Effect of strain on transformation diagrams of 100Cr6 steel

c ys als A icle E ec o S ain on T ans o ma ion Diag ams o 100C 6 S eel Ros isla Kawulok 1,* , I o Schindle 1, Ja osla Sojka 1, Pe Kawulok 1, Pe Opˇela 1, Lukáš Pindo 2, Edua d G ycz 2, S anisla Rusz 1and Voj ˇech Še ˇcák1 1VŠB-TU Os a a, Facul y o Ma e ials Science and Technology, VSB-Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, 70800 Os a a, Czech Republic; [email p o ec ed] (I.S.); ja osla [email p o ec ed] (J.S.); pe [email p o ec ed] (P.K.); pe [email p o ec ed] (P.O.); s anisla [email p o ec ed] (S.R.); [email p o ec ed] (V.Š.) 2 Tˇ ineck é Želez á ny, a.s., 73961 Tˇ inec, Czech Republic; [email p o ec ed] (L.P.); [email p o ec ed] (E.G.) *Co espondence: os isla [email p o ec ed] Recei ed: 5 Ma ch 2020; Accep ed: 18 Ap il 2020; Published: 21 Ap il 2020   Abs ac : Based on dila ome ic es s, he e ec o a ious alues o p e ious de o ma ion on he kine ics o aus eni e ans o ma ions du ing he cooling o 100C 6 s eel has been s udied. Dila ome ic es s ha e been pe o med wi h he use o he op ical dila ome ic module o he plas ome e Gleeble 3800. The ob ained esul s we e compa ed o me allog aphic analyses and ha dness measu emen s HV30. Uniaxial comp ession de o ma ions we e chosen as ollows: 0, 0.35, and 1; no e ha hese a e ue (loga i hmic) de o ma ions. The highly impo an inding was he absence o baini e. In addi ion, i has been e i ied ha wi h he inc easing amoun o de o ma ion, he e is a u he shi in he pea li ic egion o highe cooling a es. The p e ious de o ma ion also a ec ed he empe a u e ma ensi e s a , which dec eased due o de o ma ion. The de o ma ion alue o 1 also shi ed he c i ical cooling a e equi ed o ma ensi e o ma ion om he 12 ◦C/s o 25 ◦C/s. Keywo ds: ans o ma ion diag ams; 100C 6 s eel; dila ome ic es 1. In oduc ion T ans o ma ion diag ams can be di ided in o wo ypes. The i s ype is he ime- empe a u e- ans o ma ion (TTT) diag am, which desc ibes he aus eni e ans o ma ions du ing an iso he mal dwell. The second ype is he con inuously cooling ans o ma ion (CCT) diag am ha desc ibes he e ec o cooling a e on aus eni e ans o ma ion [ 1 , 2 ]. In addi ion, his ype o diag am can be modi ied o a de o ma ion con inuously cooling ans o ma ion (DCCT) ype, which also includes he e ec o p e ious de o ma ion. Such diag ams hen ind hei p ac ical applica ion in he case o he con olling o s eel o ming p ocesses ( olling, o ging), and hei indings o en lead o an imp o emen in he economics o he p oduc ion p ocess [3–7]. Aus eni e ans o ma ionkine icsdu ingcoolingisin luencedbymany ac o s.Themos impo an ac o s a e he chemical composi ion and he a e o cooling o he s eels. Fu he , he ans o ma ion o supe cooled aus eni e is in luenced by aus eni iza ion empe a u e, ini ial s uc u e, aus eni ic g ain size, and p e ious de o ma ion [ 8 – 17 ]. The e ec s o all hese ac o s a e summa ized in he schema ic CCT diag am in Figu e 1[8]. C ys als 2020,10, 326; doi:10.3390/c ys 10040326 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/c ys als C ys als 2020,10, 326 2 o 16 C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 o 17 . Figu e 1. In luence o alloying, he momechanical ac o s, and s uc u e s a e on ans o ma ion kine ic [8]. The e ec o p e ious de o ma ion i sel on di e en ypes o s eel is e alua ed in a numbe o esea ch s udies [18–28]. F om he ob ained indings, i can be claimed ha he p e ious de o ma ion, in combina ion wi h he chemical composi ion and o he ac o s, has di e en e ec s on indi idual ans o ma ions o ans o ma ion p oduc s. The au ho s o hese wo ks assume ha he de o ma ion accele a es di usion-con olled ans o ma ions, speci ically he ans o ma ion o aus eni e o e i e and pea li e [18–26]. Due o he de o ma ion, he numbe o la ice de ec s inc eases, which p omo es he di usion o all a oms in he solid solu ion and leads o a as e nuclea ion and g ow h o he new phase nuclei— his leads o he accele a ion o bo h ans o ma ions [23–26]. The accele a ing e ec s o inc easing de o ma ion and s ain a e on e i ic ans o ma ion a e shown in Figu es 2 and 3, espec i ely (whe e empe a u e A 3 is he ans o ma ion empe a u e o aus eni e o e i e and A 1 is he ans o ma ion empe a u e o aus eni e o pea li e by he cooling o hypoeu ec oid s eels). In addi ion, om Figu e 2, i is e iden ha wi h inc easing de o ma ion (up o abou 0.4), he a ea o e i ic ans o ma ion is na owed— hus, he pea li ic ans o ma ion is accele a ed [26]. This hesis con i ms ha e en ou p e ious esea ch de ec ed ha he e ec o p e ious de o ma ion leads o an inc eased ac ion o pea li e and e i e [11,20]. Figu e 1. In luence o alloying, he momechanical ac o s, and s uc u e s a e on ans o ma ion kine ic [8]. The e ec o p e ious de o ma ion i sel on di e en ypes o s eel is e alua ed in a numbe o esea ch s udies [ 18 – 28 ]. F om he ob ained indings, i can be claimed ha he p e ious de o ma ion, in combina ion wi h he chemical composi ion and o he ac o s, has di e en e ec s on indi idual ans o ma ions o ans o ma ion p oduc s. The au ho s o hese wo ks assume ha he de o ma ion accele a es di usion-con olled ans o ma ions, speci ically he ans o ma ion o aus eni e o e i e and pea li e [ 18 – 26 ]. Due o he de o ma