Empowering power distribution: Unleashing the synergy of IoT and cloud computing for sustainable and efficient energy systems

Resul s in Enginee ing 21 (2024) 101949 A ailable online 27 Feb ua y 2024 2590-1230/© 2024 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/). Re iew a icle Empowe ing powe dis ibu ion: Unleashing he syne gy o IoT and cloud compu ing o sus ainable and e icien ene gy sys ems A ul Rajagopalan a , Dhi ya Swamina han b , Mohi Bajaj c , d , e , , * , Issam Damaj g , Rajkuma Singh Ra ho e g , ** , A ind R. Singh h , *** , Voj ech Blazek i , Lukas P okop i a Cen e o Sma G id Technologies, School o Elec ical Enginee ing, Vello e Ins i u e o Technology, Chennai, 600127, Tamil Nadu, India b School o Elec ical Enginee ing, Vello e Ins i u e o Technology, Chennai, 600127, Tamil Nadu, India c Depa men o Elec ical Enginee ing, G aphic E a (Deemed o be Uni e si y), Deh adun, 248002, India d Hou ani Cen e o Applied Scien i ic Resea ch, Al-Ahliyya Amman Uni e si y, Amman, Jo dan e G aphic E a Hill Uni e si y, Deh adun, 248002, India Applied Science Resea ch Cen e , Applied Science P i a e Uni e si y, Amman, 11937, Jo dan g Ca di School o Technologies, Ca di Me opoli an Uni e si y, Ca di , CF5 2YB, Uni ed Kingdom h Depa men o Elec ical Enginee ing, School o Physics and Elec onic Enginee ing, Hanjiang No mal Uni e si y, Hubei Shiyan, 442000, PR China i ENET Cen e, VSB—Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, 708 00 Os a a, Czech Republic ARTICLE INFO Keywo ds: Cloud compu ing Cloud o hings In e ne o hings Powe sys ems Renewable ene gy ABSTRACT This a icle gi es an in-dep h e iew o he in eg a ion o he In e ne o Things (IoT) and cloud compu ing in powe sys ems (PS), o imp o e powe dis ibu ion sus ainabili y and e iciency. IoT p o ides seamless communica ion h oughou he elec ical g id by le e aging mode n In o ma ion and Communica ion Tech- nology (ICT) and embedded echnologies, ushe ing in an in o ma ion e olu ion. The In e ne o Ene gy (IoE) emphasizes he con e gence o ICT and ene gy gene a ion, highligh ing IoT’s dis up i e po en ial in he elec ic powe indus y. Cloud compu ing, on he o he hand, e ec i ely handles da a p ocessing, s o age, and compu- a ional esou ces. Cloud o Things (CoT), he me ging o IoT wi h cloud compu ing, p o ides huge p ocessing capabili ies and quick access o compu e esou ces, enabling no el applica ions and analy ics in powe dis i- bu ion. The in luence o IoT and cloud-based applica ions in he dis ibu ed gene a ion and enewable ene gy indus ies is demons a ed ia case s udies and eal-wo ld scena ios. The in oduc ion o new pa ame e s and op imiza ion s a egies highligh s he po en ial o u u e de elopmen s in powe echnology. To achie e smoo h in eg a ion and e ec i e esou ce u iliza ion, p oposals o addi ional esea ch in elec ic ca s and g id- o- ehicle echnologies ha e been made. The in eg a ion o CoT in o PS has an eno mous in luence, opening he doo o inc eased e iciency, sus ainabili y, and eliabili y in he ene gy sec o , as shown by he s udy’s o e all indings. Fu u e gene a ions will ad ance hanks o he CoT, which p esen s exci ing po en ial o a mo e eco- iendly and echnologically sophis ica ed ene gy landscape. 1. In oduc ion The In e ne o Things (IoT) is an a i icial ne wo k ha connec s many objec s and elemen s o a sys em by using con empo a y In o - ma ion and Communica ion Technology (ICT) and undamen al embedded sys ems, such as democ a ized de ec o s, gauges, and con olle s. In hei cons an ques o sus ainable and e icien dis i- bu ion o ene gy, esea che s a e going on a e olu iona y jou ney by in es iga ing he in eg a ion o cu ing-edge echnology. The In e ne o Things and cloud compu ing a e a he angua d o his e olu iona y de elopmen , bo h o which hold he key o unleashing emendous po en ial in he powe sys ems (PS) a ea. In his a icle, we begin wi h a * Co esponding au ho . Depa men o Elec ical Enginee ing, G aphic E a (Deemed o be Uni e si y), Deh adun, 248002, India. ** Co esponding au ho . *** Co esponding au ho . E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (A. Rajagopalan), [email p o ec ed] (D. Swamina han), [email p o ec ed] (M. Bajaj), IDamaj@ ca di me .ac.uk (I. Damaj), [email p o ec ed] (R.S. Ra ho e), [email p o ec ed] (A.R. Singh), [email p o ec ed] (V. Blazek), lukas. [email p o ec ed] (L. P okop). Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec Resul s in Enginee ing jou nal homepage: www.sciencedi ec .com/jou nal/ esul s-in-enginee ing h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. ineng.2024.101949 Recei ed 15 Janua y 2024; Recei ed in e ised o m 15 Feb ua y 2024; Accep ed 25 Feb ua y 2024 Resul s in Enginee ing 21 (2024) 101949 2 de ailed in es iga ion o he sub le in e play be ween IoT and cloud compu ing a chi ec u e, p o iding ligh on hei cumula i e signi icance in changing he p ospec s o powe dis ibu ion. In his espec , i is e e ed o as he in o ma ion e olu ion in his cen u y. An imp o e- men o he IoT called he In e ne o Ene gy ocuses on using ICT wi h ene gy gene a ion [1]. The e m "IoT" has gained popula i y ecen ly; i desc ibes a ne wo k in which physical da a and de elopmen so wa e a e exchanged be- ween i ems h ough he In e ne . E e y ime he concep o he In e ne o Things is p oposed, co po a ions and go e nmen s a e immedia ely in e es ed, which p omo es esea ch and de elopmen . Due o he widesp ead p omo ion o demand and esea ch, i expanded quickly o e he wo ld [2]. The IoT, de ined by i s seamless in e connec edness o a ious ele- men s inside he elec ical sys em, is he beacon o an in o ma ion e - olu ion. IoT su passes con en ional elec ical ne wo ks by le e aging mode n In o ma ion and Communica ion Technology and embedded sys ems o imagine a dynamic, sel -awa e ne wo k o in elligen de ices and asse s. The In e ne o Ene gy idea ampli ies he e olu iona y powe o ICT by using i wi h ene