Planning of safety of cities and territory from the point of view of population protection in the Czech Republic

sus ainabili y A icle Planning o Sa e y o Ci ies and Te i o y om he Poin o View o Popula ion P o ec ion in he Czech Republic Ji i Poko ny 1,* , Ba bo a Machalo a 1, Simona Sli ko a 1, Lenka B uma o a 1and Vladimi Vlcek 2 1Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, VSB—Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Lumi o a 13/630, 700 30 Os a a-Vysko ice, Czech Republic; [email p o ec ed] (B.M.); [email p o ec ed] (S.S.); lenka.b uma [email p o ec ed] (L.B.) 2Fi e Rescue Se ices o he Mo a ian-Silesian Region, Vysko icka 40, 700 30 Os a a-Zab eh, Czech Republic; ladimi [email p o ec ed] *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] Recei ed: 3 Oc obe 2020; Accep ed: 11 No embe 2020; Published: 14 No embe 2020   Abs ac : Ensu ing e i o ial sa e y is one o he s a e’s main asks, and he public adminis a ion plays a p ima y ole in ul illing i . The sa e y and sus ainabili y o a e i o y is ensu ed by, in e alia, sa e y planning, including spa ial planning. Spa ial planning con ains sa e y equi emen s o popula ion p o ec ion. The equi emen s o ensu ing he sa e y o he popula ion included in he spa ial plan a y signi ican ly be ween coun ies. The exis ing popula ion p o ec ion equi emen s con ained in he spa ial plan ha e been unsa is ac o y o a long ime. The main issue is ha hey a e ou o da e and di icul o apply. The a icle p esen s a new p oposed me hod o de e mining equi emen s o he p o ec ion o he popula ion, which is based on e alua ing he isks in he ci ies and e i o y. The speci ic popula ion p o ec ion equi emen s a e de e mined based on he esul ing isks and hei scaling. The equi emen s a e classi ied as gene al when he e i o y is no aced wi h ex e nal isks o speci ic when he e a e such isks. The me hod is applied o he condi ions o he Czech Republic. In e ms o na ional s anda d speci ics, he e a e equi emen s in a eas o public in as uc u e, public u ili y buildings, and public bene i measu es. The me hod o de e mining popula ion p o ec ion equi emen s can be conside ed applicable in a gene al o m by a ious coun ies i he na ional s anda ds speci ics o o he aspec s a e aken in o accoun . Keywo ds: sus ainabili y o he e i o y; popula ion p o ec ion; ci il p o ec ion; e i o ial isks; sa e y planning 1. In oduc ion Te i o ial sa e y and popula ion p o ec ion is one o he basic asks o he s a e and one o he p ima y in e es s o he Eu opean Union oo. I is concei ed as i s sa e y policy. The p inciples o he Eu opean Union’s sa e y policy include, o example, inc easing he ci izens’ p ospe i y, ensu ing sus ainable e i o ial de elopmen , and p omo ing he esilience o democ a ic sys ems [1]. Among he Eu opean Union p o ec ion documen s, we can ind he Ac ion P og am, Li ing well wi hin he limi s o ou plane , which in pa icula deals wi h he clima e change, na u al and biological di e si y, he en i onmen , human heal h and quali y o li e, na u al esou ces and hei sus ainabili y, and was e [2]. The e i o ial sa e y is closely linked o long- e m sus ainabili y. Sus ainabili y s a egies a e associa ed wi h he issues o “people and socie y”, “economic model”, “ esilien ecosys ems”, “municipali ies and egions”, “global de elopmen ”, and “good go e nance” [3,4]. Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487; doi:10.3390/su12229487 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487 2 o 17 The sus ainabili y o a e i o y is closely ela ed o he p epa edness o deal wi h ex ao dina y inciden s, c isis si ua ions, and disas e s. Fo hei solu ion wi hin he Eu opean Union, an in eg a ed app oach known as he ci il p o ec ion mechanism is necessa y. The in eg a ed app oach is p ima ily ocused on he p o ec ion o people, he en i onmen , and p ope y, including cul u al he i age, agains all ypes o disas e s, including he esponse o hem. An impo an posi ion he e is ha o p e en ion, which e e s o any measu e ocused on he educ ion o isk o mi iga ion o he ad e se e ec s o disas e s. Wi hin p e en ion comes isk mapping and assessmen , which is ca ied ou by he Membe S a es o he Eu opean Union [5,6]. The ways and p inciples o he isk assessmen ha e a his o ical backg ound based on he so-called “Yokohama S a egy o a Sa e Wo ld”, which included he undamen al p inciples o a educ ion o na u ogenic disas e isks, mi iga ion o hei consequences, and adap a ions [ 7 ]. The p inciples o he disas e educ ion in 2005 in Hyogo u he di ec ed he de elopmen o sending he iden i ica ion o isks and he in es men in disas e p epa edness. The main di ec ion was se as building he esilience o na ions and communi ies agains disas e s [ 8 ]. An e alua ion o p e ious plans o disas e isk educ ion and he iden i ica ion o u he solu ion p ocedu es in he ield o isk assessmen came in 2015 in Sendai. The basis o he implemen a ion o p e en i e measu es is he su ey o he na u e he isks. A he same ime, i u ned ou ha o he disas e solu ion, i is essen ial o ensu e he p epa edness o au ho i ies a all le els [9,10]. The c ucial pa o he Eu opean Union’s ci il p o ec ion mechanisms is no only he isk assessmen , bu also he sha ing o knowledge, bes p ac ices, and in o ma ion. The Membe S a es o he Eu opean Union ca y ou a isk assessmen e e y h ee yea s. The impo ance o isk p e en ion is emphasized. Risk assessmen in he Czech Republic was ca ied ou a he na ional le el in 2015. The iden i ied h ea s o he Czech Republic we e one o he ounda ions o he elabo a ion o a new concep o ensu ing he secu i y o a e i o y om he poin o iew o popula ion p o ec ion. Based on he isk assessmen , he Membe S a es o he Eu opean Union a e equi ed o imp o e he p ocedu es o disas e managemen planning a he na ional o equi alen lowe le el. The newly p oposed p ocedu e esponds o his equi emen . Te i o ial sa e y and popula ion sa e y in he Czech Republic a e also ela ed o he p o ec ion o he en i onmen . I is included in he s a e’s en i onmen al policy. Pa o he policy is ela ed o en i onmen al p o ec ion and p o ec ion agains loods, d ough , i e, slope ins abili ies, and places o con amina ion [11]. The p inciples o ensu ing he sa e y o a e i o y is add essed in sa e y planning. Eme gency plans, con ingency plans, and ela ed plans a e among he mos impo an “planning documen s”. The p epa a ion o sa e y plans is closely associa ed wi h spa ial planning, which in he Czech Republic is di ided in o spa ial analysis documen s and spa ial planning documen a ion [ 12 – 14 ]. The asks o spa ial planning include assessing he s a e o he e i o y, i s na u al, cul u al, and ci iliza ional alues, and se ing equi emen s o he use and a angemen o he e i o y, buildings, and public space. All e i o ial equi emen s a e add essed wi h ega d o ensu ing he sa e y o he e i o y. The p inciples a e se ou in he e i o ial de elopmen policy [15]. The equi emen s o spa ial planning ab oad a e also ela ed o ensu ing he sa e y and sus ainabili y o he e i o y. Examples o coun ies ha ha e a somewha simila sa e y sys em o he Czech Republic include Swi ze land and Ge many. Spa ial planning in Swi ze land is egula ed by he Ac on Spa ial Planning [ 16 ]. Spa ial planning includes equi emen s o he use and a angemen o he e i o y, p o ec ion o na u al and cul u al alues, c ea ion o condi ions o economic de elopmen , sus ainabili y o he e i o y, and ensu ing he p o ec ion o he popula ion. In Ge many, spa ial planning consis s o he de elopmen and o ganiza ion o he e i o y, he pu sui o balanced social, cul u al, economic, and en i onmen al condi ions, and he conside a ion o de ense and ci il p o ec ion equi emen s [17]. Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487 3 o 17 In he isk assessmen o he e i o y, i seems o be pu pose ul o ake in o accoun only he mos signi ican selec ed haza ds ha ha e a majo impac on he en i onmen , cul u al, and his o ical alues o he e i o y, he e i o ial de elopmen , and he landscape c ea ion in acco dance wi h he p inciples o he long- e m sus ainable de elopmen . I is he e o e app op ia e o use a quali a i e assessmen o he selec ed haza ds ha allow o speci y he mos signi ican isks. The selec ed isks ha e been also aken in o accoun in he spa ial planning [18]. In he isk assessmen o he la ge a eas, he echnique o mul idimensional analysis has been used. The esul s o he analysis enable o be e iden i y he isk a eas om he pe spec i e o na u ogenic and an h opogenic isks, o classi y hem, and o ake hem in o accoun in he planning. In he inal consequence, i is possible o alloca e he su icien o ces and esou ces o p o ec he e i o y [19]. The isk iden i ica ion mus be also accompanied by a quan i ica ion p ocess. Howe e , in some cases, he quan i ica ion o isks in ela ion o he possible occu ence and de elopmen o disas e s has no been selec ed op imally. This s a e causes he need o de elop new echniques and p ocedu es o assessing he isks o he e i o y [20]. Fo he assessmen o he en i onmen al sa e y in he e i o y, he sys em o selec ed speci ic indica o s ha can iden i y he le el o sa e y has usually been used [ 21 ]. The use o indica o s equi es, in some cases, modi ica ions in ela ion o he sol ed e i o y [22]. The assessmen o isks in he e i o y in connec ion wi h ensu ing he sus ainabili y can also be pe o med in ela ion o mili a y con lic s. I is possible o de e mine a complex le el o he isk wi h he di ision o he e i o y in o subca ego ies. To p ocess he esul s, i is possible o use he s anda d geog aphic sys ems, which can be bene icial o imp o ing he en i onmen al managemen . An example o applica ion is he con lic in he eas e n pa o Uk aine [23]. In e ms o he e i o ial secu i y, i is possible o speak abou he assessmen o “ e i o ial esilience” as a concep o helping wi h he iden i ica ion o ulne abili ies and wi h he es ablishmen o he p e en i e measu es in he o m o secu i y plans [24]. The p esen has been cha ac e ized by a complex assessmen o e i o ial isks, i.e., by he assessmen o “mul i- ulne abili y”, “mul i-exposu e”, and “mul i-p epa edness”. I is ob ious ha he issue o he isk assessmen canno be app oached sepa a ely, bu always wi h he connec ion o o he e i o ial ac o s, including he planned de elopmen [25]. Ensu ing he sa e y o he e i o y has no only been associa ed wi h he spa ial planning, bu also wi h he eme gency o c isis planning. Howe e , he indi idual ypes o plans ha e been o en sol ed wi h di e en egula ions and hei in e connec ion has no been op imal. In he inal consequence, he e ec i e p epa a ion o he e i o y has been o possible disas e s dis up ed. In he u u e, i will be desi able o c ea e an in e connec ion be ween di e en ypes o planning documen a ion [ 26 ]. In some cases, he s udies also con i m he need o he adjus men in exis ing legisla ion, which sol e he secu i y o he e i o y [27]. The es ablishmen o secu i y p inciples in u ban de elopmen is also closely linked o hei digi iza ion, which can, wi h app op ia e solu ion, inc ease he secu i y o ci izens [28]. I is he e o e clea ha he equi emen s o he sa e y and sus ainabili y o he e i o y a e closely ela ed o sa e y planning and he p o ec ion o he popula ion [29]. 