ion, he numbe o la ice de ec s inc eases, which p omo es he di usion o all a oms in he solid solu ion and leads o a as e nuclea ion and g ow h o he new phase nuclei— his leads o he accele a ion o bo h ans o ma ions [ 23 – 26 ]. The accele a ing e ec s o inc easing de o ma ion and s ain a e on e i ic ans o ma ion a e shown in Figu es 2and 3, espec i ely (whe e empe a u e A 3 is he ans o ma ion empe a u e o aus eni e o e i e and A 1 is he ans o ma ion empe a u e o aus eni e o pea li e by he cooling o hypoeu ec oid s eels). In addi ion, om Figu e 2, i is e iden ha wi h inc easing de o ma ion (up o abou 0.4), he a ea o e i ic ans o ma ion is na owed— hus, he pea li ic ans o ma ion is accele a ed [ 26 ]. This hesis con i ms ha e en ou p e ious esea ch de ec ed ha he e ec o p e ious de o ma ion leads o an inc eased ac ion o pea li e and e i e [11,20]. C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 o 17 . Figu e 1. In luence o alloying, he momechanical ac o s, and s uc u e s a e on ans o ma ion kine ic [8]. The e ec o p e ious de o ma ion i sel on di e en ypes o s eel is e alua ed in a numbe o esea ch s udies [18–28]. F om he ob ained indings, i can be claimed ha he p e ious de o ma ion, in combina ion wi h he chemical composi ion and o he ac o s, has di e en e ec s on indi idual ans o ma ions o ans o ma ion p oduc s. The au ho s o hese wo ks assume ha he de o ma ion accele a es di usion-con olled ans o ma ions, speci ically he ans o ma ion o aus eni e o e i e and pea li e [18–26]. Due o he de o ma ion, he numbe o la ice de ec s inc eases, which p omo es he di usion o all a oms in he solid solu ion and leads o a as e nuclea ion and g ow h o he new phase nuclei— his leads o he accele a ion o bo h ans o ma ions [23–26]. The accele a ing e ec s o inc easing de o ma ion and s ain a e on e i ic ans o ma ion a e shown in Figu es 2 and 3, espec i ely (whe e empe a u e A 3 is he ans o ma ion empe a u e o aus eni e o e i e and A 1 is he ans o ma ion empe a u e o aus eni e o pea li e by he cooling o hypoeu ec oid s eels). In addi ion, om Figu e 2, i is e iden ha wi h inc easing de o ma ion (up o abou 0.4), he a ea o e i ic ans o ma ion is na owed— hus, he pea li ic ans o ma ion is accele a ed [26]. This hesis con i ms ha e en ou p e ious esea ch de ec ed ha he e ec o p e ious de o ma ion leads o an inc eased ac ion o pea li e and e i e [11,20]. Figu e 2. E ec o de o ma ion on he e i ic ans o ma ion o HSLA (High-S eng h Low-Alloy) s eel [ 26 ]. The empe a u es o A 1 and A 3 ep esen he empe a u es o he ansi ion du ing cooling. C ys als 2020,10, 326 3 o 16 C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 o 17 . Figu e 1. In luence o alloying, he momechanical ac o s, and s uc u e s a e on ans o ma ion kine ic [8]. The e ec o p e ious de o ma ion i sel on di e en ypes o s eel is e alua ed in a numbe o esea ch s udies [18–28]. F om he ob ained indings, i can be claimed ha he p e ious de o ma ion, in combina ion wi h he chemical composi ion and o he ac o s, has di e en e ec s on indi idual ans o ma ions o ans o ma ion p oduc s. The au ho s o hese wo ks assume ha he de o ma ion accele a es di usion-con olled ans o ma ions, speci ically he ans o ma ion o aus eni e o e i e and pea li e [18–26]. Due o he de o ma ion, he numbe o la ice de ec s inc eases, which p omo es he di usion o all a oms in he solid solu ion and leads o a as e nuclea ion and g ow h o he new phase nuclei— his leads o he accele a ion o bo h ans o ma ions [23–26]. The accele a ing e ec s o inc easing de o ma ion and s ain a e on e i ic ans o ma ion a e shown in Figu es 2 and 3, espec i ely (whe e empe a u e A 3 is he ans o ma ion empe a u e o aus eni e o e i e and A 1 is he ans o ma ion empe a u e o aus eni e o pea li e by he cooling o hypoeu ec oid s eels). In addi ion, om Figu e 2, i is e iden ha wi h inc easing de o ma ion (up o abou 0.4), he a ea o e i ic ans o ma ion is na owed— hus, he pea li ic ans o ma ion is accele a ed [26]. This hesis con i ms ha e en ou p e ious esea ch de ec ed ha he e ec o p e ious de o ma ion leads o an inc eased ac ion o pea li e and e i e [11,20]. Figu e 3. E ec o s ain a e on he e i ic ans o ma ion o HSLA s eel [ 26 ]. The empe a u es o A 1 and A 3 ep esen he empe a u es o he ansi ion du ing cooling. In he case o assessing he e ec o plas ic de o ma ion on he ans o ma ion o aus eni e o baini e and ma ensi e, his e ec is ambiguous and, he e o e, canno be gene alized as in he p e ious case. When aus eni e is de o med, a dense disloca ion ne wo k is o med and inhibi s he p og ess o he phase bounda ies, and despi e a la ge numbe o nuclei, he sha e o he new phase is lowe han ha o non-de o med aus eni e, especially a highe cooling a es. The ole o disloca ion on he ma ensi e s a empe a u e is mo e con o e sial. The la ge amoun o disloca ions gene a ed by a la ge plas ic de o ma ion o aus eni e p io o he ma ensi e may s abilize he glissile emb yo–aus eni e in e ace, leading o a dec ease in ma ensi e (Ms)- empe a u e ( empe a u e o s a ing ma ensi e ans o ma ion). This is known as he disloca ion s abiliza ion mechanism. Howe e , he e is some imes an opposi e phenomenon; accumula ed la ice de ec s ini ia e ma ensi e o ma ion and enable