gy gene a ion, esul ing in an ecosys em whe e e iciency, lexibili y, and sus ainabili y con e ge. Au oma ion and in elligence in se e al ace s o he elec ical business a e now close o eali y due o IoT in PS. In eali y, he c ea ion o his idea is wha spu s he ad ancemen o he sma g id’s (SG) capabili ies as well as hose o ela ed ideas like he sma ci y, sma house, linked au omobile, e c [3]. IoT is a ne wo k o in e connec ed compu ing de- ices and in as uc u e ha allows o he collec ion, analysis, and dissemina ion o da a om dispa a e sou ces. IoT de ices sha e he da a hey collec om senso s by connec ing o an IoT ne wo k o ano he edge de ice, which hen ei he sends he da a o he cloud o analysis o does he analysis locally. Cloud compu ing de elops as an in luen ial end, p o iding PS scien is s wi h unpa alleled da a p ocessing, s o age, and compu a ional capabili ies. As IoT c ea es a deluge o eal- ime da a, cloud compu ing p o ides a obus and scalable a chi ec u e ha no only collec s bu also unleashes his o en o in o ma ion o in o med decision-making. The combina ion o IoT wi h cloud compu ing, e e ed o as CloudIoT o Cloud o Things, is an empowe ed pa adigm ha o e s up an ocean o oppo uni ies o c ea i e applica ions, p e- dic i e analy ics, and op imized ene gy managemen in powe dis i- bu ion s udies. A imes, hese de ices exchange in o ma ion wi h one ano he and ake app op ia e ac ion based on ha da a. Al hough humans a e in ol ed in he p ocess because hey mus line up he de- ices, gi e hem ins uc ions, and collec he da a, he machines do mos o he wo k hemsel es. We highligh he a - eaching in luence o IoT and cloud-based solu ions in he ields o dis ibu ed gene a ion and enewable ene gy h ough an in e ac i e look in o eal- ime applica- ions. F om suppo ing SG wi h au onomous con ol sys ems o e olu- ionized sma ci ies h ough in e connec ed echnologies such as home au oma ion and sma anspo a ion, he con e gence o IoT and cloud compu ing o e s a compelling ision o a uly in e connec ed and in elligen powe ecosys em. The goal o IoT in powe ne wo ks is o acili a e in o ma ion sha ing by enabling communica ion ac oss all PS i ems, pa s, and subsys ems [4]. Fo use s o PS, his concep ’s imple- men a ion c ea es di icul ies in addi ion o i s nume ous ad an ages and uses. Communica ion, s o age capaci y, and p ocessing powe will be he main obs acles in his ield, especially when a big s eam o da a is con inuously being p oduced and he con olle s mus cope wi h such a sizable da a se [5]. The di icul ies posed by IoT a e handled ia cloud compu ing. Deli e ing hos ed se ices h ough he in e ne is e e ed o as "cloud compu ing" in gene al. In as uc u e as a Se ice (IaaS), Pla o m as a Se ice (PaaS) [6], and So wa e as a Se ice (SaaS) a e he h ee p ima y ca ego ies o kinds o cloud compu ing unde which hese se ices all. The i s me hod o gaining apid access o massi e compu ing esou ces h ough he In e ne was cloud-based compu ing, which enables access o massi e da a handling and compu a ional asks in PS. The IoT and cloud compu ing a e wo dis inc echnologies ha a e cu en ly pa o ou daily li es. I is an icipa ed ha hey will be ex ensi ely accep ed and used, making hem c ucial componen s o he Digi al Re olu ion. A no el app oach ha combines IoT wi h he cloud is an icipa ed o be signi ican and open up a la ge a ie y o applica ion possibili ies. By o e ing endless p ocessing and s o age capaci y, his echnology has add essed nume ous issues ela ed o he in eg a ion o IoT in PS. Howe e , i is clea ha cloud se ices echnology has ad anced mo e o en han IoT, and so many IoT- ela ed p oblems ha e been a leas pa ially ixed. Since he cloud and he In e ne o Things a e compa ible echnologies, he e is a phased ollou in he PS ha has been an icipa ed o be combined. This new design is known as CloudIoT, commonly e e ed o as he Cloud o Things [7]. The majo pe spec i e o his a icle is o ou line he cha ac e is ics o IoT and cloud-based compu ing in Powe Dis ibu ion esea ch. This a icle ies o no only cla i y he p esen bu also o imagine he ange o possibili ies as we a el owa ds he u u e o PS. The key oles and esponsibili ies se ed by IoT a e lis ed as ollows: powe quali y s udies, enewable ene gy in eg a ion, SG communica ion, powe moni o ing and ene gy managemen s udies. A he same ime, Cloud compu ing ca ego ized i s pu pose in SG ope a ion, ene gy managemen and s a e es ima ion s udies. I could d i e he powe sec o o p e iously una - ainable le els o e iciency, sus ainabili y, and dependabili y by in o- ducing esh c i e ia and op imiza ion app oaches. In addi ion, we sugges u u e esea ch di ec ions wi h a ocus on g id- o- ehicle ech- nology and elec ic ehicle in eg a ion o p omo e e icien esou ce managemen and u iliza ion o ene gy. The esea ch objec i es a e summa ized as ollows: 1. Analyze he e olu ion o IoT by in es iga ing i s a chi ec u e and examining IoT secu i y issues. 2. Explo e he e olu ion o cloud compu ing by e iewing cloud compu ing deploymen models. 3. Assess applica ions o IoT in PS s udies by e alua ing IoT-based powe quali y s udies, enewable ene gy in eg a ion, SG communi- ca ion, powe moni o ing, and ene gy managemen . 4. E alua e applica ions o cloud compu ing in PS s udies by examining cloud compu ing-based SG ope a ion, ene gy managemen , and powe sys em s a e es ima ion. 5. Conclude and p opose u u e esea ch di ec ions in he con ex o IoT and cloud compu ing in PS. Fo his a icle, a su ey p o ocol was u ilized, ocusing on an a ay o p ominen academic da abases. The sea ch s a egy was me iculously designed a ound a se o a ge ed keywo ds ele an o he s udy. These keywo ds included e ms such as ’In e ne o Things’, ’Cloud Compu ing’, ’Powe Sys ems’, ’Renewable Ene gy’, ’Cloud o Things’, ’IoT Secu i y’, ’Da a P ocessing’, ’Sma G id’, and ’Ene gy Manage- men ’. Each e m was explo ed indi idually and in a ious combina ions o ensu e a ho ough and wide- anging li e a u e co e age. The selec- ion c i e ia o he pape s included in his su ey we e p ima ily based on he ele ance o he p ede ined objec i es, he no el y o he me h- odology, he b ead h and dep h o co e age, and he signi icance o con ibu ions o he ield. Special emphasis was placed on esea ch published mainly in he las se en yea s. F om his poin on, i is o ganized as ollows. Sec ion 2 mas e ies he eade wi h he IoT e olu ion. While Sec ion 3 depic s he p og ess o cloud compu ing, IoT and cloud-based applica ions in Powe dis ibu- ion esea ch a e discussed in Sec ions 4 and 5, espec i ely. Conclusion and sugges ions o u he s udy a e p o ided in Sec ion 6. 