2. Ma e ials and Me hods The aim o he a icle is o cha ac e ize a new p ocedu e o de e mining he equi emen s o he popula ion p o ec ion wi hin he spa ial planning p ocess. The equi emen s o he p o ec ion o he popula ion a e closely ela ed o he sus ainabili y o he e i o y and a e c ucial o i s u he de elopmen . The me hod was hen applied o he condi ions o he Czech Republic. Wi hin he esea ch he e has been a sea ch o exis ing p ocedu es o de e mining hese equi emen s in he Czech Republic and in selec ed o eign coun ies. The ob ained in o ma ion was analyzed, and pa ial conclusions we e d awn using induc ion and deduc ion. Using he syn hesis o Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487 4 o 17 knowledge, a new, gene ally applicable p ocedu e o de e mining he equi emen s o popula ion p o ec ion in spa ial planning was subsequen ly p oposed. The newly c ea ed app oach p esen ed below keeps he legisla i e and no ma i e equi emen s ha a e, ega ding he gi en issue, alid in he Czech Republic. This app oach applies he knowledge o he new p inciple o hei applica ion. Fo his p inciple he e ha e been app oaches o some o eign coun ies. P ima ily, i is abou a di ision o he applica ion o equi emen s in a e i o y wi hou ex e nal dange and in a e i o y wi h ex e nal dange , whe e he equi emen s a e di ec ed o a speci ic dange . This ac in he cu en s a e o applica ion o he equi emen s o p o ec ion o he popula ion in he Czech Republic is missing, which o en causes unce ain ies in he applica ion o equi emen s. F om he poin o iew o he Czech Republic, he p ocedu e is a no el y in i s en i e y. 2.1. De ini ion o The Te m “Popula ion P o ec ion” The e m“popula ionp o ec ion”in heCzechRepublicmeans he ul illmen o heci ilp o ec ion asks, especially he wa ning, e acua ion, shel e , eme gency su i al o he popula ion and o he measu es o ensu e he p o ec ion o li e, heal h and p ope y [30,31]. One o he s a egic goals o he de elopmen o popula ion p o ec ion in he Czech Republic is o c ea e links be ween he sa e y o he popula ion and he sus ainabili y o he e i o y. This is ela ed o he c ea ion o pe sonnel and ma e ial capaci ies, he educa ion o he popula ion, and he de elopmen o sa e y esea ch [32]. The desc ibed de ini ion o popula ion p o ec ion is o some ex en simila in Swi ze land and Ge many. In Swi ze land, i has been abou he ci il p o ec ion ha se s ou he p inciples o coope a ion in dealing wi h eme gencies and c isis si ua ions a he le el o he Con ede a ion, he can on, and hi d pa ies. I de ines he asks o p o ec ion o he popula ion, which include p o ec ing he popula ion and i s needs in he e en o disas e s, eme gencies, and a med con lic s, and u he con ibu ing o mi iga ing hei consequences and o e coming hem [33]. In Ge many, he ci il p o ec ion has been unde s ood o be a necessa y ange o non-mili a y measu es o p o ec he popula ion, elimina e o mi iga e he e ec s o wa on he popula ion, i s homes, impo an businesses, cul u al p ope y, and i al wo kplaces, and o de end impo an au ho i ies. Ci il p o ec ion includes, in pa icula , he sel -p o ec ion, wa ning he popula ion, p o ec i e buildings, egula ion o esidence, escue sys em, measu