Application of satellite radar interferometry (PSInSAR) in analysis of secondary surface deformations in mining areas. Case studies from Czech Republic and Poland

Ac a Geodyn. Geoma e ., Vol. 15, No. 2 (190), 173–185, 2018 DOI: 10.13168/AGG.2018.0013 jou nal homepage: h ps://www.i sm.cas.cz/ac a O RIGINAL PAPER APPLICATION OF SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY (PSInSAR) IN ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY SURFACE DEFORMATIONS IN MINING AREAS. CASE STUDIES FROM CZECH REPUBLIC AND POLAND Jan BLACHOWSKI 1) *, E a JIRÁNKOVÁ 2), Milan LAZECKÝ 3), Pa el KADLEČÍK 4) and Wojciech MILCZAREK 1) 1) W oclaw Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Facul y o Geoenginee ing, Mining and Geology, Wyb zeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 W oclaw, Poland 2) Facul y o Mining and Geology, VSB-TU Os a a, 17. lis opadu 15, 708 33 Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic 3) IT4Inno a ions, VSB-TU Os a a, 17. lis opadu 15, 708 33 Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic 4) Facul y o Science, Cha les Uni e si y, Albe o 6, 128 43 P aha 2, Czech Republic *Co esponding au ho ‘s e-mail: [email p o ec ed] ABSTRACT Seconda y de o ma ions a e g ound mo emen s occu ing in a eas o ceased unde g oun d mining. These a e associa ed wi h delayed eadjus men o ock mass esul ing in subsidence, discon inuous de o ma ions (sinks, c acks, e c.) due o des uc ion o unde g ound, usuall y shallow, wo kings, and ele a ion o g ound su ace in esponse o ock mass o ising g oundwa e le els ollowing he end o mine wa e d ainage. Compa a i e analysis o seconda y de o ma ions in wo o me mining a eas in he i s pe iod a e cessa ion o unde g ound ha d coal mining is he subjec o his s udy. We used ERS-1/2 and En isa sa elli e ada in e e ome y da a p ocessed wi h PSInSAR echnique and GIS o map e ical (in sa elli e’s line o sigh , LOS) mo emen s o he su ace and analyse hem in ela ion o loca ion o coal ields and unde g ound wa e able ise. In he s udy, wo a eas ha e been compa ed, he Os a a ci y in he Czech pa o he Uppe Silesian Basin and he Wałb zych Coal Basin in Poland. The esul s o analyses based on he esul s o PSInSAR p ocessing be ween 1995 and 2000 o he Wałb zych si e indica e upli (up o +12 mm/yea ) in closed pa s o coal ields and subsidence (up o –8 mm/yea ) in a eas o declining mining. Resul s o PSInSAR analysis o e he Os a a si e indica e decaying subsidence a e mine closu es in he a e o up o -6 mm/yea du in g 1995-2000. Residual subsidence and gen le upli ha e been pa ly iden i ied a su oundings o closed mines in Os a a om 2003-2010 En isa da a. In Wałb zych gen le ele a ion has been de e mined om 2002 o 2009 in a eas p e iously subsiding. A RTICLE INFO A icle his o y: Recei ed 7 Ma ch 2018 Accep ed 13 June 2018 A ailable online 20 June 2018 K eywo ds: Subsidence Upli Coal mining Sa elli e ada in e e ome y Czech Republic Poland echniques ha e al eady been applied o s udy su ace changes ela ed o bo h ac i e and inac i e unde g ound ha d coal mining. No able applica ions o SAR in e e ome y in s udies o seconda y de o ma ions in pos -mining a eas ha e been desc ibed by Abdikan e al. (2014), Ba eson e al. (2015), Ca o-Cuenca e al. (2013), Gee e al. (2017), Mei e al. (2007), Raucoules e al. (2007), an d Samsono e al. (2013), among o he s. These examples show he scope o InSAR applica ions o mining ela ed g ound mo emen s udies ha include applica ion o a a ie y o SAR senso s, di e en p ocessing echniques, di e en mining si es, an d di e se goals o hese s udies. In Abdikan e al. (2014), 18 SAR images acqui ed be ween 2007 and 2010 by he Japanese Ad anced Land Obse ing Sa elli e (ALOS) we e used o map su ace mo emen s using he Pe sis en Sca e e Sa elli e Rada In e e ome y (PSInSAR) echnique. The au ho s used Phased A ay Type L- band Syn he ic Ape u e Rada (PALSAR) o de e mine i i can be success ully applied o iden i y mining de o ma ion in u al and ege a ed a eas o INTRODUCTION Su ace mo