2. E olu ion o IoT The IoT is a se o a ious connec ed de ices, u ili ies, humans, also echnologies ha can in e link, and segmen da a, and e idence o ealize a common objec i e in many a eas and so wa e. Con eyance, ag icul u al p oduc ion, Medica e, ene gy p oduc ion, and dis ibu ion A. Rajagopalan e al. Resul s in Enginee ing 21 (2024) 101949 3 a e jus a ew o he O de s o synch onize dimensions. Se e al impo - an elemen s ha e con ibu ed o he de elopmen o he IoT. The in eg a ion o sma ea u es in o a a ie y o p oduc s has been made possible by ad ancemen s in mic oelec onics and he minia u iza ion o senso s and p ocesso s. As a esul , hese gadge s can now collec da a and communica e i o e he in e ne . The widesp ead use o sma - phones and he p oli e a ion o wi eless ne wo ks ha e c ea ed he amewo k equi ed o seamless de ice- o-cloud connec ion, enabling as da a collec ion and analysis. The objec i e o he IoT is o ha e a ia ions in he way o li e cu en ly by au ho ized embedded sys ems o execu e egula asks and Sma ins i u ions, new echnologies, sma con eyance and o ganiza ion, and so on ensu e all examples o sma echnologies [8]. IoT de ices a e applica ion-cen ic en i ies. They can only be u ilized o he pu pose o which hey we e designed. Fo ins ance, IoT de ices designed o sma homes canno be used o o he business, indus ial, o medical pu poses. The powe equi emen s, o m ac o s, and use in e ace designs o IoT de ices a y depending on he applica ion; on he o he hand, he unde lying componen echnologies and IoT senso s could be simila . Since i in oduces sub-op imali y, a gene ic de ice design is a oided [9]. 2.1. You h oppo uni ies and p ospec s The In e ne o Things (IoT) p o ides nume ous business oppo u- ni ies, allowing o ganiza ions o make new business s a egies and echniques o inco po a e he concep . No only business occasions, bu also e ec i e and esou ce ul cu en esea ch a e equi ed o mul i- disciplina y academic lea ne s as shown in Fig. 1 (a). As a esul , i encompasses business s udies, echnical skills, science, and social sci- ences. Also, as shown in Fig. 1 (b), he in e ne o Things al e s he uni e se in o a sma wo ld wi h i s imp o ed and economical ope a- ion, in which all ac i i ies a e easy o access in less e o and ime [10, 11]. 2.2. IoT a chi ec u e Each laye in he In e ne o Things is desc ibed by he ea u es i execu es and he de ices i employs. In he IoT, he e a e di e en iewpoin s on he laye . Howe e , many in es iga o s conside he h ee le els o he IoT: pe cep ion, ne wo k, and applica ion [12]. Each laye o he In e ne o Things has i s own se o sa e y conside a ions. Fig. 1 (b) depic s he IoT’s basic analy ical design in e ms o he de ices and sys ems ha each laye inco po a ed in i [13]. 2.2.1. Pe cep ion laye In IoT, i emains also discussed as he Senso s laye . The objec i e o his laye is o collec da a om he a mosphe e using senso s and gadge s such as lap ops, sma me e s, e c. Be o e ansmi ing da a o he ne wo k laye , his laye disco e s, collec s, and p ocesses i . This laye also changes IoT node join e o s in indigenous and sho - ange sys ems [14]. 2.2.2. Ne wo k laye The ne wo k laye o he In e ne o Things is esponsible o da a di ec ing and communica ion o a ious you h cen es and equipmen . Cloud-based compu ing sys ems, In e ne ga eways, swi ching, and ou ing s a egies, and o he echnologies in his laye use cu ing-edge inno a ions like WiFi, LTE, Blue oo h, 3G, and Zigbee. By combining, il e ing, and ansmission o da a o and om senso da a, ne wo k in e aces ac as a media o among di e en IoT de ices as gi en in Fig. 2 [13]. 2.2.3. Applica ion laye The da a’s alidi y, in eg i y, and anonymi y a e all gua an eed by he applica ion laye . The e o e, he goal o IoT o he eme gence o a ne wo k g id is accomplished a his laye . 2.3. IoT secu i y issues Va ious secu i y issues a e ela ed o IoT whose desc ip ion is being gi en in subsequen sec ions. 2.3.1. Con iden iali y I is signi ican o gua an ee ha da a is sa e and accessible only o au hen ica e pe sonnel. A use on he In e ne o Things can be a pe son, a compu e , o a se ice, as well as in e nal a e ac s (s a egies ha a e connec ed o he ne wo k) and ou side subs ances (s a egies ha a e no connec ed o he ne wo k). I is c i ical, o ins ance, o ensu e ha de ec o s do no expose in o ma ion collec ed o nea by nodes. 2.3.2. In eg i y Because he In e ne o Things elies on da a being exchanged be- ween such a a ie y o de ices, da a accu acy is c i ical as depic ed in Fig. 3. Howe e , end- o-end sa e y in Communica ion p o ocols can be used o en o ce he in eg i y ea u e. Since he quali y base na u e o sho compu ing au ho i y o IoT nodes, da a a ic is handled using Fig. 1. (a) IoT assis ances as he cu ing-edge equipmen ; (b) IoT-based sma applica ions. A. Rajagopalan e al. Resul s in Enginee ing 21 (2024) 101949 4 i ewalls and p ocedu es, bu his does no assu e secu i y a he end- poin s [15]. 2.3.3. A ailabili y The goal o he In e ne o Things is o a ach as many sma de ices. The e o e, use s o he In e ne o Things should ha e access o all da a a all imes. Howe e , da a is no he only elemen used in he IoT; o mee IoT pe cep ions, p oduc s and applica ions mus be a ainable and a ailable when needed p omp ly [16]. 