es o p o ec heal h, and measu es o p o ec cul u al p ope y [34]. Al hough he pe cep ion o he p o ec ion o he popula ion is no en i ely he same in di e en coun ies, i is always a ma e o c ea ing sui able condi ions o he popula ion in he e en o eme gencies o a non-mili a y o mili a y na u e. In he ollowing ex , he p o ec ion o he popula ion will be p ima ily associa ed wi h e en s o a non-mili a y na u e. 2.2. Spa ial Planning Documen a ion S uc u e Spa ial planning in he Czech Republic has been based on spa ial analy ical documen s and spa ial planning documen a ion. Spa ial analysis is ca ied ou o he e i o y o he egion and o he adminis a i e e i o y o he municipali y wi h enla ged ju isdic ion. The spa ial analy ical documen s hen con ain sus ainable de elopmen analyses o he e i o y, da a abou he e i o y, and o he a ailable in o ma ion o da a. The spa ial planning documen a ion consis s o he p inciples o spa ial de elopmen and he spa ial and egula ion plan, which a e issued in he o m o measu es o a gene al na u e pu suan o he Adminis a i e P ocedu e Code [14]. P inciples o e i o ial de elopmen de ine he basic p inciples o e i o ies o he egion on hei e icien and economic a angemen . They con ain he delimi a ion o a eas and co ido s o sup a-local signi icance including a eas and co ido s o he public in as uc u e, public u ili y buildings, public u ili y measu es, buildings, and measu es o ensu ing s a e de ense and sa e y. Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487 5 o 17 The Spa ial plan is p ocessed o he e i o y o he municipali y. The ci y egion de elopmen , he p o ec ion o i s alues, he layou o he landscape, and he public in as uc u e a e se ou he e. I de ines he bo de s o buil -up a eas, co ido s, a eas o public u ili y buildings, and land ese es. The egula o y plan is p ocessed o a de ined a ea o he land, which is de e mined by he egional council o he municipal council in he o m o measu es o a gene al na u e acco ding o he Adminis a i e P ocedu e Code. I se s he condi ion o using land, p o ec ing alues and he cha ac e o he e i o y, o placing buildings, and o c ea ing a a o able en i onmen in he gi en a ea. 2.3. De e mina ion o Popula ion P o ec ion Requi emen s wi hin Spa ial Planning The equi emen s o he p o ec ion o he popula ion wi hin he spa ial planning c ea e condi ions o ensu ing heci il p o ec ion, educing he isko ecological andna u aldisas e s, and o elimina ing hei consequences [14]. Cu en ly, he Czech Republic has p ima ily esol ed he ollowing equi emen s o ensu ing [ 35 ]: e acua ion o he popula ion and i s accommoda ion, eme gency wa e supply o he popula ion, p o ec ion agains he e ec s o dange ous subs ances s o ed in he e i o y, p o ec ion agains he consequences o a possible e o is a ack on objec s he damage o which may cause an eme gency si ua ion. Howe e , he implemen a ion o he popula ion p o ec ion equi emen s is cu en ly p oblema ic in he Czech Republic. The main eason is he ambigui y o he se equi emen s and hus hei di icul eal-li e applica ion [36]. I is necessa y o design a new me hod o de e mining popula ion p o ec ion equi emen s wi hin he amewo k o a spa ial plan. The necessi y o an amendmen is u he suppo ed by esul s om eal e en s and conduc ed escue uni exe cises [37]. The gene al scheme o he me hod o de e mining he equi emen s o he p o ec ion o he popula ion in he e i o y is shown in Figu e 1. Sus ainabili y2020,12,xFORPEERREVIEW5o 17 2.3.De e mina iono Popula ionP o ec ionRequi emen swi hinSpa ialPlanning The equi emen s o  hep o ec iono  hepopula ionwi hin hespa