emen s in unde g ound mining a eas, e.g. ha d coal mines, ha appea a e he end o mining ac i i y a e known as seconda y de o ma ions (Chwas ek, 1980; Chudek, 2002). These de o ma ions a e mos o en associa ed wi h delayed eadjus men o o e lying ock mass esul ing in esidual subsidence, sudden des uc ion o unde g ound, usually shallow, wo kings, which may esul i n discon inuous de o ma ions on he su ace (e.g.: c acks, issu es, sinkholes) and ele a ion o g oun d su ace ha is he e ec o esponse o ock mass o he ising g oundwa e le els ollowing he end o mine wa e d ainage. Sa elli e ada in e e ome y (InSAR) is now a well-es ablished echnique o moni o ing g oun d su ace mo emen s ha is capable o su eying la ge a eas a a compe i i e cos and compa able p ecision compa ed o o he echniques (e.g. le elling an d GNSS measu emen s). A signi ican ad an age o InSAR is ha sa elli e ada images a e collec e d con inually and allow o look back and analyse his o ical g ound mo emen s. Va ious in e e ome ic Ci e his a icle as: Blachowski J, Ji ánko á E, Lazecký M, Kadlečík P, Milcza ek W: Applica ion o sa elli e ada in e e ome y (PSInSAR) in analysis o seconda y su ace de o ma ions in mining a eas case s udies om Czech Republic an d Poland. Ac a Geodyn. Geoma e ., 15, No. 2 (190), 1 73 – 1 85, 2018 . DOI : 10.13168/AGG.2018.00 13 J. Blachowski e al. 174 (F ance) o his o ical assessmen o su ace de o ma ion using C-band (ERS-1 da a) and L- b an d (JERS-1 da a). The la e was being used as a complemen a y ool o he C- b and in e e ome y in a es a ea ha was co e ed by o es s and u ba n se lemen s. The coal mining a ea on he F ench-Ge man b o de has been also s udied by Samsono e al. (2013) who used 167 SAR ERS-1/2 and En isa images acqui ed be ween 1995 and 2009 om one ascending and one descending ack and c ea ed o e i e hund ed in e e og ams ha we e used o ime se ies analysis. This app oach allowed o de ec empo al a iabili y o su ace de o ma ions, i.e. e e sal om subsidence o upli . The au ho s de e mined ha de o ma ion a e changes we e mainly caused by wa e le el a ia ions in he o me mines. These selec ed examples p o e ha cu en ly a ange o payable and ee o cha ge sou ces o sa elli e ada images a e a ailable and nume ous p ocessing echniques ha e been de eloped an d success ully applied o s udy sho and long e m su ace mo emen s in a eas o ceased unde g oun d mining ac i i y. In his pape , we aim a compa ing esea ch app oaches applied by wo di e en eams loca ed i n he Czech Republic and in Poland. The subjec o ou s udy is he quan i ica ion and he compa a i e analysis o seconda y de o ma ions in wo o me ha d coal mining si es whe e mining inished i n 1990’s. The i s , he Os a a si e is loca ed in he Czech pa o he Uppe Silesian Coal Basin, and no a om s ill ac i e mines in he icini y o Ka iná. The pos -mining ci y o Os a a is he hi d la ges ci y in he Czech Republic wi h 300 000 inhabi an s. The o he , he Wałb zych si e lies in he Cen a l Sude es M s. wi h coal-bea ing deposi s si ua ed in he L owe Silesian Coal Basin. The Polish ci y o Wałb zych wi h a popula ion o o e 100 000 has gone h ough he de-indus ialisa ion p ocesses simila o Os a a (Fig. 1). The au ho s s a ed hei s udies in bo h si es independen ly. Milcza ek e al. (2017) applied En isa da a and he PSInSAR echnique o de e mine g oun d mo emen s in u banised pa s o Wałb zych o 9/2002 – 7/2009 pe iod. The esul s indica ed an upli o he su ace wi hin bounda ies o o me mining a eas o up o 6 mm/yea and on a e age 4 mm/yea . On he o he hand, Ji ánko á and Lazecký (2016) applied he Quasi Pe manen Sca e e s InSA R (Quasi-PS InSAR) echnique o Te aSAR-X sa elli e images o in es iga e g ound mo emen s (subsidence) in he ac i e pa o he Os a a-Ka iná coal iel d be ween 10/2013 and 5/2015. In his s udy, we use he Pe manen Sca e e InSAR echnique and ERS-1/2, as well as En isa sa elli e da a o s udy and assess he cha ac e o g ound mo emen s p io o he p e iously men ione d s udies. We ha e analysed he inal s age o mining