTO, 2012; C ROW, 2017; ECF , 2019 were taken into consideration. In this context, the opini ons of decision -makers, academics, and bicyc le users were coll ected through a survey, and three bas ic criteria (physica l, environmental, and visual/functional criteria) and 21 sub-criteria and indicators that could be taken into account in the creation of the bicycle route were determined. The criteria identif ied in the study include: Bicycle path types, vehicle and pedestrian lane width, slope, road surface material quality and condition, land use type, usage intensity, transportation system integration, property sta tus, traffic de nsity, traffic speed, building density, building layout, n etwor k continuity, integration with open and green spaces, landscape and user experience, lighting conditions, visibility d ist ance, road traffic signs and signage, bicycle parking facilities, noise and safety level. One of the most important factors in ensuring that CBS-based bicycle path selection is sustainable and understandable is the ranking of criteria according to their importance levels using the analytic hierarchy process. Therefore, the defined criteria were ranked in order of priority by a total of 30 people, including decisio n -makers, ac ademics, and bicycle users, using a 9-point Saaty scale via a survey. The weighted scores for the criteria obtained as a result of the priority ranking were calcu lated. Thus, the basic/sub-criteria and indicators for determining the location of bicycle routes and their prioritization were established. 3.Findings and Discussion 3.1.Bicycle Path Location Selection Criteria Bicycle users can be divided int o different groups based on various criteria such as purpose of use, experience level, comfort expectations, and behavior patterns in traffic. These classifications play an important role in the development of bicycle transp ortation policies, infrastructure design, and determining the target audience for awareness campaigns. The size and characteristics of user groups should be taken into account when d eveloping bicycle strategies and plans. To increas e bicycle usage rat es, the lines between groups should be lowered to increase the number of users and the propor tion of bicycle trips. The li ter ature shows that bicycle users are c las sified in different ways according to their travel purposes (e.g., commuting to work, school , shopping, rec reation), frequency of use (r egular user s, occasional users), or individual cha racteristics (age, gender, physical ability, etc.). Defining user groups is important because it is necessary to determine the needs of bicycle users within the city and to plan and design accordingly. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 286 In our country, the criteria set forth in the 2017 Urban Bicycle Paths Guide issued by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change are applied. Bicycle paths should be planned with the minimum criteria necessary for cyclists to move aroun d in mind and in a way that does not disrupt vehicle traffic. There are numerous factors that influence whether a bicycle is used or not, as well as the numbe r, route, speed, distance, and frequency of bicycle trips, apart from personal characteristics. Three basic criteria and 21 sub-criteria have been identified that should be considered in the planning and design of bicycle use, incl uding physical, environmental, and visual/functional criteria. The identified criteria are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Proposed bicycle path design criteria Physical Criteri a Environmental Cri teria Visual/Functional Cri teria Bicycle path types Land use type Integration with open and green spaces Road widths Usage intensity Landscape and use r experience Slope Transportation system i ntegration Lighting Road Surface Material Quality and Conditi on Property status Visibility distance Traffic density Traffic signs and signa ge Traffic speed Bicycle parking facilities Building density Noise level Building layout Safety level Network continuity a. Physical criteria Bicycle path types; Bicycle transportation is one of the fundamental components of sustainable urban mobility strategies. Eff ective bicycle path p lanni ng depends not only on the existence of infrastructure but also on the quality and condition of this infrastructure, includi ng path types, path width, slope, road surface material quality and condition, visibility distance, lighting, network integrity, traffic signs and directional signage, bicyc le parking facilities, noise level, traffic density, usage density, land use type, buil ding layout, building density, property status, traffic speed, and transportation system integration. In this context, the correct determination of road types plays a crit ica l role in the safety, comfort, continuity, and attractiveness of bicycle transportation. Bicycle paths are generally divided into three main types (AASH TO, 2012; ECF, 2019): • Segregated Cycle Tracks: These are paths physically separated from mo tor vehicle traffic and designed exclusively for cyclists. • Shared Lanes: Local roads where cyclists and motor vehicles share the same lane, typically with low speed limits. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 287 • Bike Lanes: Special bicycle lanes on motor vehicle roads, separated by paint or markings. This classification directly affec ts cyclists' perception o f safety, speed preferences, and route choices (Parkin, 2018). The choice of road type is decisive for cyclists’ saf ety. Studies show that physically separated bicycle lane s reduce the risk of traffic accidents by 30 – 50% compared to roads shared with motor vehicles (Pucher & Buehler , 2016). Furthermore, separated lanes provide visual and psychological comfort for cy clists, which increases bicycle use, especially among vulnerable user groups such as women, chil dren, and the elderly. The choice of road type should be consistent with the characteristics of the urban fabric. For example, physically separated bicycle lanes are preferred in high-density city centers, while shared lanes may be more appropriate in low-density residential areas. This approach optimizes land use and ensures cost-effectiveness, in line with urban design principles (Litman, 2020). Road widths; Road width on bicycle paths is a decisive design criterion in terms o f user safety, mutual passage, comfort level, and capacity. Recommended bicycle lane widths in international standards (Table 2) vary depending on the type of use (AASHTO, 2012; CROW, 20 17; ECF, 2019); When planning road width, existing urban area constraints must also be take n into account. Buehler & Pucher (2012) stated that there is a significant relationship