ialplanningc ea e condi ions o ensu ing heci ilp o ec ion, educing he isko ecologicalandna u aldisas e s,and o elimina ing hei consequences[14]. Cu en ly, heCzechRepublichasp ima ily esol ed he ollowing equi emen s o ensu ing [35]: e acua iono  hepopula ionandi saccommoda ion, eme gencywa e supply o hepopula ion, p o ec ionagains  hee ec so dange oussubs ancess o edin he e i o y, p o ec ionagains  heconsequenceso apossible e o is a ackonobjec s hedamageo which maycauseaneme gencysi ua ion. Howe e , heimplemen a iono  hepopula ionp o ec ion equi emen siscu en ly p oblema icin heCzechRepublic.Themain easonis heambigui yo  hese  equi emen sand hus hei di icul  eal‐li eapplica ion[36]. I isnecessa y odesignanewme hod o de e miningpopula ionp o ec ion equi emen s wi hin he amewo ko aspa ialplan.Thenecessi yo anamendmen is u he suppo edby esul s om eale en sandconduc ed escueuni exe cises[37]. Thegene alschemeo  heme hod o de e mining he equi emen s o  hep o ec iono  he popula ionin he e i o yisshowninFigu e1.  Figu e1.Thegene alschemeo  heme hod o de e mining he equi emen s o  hep o ec iono  hepopula ionin he e i o y. Thisgene alme hodis hebasic amewo k o de e mining he equi emen s o  hep o ec ion o  hepopula ionin hea ea. Amo ede ailedillus a iono  henewlyp oposedme hodcanbeseeninFigu e2. Thep ocesso de e mining he equi emen s o  hep o ec iono  hepopula ionina e i o y canbedi idedin o ou s epsma kedinFigu e2le e sA oD.A e  heini ials ep,whichis he de ini iono  he e i o y(s epA),possiblehaza ds ha mayoccu in hea eaa e akenin oaccoun . Thep ocedu e o de e mining he esul inghaza dsisdesc ibedin he ollowingsec ionso  he a icle.The esul o  hecompa isono  heassessed e i o ywi h heselec ed isksis heg ouping o  e i o iesin o“a easno  acingex e nal isks”and“a eas acingex e nal isks”. A eas acingex e nal iskscanbe u he compa edwi hlimi c i e ia,whichse  hedeg eeo  iskinagi en e i o yin ela ion osomeo  he esul ing isks.The esul is hedi isiono  he e i o yacco ding olimi c i e ia.Theassesso can,howe e ,lea eou  hiss epandkeep hesimple di isiono a easno  acingex e nal isksanda eas acingex e nal isks(S epC). Fo a easno  acingex e nal isks, he ea e u he gene alpopula ionp o ec ion equi emen s; o a eas acingex e nal isks, he ea e u he speci icpopula ionp o ec ion equi emen s(s epD). Legend: N=na u alhaza dsA=an h opogenichaza dsL=limi o haza dM=measu edange  X=X‐ hdange Y=Y‐ hlimi c i e ionZ=Z‐ h equi emen  o p o ec iono  hepopula ion Figu e 1. The gene al scheme o he me hod o de e mining he equi emen s o he p o ec ion o he popula ion in he e i o y. This gene al me hod is he basic amewo k o de e mining he equi emen s o he p o ec ion o he popula ion in he a ea. A mo e de ailed illus a ion o he newly p oposed me hod can be seen in Figu e 2. Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487 6 o 17 Figu e 2. A mo e de ailed desc ip ion o he me hod o de e mining he equi emen s o popula ion p o ec ion wi hin spa ial planning. The p ocess o de e mining he equi emen s o he p o ec ion o he popula ion in a e i o y can be di ided in o ou s eps ma ked in Figu e 2le e s A o D. A e he ini ial s ep, which is he de ini ion o he e i o y (s ep A), possible haza ds ha may occu in he a ea a e aken in o accoun . The p ocedu e o de e mining he esul ing haza ds is desc ibed in he ollowing sec ions o he a icle. The esul o he compa ison o he assessed e i o y wi h he selec ed isks is he g ouping o e i o ies in o “a eas no acing ex e nal isks” and “a eas acing ex e nal isks”. A eas acing ex e nal isks can be u he compa ed wi h limi c i e ia, which se he deg ee o isk