and he i s yea s a e he end o unde g oun d Zonguldak, loca ed along he Black Sea coas in he no hwes o Tu key. They ob ained a densi y o 218 PS/km2 and obse ed subsidence a es be ween -30 and -40 mm/yea o indi idual coal ields ha showed co ela ion wi h olume o p oduced coal. Ba eson e al. (2015) conce ns s udies o g oun d su ace mo emen s in he Sou h Wales Coal ield in Uni ed Kingdom whe e 55 ERS-1/2 SAR C- b an d images o he p e iod be ween 1992 and 1999 we e used and p ocessed wi h he ISBAS (In e mi en Small BAseline Subse ) echnique. Mos o unde - g ound mines in his a ea closed in 1990’s. The au ho s claimed ha he applied echnique p o ide d be e a ge densi y han SBAS and PS echniques, and es ablished a la ge a ea o upli wi h a es o up o 10 mm/yea . The upli was a ibu ed o mine wa e ebound ollowing he closu e o mines and he end o pumping ac i i y ha allowed he wa e le els o e u n o equilib ium. Ca o-Cuenca e al. (2013) desc ibed esul s o a su ace de o ma ion s udy in an a ea o abandone d coal mines in Limbu g ( he Ne he lands) an d neighbou ing coun ies (Belgium and Ge many) ca ied ou wi h PSInSAR echnique. The au ho s de e mined he cha ac e o su ace de o ma ions ollowing closedown o coal mines in 1994 o he s udy pe iod om 1992 o 2009. They a ibu ed he calcula ed upli o up o 220 mm o he mines in B elgium and up o 125 mm in he Du ch pa o he s udy a ea o ising g oundwa e le els ollowing he end o mine wa e d ainage. They obse e d co ela ion be ween a ied a es o g ound upli an d changing wa e le els in indi idual coal ields o ming wa e -basins sepa a ed by aul s. Gee e al. (2017) ollowed hei ea lie in es iga ions on abandoned coal ields in he Uni e d K ingdom (NE England) using he In e mi en Small Baseline Subse (ISBAS) DInSAR echnique on ERS- 1/2, En isa , and Sen inel-1 SAR images. The y obse ed upli o he g ound a ibu ed o inc eases in p o e p essu e in he ock mass ollowing he cessa ion o g oundwa e pumping a e mine closu e. The y ha e also iden i ied egional di e ences in he a e o upli caused by local geological se ings ( aul s). The s udy by Mei e al. (2007) was aimed a mapping and moni o ing mines ha had ope a ed in Albe a (Canada) h ough la e 1800’s and 1900’s an d closed p io o 1975. The au ho s ied o loca e an d documen p ecise si es o unde g ound wo kings (adi s and sha s) whe e only gene al loca ions o o me mines we e known. The au ho s used da a acqui ed be ween 2004 and 2006 by he Canadian Rada sa -1 sa elli e and de e mined subsidence o up o -3.2 mm/yea abo e wo abandoned mines. I was he i s a emp a moni o ing g ound de o ma ion in his a ea whe e occu ences o su ace collapse associa ed wi h des uc ion o old unde g oun d wo kings we e mi iga ed on a case by case basis. Raucoules e al. (2007) used con en ional SA R in e e ome y in he coal-mining basin o Lo aine APPLICATION OF SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY (PSInSAR) IN ANALYSIS OF … . 175 Fig. 1 Loca ions o s udy a eas in he Czech Republic and in Poland. B asin) si es a e si ua ed in he coal basins sp ead o e he bo de be ween he Czech Republic and Polan d (Fig. 1). These coal basins o igina ed om deposi ion o Ca boni e ous deposi s in pa alic and limnic en i onmen s. THE OSTRAVA SITE The Uppe Silesian Coal Basin co e s an a ea o 7 000 km2 o which abou 1550 km2 a e occupied by he coal-bea ing Ca boni e ous in he e i o y o he Czech Republic (Dopi a and Aus , 1997). Wes bo de o he basin passes om No ý Jičín in he di ec io n owa ds Hošťálko ice o Czech-Polish s a e bo de and u he con inues o Poland. The bo de s o he sou h and sou h-eas a e no con i med (Dopi a an d Aus , 1997). In ope a ional e ms, he Czech p a o he basi n can be di ided in o Os a a-Ka iná a ea (also e e ed o as he Os a a-Ka iná coal ield) and he P odbeskydská oblas a ea. The Os a a-Ka iná a ea is subdi ided by he N NE s iking O lo á s uc u e in o he wes e n Os a a pa whe e mining inished in 1990’s an d eas e n Ka iná p a whe e mining s ill has bee n ope a ing. The wes e n Os a a p a