2.3.4. Au hen ica ion Each IoT objec is necessa y o be able o ecognize and e i y o he IoT objec s. Howe e , because o he e olu ion o he IoT, his p ocess can be di icul ; many objec s a e in ol ed (de ices, indi iduals, acil- i ies, se ice wo ke s, and p ocessing uni s), and a e ac s may be essen ial o communica e wi h o he s o he i s ime [17]. 3. E olu ion o cloud compu ing Cloud-based Compu ing is popula equipmen ha p o ides acili ies o bo h p i a e and public such as easy access o da a, applica ions, and iles o e he in e ne and accessible compu ing se ices online a he han nea by s o ed documen s on employe s’ compu e s and phones. I is oo ecognized o p o ide ac i e se ices [18] o clien s such as [19] a o dable, lexible al e na i es [20]. I is a p oduc ha bene i s businesses all o e he wo ld by lowe ing ha dwa e expenses. The skill is based on he Compensa ion model, and many o i s se ices can be ound in well-known echnology businesses such as Google, Mic oso , IBM, and o he s. Compa ed o a egula ed se ice, mo e o en known as con ibu ions, his model allows clien s o buy he se ices hey desi e based on hei needs. In he ‘So wa e as a Se ice’ (SaaS) dis ibu ion model, his ype o app oach is commonly u ilized [21]. Compu ing is quickly becoming one o he mos popula opics in he ield o in o ma ion echnology. La ge co po a ions and small and medium-sized i ms aim o adop cos -e ec i e compu e esou ces o hei en e p ise applica ions, i.e., by inco po a ing he cloud compu ing idea in o hei ecosys em. I ’s a no el way o o e ing i ualiza ion echniques. I is a collec ion o IT se ices p o ided o a clien on a licensed basis ac oss ne wo ks wi h he capaci y o g ow up o down hei se ice equi emen s. Typically, a hi d-pa y supplie who owns he equipmen deli e s Cloud Se ices. Cus ome s may use he cloud o demand se ices, apps, and se ices and s o e la ge amoun s o da a om many loca ions. I has he po en ial o elimina e he need o he business o build up a high-cos compu ing in as uc u e o le e age IT- based so wa e and p oduc s. I claims o deli e a lexible IT in a- s uc u e ha can be accessed ia he in e ne om mobile de ices. This would allow he capabili y and abili ies o exis and new p o- g ams o be mul iplied many imes. This new compu ing economic model has aken oo and is d awing signi ican wo ldwide in es men s. Due o he e iciency o se ices gi en by he pay-pe -use uni o m g id on asse s such as powe consump ion u ilized, ansac ions ca ied ou , b oadband used, da a mo ed, o s o age space, many sec o s such as inance, heal h, and academia a e shi ing o he cloud. Due o he po- en ial ad an ages o cloud compu ing, en e p ises a e app ehensi e abou using i owing o secu i y conce ns and obs acles. Secu i y is a i al pa o cloud compu ing, wi h se e al conce ns and p oblems associa ed wi h i . Bo h he cloud p o ide and he cloud se ice cus ome mus ensu e ha he cloud is secu e om any ex e nal h ea s. The e was also a chance ha a malicious use could acqui e he cloud by simula ing a genuine use , con amina ing he whole cloud and a ec ing a la ge numbe o cus ome s who sha e he in ec ed cloud. This s udy a icle explains wha a public cloud is, he many cloud a chi ec u es, and he ac o s ha in luence da a p o ec ion. The cloud compu ing model is p o ided in Fig. 4 below. Cloud compu ing enables in e ne use s o immedia ely access up and down, p o iding g ea e alidi y, apid esponse ime, and adap - abili y o accommoda e a ic a ia ions and equi emen s. I also suppo s mul i- enancy, wi h machines designed in such a way ha hey’ll be agg ega ed and accessed by a la ge numbe o companies o consume s [22]. Cloud supplie s can use compu ing powe o u n a single sys em in o many i ual machines, emo ing he need o cus ome communica ion in subjec i e [23]. This op imizes in eg a ed demand while also allowing clien s o bene i om scale economies. Fig. 2. Laye s o IoT a chi ec u e. Fig. 3. Secu i y issues in IoT. A. Rajagopalan e al. Resul s in Enginee ing 21 (2024) 101949 5 Cloud compu ing in ol es a signi ican amoun o da a ans e . These include endo - o-use communica ions, cus ome b oadcas s, and use - o- hi d-pa y communica ions. Enc yp ed is pe haps he mos s aigh o wa d app oach o ensu ing ha all da a ansmissions a e sa e and ha he da a eaches i s desi ed a ge wi hou being ampe ed wi h. Da a secu i y is p o ided by moni o ing and es ic ing access o da a ia secu i y p o ocols, le els, and iden i y managemen . The e a e wo pa s o a s anda d Cloud Compu ing en i onmen : he on and he back end. The on end is on he cus ome ’s side, and i can be accessed ia he In e ne . On he o he hand, he back end is dis u bed by cloud se ices [19]. Cloud Compu ing A chi ec u e is shown in Fig. 5. 3.1. Deploymen models Some clien s ha e access o he public cloud, which a 3 d pe son ope a es. Du ing he same pe iod, di e en businesses could use he echnology supplied. Clien s can cons an ly supply se ices om he se ice p o ide ia he In e ne . Was e o asse s is educed because cus ome s pay o he se ices hey ecei e. Cloud se ices a e solely o e ed o a single clien and main ained by he company o a hi d-pa y se ice p o ide [24]. This is a p op ie a y ne wo k ha employs he idea o sys em emula ion. Eucalyp us Sys ems [25] is one o he g ea es ins ances o a p i a e cloud. Equipmen used by a ious o ganiza ions o a common goal is main ained ei he by indi iduals o by a hi d-pa y ne wo k ope a o . Facebook is an example o a Communi y Cloud. A combina ion o a ious cloud deploymen models ha a e coupled in such a way ha da a is ans e ed om hem wi hou in e e ing wi h one ano he . Amazon is an example o a Hyb id Cloud. Addi ionally, cloud compu ing o e s se ices and opens up new applica ion ca ego ies ha we e p e iously una ainable. Some exam- ples a e (a) loca ion-, en i onmen -, and con ex -awa e mobile in e - ac i e applica ions ha eac in eal ime o da a om human use s, senso s (such as s ess and humidi y senso s inside shipping con aine s), o e en independen in o ma ion se ices (like global wea he da a); (b) pa allel ba ch p ocessing, which enables use s o le e age massi e p ocessing powe o analyze e aby es o da a o compa a i ely sho pe iods o ime, while p og amming abs ac ions like Google’s Map o i s open sou ce make he in ica e p ocess o pa allel unning an appli- ca ion ac oss dozens o se e s anspa en o p og amme s [26]. 