between the physical characteristics of roads (length, wi dth, etc.) and the number of users. Furthermore, width directly affects not only safety but also user comfort. Sufficient width facilitates cyclists passing each other, ri ding side by side, and maintaining a steady speed, which makes bicycle traffic flow smoothly (Parkin, 2018). Table 2. Width values according to international standards Road Type Recommended Minimum Width (m) Suitable Width (m) Description One -way sepa rated bike path 1.50 1.75 – 2.00 Suitable for low-de nsity, short-distance routes. Two-way separate bic ycle p ath 2.50 3.00 – 3.50 It provides mutual pa ssage and safe maneuvering area. Bicycle lane (on the roa d) 1.25 1.50 – 1.80 It is applied on main a rteries shared wit h motor vehicle traf fic. Shared road — — Suitable for loc al roads where vehicle speed is ≤30 km/h. Pedestrian-bicycle s har ed path 3.00 3.50 – 4.00 Visual or structural se par ation is recommended to avoid u ser conflicts. Slope; Slope on bicycle paths is one of the fundamental physical design variables that determine the comf ort, energy requirements, and speed of bicycle transportation (Table 3). Maintaining appropriate slope values encourages bicycle transportation by reducing t he physical effort required by users. Excessively steep routes, however, have a deterrent effect, particularly for children, the elderly, and everyday users (AASHTO , 2012 ; CROW, 2017). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 288 Table 3. Recommended slope values according to international standards Slope Type Maximum Slope (%) Description Ideal slope 0 – 2 Provides comf ortable riding on flat t errain. Acceptable slope 3 – 5 Acceptable for short distances (≤150 m ). Maximum short-term sl op e 6 – 8 Applicable only in cases of topographic necessity. Downward slopes (maximum ) 10 Requires safe braking distance and speed control. The topography's long-distance steep inclines and descents negatively affect the number and length of bicycle trips. The gradient value directly affects the rider's required pedaling power and energy expenditure. According to CROW (2017), a cyclist's comfo rt level begins to decrease on gra dients above 3%; gradients above 5% are acceptable for short climbs but are not sustainable over long distances. Broach et al. (2012) illustrate the slope-distance relationship by citing a 1-mile (1.6 km) route w ith a gent le slope (2-4%) uphill as a n exam ple of a route where cyclists would be willing to pedal. Road surface material quality and condit ion; The quality of road su rface material used on bicycle paths is a critical factor in terms of riding comfort, safety, maintenance costs, and the longevity of the road. Appropriate material selection determines not only str uctural durability but also skid resistance, vibration levels, and water drainage performance (CROW, 2017; Parkin, 2018). The skid resistance of the material used on bicycle paths is particularly important in wet conditions. A longitudinal slope of at least 0.5 – 1% should be provided to prevent water accumulation on the surface (ECF, 2019). For proper drainage, the bicycle path surface should have a 2% cross s lope. If the bicycle path level is above the vehicle road level, it is constructed in the direction of vehicle traffic (TS 7249). Provi ding cross slope on one side generally facilitates longitudinal drainage design and sur face construction. If there are points where channels and grates intersect with the bicycle path for water drainage, they must be placed crosswise for driving safety. b. Environmental Criteria Land use type; In bicycle route planning, land use type is one of the key determinants in terms of route selection, user density, safety level, and accessibility. Different land use types (residential, comm ercial, industr ial, educational, recreational, etc .) directly in fluence cyclists' travel motivations and routes (Pucher & Buehler, 2012). Therefore, in the bicycle path planning process, not only the physical infrastructure but also the spatial distribution of urban functions must be taken into account. One of the most important factors determining the effectiveness of bicycle paths is the land use type of the surrounding area along the route. Land use type for ms the spatial backbone of bicycle path planning. The relationships between d iffer ent functional a rea s determine route selection, capacity, and design decisions. Planning bicycle paths to connect residential, commercial, educational, and V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 289 recreational areas both increase usage rates and supports sustainable urban mobility. Therefore, land use analysis should be considered a strategic guiding element in bicy cle planning. Usage intensity; Usage intensity on bicycle paths is defined as the number of cyclists passing through a unit width in a unit of time and is usually expressed in the unit of bicyc le/hour/meter (b/h/m). Usage intensity is a decisive indicator in terms of bicycle infrastruc ture capacity planning, comfort level, safety requirements, and maintenance policies (CROW, 2017). Studies show that overcrowding on bicycle lanes reduces user riding comf ort, increases stress leve ls, and encourages a shift to alternative m odes of transportation in the long term (Kaparias et al., 2015). The maximum comfortable capacity on bicycle lanes is the density level at which cyclists can comfortably pass each other and maintain a steady speed. Table 4 shows the recommended capacity values based on road width: Table 4. Relationship between capacity and comfort Bicycle Facili ty Types Average Width (m ) Comfortable Capaci ty (bicycles/hour) Peak Capacity (bicycles/hour) One -way path 1.5 – 2.0 600 – 800 1000 – 1200 Two-way path 2.5 – 3.0 1000 – 1500 2000 – 2500 Shared path — < 300 < 500 Transportation system integration; The integration of bicycle lanes into the physical environment should be evaluated not only in terms of use r safety and comfort, but also in terms of urban integrity and their relationship with transporta tion systems. In this context, the Bicycle Lanes Regulation (2019) Article 4(27) states that bicycle lanes may be constructed on pedestrianized stree ts to allow bicycle use duri ng certain hours. This regulation is an important planning principle that enables the integr ation of pedestrian and bicycle transp ortation in city centers. In this regard, one-way roads and pedestrianized streets are considered suitable areas for bi cycl e lane applications, while two-way roads are h ighlighted as areas with limited suitability. This classification is based on the impact of factors such as road width and traffic density on bicycle transporta tion. The integration of bicyc le lanes into the