is u he spli b y ope a ions a he Os a a si e (i.e. om 1995 o 2000, and om 2003 o 2010), as well as a he Wałb zych si e (i.e. om 1995 o 2000). . Applica ion o sa elli e da a in e e ome y has allowed us o look back and ob ain quan i a i e da a o he analysis o su ace mo emen s ela ed o unde g ound mining in de eloped and buil -up pa s o hese mining si es. As a esul , we ha e been able o compa e he cha ac e o de o ma ion p ocess in wo di e en o me mining si es ha ha e di e en geological an d mining condi ions, and co ela e he obse e d de o ma ions wi h a eas o mining and unde g oun d wa e able ise a e end o mine wa e d ainage. The s uc u e o his pape consis s o an in oduc ion including b ie li e a u e e iew, u he chap e on geology o he Os a a ( he Czech R epublic) and he Wałb zych (Poland) mining si es, a desc ip ion o he PSInSAR p ocessing me hodolog y used in he s udy, and he analysis and discussion o esul s. GEOLOGICAL AND MINING SETTINGS Bo h he Os a a (in he Uppe Silesian Coa l B asin) and he Wałb zych (in he Lowe Silesian Coa l J. Blachowski e al. 176 Fig. 2 Bounda ies o o me mining si es o he Os a a-Ka iná coal ield (including o me mining si es a he Přibo a ea). Membe (Dopi a and Kumpe a, 1993). The amoun o he seams and hei hickness is educed in he di ec ion o he eas and sou h in bo h o he o ma ions. Bo h coal- b ea ing o ma ions a e buil b y clays ones, sil s ones, sands ones, conglome a es an d coal beds. Sands ones and conglome a es a e p esen mainly in basal pa o Ka iná Fo ma ion in he Saddle laye s (Maje e al., 1985). Two majo ec onic di ec ions ake pa on he s uc u al-geological cons i u ion o he Uppe Silesian basin - he main la e al in he di ec ion NNE- SSW and he ans e se in he di ec ion app oxima ely W-E. In addi ion o ha , he s uc u e o he Os a a- K a iná coal ield is cha ac e ized by wo dominan ec onic s yles o he wes and o he eas om he N NE-SSW s iking O lo á s uc u e. Wes o he O lo á s uc u e p e ails a mo e complica ed, old- aul s yle o he Va iscan o edeep whe e he NNE- SSW di ec ion is domina ing, while he W-E di ec ion is less equen . On he con a y, eas o he O lo á s uc u e he subho izon al s a a and a p edominance o no mal aul sys ems a e ypical wi h p e ailing W-E s uc u al di ec ion. Howe e , he N-S s uc u al di ec ion is s ill p onounced (Dopi a and Aus , 1997). The mos signi ican ec onic aul s each e en se e al hund eds o me e s o ele a ion di e ence (Maje , 1985). In he inal s age o mining ac i i ies in he Os a a sub-basin (1991-1994), all he Os a a mines we e di ided in o ou o ganiza ional uni s on o al a ea o abou 110 km2 – he Od a (NW o he Os a a ci y), Heřmanice (NE), Jan Š e ma (SW) and Os a a mines (SE and he ci y cen e). The Czech go e nmen he Michálko ice s uc u e. Tha ope a ional di isio n in o h ee so-called sub-basins – Os a a, Pe ř ald, and Ka iná ( aken om wes o eas ) (see Fig. 2) enables us o desc ibe he di e ences in hese sub- b asins in e ms o he p og ess wi h mine closu e, accompanied by decline o subsidence, an d managemen o mine dewa e ing (see la e in his sec ion). The o he , he Podbeskydská oblas a ea is subdi ided in o 5 pa s (Příbo , Těšín, Mořko , F enš á , and Jablunko ). The only mining wo ks we e pe o med in he Příbo a ea. In he F enš á pa , whe e he mining has been also aken unde conside a ion, he coal exploi a ion did no occu ye (Maje e al., 1985). Ca boni e ous deposi s in he Czech p a o Uppe Silesian Coal Basin consis s o he Os a a Fo ma ion and he Ka iná Fo ma ion on he op. The pa alic Os a a Fo ma ion consis s o he Pe řko ice, H ušo , Jaklo ec, and Po uba Membe s. The con inen al Ka iná Fo ma ion consis s o he Saddle, Suchá, and Doub a a Membe s. The Ca boni e ous is b u ied unde o e lying Te ia y and Qua e na y sedimen s o a iable olume and c ops ou spo adically in some places o he Os a a- K a iná coal ield (e.g. in Pe řko ice, Os a a, Pe ř ald, O lo á and Ka iná). The Os a a Fo ma ion is up o 3200 m hick, i con ains mo e han 170 coal seams, wi h an a e age hickness o 73 cm. The Ka iná Fo ma ion is up o 1000 m hick wi h up o abou 90 coal seams. A e age hickness is 180 cm pe coal seam and he maximu m hickness is 16 m o he lowes laye o he Saddle APPLICATION OF SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY (PSInSAR) IN ANALYSIS OF … . 