i s o ma ion a highe empe a u es han in he case o non-de o med aus eni e ans o ma ion. An example o his is he g aph in Figu e 4, which shows ha he Ms empe a u e ises a e a heigh de o ma ion o 30% and 60% compa ed o he Ms empe a u e o he unde o med specimens o selec ed s eels [18,23,24,29–36]. C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 17 Figu e 2. E ec o de o ma ion on he e i ic ans o ma ion o HSLA (High-S eng h Low-Alloy) s eel [26]. The empe a u es o A 1 and A 3 ep esen he empe a u es o he ansi ion du ing cooling. Figu e 3. E ec o s ain a e on he e i ic ans o ma ion o HSLA s eel [26]. The empe a u es o A 1 and A 3 ep esen he empe a u es o he ansi ion du ing cooling. In he case o assessing he e ec o plas ic de o ma ion on he ans o ma ion o aus eni e o baini e and ma ensi e, his e ec is ambiguous and, he e o e, canno be gene alized as in he p e ious case. When aus eni e is de o med, a dense disloca ion ne wo k is o med and inhibi s he p og ess o he phase bounda ies, and despi e a la ge numbe o nuclei, he sha e o he new phase is lowe han ha o non-de o med aus eni e, especially a highe cooling a es. The ole o disloca ion on he ma ensi e s a empe a u e is mo e con o e sial. The la ge amoun o disloca ions gene a ed by a la ge plas ic de o ma ion o aus eni e p io o he ma ensi e may s abilize he glissile emb yo–aus eni e in e ace, leading o a dec ease in ma ensi e (Ms)- empe a u e ( empe a u e o s a ing ma ensi e ans o ma ion). This is known as he disloca ion s abiliza ion mechanism. Howe e , he e is some imes an opposi e phenomenon; accumula ed la ice de ec s ini ia e ma ensi e o ma ion and enable i s o ma ion a highe empe a u es han in he case o non-de o med aus eni e ans o ma ion. An example o his is he g aph in Figu e 4, which shows ha he Ms empe a u e ises a e a heigh de o ma ion o 30% and 60% compa ed o he Ms empe a u e o he unde o med specimens o selec ed s eels [18,23,24,29–36]. Figu e 4. In luence o he p e ious de o ma ion on ma ensi e (Ms) empe a u e in selec ed low-alloyed s eels [23]. All diag am ypes can be cons uc ed on he basis o ma hema ical simula ions using specialized p og ams (JMa PRO, QTS eel, e c.) o by physical es s on dila ome e s o dila ome ic modules o uni e sal plas ome e s. In he case o he ma hema ical calcula ion o he diag ams, he diag ams a e calcula ed on he basis o he equa ions compiled o he selec ed s eel chemical composi ion ange, bu hei accu acy is no always op imal. Fo his eason, i is ce ainly mo e app op ia e o design diag ams on he basis o dila ome ic es s ha a e pe o med on specimens o speci ic quali ies [37–41]. The subjec o his a icle was o e alua e he in luence o he p e ious de o ma ion o wo di e en ue s ains, loga i hmic de o ma ion (e = 0.35 and 1), on he cons uc ion o (D)CCT diag ams o 100C 6 s eel, hus con ibu ing o he ex ension o knowledge o he aus eni e ans o ma ion kine ics du ing cooling o he bea ing s eels. The 100C 6 s eel has good ho o mabili y, is sui able o di ec quenching, and, in a so annealed condi ion, is easonably machinable and sui able o componen s wi h a e y ha d and wea - esis an su ace. P ima ily, his s eel is in ended o he p oduc ion o bea ing balls up o 25 mm in diame e , and olle s and ape Figu e 4. In luence o he p e ious de o ma ion on ma ensi e (Ms) empe a u e in selec ed low-alloyed s eels [23]. All diag am ypes can be cons uc ed on he basis o ma hema ical simula ions using specialized p og ams (JMa PRO, QTS eel, e c.) o by physical es s on dila ome e s o dila ome ic modules o uni e sal plas ome e s. In he case o he ma hema ical calcula ion o he diag ams, he diag ams a e calcula ed on he basis o he equa ions compiled o he selec ed s eel chemical composi ion ange, bu hei accu acy is no always op imal. Fo his eason, i is ce ainly mo e app op ia e o design diag ams on he basis o dila ome ic es s ha a e pe o med on specimens o speci ic quali ies [ 37 – 41 ]. C ys als 2020,10, 326 4 o 16 The subjec o his a icle was o e alua e he in luence o he p e ious de o ma ion o wo di e en ue s ains, loga i hmic de o ma ion (e =0.35 and 1), on he cons uc ion o (D)CCT diag ams o 100C 6 s eel, hus con ibu ing o he ex ension o knowledge o he aus eni e ans o ma ion kine ics du ing cooling o he bea ing s eels. The 100C 6 s eel has good ho o mabili y, is sui able o di ec quenching, and, in a so annealed condi ion, is easonably machinable and sui able o componen s wi h a e y ha d and wea - esis an su ace. P ima ily, his s eel is in ended o he p oduc ion o bea ing balls up o 25 mm in diame e , and olle s and ape olle bea ings up o a 16 mm wall hickness [ 42 – 44 ]. This expe imen was ealized in o de o e i y he e ec o he p e ious de o ma ion on he inal s uc u e o he hype eu ec oid s eel. 2. Ma e ials and Me hods As can be seen om he chemical composi ion o he 100C 6 s eel, which is p esen ed in Table 1, i is a hype -eu ec oid high-ca bon and low-alloyed s eel. Table 1. Chemical composi ion o in es iga ed 100C 6 s eel in w .