4. Applica ions o IoT in powe sys em s udies As an empi ical s udy, we ha e p edic ed he ise in he p opo ion o IoT senso de ices based on he di e en da ase s p e ailing om he In e na ional Da a Company (IDC) [27]. Du ing 2015-16, a 2.27 % ise in he in e connec ion o senso de ices a ained a peak o 11.01 % ise ha occu ed in 2023-24 as plo ed in Fig. 6. The ole o IoT in di e en PS s udies has been lis ed in subsequen sec ions. 4.1. IoT-based powe quali y s udies Au ho s [28] p oposed ‘k’ mapping as a success ul echnique o quickly ac i a ing he knowledge o a sys em in a sma ne wo k using IoT inno a ion. This esea ch p oposes an accep able echnique o en- e p ise powe low con olle s o g id-connec ed sys ems o eco e hei s eng h and block o ganiza ion in a g id by analyzing powe low be ween he mul i-lines. IPFC in eg a es a collec ion o paying FACTS de ices and makes use o hei capabili ies. This a icle examines he use o IoT in a web-based, globally collec ed g id-connec ed PS u ilizing IoT, wi h an emphasis on he s anda d o he ad ancemen o he dazzling ma ix. The esul s we e compa ed o hose ob ained using mo e adi- ional me hods and he educed ime needed o he mo emen s o se le a e pay has dec eased, as exempli ied by he eac ion. In his way, cons an obse a ion and ea ly wa ning o disas e can be accep ed, allowing he powe amewo k o su icien ly ejec o mi iga e he ha m caused by conside able ca aclysmic e en s. The cos o ou elec ici y b oadcas line obse ing ou line should dec ease in he u u e, and he Fig. 4. O e iew o cloud compu ing. Fig. 5. Cloud compu ing a chi ec u e. A. Rajagopalan e al. Resul s in Enginee ing 21 (2024) 101949 6 accu acy o ou amewo k should be imp o ed as well. 4.2. IoT-based enewable ene gy in eg a ion Au ho s [29] de ined a me hod o analyzing ci ywide sola powe se ices o a emo e base IV acing sys em. The de elopmen and execu ion o a emo e base, obse ing sys em ha allows in es o s o accu a ely measu e he appea ances and pe o mance o sola sec ions unde con olled ci cums ances we e p esen ed in his pape . The sys em also includes da a s o age and managemen in as uc u e, as well as in eg a ion wi h di e en analysis engines. While he sys em can wo k independen ly, i was buil wi h decen alized sys ems in mind and can success ully be implemen ed wi h o he you h-based emo e sola obse ing s a egies. To analyze he e ec s o soiling on sola ou pu powe , he esea ch concep ual es acili y was employed, and he e icacy o PV asso - men s was e alua ed o wo mon hs. A compa ison o he goods om he wo si es a e wo mon hs in summe wea he wi h a ypical daily empe a u e o 45 ◦C demons a es a soiling educ ion o up o 40%. I is manda ed o imp o e sola panel washing o dec ease cleaning cos s and inc ease powe ou pu by conduc ing ho ough da a analysis. This is an impo an s ep owa d implemen ing sola powe in a eas whe e soiling is a majo ba ie . Howe e , he sys em’s applica ion is no es ic ed o he use case p esen ed he e. The so wa e’s layou , which ollows he IoT pa adigm, allows i o ep esen a ange o ci cums ances and use cases wi h minimal in as uc u e changes. I any hing, depending on he use case, con ol de ices o so wa e applica ions can be p ope ly ins alled. Ins ead o elying on compu e models, he abili y o s udy le els in di e en con igu a ions in a eal-li e se ing could p o ide a mo e ac- cu a e ep esen a ion o he acili y’s ac ual pe o mance. 4.3. IoT-based sma g id communica ion A lexible powe scheme o sola -powe ed IoT senso s was p esen ed [30]. De elope s’ cu en design app oach o long-las ing ene gy om he sma sun senso in his pape . The quali y cha ac e is ics o s o age olume and sola cell egion o i e yea s o con inuous p ocedu e we e calcula ed using inno a i e insigh . The de ice can adjus i s elec ici y consump ion based on he a ailable powe . The ba e y public o e- sponsibili y and he a e age sola ac i i y accessible o he de ice in he p e ious 24 h a e used o de e mine he powe gene a ed. To compen- sa e o he lowe amoun o in o ma ion conduc ed pe hou , he de- ice’s powe consump ion is educed. In bo h cases, adap i e powe can aid in he educ ion o PS sizing. The lexible powe o SOC s a e educes he ba e y cons ain while allowing o a smalle sola cell a ea. E olu iona y powe consump ion in esponse o sola ac i i y, on he o he hand, has a g ea e impac on he equi ed powe consump ion while main aining he a e age ansmission a e. In p ac ice, in eg a ing adap i e powe necessi a es elec onic ci cui s and compu ing powe conside a ions. Unde s anding he impac o di e en me hods on a powe layou can aid in he de elopmen o a be e solu ion o a pa icula sma senso . As a esul , designing an adap able and lexible sola -powe ed sys em equi es knowledge o he sys em’s applica ion and e iciency cons ain s. In Re . [31], hey we e assigned o de elop and implemen an ex ao dina y p ecision, ele a ed, low powe , and e sa ile in luence sys em o measu emen ha could be used in a ious applica ions. A ol age ying o egula e, egula o loop, ze o o se speake s, highly accu a e equi alen o digi al adap e s, and he e e - ence ol age a e all pa o he p oposed sys em. Simula ions and expe imen al measu emen s a e used o alida e he p oposed ci cui ’s p ope ope a ion. The sys em a chi ec u e has a maximum sampling a e o 5 MHz, 0.16 % load guideline e o , and 0.32 % co ela ion mis ake. The implemen ed sys em is expec ed o p o ide accu a e guidance o IoT de ice powe beha iou , which can be used o sys em e iciency imp o emen as well as pe sonali y es ing. I is wo h emphasizing ha , in con as o o he au ho i y amoun solu ions and yields on he ma ke , he powe gene a ion measu emen sys em is in ended o sma ene gy ne wo ks. To educe IoT ne wo k powe equi emen s, i has he desi ed p ecision o capaci y, apidi y, usabili y, and eliabili y. In eg a ion o he i ems in he esea ch ci cui is also economically iable due o he la ge numbe o IoT de ices. SG Powe T ansmission was p esen ed [32]. The use o he In e ne o Things equipmen on he powe g id is an e ec i e echnique o speeding up he mode niza ion o he powe g id sys em, as well as o e icien powe g id a chi ec u e design. One o he essen ial IoT applica ion ields is disas e p e en ion and he dec ease o powe ansmission lines. Inno a i e IoT sensing and social ne wo ks can accu a ely p e en o educe ansmission line damage om na u al disas e s, imp o e powe ansmission accu acy, and educe economic loss. This pape discussed using i in an online obse ing p og am o powe b oadcas lines, ocusing on SG design and main enance cha ac- e is ics. The cos o ou powe b oadcas line moni o ing o ganiza ion needs o be minimized in he u u e, and he sys em’s consis ency needs o be imp o ed. Au ho s [33] collabo a ed on a sma a m i iga ion sys em powe ed by IoT and sola powe . The cons uc ion o an IoT-based sola powe amewo k o sma i iga ion is c i ical o loca ions h oughou he wo ld ha ace wa e sho ages and powe cons ain s. The sugges ed sys em ocuses on a speci ic boa d sys em-on-a-chip console (hence e e ed o as he con olle ) wi h a buil -in Wi-Fi connec ion and in- luences o a sola cell o deli e e icien managemen in luence. The con ol sys em examines he ield o mois u e, empe a u e, and de- ec o s be o e sending sui able ac ua ion knowledge signals o he i i- ga ion equipmen . The con olle also a emp s o concen a e on he al e na e wa e Fig. 6. Compa a i e assessmen o IoT senso de ices in e connec ion o las 9 yea s. A. Rajagopalan e al. Resul s in Enginee ing 21 (2024) 101949 7 le el, which is equi ed o p o ec he pump mo o s om o e hea ing owing o low wa e le els in he well. Fede al con ol, mobile obse a- ion, swi ch, and uzzy-based con ol a e he h ee modes o ope a ion o he sugges ed model. An example was delibe a e, buil , and e alua ed in e i ying he p oposed sys em. Fo indus ial d i e applica ions [34], p oposed ha an IoT is a cloud in elligen ol age s abili y obse ing sys em. To keep he p ocedu e going p ope ly, indus ies a e inc eas- ingly using IoT-based powe ea u e moni o ing equipmen . As a esul , he pape de eloped an au oma ed powe quali y me hod ha manages he powe quali y dynamic ea u es logging wi h p e- and pos - alues o make he da a combina ion sys em mo e e icien . The o e ed sys em logs he d i e’s elec ical measu es as well as ol age s abili y e en da a in he Fi ebase cloud, educing he amoun o space equi ed and sa ing ime when e alua ing powe quali y occu ences. Fu he mo e, end-use s could choose he powe quali y equi emen s. O e all, he implemen ed applica ion is as e , mo e cos -e ec i e, mo e accu a e, and simple o use, and i can be applied o a a ie y o eal- ime applica ions. In he u u e, he esea che s will c ea e a sma e IoT de ice om wo iewpoin s. Techniques mus be au oma ic o quan i y he sys em’s ha monics a he measu ing poin . Au ho s mus conside using ML o u ilize all o he e idence ga he ed om IoT powe supe io i y echnology o moni o possible p oblems and anomalous beha iou on he cloudy side. Finally, he p oposed model will be a plug- and-play scheme o a s anda dized de ice ha can inco po a e wi h any cu en sys em and begin moni o ing ope a ions. Powe -sys em p o ec- ion de ice [35] was sugges ed based on In e ne -o -Things echniques ha could be inco po a ed in o in elligen de ices. The de ec ion sys em p o ec s elec ical cus ome s linked o he communi y powe g id by cu ing o powe in case o se e al aul s, including sho ci cui s, o e cu en , escape o he cu en , and elec ical a c. The design, applica ion, and useable alida ion o an e icien ene gy sa e y de ice wi h IoT-based assis ance o inco po a ing in elligen de ices such as Sma Homes and Sma Ci ies we e discussed. The designed me hod- ology e e s o new unc ions o a powe swi ch by o e ing secu i y owa d ex a aul s and e ching sma in he con ex ha each de ec ion sys em in e connec s wi h a Web se e ia a concen a o - ype a chi- ec u al design. The sys em also has a Web-based con igu a ion o an obse ing sys em o e ec i e de ices, as well as ac ual e en no i ica ion ia g-mail and SMS. IoT was p oposed o moni o powe b oadcas and deli e y o he SG. The basic In e ne o Things design o powe ansmission and ans e obse ing is desc ibed in his pape . When c ea ing a WSN- based IoT, i ’s impo an o hink abou de ec o equi emen s as well as in e ace design ha ’s app op ia e o a speci ic local powe ans- mission sys em. Consequen ly, o dis an moni o ing and de eloping na ions such as Indonesia, wi eless ansmission is used. To add ess he undamen al needs o da a sou ces, eal- ime moni- o ing, and long-dis ance moni o ing, GPRS is ecommended. Using IoT echnology, powe b oadcas and deli e y cons ain s may be clea ly shown on a PC o e en a sma phone. The au ho s wan o ocus hei u u e wo k on building en e p ise- o- ial de ices o powe dis ibu- ion sys ems ha may be use ul o Indonesia. Wi hin he ield o Ene gy In o ma ics, he essen ial pa o Sma Dynamism and Powe Schemes Demons a ing we e de ined [36]. The ul ima e goal is o de e mine how he sma ene gy and Powe S uc u es Molding hemes may be applied o add ess challenges. To begin, he pape will explo e how and whe e he opic o Sma Ene gy [37] and PS Modelling i s wi hin he la ge opic o ene gy in o ma ics. The ole o sma ene gy and PS modelling wi hin he b oade Ene gy In o ma ion sys ems a ea is hen acknowl- edged, wi h explana ions o he main connec ions be