177 The a ea o o me mines in Wałb zych co e s app oxima ely 94 km2 (Fig. 3). I is si ua ed in he sou he n pa o he Wałb zych M s., in in a- moun ainous dep essions o he Cen al Sude es M s.. The egion has asso ed opog aphy wi h woode d hills, M . Chelmiec (851 m a.s.l.) being he highes one, sepa a ed by elonga ed alleys. Coal mining caused ans o ma ions o he o iginal opog aph y such as de elopmen o subsidence basins an d cons uc ion o an h opogenic land o ms e.g. se lemen ponds and was e dumps. The la e , eaching up o 100 m abo e he g ound, a e some imes la ge in size han he neighbou ing na u al land o ms. Te ain ele a ion di e ences a e up o 350 m (Wójcik, 2008). The beginning o coal mining in Wałb zych da es back o he second hal o he 14 h Cen u y. A ha ime, coal was mined om he su ace. Wi h he p og ess o ime, unde g ound me hods we e in oduced and coal p oduc ion in ensi ied. In he second hal o he 19 h Cen u y, mining o coal ields loca ed unde se lemen s and linea in as uc u e ( oads, ailways, e c.) began. A e Wo ld Wa II, coal p oduc ion peaked in 1955 wi h p oduc ion o 3 250 housand onnes, la e on he alues oscilla ed a oun d 2 500 housand onnes pe yea . Mining in h ee mines: Tho ez/Julia, Vic o ia, and Wałb zych, ha ope a ed a e 1945 g adually, diminished be ween 1990 and 1998. The Polish go e nmen s a e d cessa ion o mining wo ks in he Wałb zych Coal Basin om he end o 1990. The s eady d op in coal p oduc ion was accompanied by con olled looding o unde g ound wo kings h ough con olled dec ease in mine wa e d ainage o he ock mass. The p ocess o mine looding was s a ed in 1994 and because o a ou able geological se ings pa icula mines we e looded independen ly. The sequence o looding he mines was as ollows: The Wi old-Ba ba a wa e basin associa ed wi h pa o he Vic o ia mine ille d be ween 1994 and 1999, he Pokój wa e basi n associa ed wi h pa o Tho ez/Julia mine ille d be ween 1995 and 1997. The Vic o ia-Ch ob y wa e b asin in he cen al pa whe e mining con inued was illed pa ly be ween 1994 and 1998 and comple ely om 1998 o 2002, he es o a ion o g oundwa e able in Julia b asin occu ed app ox. a he same ime. (Fisze and Gogolewska, 2003). Bounda ies o wa e b asins and bounda ies o coal mines ha e been show n in Figu e 6 in he Resul s pa . Resul s o s udies, based on p ocessing benchma k heigh s om wo p ecise le elling campaigns ha e shown di e en ia ed e ical mo emen s anging om -0.048 m o +0.189 m a e he end o mining (1993-2014) indica ing p esen -da y seconda y mo emen s on hese g ounds (Blachowski e al., 2015). These esul s elied on wo measu emen epochs and did no allow o s udy empo al, as well as spa ial (obse a ions we e con ined o le elling lines) a ia ions in mo e de ail. called a cessa ion o mining wo ks in he Os a a ci y in wo phases (1991-1992 and 1993-1996), he e o e mining ac i i ies s opped g adually. Mining inishe d in Ma ch 1992 a he Jan Š e ma mine, in Decembe 1992 a he Os a a mine, in June 1993 a he H eřmanice mine and on 30 h June 1994 a he Od a mine. A e ha , all ou mines we e me ged in o one, he Od a mine (Če ný, 2003). Since hen abandone d mines in he Os a a ci y ha e been aken ca e o . In he Pe ř ald sub-basin, mining inished in Feb ua y 1998. Exca a ion in he Pasko mine in he P říbo pa ( o he sou h o Os a a) ended in Ap il 2017. Coal exca a ion is cu en ly pe o med in he K a iná sub- b asin. Se en mining a eas o abou 80 km2 a e in cha ge o wo ac i e mines: Mine Plan 1 (me ged p e ious he ČSA, he Lazy and he Da ko mines) and Mine Plan 2 ( o me he ČSM mine). In he Os a a subbasin, e mina ing o mine dewa e ing, which had been associa ed wi h coal mining o hund eds o yea s, s a ed in 1995. The e mina ion ended in 1997. Na u al in lux o wa e