%. C Mn Si P S C 0.994 0.38 0.324 0.011 0.001 1.45 Fo he pu pose o he expe imen , simple cylind ical specimens wi h a diame e o 6 mm and leng h o 86 mm we e p epa ed om he 100C 6 s eel. The ini ial s a e o he in es iga ed s eel was de o med as i was p epa ed om he olled ods 12 mm in diame e . The dila ome ic expe imen s we e pe o med wi h he use o he op ical dila ome ic module (The Model 39112 Scanning Non-Con ac Op ical Dila ome e and Ex ensome e Sys em wi h G een LED Technology (Dynamic Sys ems Inc., Poes enkill, NY, USA) o he Gleeble 3800 plas ome e . This op ical dila ome ic module is based on he measu emen c oss-sec ion ( adial componen s o s ain) o samples wi h a epea abili y o ± 0.3 µ m by a equency o 2400 Hz wi h a maximum empe a u e o 1200 ◦C [18–20]. The i s s ep was o de e mine he empe a u es o A c1 and A cm , which ep esen he empe a u es o he ansi ion du ing hea ing. In his case, he specimen was hea ed a 5 ◦ C/s o 500 ◦ C, and he hea ing a e was hen slowed down o 10 ◦ C/min (0.167 ◦ C/s) o loca e he ans o ma ion a ea. E alua ion o he measu ed da a was ca ied ou using he semi-au oma ic CCT so wa e (Dynamic Sys ems Inc., Poes enkill, NY, USA), which uses he angen ial me hod in combina ion wi h he de i a ion o he dila a ion cu e o de e mine he ans o ma ion empe a u es. The esul o his es is shown in Figu e 5. C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 17 olle bea ings up o a 16 mm wall hickness [42–44]. This expe imen was ealized in o de o e i y he e ec o he p e ious de o ma ion on he inal s uc u e o he hype eu ec oid s eel. 2. Ma e ials and Me hods As can be seen om he chemical composi ion o he 100C 6 s eel, which is p esen ed in Table 1, i is a hype -eu ec oid high-ca bon and low-alloyed s eel. Table 1. Chemical composi ion o in es iga ed 100C 6 s eel in w .%. C Mn Si P S C 0.994 0.38 0.324 0.011 0.001 1.45 Fo he pu pose o he expe imen , simple cylind ical specimens wi h a diame e o 6 mm and leng h o 86 mm we e p epa ed om he 100C 6 s eel. The ini ial s a e o he in es iga ed s eel was de o med as i was p epa ed om he olled ods 12 mm in diame e . The dila ome ic expe imen s we e pe o med wi h he use o he op ical dila ome ic module (The Model 39112 Scanning Non-Con ac Op ical Dila ome e and Ex ensome e Sys em wi h G een LED Technology (Dynamic Sys ems Inc., Poes enkill, NY, USA) o he Gleeble 3800 plas ome e . This op ical dila ome ic module is based on he measu emen c oss-sec ion ( adial componen s o s ain) o samples wi h a epea abili y o ± 0.3 µm by a equency o 2400 Hz wi h a maximum empe a u e o 1200 °C [18–20]. The i s s ep was o de e mine he empe a u es o A c1 and A cm , which ep esen he empe a u es o he ansi ion du ing hea ing. In his case, he specimen was hea ed a 5 °C/s o 500 °C, and he hea ing a e was hen slowed down o 10 °C/min (0.167 °C/s) o loca e he ans o ma ion a ea. E alua ion o he measu ed da a was ca ied ou using he semi-au oma ic CCT so wa e (Dynamic Sys ems Inc., Poes enkill, NY, USA), which uses he angen ial me hod in combina ion wi h he de i a ion o he dila a ion cu e o de e mine he ans o ma ion empe a u es. The esul o his es is shown in Figu e 5. . Figu e 5. De e mina ion o ans o ma ion empe a u es A c1 and A cm du ing hea ing. Based on he p e ious expe imen (i.e., de e mina ion o A c1 and A cm empe a u es), o he specimens we e uni o mly p ehea ed a 850 °C wi h a subsequen 10 min dwell a his empe a u e in o de o cons uc (D)CCT diag ams. A e ha (in he case o he CCT diag am), he specimens we e con inuously cooled o oom empe a u e by he cons an cooling a es in he ange o 0.2–150 °C/s. To achie e cooling a es abo e 25 °C/s, he specimens (wi h cooling a es o 60 and 150 °C/s = only o cons uc ion o CCT diag am) had o ha e a special hollow-head s uc u e o high-speed Figu e 5. De e mina ion o ans o ma ion empe a u es Ac1 and Acm du ing hea ing. C ys als 2020,10, 326 5 o 16 Based on he p e ious expe imen (i.e., de e mina ion o A c1 and A cm empe a u es), o he specimens we e uni o mly p ehea ed a 850 ◦ C wi h a subsequen 10 min dwell a his empe a u e in o de o cons uc (D)CCT diag ams. A e ha (in he case o he CCT diag am), he specimens we e con inuously cooled o oom empe a u e by he cons an cooling a es in he ange o 0.2–150 ◦ C/s. To achie e cooling a es abo e 25 ◦ C/s, he specimens (wi h cooling a es o 60 and 150 ◦ C/s=only o cons uc ion o CCT diag am) had o ha e a special hollow-head s uc u e o high-speed cooling by ai nozzles. Un o una ely, he disad an age o hese specially designed specimens is he inabili y o pe o m a de o ma ion [ 45 , 46 ]. The empe a u e o hea ing a 850 ◦ C is no mal o he cons uc ion o CCT diag ams o 100C 6 s eel [42–44,47,48]. In he case o he cons uc ion o bo h a ian s o DCCT diag ams, he con inuous cooling was p eceded by he uniaxial comp ession de o ma ion, which was execu ed di ec ly a e he dwell a he aus eni iza ion empe a u e. The magni ude o he ue (loga i hmic) de o ma ion in he i s and second case was equal o 0.35 and 1, espec i ely. In bo h cases, he de o ma ion was pe o med a he s ain a e o 1/s. The limi ing elemen in he case o he cons uc ion o he DCCT diag ams was he c ea ion o specimens ha could allow a maximum cooling a e o 35 ◦ C/s o be achie ed [ 45 ] a e he p e ious de o ma ion; hus, in bo h cases o DCCT diag ams, he cooling a es we e selec ed in he ange o 0.2–35 ◦C/s. Examples o dila ome ically es ed specimens wi hou de o ma ion and wi h he de o ma ion o 0.35 and 1 a e gi en in