in a gi en e i o y in ela ion o some o he esul ing isks. The esul is he di ision o he e i o y acco ding o limi c i e ia. The assesso can, howe e , lea e ou his s ep and keep he simple di ision o a eas no acing ex e nal isks and a eas acing ex e nal isks (s ep C). Fo a eas no acing ex e nal isks, he e a e u he gene al popula ion p o ec ion equi emen s; o a eas acing ex e nal isks, he e a e u he speci ic popula ion p o ec ion equi emen s (s ep D). The gene al equi emen s o he e i o y can be desc ibed as he basic equi emen s in e ms o he public in as uc u e (e.g., access oads, wa e supply o i e igh ing) and public u ili y buildings Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487 7 o 17 (e.g., es ablishing i e s a ions). The equi emen s will also be applied o e i o ies no acing ex e nal dange s. The speci ic equi emen s a e equi emen s o a e i o y due o he exis ence o ex e nal isks (e.g., he occu ence o ope a ions wi h haza dous chemicals). The p oposed me hod was u he applied o he Czech Republic. Fo he sake o comple eness, i is necessa y o s a e ha he gene al and speci ic equi emen s o he p o ec ion o he popula ion we e de e mined wi h ega d o he compe encies o he Fi e and Rescue Se ice o he Czech Republic, which is he gua an o o he p o ec ion o he popula ion in he Czech Republic. 2.4. Te i o ial Risk Assessmen This pa o he a icle deals wi h he isk e alua ion p ocess in he e i o y, he e o e he p inciple, by which he isks we e de e mined o compa ison in he e i o y in he newly designed me hod. The p inciples de ined by echnical s anda ds [ 38 , 39 ] can gene ally be used o assess he haza ds and isks o a e i o y. The main inpu o de e mining he esul ing isks in a e i o y o he Czech Republic ha e been he analyses al eady made. These ha e been mainly he Analysis o he Czech Republic and he subsequen Regional Th ea Analysis [ 40 – 42 ]. Wi hin hese o iginal wo ks, 72 ypes o isks ha e been assessed, which ha e been di ided in o h ee ca ego ies. These ha e been he ca ego ies wi h accep able haza d, condi ionally accep able haza d, and unaccep able haza d. The ollowing wo ks de e mining he esul ing haza ds in a e i o y ha e been aimed only a he le el o unaccep able isks. This le el con ained 22 isks, including loods, ex eme wind, adia ion acciden s, leakage o chemical subs ances om s a iona y ins alla ions, epidemics, he in e up ion o he ood supply on a la ge scale, mig a ion, and o he s. The o al lis o hese isks is gi en in Table 1. E e y isk has been assigned a isk code du ing selec ion, g ouping he indi idual haza ds in o na u ogenic (N) and an h opogenic (A), and he e ha e been gi en he se ial numbe s. Table 1. The de e mina ion o he co ec ed sum o impac s o indi idual isks [43]. Risk Code Unaccep able Risks Co . Sum A-02 adia ion acciden 17.0 N-02 lash loods 14.0 A-10 special lood 14.0 N-01 na u al lood 13.0 A-01 leakage o haza dous chemical om s a iona y equipmen 13.0 A-04 dis up ion o la ge-scale elec ici y supply 12.5 A-12 la ge-scale b eaches o he law 11.0 A-03 dis up ion o la ge-scale gas supplies 10.5 A-05 dis up ion o he supply o la ge-scale oil and pe oleum p oduc s 10.5 N-04 ex eme p olonged d ough 10.0 A-13 dis up ion o he inancial and o eign exchange economy o a la ge-scale scope 9.5 A-06 dis up ion o la ge-scale d inking wa e supplies 9.0 A-11 la ge-scale mig a ion wa es 8.5 N-05 ex eme wind 8.0 N-07 epidemic 8.0 N-08 epizoo ic 7.5 A-08 dis up ion o he unc ionali y o impo an elec onic communica ions sys ems 7.5 A-09 dis up ion o la ge-scale ood supplies 7.5 N-03 hea y ain all 7.0 N-06 occu ence o ex emely