subsequen ly caused g adual looding o mines. Howe e , he Os a a sub- b asin is connec ed b y a ne wo k o unde g ound man-made s uc u es h ough he Pe ř ald sub-basin wi h he Ka iná sub- b asin whe e mining is s ill in p og ess. The e o e, egula ion and d ainage o an excess o unde g oun d mine wa e om he Os a a sub- b asin ha e been pe o ming by means o he Je emenko Wa e Sha om 2001. Mine wa e is main ained a he le el o abou -390 m a.s.l. a his sha ha co esponds o abou 600 me es below he su ace. Flooding le el i n o he pa s o he Os a a sub- b asin di e s om si e o si e gi en he exis ence o sepa a ed wa e ese oi s (Rapan o á and G mela, 2004). In he Ka iná sub- b asin mine wa e le el is kep lowe han 1100 m below he su ace. THE WABRZYCH SITE The Wałb zych Coal Basin oge he wi h he N owa Ruda Coal Basin o m he Lowe Silesian Coal Basin associa ed wi h ha d coal deposi s in Czech an d he Polish Sude y M s. Coal- b ea ing laye s in he Wałb zych a ea a e associa ed wi h h ee o he ou li hos a ig aphic Pennsyl anian complexes: he Žacléř, Biały Kamień, and Wałb zych o ma ions. Al oge he , 80 coal seams ha e been iden i ied, including 48 in he Žacléř Fo ma ion and 30 in he Wałb zych Fo ma ion. The p oduc i e coal le els a ied in hickness om less han 1 m o o e 2 m. The s a al dips o geological laye s a e owa ds he cen e o wo basins, Sobięcin and Go ce, ha a e sepa a ed by in usion o he Chełmiec Moun ain. Inclina ion a ies om se e al o o e 30 deg ees, an d om 30 deg ees o 60 deg ees in he basin edges. The complica ed geological s uc u e is he p oduc o in usi e and comp essi e ec onic ac i i y. The h ows o he main aul s eaches up o 300 m. In addi ion, he e a e nume ous local aul s, wi h h ows o se e al me es (Kominowski, 2000). J. Blachowski e al. 178 Fig. 3 Bounda ies o mining si es o he Wałb zych dis ic . ack 79 i was 1997-08-03 and o ack 494 i was 1996-04-29. The En isa da a mas e scene was 2005-05-31. A lis o sa elli e scenes, da a cap u e ime and mas e scene in o ma ion o all he acks used in p ocessing has been gi en in a achmen 1. Fo he pu pose o analysis and isualiza ion o PSInSAR esul s, we ha e used hexagon essella ion and di ided he a ea o abandoned mines in o egula hexagons wi h segmen leng h o 100 m. Regula hexagons a e he closes shape o a ci cle ha can be used o egula essella ion o a plane. The ad an ages o a hexagonal g id a e: educed edge e ec s, i.e. he lowes pe ime e o a ea a io o an y egula essella ion o he plane, iden ical neighbou s and iden ical dis ance be ween cen oids o all neighbou s. Using GIS spa ial join unc ion we ha e calcula ed s a is ics o pa icula cells based on hei spa ial cong uency wi h PS poin s. The esul s ha e been p esen ed and commen ed in he ollowing pa . RESULTS OSTRAVA SITE U ban a eas such as he Os a a ci y a e he mos sui able a ge s o InSAR. The cohe ence is p ese e d high in mos o he u banized a ea. The phase s able p ixels ha e an ou s anding densi y. Because he a e o subsidence is ela i ely small in he pos -mining ime pe iod, i is possible o eliably es ima e he subsidence eloci ies by PSInSAR. Da ase s o bo h ERS-1/2 (1995-2000) – ac k 494 and En isa (2003-2010) – ack 415 sa elli es ha e been p ocessed using PSInSAR implemen ed b y MATERIALS AND METHODS The cha ac e is ics o sa elli e ada in e - e ome y, i.e.: equency o SAR image acquisi ion, size o he a ea co e ed by obse a ions, accu acy an d abili y o use his o ical da a going back o ea ly 1990’s in case o ESA’s sa elli es allow o de e mine and s udy g ound displacemen s in line o sigh (LOS) o SAR senso wi h much g ea e lexibili y han adi ional su eying echniques ha p o ide disc e e da a limi ed o loca ion o le elling lines. In addi ion, esul s o le elling campaigns usually equi e in e pola ion o es ima e de o ma ion o e la ge mining a ea and equen ly da a a e unob ainable a e closedown o mine. In bo h cases, he Os a a and Wałb zych si es, he DORIS p ocessing en i onmen was used o o mula ion o in e e og ams (Kampes and Usai, 1999). Tempo al analysis