Figu e 6. C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 17 cooling by ai nozzles. Un o una ely, he disad an age o hese specially designed specimens is he inabili y o pe o m a de o ma ion [45,46]. The empe a u e o hea ing a 850 °C is no mal o he cons uc ion o CCT diag ams o 100C 6 s eel [42–44,47,48]. In he case o he cons uc ion o bo h a ian s o DCCT diag ams, he con inuous cooling was p eceded by he uniaxial comp ession de o ma ion, which was execu ed di ec ly a e he dwell a he aus eni iza ion empe a u e. The magni ude o he ue (loga i hmic) de o ma ion in he i s and second case was equal o 0.35 and 1, espec i ely. In bo h cases, he de o ma ion was pe o med a he s ain a e o 1/s. The limi ing elemen in he case o he cons uc ion o he DCCT diag ams was he c ea ion o specimens ha could allow a maximum cooling a e o 35 °C/s o be achie ed [45] a e he p e ious de o ma ion; hus, in bo h cases o DCCT diag ams, he cooling a es we e selec ed in he ange o 0.2–35 °C/s. Examples o dila ome ically es ed specimens wi hou de o ma ion and wi h he de o ma ion o 0.35 and 1 a e gi en in Figu e 6. Figu e 6. Examples o es ed specimens wi hou de o ma ion and a e he de o ma ion o 0.35 and 1. The ob ained esul s we e compa ed o me allog aphic analyses—scanning elec on mic oscopy (SEM), ligh -mic oscopy, and HV30 ha dness measu emen . Samples in ended o me allog aphic analysis ha e been p epa ed by means o mechanical g inding and polishing. The mic os uc u e was e ealed ia e ching in he 2% pic ic acid solu ion [20]. As men ioned in he in oduc ion, ans o ma ion o aus eni e depends on he size o aus eni ic g ains as well; he e o e, o e e y (D)CCT diag am besides chemical composi ion and o he he momechanical pa ame e s, i should be men ioned o wha size o aus eni ic g ains his ans o ma ion diag am is alid. The e o e, he in es iga ed s eel was es ed o de e mina ion o he a e age size o aus eni ic g ains (AGS). O he hea ing pa ame e s, like he hea ing a e and empe a u e dwell ime, we e he same as in he case o he dila ome ic expe imen , excep he ac ha ins ead o de o ma ion a e he dwell ime, he samples we e di ec ly wa e -quenched o ix he o igin aus eni ic s uc u e. The scheme o his hea - ea men expe imen is e iden om Figu e 7a. In o de o e alua e he aus eni ic g ain size, classical op ical me allog aphy has been applied when using he me hod o o igin-aus eni ic-g ain e ealing. The esul ing mic os uc u e o his addi ional expe imen is included in Figu e 7b. I was ound ha all 3 ans o ma ion diag ams, which a e p esen ed in his a icle, we e cons uc ed o AGS = 9.8 µm. AGS was e alua ed by he means o he specialized so wa e, Quick PHOTO INDUSTRIAL 3.2 (PROMICRA s. .o., P ague, Czech Republic). Figu e 6. Examples o es ed specimens wi hou de o ma ion and a e he de o ma ion o 0.35 and 1. The ob ained esul s we e compa ed o me allog aphic analyses—scanning elec on mic oscopy (SEM), ligh -mic oscopy, and HV30 ha dness measu emen . Samples in ended o me allog aphic analysis ha e been p epa ed by means o mechanical g inding and polishing. The mic os uc u e was e ealed ia e ching in he 2% pic ic acid solu ion [20]. As men ioned in he in oduc ion, ans o ma ion o aus eni e depends on he size o aus eni ic g ains as well; he e o e, o e e y (D)CCT diag am besides chemical composi ion and o he he momechanical pa ame e s, i should be men ioned o wha size o aus eni ic g ains his ans o ma ion diag am is alid. The e o e, he in es iga ed s eel was es ed o de e mina ion o he a e age size o aus eni ic g ains (AGS). O he hea ing pa ame e s, like he hea ing a e and empe a u e dwell ime, we e he same as in he case o he dila ome ic expe imen , excep he ac ha ins ead o de o ma ion a e he dwell ime, he samples we e di ec ly wa e -quenched o ix he o igin aus eni ic s uc u e. The scheme o his hea - ea men expe imen is e iden om Figu e 7a. In o de o e alua e he aus eni ic g ain size, classical op ical me allog aphy has been applied when using he me hod o o igin-aus eni ic-g ain e ealing. The esul ing mic os uc u e o his addi ional expe imen is included in Figu e 7b. I was ound ha all 3 ans o ma ion diag ams, which a e p esen ed in his a icle, we e cons uc ed o AGS =9.8 µ m. AGS was e alua ed by he means o he specialized so wa e, Quick PHOTO INDUSTRIAL 3.2 (PROMICRA s. .o., P ague, Czech Republic). C ys als 2020,10, 326 6 o 16 C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 17 (a) (b) Figu e 7. The analysis o he in luence o empe a u e on he aus eni ic g ain size o he 100C 6 s eel. (a) scheme o aus eni ic g ain size (AGS) expe imen ; (b) Mic os uc u e o aus eni e, AGS = 9.8 µm. 3. Resul s and Discussion 3.1. CCT Diag am As he in es iga ed s eel is o hype -eu ec oid ype, only aus eni e – pea li e and aus eni e – ma ensi e ans o ma ions we e dila ome ically de ec ed and localized. The example o he dila a ion cu es wi h he localized ans o ma ion empe a u es is gi en in Figu e 8. Figu e 8. Selec ed examples o dila a ion cu es, including de e mina ion o ans o ma ion poin s by use o he angen ial me hod. Based on he analysis o he dila a ion cu es, he CCT diag am has been compiled (see Figu e 9). The cons uc ed CCT diag am consis s o only he pea li ic and ma ensi ic egions. O he