transportation system plays a key role in creating flexible and sustainable transportation infrastructure in cities. McBain & Coulfield (2017) stated that in the city of Cork (Ireland), bicycle stations connected to buses or rail systems were used more frequently for transfers. This integration transforms bicycle use into a natural part of daily life while also making urban mobility mor e efficient, accessible, and environmentally friendly. Property status; In bicycle path planning, property status is a fundamental planning component that determines the type of property areas (public, private, foundation, or mixed) through which the route passes, directly affecting implementation processes and investment costs (Litman, 2020). Failure to accur ately analyze the property str ucture can lead to significant problems in bicycle network projects, such as fragmented connections, expropriation iss ues, access restrictions, and implementation delays. T her efore, property status must be addressed in detail in bicycle path planning, along with land use deci sions. Furthermore, it is important for the sustainability of the implementation that the corridors allocated for bicycle paths in zoning V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 290 plans remain withi n public property boundaries. A lt hough the Bicycle Paths Regulation (2019) does not contain detailed provisions directly related to property status, it adopts a general planning principle that local governments should take the property st ructure into accou nt in design and route planning. Traffic density; Traffic densi ty on bike paths is a key performance indicator representing the number of bicycles passing through a section in a given time period and is typi cally measured in units of bicycles per h our. Accurat ely determining traffic de nsit y is critical fo r both assessing infrastructure capacity and improving user safety and comf ort. Approaching capacity on bike paths during peak hours can lead to negative consequences, such as reduced speeds, reduced following distances, increased collision risk, and increased user stress levels. Therefore, density management is closely linked to urban design components such as the width of separated bike paths, intersection designs, signaling arrangements, and alternative rout e planning. Traffic speed; The speed of bicycle tr ansportation varies depending on numerous factors, including the type and tec hnical adequacy of the bicycle used, the purpose of the journey, the physical and geome tric condition of the bicycle path, its topography, slope, regional wind conditions, traffic density, and the physical condition of the rider. As tr affic speed increases, the risk of accidents and the severity of collisions rise expon enti ally. Research shows that speeds of 30 km/h and below are a safe threshold for cyclists (OECD, 2020). ≤ 30 km/h: Safe speed, suitable for mixed -use areas. 30 – 50 km/h: Separated bicycle lanes are recommended. > 50 km/h: Physical barriers are mandatory. Therefore, instead of a fixed speed limit, design speeds that can vary according to different conditions should be considered . The maximum cruising speed generally preferred by bicycle users should be taken as the basis for determining the design speed. Ho wever, in areas where the longitudinal gradient exceeds 4% or where strong prevailing winds are effective, a design speed of 50 km/h is recommended. This recommendation is particularly important in ter ms of controlling bicycle traffic and speed increases on downhill sections. Building density, directly affects physical space usage , traffic load, microclimate, and user safety in bicycle path p lanning (Litman, 2020). At the urban planning scale, building density determines the prioritization of bicycle paths and investment strategies. This strategic approach increases both infrastructure efficiency and sustainable transportation rates. In urban areas with high buil ding density, especially in central areas, the intensity of motor vehicle traffic poses a threat to bicycle transportation; at the same time, it becomes difficult to allocate sufficient physical space for bicycle lanes. However, medium-density residential areas offer more favorable p hysical conditions for bicycle lanes, providing advantages in terms of both road safety and user accessibility (Pucher et al., 2010). Therefore, bicycle lanes should have width and design standards that are compatible with the surrounding building density. Building layout; A concept that defines the arrangement of buildings, facade layout, building approach distances, and height relationships. This element, which determines the physi cal character of the urban space, has a direct im pact on the spatial continuity, safety, and user experience of bicycle paths (Gehl, 2010). Building layout (detached, attached, block, etc.) plays a decisive role in planning bicycle lane routes and crossin g areas. Taking these physical V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 291 differences into account, decisions must be made during the planning process regarding the layout of bicycle lanes and how they will be constructed with protection or lane separa ti on. Since bicycle lanes generally extend along urban street corridors, the surroundi ng building layout shapes both the physical environment quality and psychological perception. The dist ance and layout of buildings relative to bicycle lanes also affect the fi eld of view and sense of safety. The Bicycle Paths Regulation (2019) emphasizes that physical barriers and environmental development conditions must be ta ken into account in route planning; however, it does not provide a specific classification regarding building layout. Network conti nuity ; refers to the level at which bicycle paths form a seamless, safe, and connected system. An effective bicycle transportation system is based on the principles of continuity, connectivity, and integration not only in specific corridors but thr oughout the c ity (ECF, 2019; Pucher & Buehler, 2016). A bicycle networ k is a consi stent route system that provides users with seamless transportation between home, work, education, commerce, and recreation areas, supported by safe crossing points. In cities with weak network continuity, bicycle paths remain fragmented, and users avoid these areas. Research shows that bicycle usage rates incr ease by up to 30% in cities with high network integrity (Hull & O'Holleran, 2014). c. Visual/Functional Criteria Integration with open and green spaces ; The integration of bicycle paths with open and green spaces ensures that sustainable transportation systems becom e not only a means of transportation but also an ecological and recreational connecting