wi h PSInSAR echnique was done based on S aMPS algo i hms (Hoope e al., 2004). De ails o he PSInSAR p ocessing p ocedu e has been desc ibed in (Hoope e al., 2004 an d Hoope , 2006). The Wał b zych s udy has been base d on p ocessing o 31 ERS-1/2 images om ack 308 and 45 scenes om ack 79. In he case o he Os a a si e, da ase s o ERS-1/2 o ack 494 an d En isa o ack 415 sa elli es ha e been p ocessed. Al oge he 77 images we e a ailable, 49 om ERS- 1/2 sa elli e (1995-2000 pe iod) and 28 om En isa sa elli e (2003-2010 pe iod). Fo bo h, he Wałb zych and Os a a si es he ERS-1/2 o bi s we e descending and En isa o bi was ascending. The mas e scenes selec ed o ERS-1/2 ack 308 was 1998-01-06, o APPLICATION OF SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY (PSInSAR) IN ANALYSIS OF … . 179 Fig. 4 Maps o a e age LOS displacemen s eloci y based on PS p ocessing o ERS-1/2 1995-2000 (le ), an d En isa 2003-2010 ( igh ) o e he Os a a si e. Fig. 5 Se ies o wo-yea a e age maps based on ERS-1/2 p ocessing o e he Os a a si e (numbe s depic mine loca ions co esponding o plo s in Figu e 6). Following Figu e 5, i demons a es he nonlinea i y o he decay subsidence by plo ing a e age mean eloci y based on subselec ion o da a se ies p e wo yea pe iod om he o iginal ERS-1/2 da ase . Se e al local a eas con ain esidual subsidence isible in bo h ERS-1/2 and En isa da ase s. This is demons a ed a Jan Š e ma (numbe 1) and Julius Fučík (numbe 4) mines by plo ing ime se ies da a o se e al PS poin s iden i ied a ound hem, in Figu e 6. The Figu e 6 also shows ime se ies o es ima ed LOS displacemen s o e Pe Bez uc (numbe 2) and Hlubina (numbe 3) mines whe e he subsidence is no iden i ied wi hi n En isa da a. No e he da es o closu e o he mines included in Figu e 6. Acco ding o ERS- b ased InSAR measu emen s, he Jan Š e ma mine kep a decay subsidence du ing 8 yea s a e he closu e o mine ac i i ies ha is i n acco dance wi h local knowledge o he Os a a egion. Da a om En isa show a slow con inuing subsidence a his loca ion. On he o he hand, a he S aMPS algo i hms. F om he 49 a ailable ERS-1/2 images, only 26 we e used o he p ocessing (o he s we e emo ed due o p esence o s ong deco ela io n mainly due o ei he snow co e o s ong a mosphe ic a e ac s). In he case o En isa , only 23 images we e used om he 28 a ailable images. Wi hin he selec e d 15x10 km2 a ea o Os a a, 8500 PS-compa ible pixels we e iden i ied (in a e age 57 PS/km2) by ERS- 1/2 p ocessing while i was app ox. 5600 pixels in he case o En isa (i.e. 37 PS/km2). Fo bo h cases, an a ea in Os a a-Po uba has been used as a e e ence (s able a eal o VSB-TU Os a a). De ec ed subsiding a eas om p ocessing o ERS-1/2 da a i well wi h loca ions o closed mines, as isible in Figu e 4 showing he mean LOS eloci y o he iden i ied displacemen s (only o poin s showing empo al cohe ence highe han 0.75). Fo he case o En isa , b eginning wi h 2003 images, i.e. a ound a decade a e he mine closu es, such en d was no iden i ied, he a eas a e mos ly s able. J. Blachowski e al. 180 Fig. 6 Time-se ies o LOS displacemen s o PS p oin s wi hin a 150 m adius a selec ed loca ions a Jan Š e ma (1), Pe Bez uč (2), Hlubina (3) and Julius Fučík (4) mines (see loca ions in Figu e 4). Poin measu emen s a e being i by a 3-deg ee polynomial. Da es below mine names depic da es o mine closu es. The maximum a es o upli a e 12 mm/yea o ack 79 and also 12 mm/yea o ack 308. The maximum a es o subsidence a e -8 mm/yea o bo h acks. Thus, he maximum obse ed upli amoun e d o 60 mm and he maximum subsidence o -40 mm. The map o g ound su ace mo emen s in Line o Sigh (LOS) ep esen ed as hexagon g id wi h 100 m segmen leng h has been shown in Figu e 7. The Wał b zych mines closed be ween 1994 an d 1998, ope a ion in Vic o ia and Wał b zych mines s opped in 1994, and he Julia/Tho ez one i n Sep embe 1996. Small pa o he Wał b zych mine ex ac ing an h aci e unc ioned un il 1998. Subsidence con inued in he bounda ies o he Wałb zych mine (ma ked wi h No. 1 and