s uc u al componen s de ec ed in he samples o he in es iga ed s eel we e ca bides, which do no ans o m ei he du ing hea ing o du ing cooling. I is clea ha he aus eni e is ans o med o pea li e a cooling a es up o 18 °C/s. The ans o ma ion o aus eni e o ma ensi e p oceeds abo e he cooling a e o 12 °C/s. Figu e 7. The analysis o he in luence o empe a u e on he aus eni ic g ain size o he 100C 6 s eel. (a) scheme o aus eni ic g ain size (AGS) expe imen ; (b) Mic os uc u e o aus eni e, AGS =9.8 µm. 3. Resul s and Discussion 3.1. CCT Diag am As he in es iga ed s eel is o hype -eu ec oid ype, only aus eni e–pea li e and aus eni e– ma ensi e ans o ma ions we e dila ome ically de ec ed and localized. The example o he dila a ion cu es wi h he localized ans o ma ion empe a u es is gi en in Figu e 8. C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 17 (a) (b) Figu e 7. The analysis o he in luence o empe a u e on he aus eni ic g ain size o he 100C 6 s eel. (a) scheme o aus eni ic g ain size (AGS) expe imen ; (b) Mic os uc u e o aus eni e, AGS = 9.8 µm. 3. Resul s and Discussion 3.1. CCT Diag am As he in es iga ed s eel is o hype -eu ec oid ype, only aus eni e – pea li e and aus eni e – ma ensi e ans o ma ions we e dila ome ically de ec ed and localized. The example o he dila a ion cu es wi h he localized ans o ma ion empe a u es is gi en in Figu e 8. Figu e 8. Selec ed examples o dila a ion cu es, including de e mina ion o ans o ma ion poin s by use o he angen ial me hod. Based on he analysis o he dila a ion cu es, he CCT diag am has been compiled (see Figu e 9). The cons uc ed CCT diag am consis s o only he pea li ic and ma ensi ic egions. O he s uc u al componen s de ec ed in he samples o he in es iga ed s eel we e ca bides, which do no ans o m ei he du ing hea ing o du ing cooling. I is clea ha he aus eni e is ans o med o pea li e a cooling a es up o 18 °C/s. The ans o ma ion o aus eni e o ma ensi e p oceeds abo e he cooling a e o 12 °C/s. Figu e 8. Selec ed examples o dila a ion cu es, including de e mina ion o ans o ma ion poin s by use o he angen ial me hod. Based on he analysis o he dila a ion cu es, he CCT diag am has been compiled (see Figu e 9). The cons uc ed CCT diag am consis s o only he pea li ic and ma ensi ic egions. O he s uc u al componen s de ec ed in he samples o he in es iga ed s eel we e ca bides, which do no ans o m ei he du ing hea ing o du ing cooling. I is clea ha he aus eni e is ans o med o pea li e a cooling a es up o 18 ◦ C/s. The ans o ma ion o aus eni e o ma ensi e p oceeds abo e he cooling a e o 12 ◦C/s. C ys als 2020,10, 326 7 o 16 C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 17 Figu e 9. Con inuously cooling ans o ma ion (CCT) diag am o he 100C 6 s eel. The cons uc ed CCT diag am was compa ed o a scanning elec on mic oscopy (SEM) and HV30 ha dness measu emen . The mic os uc u e o he non-de o med s a e has been documen ed a ou selec ed cooling a es, namely 1, 12, 25, and 150 °C/s (Figu e 10a–d). (a) 150 °C/s—M + C + RA (b) 25 °C/s—T(P) + M + C (c) 12 °C/s—T(P) + M + C (d) 1 °C/s—P + C Figu e 10. SEM mic os uc u es o selec ed samples, wi hou de o ma ion. M, ma ensi e; C, ca bides; P, pea li e; T(P), oos i e; RA, e ained aus eni e. Figu e 9. Con inuously cooling ans o ma ion (CCT) diag am o he 100C 6 s eel. The cons uc ed CCT diag am was compa ed o a scanning elec on mic oscopy (SEM) and HV30 ha dness measu emen . The mic os uc u e o he non-de o med s a e has been documen ed a ou selec ed cooling a es, namely 1, 12, 25, and 150 ◦C/s (Figu e 10a–d). C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 17 Figu e 9. Con inuously cooling ans o ma ion (CCT) diag am o he 100C 6 s eel. The cons uc ed CCT diag am was compa ed o a scanning elec on mic oscopy (SEM) and HV30 ha dness measu emen . The mic os uc u e o he non-de o med s a e has been documen ed a ou selec ed cooling a es, namely 1, 12, 25, and 150 °C/s (Figu e 10a–d). (a) 150 °C/s—M + C + RA (b) 25 °C/s—T(P) + M + C (c) 12 °C/s—T(P) + M + C (d) 1 °C/s—P + C Figu e 10. SEM mic os uc u es o selec ed samples, wi hou de o ma ion. M, ma ensi e; C, ca bides; P, pea li e; T(P), oos i e; RA, e ained aus eni e. Figu e 10. SEM mic os uc u es o selec ed samples, wi hou de o ma ion. M, ma ensi e; C, ca bides; P, pea li e; T(P), oos i e; RA, e ained aus eni e. The p esence o e ained aus eni e was con i med by X- ay di ac ion analysis ha was pe o med using a Co K α sou ce ( λ =0.17902 nm) by means o he B uke -AXS D8 (B uke GmbH, Ka ls uhe, Ge many) Ad ance appa a us. The specimen wi h a cooling a e o 150 ◦ C/s (Figu e 10a) con ained app oxima ely 6.3% o e ained aus eni e (RA). C ys als 2020,10, 326 8 o 16 The mic os uc u e o pea li ic blocks can be conside ed ine-g ained wi h he a e age size o pea li ic blocks o abou 6 µ m. Fo measu emen o he size o pea li ic blocks (g ains), specialized so wa e Quick PHOTO INDUSTRIAL (PROMICRA s. .o., P ague, Czech Republic) was used, as well as in he de e mina ion o AGS. In all cases, ca bides o di e en sizes om pa icles smalle han 0.1 µ m o pa icles eaching up o a ound 1 µ m we e obse ed in he mic os uc u e. This con i ms ha he s uc u e o he s eel a he end o he hea ing dwell consis ed o he aus eni e