element. This integration supports the holistic structur e of the city's green infrastructure system, producing both environmental and social benefits (Beatley, 2011; ECF, 2019). This red uces the carbon footprint and mitigates the urban h eat island effect (Jim & Chen, 200 9). Furthermore, it positively impacts physical and psychological health by increasing users' interaction with nature. Landscape and user experience; Bicycl e paths are also experiential spaces that enable users to interact with the natural and urban envir onment. In this context, “landscape and user experience” is a fundamental design component that determines the spat ial quality, visual continuity, and psychological comfort of bicycle paths. Cyclists' perception of their surroundings is shaped b y changing perspectives while in motion. Therefore, the quality of the scenery along bicycle routes is not only an aesthetic eleme nt but also important in terms of orientation and spatial memory (Appleyard, 2013). Lighting; Lighting on bicycle paths is a factor that directly affects user safety, visual comfort, and encourages nighttime use. Inadequate lighting limits visi bility for both cyclists and pedestrians, increasing the risk of accidents. Therefore, the appropriate lighting level for bicycle paths should be planned within the framework of traffic safety, perceptual comf ort, and urban safety principles (CROW, 2017; ECF, 2019). Visibility distance; is the minimum field of vision required for cyclists to maneuver safely, detect sudden obstacles, and stop. On bicycle paths, factors such as slope, curve radius, environmental obstacles, and landscaping directly affect sight distance. Insufficient sight distance increases the risk of collisions both between cyclists and in cyclist -vehicle interactions (AASHTO, 2012). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 292 Traffic signs and signage; Traffic signs and signage systems on bicycle paths are a fundamental component for enabling users to move safely, comfortably, and consc iously. These elements provide cy clists with right-of-way, route in formation, hazard warnings, and guidance support. An effective signage system not only enhances saf ety but also strengthens the perceived integrity of the bicycle network (CROW, 2017; AASHTO, 2012). Today, smart guidance systems are being integrated into bicycle infrastructure alongside traditional signs. Bicycle parking facilities; Bicycle parking facilities are an integral par t of the bicycle transportation system. Planning areas where cyclists can safely and conveniently leave their bicycles at their destinations directly increases bicycle usage rat es (Pucher & Buehler, 2012). The Bicycle Paths Regulation (2019) in force in Türkiye also supports these requirements. According to the provisions of Article 4(4) and Article 17(3) of the Regul ati on, bicycle parking areas must be connected to bicycle paths. The se regulations reflect the structural planni ng principles aimed at encouraging the adoption of bicycles as a daily means of tr ansportation. In recent year s, bicycle parking systems have gained importance in terms of efficient space utilization and security optimization by being integrated with smart technologies. Noise level; Noise level on bicyc le paths is a design parameter that directly affects both user comfort and environmental sustainability. Noise is not only a physical nu isa nce; it is also an important environmental factor that determines cyclists' perceived safety, psychological comfort, and riding satisfaction levels (Basner et al., 2014). When planning urban bicycle networks, factors such as traffic density, motor vehicle speed, road surface material quality, and environmental sound reflec tions should be considered for their im pact on noise during route selection. Quiet, comfortable, and safe bicycle paths are among the most important components that strengthen cities' sustainable transportation vi sion. Safety level; Traffic speed is one of the most critical parameters determining the safety level of bicycle lanes, user comfort, and route preferences. In the planning and design of bicycle lanes, specific speed criteria must be adhered to, based on user safety, comfort , and transportation efficiency. The legal basis for the minimum speed limit to be applied on bicyc le lanes is set out in the “Bicycl e Lanes Regulation” (Official Gazette, November 3, 2020, Number: 31293), which specifies a minimum design spee d of 15 km/h and a maximum design speed of 30 km/h. These speed limits have been est ablished to ensure that bicycle users can travel in a safe, comfortable, and continuous transportation environment. The regulation also requires that speed limits be reassessed and necessary safety mea sures take n when the road gradient exceeds 4% (ÇŞB, 2020). Within the scope of the study, a route recommendation for bicycle paths was made using an analysis tool based on the results obtained by ranking the criteria sets according to their importance (Table 5). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 293 Table 5. Order of importance of criteria Criteria number Basic criteria Sub -criteria Criterion weighted score Criteria importance order 1 Physical Criteri a Bicycle path types 5,51 5 2 Road widths 5,37 9 3 Slope 6,12 2 4 Road Surface Material Quality and Conditi on 5,61 4 5 Environmental Criteria Land use type 4,96 15 6 Usage intensity 4,83 17 7 Transportation system integration 5,33 10 8 Property status 5,09 13 9 Traffic density 4,61 19 10 Traffic speed 5,46 7 11 Building density 5,06 14 12 Building layout 5,45 8 13 Network continuity 5,75 3 14 Visual/Functional Criteria Integration with ope n and green spaces 5,26 11 15 Landscape and use r experience 5,16 12 16 Lighting 4,93 16 17 Visibility distance 5,49 6 18 Traffic signs and signa ge 6,30 1 19 Bicycle parking facilities 4,73 18 20 Noise level 4,16 20 21 Safety level 4,15 21 4.Conclusion and Recommendations In recent ye ars , there has been a need for modern and innovative appro aches based on planning to solve the most important transportation problem in cities. Cities with bicycle transportation networks are healthier and more livable. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 300 The evaluation framework of the study is based on four main c riteria derived from an extensive literature review and qualitative analysis of th e case studies: Spatial Atmosphere Perception, Material Honesty Perception, Sensory Perception, and Minimalist At titude Perc eption. A total of 17 sta tements corresponding to these criteria were devel oped and assessed by 36 prof essional architects using a fi ve-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree). This approach enabled the transformation of subjective spatial experiences into systematic, comparable, and measurable data, all owing minimalist architectural effects to be eval uated quantitatively rather than solely through interpretive discourse. 