ween undamen al subjec s, speci ic ields o s udy, quali a i e and quan i a i e da a, and IoT, o pe o m speci ic assessmen s o cu en and u u e PS. Fu he mo e, addi ional wo k will be ca ied ou o es ablish a sui able ision o ene gy in o ma ics academic cou ses based on he majo challenges and in e connec ions ound in his s udy. 4.4. IoT-based powe moni o ing In [38], he au ho s p esen ed a sys ema ic and comp ehensi e e- iew o cu en ML me hods and hei possible applica ions in combined PS. In he amewo k o AI, machine lea ning p esen s a po en ial so- lu ion o cons uc ing well-o ganized and co ec da a-d i en de ensi e measu es o deal wi h de eloping e ec i e and swi ch issues in PS. Machine lea ning has he p ima y bene i o being able o p ocess in- o ma ion on a la ge scale and wi h mo e dimensions in a complex sys em. Fu he mo e, machine lea ning echniques ely hea ily on his- o ical da ase s and quali y aining, which a e ypically una ec ed by dynamic simula ion and speci ica ions. Machine lea ning echniques would ha e quick esponses and impo an lexibili y in a ious ci - cums ances i e icien lea ning da ase s we e p o ided. This pape p esen ed a ho ough and sys ema ic e iew o cu en ML me hods in a wide ange o you h-in eg a ed PS. Au ho s [39] execu e a e iew o he p e ious wo ks on i s use in ene gy sys ems in gene al and SG in speci ic. We also go o e some o he IoT skills, such as cloud echnology and a ious da a analysis sys ems. They also look a some o he di icul ies o deploying i in he ene gy sec o , such as secu i y and p i acy, as well as some al e na i es, such as blockchain echnology. This su ey gi es ene gy policymake s, economic expe s, and manage s an o e iew in PS enhancemen . The au ho s ca ego ize a ious IoT use cases in each segmen o he ene gy supply chain, om sou ce o ene gy g ids o end-use sec o s. The bene i s o i s-based ene gy managemen o in- c ease ene gy e iciency and in eg a e enewable ene gy a e men ioned, and he esul s a e summa ized. The au ho s discuss some o he di i- cul ies o using i in he ene gy sec o , such as objec iden i ica ion, la ge in o ma ion managemen , ne wo k connec ions and unce ain y, sub- sys em in eg a ion, p i acy and secu i y, he elec ici y consump ion o IoT sys ems, op imiza ion, and a chi ec u e. 4.5. IoT-based ene gy managemen Fo demand educ ion [40], hey sugges ed a og-based PS. In a you h-based sys em, his pape sugges s a mul i-nego ia o app oach o a sma ene gy socie y. The compe i i e a mosphe e in human ci iliza- ions has inspi ed his au ho o o e an Agen Nego ia ion sys em o sou ce educ ion. The IoT sys em’s agen s haggle wi h he me e ing agen o accep a plan ha educes peak-hou use. Nego ia ions a e conduc ed wi h hund eds o housands o ins i u ions, allowing bene i s o manage supply and demand in gene al [41]. Cus ome s ecei e good p icing based on he s a egies ha ha e been ag eed upon. Ins alla ion o powe line senso s o collec da a on ol age, ac i e powe , and o he elec ical limi a ions migh be added o he p ojec in he u u e. This will make i easie o moni o he quali y o powe p o ided o houses. The da a om he sa elli es and associa ed in elli- gen de ices may be u ilized o ack he ans o me ’s heal h. I is possible o moni o he en i e g id and use cu ing-edge MLA such as deep lea ning o assess he p obabili y o blackou s o ou ages. I s A - chi ec u e o SG was p esen ed by Re . [42]. The execu ion o he IoT in a ious pa s o insolen g ids was examined in his wo k. The applica ion o he In e ne o Things in a ious pa s o SG was examined in his wo k. The esea ch was di ided in o h ee sec ions. The implica ions o i in he gene a ion laye we e discussed in he i s sec ion. The impo ance o new echnology in wind and sola al e na i e uels, as well as he mal plan s and powe s o age in as uc u e, was ho oughly explained in his laye . The ansmission laye is add essed in he second pa . I s in eg a ion in his laye enhances line eliabili y, esul ing in be e powe g id moni o ing. Au oma ic IoT con olle s esul in mo e success ul u iliza ion as well as be e conges ion man- agemen in eme gencies. Finally, he dis ibu ion le el was ea ed wi hin he hi d laye . In addi ion o indus ial digi al echnology, he ole o you h ine ec i e dis ibu ion sys ems, mic og ids, sma ci ies, in elligen ci ies, and sma homes we e e alua ed in his sec ion. Home au oma ion is he u u e o ene gy managemen in sma A. Rajagopalan e al. Resul s in Enginee ing 21 (2024) 101949 8 buildings. Domo ics, as a sub ield o mecha onics, deals wi h home au oma ion ha allow one o egula e he ligh s, ai condi ioning, ap- pliances, secu i y, and hea e [43]. De ices on domes ic zone become an essen ial pa o he IoT when hey a e connec ed o he In e ne . Au oma ion, including au oma ed con ol and decision-making, is ano he ad ancemen in he SG. The e ms "unmanned ae ial ehicles" (UAV) and "unmanned g ounded ehicles" (UGV) e e o obo ic sys- ems. UAVs and UGVs a e basically u ilized on he g ound o u he au oma e he cu en PS when hey ha e an in e ne connec ion, making hem IoT. I could be used o iden i y and loca e aul s in he PS. The li e a u e has a ew examples o how o in eg a e IoT echnologies and mechanisms in o he au oma ion o SG. A sola powe plan ’s maximum powe poin acking sys em based on he IoT has been isualized [44]. The scien is s ha e looked in o powe ansmission line aul diagnosis [45]. An A duino pla o m IoT concep o a small i ual powe plan is depic ed. Th ough an examina ion o he ela ionships be ween a ious i ual powe ne wo ks and high- o medium- ol age ne wo ks, he ela ionship be ween IoT and mic og id economics is u he explo ed [46]. Fu he mo e, in elligen algo i hms like amping beha io analysis can be used o be e in eg a e p ice-based demand esponse wi h sys em con ol. 5. Applica ions o cloud compu ing in powe sys em s udies The oles o cloud compu ing in di e en PS s udies ha e been lis ed in subsequen sec ions. 