high empe a u es 7.0 N-09 epiphy is 5.5 A-07 b each o in o ma ion sa e y o c i ical in o ma ion in as uc u e 3.0 Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487 8 o 17 Unaccep able isks ha e been hen u he e alua ed in ela ion o possible consequences [ 43 ], namely: impac s on people’s li es and heal h, en i onmen al impac s, economic impac s, social and social impac s, in e na ional impac s, impac s on he c i ical in as uc u e. Subsequen ly, using he e alua ion indices lis ed in Table 2, a co ec ed sum o impac s has been de e mined o indi idual haza ds, cha ac e izing hei signi icance. Table 2. Values o calcula ing he co ec ed sum o impac s [43]. Ve bal E alua ion E alua ion Index Value o he Co ec ed Sum o Impac s Di ec Impac s Indi ec Impac s no impac 0 0 0 low impac 1 1 0.5 medium impac 2 2 1 se e e impac 3 3 1.5 The impac s o indi idual isk on he gi en a ea ha e been assessed as a pa o he e alua ion. Fi s he e was he assessmen o he di ec impac s and in he case o low di ec impac s ( he alue o 1 o 0) he e was also an e alua ion o indi ec impac s on he gi en a ea. I he alue o indi ec impac s exceeded he alue o di ec impac s, his isk has been hen assessed as an indi ec impac . Di ec impac sha ebeenconside ed hosesi ua ions, which couldendange heheal h o li es o people; he indi ec impac s we e hen si ua ions ha o he wise in e up he no mal li e o he popula ion. The isks asso ed acco ding o hei esul ing co ec ed sum o impac s is gi en in Table 1. The isks wi h he highes sco e should be he subjec o p io i y o he de e mina ion o measu es om he poin o iew o p o ec ion o he popula ion. The nex phase o he e alua ion was ocused on he e alua ion o he impac s o haza ds on he heal h and li e o he popula ion in ela ion o a ce ain a ea [ 43 ]. Fo hese needs, i was p ima ily he e i o y: s a e, egions, municipali ies. The e alua ion has been ocused on he ac i he gi en isk has an impac on he e alua ed e i o ial uni ( alues “yes/no”). The e alua ion also e lec ed ha he p edominan impac s we e di ec ( ed) o indi ec (yellow). The assessmen o he e ec s o he isk on he s a e le el is shown in Figu e 3. The assessmen o he impac s o isks on he le el o he municipali y is shown in Figu e 4. The alues o he co ec ed sums o impac s can be displayed o any e i o ial uni . I is clea ha he signi icance o he e ec s o isks a ies conside ably o di e en le els o he e i o y. Wi hin he whole p ocess o he isk assessmen in he e i o y, his is a pa ial ou pu o he e alua o . Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487 9 o 17 Figu e 3. S a e le el impac assessmen [43]. Figu e 4. Assessmen o impac s on he municipali y le el [43]. 2.5. The Resul ing Risks in The Te i o y The pa ial esul s ob ained wi hin he isk assessmen in he a ea ha e been he basis o de e mining he esul ing isks. The isks lis ed in Table 1ha e been u he assessed om he ollowing poin s o iew [43]: •The assessmen o pe manen iden i iabili y in he e i o y, • The e alua ion o he possibili y o p e en i e measu es om he poin o iew o spa ial planning, • The e alua ion o he possibili y o p e en i e measu es om he poin o iew o he compe ence o he Fi e and Rescue Se ice. Risks ha mee all h ee abo e-men ioned aspec s ha e been classi ied as he esul ing isks o subsequen compa ison wi h he assessed a ea. The esul ing isks a e shown in Table 3. Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 9487 16 o 17 20. 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[C ossRe ] Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions. © 2020 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).