3.1. Spatial Atmosphere Perception Findings related to spatial atmosphere perception indicate that most case study buildings successfully generate a calm, legi ble, and low-stimulus environment, while simultaneously providing a sense of openness and spat ial coherence. These res ults suggest t hat minimalist atmosphere does not emerge solely from formal red uction or geometric simplicity, but rather from the interaction between material presence, light, texture, and spatial continuity. In Ronchamp Chapel, the sculptural use of exposed concr ete establishes a strong rel ationship between materiality and spiritual atmosphere (Deniz, 2016). The whitewashe d concrete walls, combined with carefully controlled natural light, create a perceptual d epth that transcends structural function. Similarly, Taliesin West demonstrates how spatial atmosphere is strengthened thr ough the dir ect use of locally sourced stone, whose rough texture and laye red arrangement rei nforce the building’s integration with th e surrounding landscape. In De Blas House, the contrast between the heavy stereotomic concrete base and the lightweight tectonic upper structure gene rates a dual atmospheric reading simul taneously introverted and expansive thereby enriching spatial perception through material opposition. Figure 1. Ronchamp by Le Courbusier (URL5) These findings confirm that spatial atmosphere in minimalist architecture is not a byproduct of visual economy alone, but a result of material -driven spatial articulation that engages users at both perceptual and experiential levels. 3.2. Material Honesty Perception Material honesty constitutes the conceptual core of thi s research. The findings cle arly indicate that buildings in which materials are used without concealment, imitation, or surface mas king are perceived as more authentic, coherent, and convincingly minim alist by users. Material honesty emerges as a measurable determinant in the perception of minimalist architectural identity. At the Indian Institute of Management, brick is not employed as a superficial finish V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 301 but as a structural and concept ual generator o f architectural form. Kahn’s approach often summarized by his met aphor of “asking the brick what it wants to be” positions material as an active pa rticipant in design rather than a passive construction element (Deniz, 2016). Likewise, in Koshino House and Church of Light, Tadao Ando’s exposed concrete surfaces retain formwork traces and construction joints, allowing the production process itself to become part of the architectural expression. Figure 2. Indian Institute of Mana Gemenet Building by Louis Kahn, 1974 (URL3) Taliesin West exemplifies material honesty through the untreated surfaces of stone, wood, and plaster, while Thorncrown Chapel achieves transparency and tectonic clarity by exposing timber and glass in their natural states. In De Blas House, the monolithic concrete mass functions as an extension of the ground, reinforcing the perception of material as both spatial and conceptual substance (Öncan, 2023). Although Vitra Fire Station also employs exposed concrete, it s dramatic and dynami c formal language diffe rentiates it from the contempl ative minimalism observed in other examples, highlighting that material honesty alone does not automatically result in a calm minimalist atmosphere. Overall, these findings confirm that material honesty is a critical, perceivable parameter thr ough which users assess the authenticity and minimalist quality of architectural space. Figure 3. Taliesin West by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1959 (URL2) 3.3. Sensory Perception The sensory perception findings reveal that tactile qualities, surface textures, and thermal associations of materials significantly influence users’ spatial experience. In many cases, high material honesty corresponds with heightened sensory awareness; however, sensory intensity V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 302 varies depending on scale, accessibility, light conditions, and material continuity (Şimşek, 2011). Thorncrown Chapel exhibits the str ongest sensory engagement, where timber surfaces, transparency, and constantly changing daylight conditions foster a direct bodily relationship between the user and the environment. In Ronchamp and Church of Light, sens ory perception is shaped through the contrast between the cold, massive character of concrete and the immaterial presence of light, tr ansforming physical materiality into an abstract spatial experience (Bektaş, 2024). Figure 4. Church of Light and Sunday Scool by Tadao,1999 (URL1) In De Blas House, the contrast between the heavy, encl osed concrete base and the lum inous interior surfaces produces a tactile and atmospheric duality that enhances user perception. These results support the hypothesis that sensory perception is not solely dependent on material selection, but on the way material properties are spatially articulated and perceptually accessible (Şimşek, 2011). Figure 5 . De Blas House by Alberto Campo Baeza, 2000 (URL4) 3.4. Minimalist Attitude Perception Minimalist attitude perception defined thr ough the absence of unnecessary ornamentation, clarity of spatial organization, and the dominance of material as a primary design element received consistently high evaluations across all case studies. This outcome confirms that the selected examples successfully represent minimalist architectural principles. Church of Light and De Blas House achieved the highest minimalist attitude scores, in dica ting that users strongly associate minimalism with conceptual clarity, material restraint, and expressive reduction rather than with stylistic uniformity. The results demonstrate that minimalist arc hitecture is per ceived not as a singular visual language, but as a holi stic experiential condition formed through the integration of material honesty, sensory engagement, and spatial atmosphere (Özçam, 2022). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 303 3.5. Discussion Based on the Comparative Analysis The comparative analysis table reveals a consistent pattern across the evaluated buildings: while spatial atmosphere perception remains relatively balanced across cases, material honesty and minimalist attitude perception emerge as the most influential var iables in shaping users’ overall evaluation of minimalist architecture. Despite variations in material type concr ete, brick, timber, glass, or steel the fi ndings indicate that mi nimalist atm osphere is reinforced when materials are used in direct relation to their intrinsic properties and contextual conditions, rather than through decorative or representational strategies. The case studies demonstrate that minimalist architecture can accommodate different emotional registers, ranging fr om contemplative calmness (Church of Light, De Blas House) to sens ory immersion (Th ornc rown Chapel) and dynamic tension (Vitra Fire Station). These results support the main hypothesis of the study: in minimalist architecture, building materials operate as measurable agents that shape spatial atmosphere through their inherent physical, sensory, and conceptual qualities. The integration of qualitative architectural analys is with quantitative user-based data confirms the applicability of the proposed evaluation model for both academic research and architectural design practice. Table 1. Comparison of the Table and Graphical Representation of Interaction Scores Across All Case Studies by Categories V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 304 4. Conclusion and Recommendations This study demons trates that, within the framework of minimalist architecture, buil ding materials cannot be reduced to purely technical or structural components, but function as determinative and measurable agents in the formation of spatial atmosphere. Wh ile minimalist architecture has frequently been discussed in the literature through the lens of for mal reduction and visual simplicity, systematic investigations that examine the relationship between materiality and spatial experience through an analytical evaluation model rem ain limited. In this respect, the present study contributes to the field by proposing an ori ginal framework that enables the assessment of material use in minimalist architecture through the dimensions of spatial atmosphere perception, material honesty perception, sensory perception, and minimalist attitude perception. Through the eval uation model developed in this research, selected archite ctural examples from different periods and employing diverse material palettes were anal yzed based on expert assessments. The resulting data were translated into weighted interaction scor es, allowing the relationship between material choice and spatial experience to be examined not only qualitatively, but also within a measurable and comparable analytical structure. This approach offers a methodological contribution by bridging subject ive architectural experien ce with structured evaluation criteria. The findings reveal that mat erial selection plays a central role in shaping spatial experience in minimalist architecture. Moreover, the results indicate that a minimalist atmosphere is not dependent on a specific material type; rather, it emerges when materials are used in accordance with their intrinsic physical, sensory, and contextual properties. In this sense, material honesty appears as a key parameter through which minimalist identity is perceived and evaluated, reinforcing the idea that minimalism i s produced thr ough mat erial authenticity rather than formal abstraction alone. Overall, the findings confirm the main hypothesis of the study, which argues that materials in minimalist architecture actively determine spatial experience and can be systematically examined at a measurable level. The subsidiary hypotheses that minimalist attitude is generated not solely through formal simplicity but through the inherent qualities of materials, and that material honesty constitutes one of the fundamental criteria of mi nimalist design are also supported by the results. The evaluation model proposed in this study is not limi ted to the analyzed cases; it offers a transferable fr amework that may be applied to different building typologies and architectura l movements. In thi s regard, the study can be consider ed a prototype f or analytically examining the material – space relationship, contributing to both architectural research and design practice by providing a structured tool for assessing the experiential impact of material use. Thanks and Information Note The article complies with national and international research and publication ethics. Ethics Committee approval was not required for the study. All au thors contributed equally to the article. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 305 References Cheng, F. (2006). Boşluk ve Doluluk. İmge Kitapevi. Deniz, B. (2016). The Significance of Materials Within the Context of Architectural Design. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Middle East Technical University. Ertürk, M. (2011). Mi nimalizmin Doğuşu ve Mimaride Biçim Açısından Minimalizm Değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İTÜ. Irmak, C. (2002). Mimarlıkta Yalınlık ve Minimalist Tavır. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İTÜ. Islakoğlu, P. M. (2006) . Minimalizm Kavramı ve Mimarlıkta Mi nimalist Yaklaş ımlar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen B il imleri Enstitüsü. Kültür, M. (2002) . M inimalizm Akımının Ortaya Çıkışı ve Tüketi m Kavramı Bağlamında İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi. Öncan, M. (2023) . Mimarlıkta Dürüstlük Kavramının Yapı Malzemesi Üzerinden İncelenmesi ve Dürüstlüğün Manipülasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Konya Teknik Üniversitesi. Özçam, I. (2002). Fenomenolojik yaklaşımın mimaride tasarımcı kimliği ve malzeme kullanımı üzerinden okunması. Mimarlık ve Yaşam Dergisi. Ramussen, S. (2021). Yaşanan Mimari. Remzi Kitapevi. Şimşek, A. (2011). Tectonic Expression of Concrete as an Archit ectural Material. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Middle East Technical University. Taşdelen, G. (2024). Az ve Öz Arasında Melez Bir Yaklaşım: Minimalizm ve Grafik Tasarım. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi. URL1: https://www.archdaily.com/101260/ad-classics-church-of-the-light-tadao-ando. (2025). URL2: https://www.archdaily.com/123117/ad- classics-taliesin-west-frank-lloyd-wright. (2025). URL3: https://www.archdaily.com/83697/ad-classics-indian-institute- of -management-louis- kahn. (2025). URL4: https://www.archdaily.com/office/alberto-campo-baeza. (2025). URL5: https://www.arkitektuel.com/ronchamp/. (2025 ). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 306 Principles and Guidelines for Planning Restoration in For est Fire - Affected Areas Ufuk COŞGUN 1 ORCID 1: 0000- 0003-4738-6636 1 Prof. Dr. Karabük Unive rsity Faculty of Forestry Departm ent of Forest Engineering, Karabü k - Türkiye ufukcosgun@ka rabuk.edu.tr, Sohaib K. M. ABUJAYYAB 2 ORCID 1: 0000-0002-6692 - 3567 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr., Kara bük University Faculty of Humani ties and Social Sciences Department of Geography, Karabük - Türkiye [email protected] du.tr, Abstract Forest fires in our country are becoming increasingly frequent and difficult to combat. Climate change has a significant impact on this tre nd. An increase in the number of ext remely hot and dry days and above-average wind speeds can cause a fire that has just started to spread very qu ickly, turning into large or even mega forest fires. This process is clearly evident when looking at forest fires in previous periods. For example, between 1987 and 1996, the annual number of forest fires was 1,881, and the area burne d was 12,446 ha. For t he perio d 2015 -2024, the same figur es are 2,733 and 25,762 ha, r espectively. While the fire that burned approximately 10,000 hect ares in Marmaris in 1997 is considered the largest fire in the history of the Republic, the Serik - Taşağıl fire in 2008, which bur ned 15,000 hectares of forest, took first place. On the other hand, 2021 has overtur ned all statistics. During this period, approximately 60,000 ha burned within the M anavgat Forest Management Directorate alone, and 145,000 h a of forest area burned nationwide, and the fires of this period have been called “Mega Forest Fires.” The fi rst step in restoration w ork to be carried out in large bu rned f orest areas is planning the are a. T he fi rst step in planning is to decide which production-marketing and silvicultural regimes should be applied in which areas. This requires examining the entire area. However, just driving around the terrain to see the mega forest fire areas takes a week or two. The forest fires of 2025 have revealed a different dimension in terms of their nature. As of September, the number of fires exceeds 4,000. The amount of burned area has not yet been reflected in the statistics. It is observed th at forest fires in this period ha ve spread not only in the Mediter ranean climate belt areas but also towards other ecosystem types. In pa rticular, the forest fires in Eskiş ehir and Karabük involve not only red pine forest types but also black pine forest types. It is emphasized that some forest fires in the Antalya Forest Regional Directorate have also shifted towards the black pine belt. Th is situation reveals that we need to adapt ourselves to restoration efforts in a new an d rel atively un familiar area, different from the usual red pine forest belt restoration. This study presents and discusses various approaches for the restorati on of the forest fire that broke out in Kara bük province on J uly 22, 2025, affecting approximately 6 -7 thousand hectares of forest area and three forest management offices affiliated with the Forest Management Directorate. In this context, fundamental approaches are presented for issues such as the production and marketing of the area's resources, determining the intensit y of the fire, identifying the stands, analyzing fine and coarse material, identif ying the species that make up the stands, and disc us sing the appropriat e silvicultural regime. Keywords: Forest fire s, restoration of bur ned forest areas, restorat ion planning 1-Introduction Forest fires are increasingly affecting our country in a destructive manner, as they do worldwide. The rapid destruction of forest eco systems leads to a decrease in carbon sink areas, thereby contributing to the progression of climate change effects. Clima te chang e, in turn, causes forest fires to spread and advance rapidly. Thus, a vicious cycle is created. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 307 In Mediterranean-type ecosystems, the number of forest fires is rapidly increasing, and the amount of area burned is also on the rise. Human factors are the primary cause of these fires. Humans fundamentally alter fire regimes in three ways: by changing th e distribu tion and intensity of fires, by altering the seasonality of fires, or by changing the available fuel (Balch, 2017). There is a large body o f research on restoration efforts in forest ecosystems following wildfires. Since wildfires are more common in Mediterranean-type ecosystem s, studies have concentrated on these areas. Post-fire biological diversity, the development of vegetation processes, success rates, the development processes of red pine and other species in the ecosystem along with it in burned areas, etc. (Barrett et al., 2024; Becker and Lutz, 2023; Blanco - Rodríguez et al., 2023; Calda, 2020). With climate change, forest ecosystems are becoming more sensitive, and even the smallest unnoticed action can start a forest fire. The increase in the number of hot days, the decrease in relative humidity, and high wind speeds encourage an existing forest fire to rapidly escalate into a mega forest fire. Forest rangers fighting fires in the Mediterranean region have adapted to these conditions over time, but in recent years, they have been helpless in combating forest fires that have become mega fires due to the effects of climate change. On the other hand, they have gained consi derable experience in the rehabilitation of red pine ecosystems. This is bec ause a wide variety of scientific studies have been conduct ed in these areas, namely Mediterranean- type ecosystems (Güney and Gülsoy, 2023; Kaniewski et al., 2008; Keeley, 2009; Keeley et al., 2005; Keeley et al, 2012; Tavşanoğlu and Gürkan, 2009 ; Tavşanoğlu, 2009; Tavşanoğlu and Gürkan, 2014; Tavşanoğlu, 2021a; Tavşanoğlu 2021b). Climate change is increasingly causing forest fi res to spread to higher e levations in the Mediterranean coastal region. This belt can be described as the 600m -900m elevation areas of the Central Anatolia Region, the Eskişehir provi nce area, and the interio r of the Western Black Sea region, such as the Karabük provi nce. This change and de velopm ent indicate that there are also changes in forest ecosystems. These areas appear as mixed black pine-red pine forests and pure black pine forests. Scientific studies on the restor ation of black pine ecosystems after for est fires in these areas are limited (Karadağ, 1999; Keleş and Kavgacı, 2025; Bricca, 2025; Ertekin et al., 2011). Therefore, scientific field studies should be conducted to quickly address the lack of information on these areas. In this study, the amount of bu rned forest areas was determined using Sentinel satellite imagery. By classifying these areas according to s l ope and burn intensity, various information was generated for post -fire restoration efforts. It is also known that a wide variety of studies have been conducte d in this direction (Iverson et al., 19889, Jaafar and Mourad, 2021). The data ob tained wer e o verlaid with digi tal forest management plans to identify compartmen ts and forest types in the burned areas. The value s of thes e forest compartments according to the plan data were compared with the standing sale value data for the s ame compartments obtai ned from the Forest Management Directorate. The results obtained were quite promising. Some recommendations were also made based on these results. 