and ca bides. The mic os uc u e o he sample, which was cooled by he a e o 1 ◦ C/s, consis s o lamella pea li e P and ca bides (Figu e 10d). P ecipi a ion o ine ca bides C along he bounda ies o o me aus eni ic g ains was obse ed only o a e y small ex en . The mic os uc u e o he samples, which we e cooled by he in e media e a es, 12 and 25 ◦ C/s, consis s o pea li e. Wi h espec o an in e -lamella dis ance and o ien a ion o pea li ic colonies, he mo phology o his pea li e can be iden i ied as oos i e T(P) [ 49 ] (Figu e 10b,c). The s uc u e o hese samples also con ains ma ensi e M, whose amoun ises wi h he cooling a e. Ca bides we e obse ed in hese s uc u es as well. The sample cooled by he high a e o 150 ◦ C/s (Figu e 10a) consis s o he mic os uc u e ha is gi en only by ma ensi e wi h a ce ain sha e o e ained aus eni e RA (see small da ke a eas in Figu e 10a) and ca bides. By compa ing he expe imen ally ob ained CCT diag am (Figu e 9) o he simila diag ams ob ained om a ailable li e a u e (Figu es 11 and 12) [ 41 , 49 – 51 ], i is qui e clea ha he basic di e ence be ween he compa ed diag ams is he absence o baini e in he expe imen ally ob ained diag am (Figu e 9), which was con i med by he me allog aphic analyses—see Figu e 10. This inding could be caused by he inc eased con en o Si in he in es iga ed s eel, which is, in his case, nea maximum o his g ade o bea ing s eel. I is known ha in he case o high-ca bon s eels wi h inc easing con en o Si, he kine ics o baini ic ans o ma ion slows down [51–54]. C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 17 The p esence o e ained aus eni e was con i med by X- ay di ac ion analysis ha was pe o med using a Co Kα sou ce (λ = 0.17902 nm) by means o he B uke -AXS D8 (B uke GmbH, Ka ls uhe, Ge many) Ad ance appa a us. The specimen wi h a cooling a e o 150 °C/s (Figu e 10a) con ained app oxima ely 6.3% o e ained aus eni e (RA). The mic os uc u e o pea li ic blocks can be conside ed ine-g ained wi h he a e age size o pea li ic blocks o abou 6 µm. Fo measu emen o he size o pea li ic blocks (g ains), specialized so wa e Quick PHOTO INDUSTRIAL (PROMICRA s. .o., P ague, Czech Republic) was used, as well as in he de e mina ion o AGS. In all cases, ca bides o di e en sizes om pa icles smalle han 0.1 µm o pa icles eaching up o a ound 1 µm we e obse ed in he mic os uc u e. This con i ms ha he s uc u e o he s eel a he end o he hea ing dwell consis ed o he aus eni e and ca bides. The mic os uc u e o he sample, which was cooled by he a e o 1 °C/s, consis s o lamella pea li e P and ca bides (Figu e 10d). P ecipi a ion o ine ca bides C along he bounda ies o o me aus eni ic g ains was obse ed only o a e y small ex en . The mic os uc u e o he samples, which we e cooled by he in e media e a es, 12 and 25 °C/s, consis s o pea li e. Wi h espec o an in e -lamella dis ance and o ien a ion o pea li ic colonies, he mo phology o his pea li e can be iden i ied as oos i e T(P) [49] (Figu e 10 b,c). The s uc u e o hese samples also con ains ma ensi e M, whose amoun ises wi h he cooling a e. Ca bides we e obse ed in hese s uc u es as well. The sample cooled by he high a e o 150 °C/s (Figu e 10a) consis s o he mic os uc u e ha is gi en only by ma ensi e wi h a ce ain sha e o e ained aus eni e RA (see small da ke a eas in Figu e 10a) and ca bides. By compa ing he expe imen ally ob ained CCT diag am (Figu e 9) o he simila diag ams ob ained om a ailable li e a u e (Figu es 11 and 12) [41,49 – 51], i is qui e clea ha he basic di e ence be ween he compa ed diag ams is he absence o baini e in he expe imen ally ob ained diag am (Figu e 9), which was con i med by he me allog aphic analyses—see Figu e 10. This inding could be caused by he inc eased con en o Si in he in es iga ed s eel, which is, in his case, nea maximum o his g ade o bea ing s eel. I is known ha in he case o high-ca bon s eels wi h inc easing con en o Si, he kine ics o baini ic ans o ma ion slows down [51 – 54]. F om he poin o iew o he localiza ion o he pea li ic ans o ma ion and he empe a u e o he beginning o ma ensi e o ma ion on he empe a u e axis, he e was a good ma ch. A good ma ch was also ob ained when compa ing all h ee CCT diag ams, namely he ime domain o pea li e o ma ion, also aking in o accoun sligh ly di e en empe a u es o aus eni iza ion (850 °C s. 860 °C). Howe e , ma ensi e appea ed in he s uc u e a a cooling a e o 12 °C/s, which is a highe a e han in he case o he compa ed CCT diag ams om he li e a u e. Figu e 11. CCT diag am o 100C 6 s eel—acco ding o [51]. C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 17 Figu e 11. CCT diag am o 100C 6 s eel—acco ding o [51]. Figu e 12. CCT diag am o 100C 6 s eel—acco ding o [42]. 