No. 2 in Figu e 7), as well as in he NE pa o he Vic o i a mine (loca ion No. 3 in Figu e 7) – p esen ed wi h cold blue colou s in Figu e 7. These pa s belong o he he Vic o ia-Ch ob y wa e basin. Acco ding o measu emen s aken in mine sha s (Fisze an d Gogolewska, 2003), he g oundwa e able had bee n Pe Bez uč mine a ea, ERS-1/2 da a show a change i n he end o measu emen se ies con inuing o a shallo w upli in u he ime pe iod. This e ec can be p ossibly ela ed o s ess eadjus men o he oc k massi , as well as o changes o edisposi ion o unde g ound wa e as seen in he case o Wałb zych. A ea a ound Hlubina mine go s abilized, Julius Fučí k ac i i y ha s opped in 1998 caused a decay subsidence isible also in la e En isa da a. Fo a deepe unde s anding, u he in es iga ions shoul d ake place. WAŁBRZYCH SITE Fo he 1995-2000 ERS-1/2 da a, we ha e iden i ied 10 398 PS poin s o wo sa elli e acks 79 (2 958 PS poin s) and 308 (7 440 PS poin s) loca e d mainly in de eloped a eas. Wi hin he o me mining g ounds in a e age 24 PS/km2 we e iden i ied o ack 79 and 58 PS/km2 we e iden i ied o ack 308. The a ea beyond bounda ies o o me mining g ounds was s able. APPLICATION OF SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY (PSInSAR) IN ANALYSIS OF … . 181 Fig. 7 A e age mo emen s (LOS) o g ound su ace be ween 1995-2000 in he Wałb zych Coal Basin inc ease in ock mass hyd os a ic p essu e as wa e illed oids le in he ock mass and edis ibu ion o s esses. DISCUSSION In o ma ion on g ound mo ion has been ob aine d om ERS-1/2 da a p ocessed wi h PSInSA R echnique. Fo he Os a a si e En isa , da a has bee n used in addi ion. In case o he Wałb zych si e, da ase s o wo ERS-1/2 sa elli e acks ha e been p ocessed o de e mine a e age g ound mo emen s. The Os a a s udy is based on da a om one ack. The same so wa e solu ions ha e been applied, DORIS and S aMPS o analysis o g oun d mo emen s in he Os a a and he Wałb zych a eas. Bo h s udies ha e ocused on u banised a eas o o me mining si es and ha e been based on he PSInSAR p ocessing me hodology. Simila pe manen sca e e (PS) p oin densi ies ha e been ob ained o bo h si es o ERS-1/1 da a used. Mining in he analysed pa s o he Os a a an d he Wałb zych si es s opped a app oxima ely he same ime, i.e.: 1992 o he Jan Š e ma mine, 1994 o he Od a, he Vic o ia and he Wałb zych mines and 1996 o he Tho ez mine. In bo h egions, cessa ion o mining was a g adual p ocess. In he Wałb zych egion hyd ogeological condi ions ha e allowed o con olled ise o g oundwa e le els, sepa a ely o mines associa ed wi h di e en unde g ound wa e basins. This was he eason o kep he e a -184 m a.s.l. as mining con inued he e un il 1998. The g oundwa e able was hen es o e d om 1998 o 2002 when i eached 400 m a.s.l. The dynamics o g ound mo emen s in he Wał b zych mine and he NE pa o he Vic o ia mine a eas a e shown in Figu e 8. They indica e subsidence eaching -30 mm o -40 mm depending on pa icula si e wi h loca ion No. 3 mani es ing he mos consis en decaying subsidence end. We ha e iden i ied a eas o ele a ion in he bounda ies o he Vic o ia mine – p esen ed wi h wa m colou s (ma ked as No. 4 and No. 6 i n Figu e 7), as well as in he eas e n pa o he Tho e z mine (ma ked as No. 5 in Figu e 7). The alues o he la e a e e y close o e o o hei es ima ion. The a ea o ele a ion in he wes e n pa o he abandone d Vic o ia mine co ela es wi h he Wi old-Ba ba a wa e basin whe e g oundwa e able ise be wee n 1994 and 1999 om 210 m a.s.l. o 500 m a.s.l., as mine wa e d ainage had been s opped he e (Fisze and Gogolewska, 2003). The a ea o ele a ion in he eas e n pa o abandoned Tho ez mine co ela es wi h he Pokoj wa e basin whe e he g oundwa e able has b een es o ed o 430 m a.s.l. ( ise o 210 m) be ween mid-1995 and mid-1997. Mining in hese pa s o Wałb zych Coal Basin inished in 1994. The dynamics o g ound su ace mo emen s o hese pa s a e shown in Figu e 9. They indica e consis en a e aged ele a ion eaching up o 25 mm in hese pa icula loca ions. The upli can be a ibu ed o