2- Materials and Methods The study material consisted of the following stages. V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 308 1- Sentinel satellite images of the burned forest areas were obtained in this stage. 2- The satellite images were down sampled to the local area. 3- The burned forest areas were grouped according to burn intensity classes (Table 1 ). Table 1. Fire severity classification for burned forest areas 4- Using digital elevation maps of the four regions, slope groups for burned forest areas were created (Table 2). Table 2. Slope classes and slope groups for burned forest areas Slope Class Slope Group 1 %0 -%20 2 %21-%40 3 %41-%60 4 %61 + 5- The aim was to access for est management plan data for for est management units located within forest fire boundaries. To this end, the amount of burned area and the ranking of burn intensity classes were created at the compartment and forest typ e levels from digital forest management plan data (Table 3). 6- The tree wealth in the compartments was determined using forest management plan data. For this purpose, the total wealth was calculated by mul tiplying the area and wealth value o f each forest type in the compartments by the tot al area of forest types an d forest wealth values and the total burned forest areas. 7-. The total wealth in the burned forest areas was compared with the wealth in the compartments auctioned by the Karabük Forest Management Directorate through open bidding (Figure 2). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 309 Table 3. Burned area, fire severity, slope groups, and forest type distribution The aim is to determine the total amount of forest area burned in the forest areas affected by the fire that broke out in Karabük province on July 22, 2025, affecting appr oximately 6 - 7 thousand hectares of forest area. At thi s stage of the study, knowing the intensity of the fire will help in deciding which sections and what type of application will be used for silvicultural intervention according to forest types. Slope Groups: The aim is to use this information to decide up to which slope groups production work will be carried out in the burned forest areas. For this reason, the slope groups used in forestry afforestation studies were used in the classification (Table 2). After obtaining the maps of the burned forest areas, burn intensity, and slope groups in the studied area, the tables of these maps were organized to obtain the burn intensity and slope group values of the burned forest areas based on compartments and forest types (Figure 1). The distribution of forest areas affected by the forest fire that occurred in July 2025 according to Forest Management Dire ctorates and Fores t Management Departments was determined by practitioners who physically visited the burned areas and made markings at the compartment and stand levels. The comparison of the area data obtained by the field units with the area information obtained from satellite imagery was also carried out within the scope of this study (Table 4). V. International Architectural Sciences Congress October 29 30 -31, 20 25, Demre (Antalya, Türkiye) https://www.iarcsas .org/ 316 Current Status and Analysis of D emre (Antalya) Urban Green Areas Atila GÜL 1* ORCID 1: 0000- 0001-9517-5388 1 Prof. Dr., Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landsc ape Architecture, Isparta- Türkiye [email protected] ( Responsible Author) Sibel AKTEN 2* ORCID 2: 0000- 0001-6242-9687 2 Dr., Isparta Unive rsity of Applied Sciences, Eğirdir Vocational School, Isparta- Türki ye [email protected] du.tr Hüseyin Batuhan DÜNDAR 3* ORCID 3: 0009- 0003-7341-970X 3 Master’s Student, Süley man Demirel Unive rsity, Institute of Science, Departme nt of Landscape Architect ur e, Isparta – Türki ye hbatuhandundar@gmail .com Çağrı YOLUK 4* ORCID 4: 0009- 0008-9040-803X 4 Director of Parks and Gardens at Demre Municipality De mre, Antalya – Türkiye [email protected] Abstract Urban green areas are one of the most important vital components of the city and are considered as a fundamental element i n terms of sustainability of the urban ecosyst em, protection of biolo gical dive rsity and sup porting the physical and mental health of urba n r esidents. Demre district was first mentioned in historical documents in 1904 when it gaine d vill age status under the name of Eynihal. Later on, a municipality was establishe d in 1968 with the merger of four villages, it became a district on 4 July 1987 under the nam e of Kale, and in 2005 it took its current name Demre. The distri ct, which is 147 km away from t he centre of Antalya, consists of 17 neighbourhoods today. This study was carried out to reveal the current status of urban green areas in Demre district and to evaluate their ecological, social and aesthetic values with a ho listic approach. Within the scope of the research, parks, re creation areas, street af forestation and coastal gr een corridors were analysed by using municipal i nventory data, satellite images and on-site observations. The results of the analysis show that there ar e significant differences between neighbourhoods in the amount and spatial distribution of green areas, and in some regions, the amount of green space per capita is below the minimum values recommended by the World Health Organization. However, plant species specific to the Mediterranean climate and landscape elements integrated with the historical-cultural texture have a high potential in terms of th e ecological identity of the city. The st udy emphasises that plan ned growth principles, planting strategies that adapt to climate change and sustainable urban green space management models wi ll play a critical role in improving t he urban life quality of Demre. Keywords: Urban gree n areas, Demre (A ntalya), sustainability, climate ch ang e adaptation 1. Introduction According to the UN, 55% of the world's population currently lives in urban areas. This figure is expected to rise to 68% by 2050. According to TUIK (February 6, 2025), 67.2% of Türkiy e's population lives in densely populated cities, 15.5% in moderately po pulated cities, and 17.2% in rural areas (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2025). Parallel to the increase in the world population, rapid migration fr om rural to urban areas has led to an increas e in urbanization and the number and spatial size of urban areas. The growing [Document text truncated for crawler view.]