3.2. DCCT Diag am – De o ma ion e = 0.35 While i is possible o encoun e a la ge numbe o CCT diag ams o he in es iga ed 100C 6 s eel in he li e a u e [42 – 44,51–54], he e is a minimum o in o ma ion abou he e ec o p io de o ma ion on his s eel. In he case o he p esen ed esea ch, he in es iga ed s eel was dila ome ically es ed a e wo le els o he p e ious de o ma ion. The DCCT diag am in Figu e 13 documen s he in luence o he p e ious de o ma ion o e = 0.35. Only he aus eni e – pea li e and aus eni e – ma ensi e ans o ma ions we e ound in his DCCT diag am (Figu e 13). Howe e , i is e iden ha he p e ious de o ma ion accele a ed he pea li ic ans o ma ion; in o he wo ds, due o he p e ious de o ma ion, he pea li ic nose has been shi ed o he le , i.e., o sho e imes and hus o highe cooling a es— om 18 °C/s (maximum o CCT diag am) o 35 °C/s. The ma ensi ic ans o ma ion was in luenced by he p e ious de o ma ion in he sense o lowe ing he ma ensi e-s a empe a u e by app oxima ely 50 °C ( om 220 °C o CCT o 170 °C o DCCT 0.35). . Figu e 13. De o ma ion con inuously cooling ans o ma ion (DCCT) diag am o he 100C 6 s eel—a e he de o ma ion o e = 0.35. Figu e 12. CCT diag am o 100C 6 s eel—acco ding o [42]. C ys als 2020,10, 326 9 o 16 F om he poin o iew o he localiza ion o he pea li ic ans o ma ion and he empe a u e o he beginning o ma ensi e o ma ion on he empe a u e axis, he e was a good ma ch. A good ma ch was also ob ained when compa ing all h ee CCT diag ams, namely he ime domain o pea li e o ma ion, also aking in o accoun sligh ly di e en empe a u es o aus eni iza ion (850 ◦ C s. 860 ◦ C). Howe e , ma ensi e appea ed in he s uc u e a a cooling a e o 12 ◦ C/s, which is a highe a e han in he case o he compa ed CCT diag ams om he li e a u e. 3.2. DCCT Diag am—De o ma ion e =0.35 While i is possible o encoun e a la ge numbe o CCT diag ams o he in es iga ed 100C 6 s eel in he li e a u e [ 42 – 44 , 51 – 54 ], he e is a minimum o in o ma ion abou he e ec o p io de o ma ion on his s eel. In he case o he p esen ed esea ch, he in es iga ed s eel was dila ome ically es ed a e wo le els o he p e ious de o ma ion. The DCCT diag am in Figu e 13 documen s he in luence o he p e ious de o ma ion o e =0.35. C ys als 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 17 Figu e 11. CCT diag am o 100C 6 s eel—acco ding o [51]. Figu e 12. CCT diag am o 100C 6 s eel—acco ding o [42]. 3.2. DCCT Diag am – De o ma ion e = 0.35 While i is possible o encoun e a la ge numbe o CCT diag ams o he in es iga ed 100C 6 s eel in he li e a u e [42 – 44,51–54], he e is a minimum o in o ma ion abou he e ec o p io de o ma ion on his s eel. In he case o he p esen ed esea ch, he in es iga ed s eel was dila ome ically es ed a e wo le els o he p e ious de o ma ion. The DCCT diag am in Figu e 13 documen s he in luence o he p e ious de o ma ion o e = 0.35. Only he aus eni e – pea li e and aus eni e – ma ensi e ans o ma ions we e ound in his DCCT diag am (Figu e 13). Howe e , i is e iden ha he p e ious de o ma ion accele a ed he pea li ic ans o ma ion; in o he wo ds, due o he p e ious de o ma ion, he pea li ic nose has been shi ed o he le , i.e., o sho e imes and hus o highe cooling a es— om 18 °C/s (maximum o CCT diag am) o 35 °C/s. The ma ensi ic ans o ma ion was in luenced by he p e ious de o ma ion in he sense o lowe ing he ma ensi e-s a empe a u e by app oxima ely 50 °C ( om 220 °C o CCT o 170 °C o DCCT 0.35). . Figu e 13. De o ma ion con inuously cooling ans o ma ion (DCCT) diag am o he 100C 6 s eel—a e he de o ma ion o e = 0.35. Figu e 13. De o ma ion con inuously cooling ans o ma ion (DCCT) diag am o he 100C 6 s eel—a e he de o ma ion o e =0.35. Only he aus eni e–pea li e and aus eni e–ma ensi e ans o ma ions we e ound in his DCCT diag am (Figu e 13). Howe e , i is e iden ha he p e ious de o ma ion accele a ed he pea li ic ans o ma ion; in o he wo ds, due o he p e ious de o ma ion, he pea li ic nose has been shi ed o he le , i.e., o sho e imes and hus o highe cooling a es— om 18 ◦ C/s (maximum o CCT diag am) o 35 ◦ C/s. The ma ensi ic ans o ma ion was in luenced by he p e ious de o ma ion in he sense o lowe ing he ma ensi e-s a empe a u e by app oxima ely 50 ◦ C ( om 220 ◦ C o CCT o 170 ◦C o DCCT 0.35). In o de o ob ain a comple ely ma ensi ic-ca bidic s uc u e, i was necessa y o quench he specimens a e he de o ma ion by he use o wa e je s. This, howe e , makes i impossible o ins all he dila ome ic module. The cou se o quenching a e he 0.35 de o ma ion is shown in Figu e 14. The cooling a e be ween 810 ◦C and 100 ◦C was close o 3500 ◦C/s. The mic os uc u e o all samples ha we e de o med by he s ain o 0.35 was obse ed by ligh -mic oscopy and SEM me hods (Figu e 15). Obse ed mic os uc u es coincided wi h hose desc ibed abo e o he ma e ial s a e wi hou de o ma ion. An inc eased oos i e sha e a he expense o ma ensi e was obse ed in he case o de o med samples, which we e cooled by in e media e a es. Documen a ion ia he SEM me hod has been pe o med only in he case o he sample, which was C ys als 2020,10, 326 16 o 16 42. OVAKO—Ma e ial Da a Shee o S eel G ade 100C 6. A ailable online: h ps://s eelna iga o .o ako.com/ s eel-g ades/100c 6/(accessed on 25 Feb ua y 2019). 43. IMS—Da a Shee o 100C 6 S eel—No ma i a di Ri e imen o UNI 3097. A ailable online: h ps://www.ims. i / iles/100C 6.pd (accessed on 20 Feb ua y 2019). 44. Du and-Cha e, M. Mic os uc u e o S eels and Cas I ons, 1s ed.; Sp inge : Be lin, Ge many, 2004; pp. 297–304. 45. Schindle , I.; Kawulok, P. Applica ion possibili ies o he plas ome e Gleeble 3800 wi h simula ion model Hyd awedge II a he VŠB-TU Os a a. Hu . Lis y 2013,66, 85–90. 46. Mandziej, S.T. 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