5.1. Cloud compu ing-based sma g id ope a ion SG Inco po a ion was pe o med using Cloud-Based Sys ems and Decen alized Pla o ms [47]. This esea ch discusses c i ical issues ha mus be alked abou in ins uc ion o gua an ee he secu i y o decen- alized cloud ene gy schemes. The pape also examines how cloud compu ing and blockchain can help Ghana imp o e i s ine icien dis- ibu ion and ansmission ne wo ks. Following ha , a s a egy o he democ a iza ion o Ghana’s g id ne wo k is being de eloped. A block- chain and SDN-based a chi ec u e ha e been p oposed o add ess he p obable issues o in eg a ing a legacy ne wo k wi h a p ocesse cloud [48]. Taking ca e o hese issues ensu es ha he SG in he cloud is sa e and ope a es e icien ly. Inco po a ing i s SDNs, and Blockchain in o DERs could help ensu e ha enough elec ici y is gene a ed o mee a ailable a any gi en ime. Task schedule [49] plans o enhance cloud sys em pe o mance. By dec easing he ask- o-come ime, ime o execu ion, and ene gy inges ion, he ask de elopmen p ocedu e aims o imp o e he e iciency o eal- ime applica ions and se ices. The p oposed me hod is based on an a i icial neu al ne wo k (ANN)-based sys em wi h a gene ic algo i hm (GA)-based p epa a ion model. Acco ding o he indings, he p oposed GA-ANN model ou pe o ms exis ing ech- niques in e ms o powe consump ion, o al achie emen ime (ms), a e age s a ime (ms), and a e age comple ion ime (ms). The GA-ANN model used in his s udy is based on eal- ime use needs ga he ed om wo kload aces and p oduced da a se s. The sugges ed amewo k e- duces powe consump ion by 13%, educes de elopmen ime by 77.14%, and educes implemen a ion imes by 36%. As a esul , when compa ed wi h exis ing sys ems, he p oposed GA-ANN me hod ou - pe o ms hem. The cloud-based mode a e PS simula o [50] was implemen ed. Cloud PSS, an ele a ed PS emula o , is desc ibed. Cloud PSS p o ides a high-e iciency, simple- o-use, and low-cos al e na i e o modelling la ge-scale PS and mul i-scena io upg ades o he planned open cloud se ice in eg a ed sys em, he in ui i e code gene a o , and he a ious dis ibu ed p ocessing app oaches. I ’s wo h no ing ha he au oma ed so wa e gene a o ’s amewo k and me hods a en’ limi ed o simula ions. Hyb id-cloud-based da a p ocessing in SG was sugges ed [51]. The echnique indica ed ha a signi ican and p oduc i e wi eless senso ne wo k be buil o supe ise he nume ous signi ican ex en pa ame- e s in he PS. SG a chi ec u al design, moni o ing and indi idual pos- sesses o imp o e he pe o mance o alida ing nume ous demanding applica ions and ying o build a high- eliabili y, high-pe o mance wi eless senso ne wo k o obse ing he powe g id’s nume ous sig- ni ican measu emen pa ame e s. Renewable ene gy is illus a ed by in eg a ing accessible enewable ene gy sou ces (sola , biomass, o wa e ene gy) in o he elec ici y ne wo k and inc easing s o age ca- paci y by pa icipa ing in da a p ocessing ha dwa e-based de ices o he p i a e cloud ha can be used in powe g id da a p ocessing and o e- cas ing. PS e alua ion and con ol, which en ails enhancing powe g id s abili y o deal wi h apid changes in ene gy g id low. Using da a analysis ha dwa e, imp o e adap i e secu i y, ansien s abili y swi ching, ene gy con ol, and capaci y analysis. 5.2. Cloud compu ing-based ene gy managemen Load-balancing me hods in a cloud compu ing sys em we e s udied [52]. Resea che s could use his e iew pape o c ea e op imized and e icien scheduling algo i hms o cloud en i onmen s. Because i included an unde s anding o cu en and a ailable load-balancing echniques, his s udy will aid esea che s in iden i ying esea ch is- sues ela ed o load balancing, pa icula ly in e ms o educing esponse ime and a oiding se e aul s. Resea che s can con inue o examine ways o build s a egies ha a e mo e dynamic and in elligen , as well as ocus on aul ole ance conce ns, o imp o e he pe o mance o cloud se ices. Resea che s will e alua e he en i onmen and pe cep i e me hodologies in he u u e, such as he use o machine lea ning o classi ica ion models. In Re . [53], he au ho s sugges ed a cloud-based economic deli e y model o SG. They p oposed an in elligen g id, cloud economic powe dispa ch model. We p esen ed an o e iew o cu en wo k ha blends cloud compu ing in o he es ablished SG a chi ec u al design o de elop a us wo hy and ene gy-e icien [54] dis ibu ion sys em in his esea ch. Va ious opics o SG powe man- agemen we e deba ed. We iden i ied se e al c i ical echnical p oblems and sugges ed se e al a eas o u u e esea ch o cloud-based SG. This design p o ides addi ional memo y o e alua ing compu ing mecha- nisms o elec ici y managemen and cos -cu ing. A no el way o p o ide low-cos cloud-based powe o SG applica ions has been p e- sen ed. Acco ding o he indings o his su ey, he use o cloud compu ing in SG is expec ed o be help ul o u he enhancing SG a chi ec u al design in a eas such as cos moni o ing, compu e ech- nology, and powe o ganiza ion. 5.3. Cloud compu ing-based powe sys em s a e es ima ion A cloud-hos ed i ualized explana ion [55] has been done o addi ional gene a ion messages based on PMU capabili ies. No only can he echnique execu e economic load dispa ch o keep he sys em balanced, bu i can also sha e eme gency esponse in o ma ion such as con ol signals, sys em balancing pe o mance indica o s, and ope a o ebu als in a imely, p ecise, and secu e manne . Wi h he aid o his cloud-based echnology, de eloping human mis akes p oduced by phone calls u ilized o manual, e bal deploymen may be a oided. Each p ocedu e ac i i y ca ied ou on he pla o m is eco ded in a da abase using a s anda d da a o ma , making audi ing and au ho i y moni o ing much simple . This wo k also included he in eg a ion, and cybe secu i y me hod ha included da a p o ec ion, access con ol, key o a ion, and access au ho iza ion o mee c i ical o ganiza ion speci i- ca ions o he in luence g id. I o e s guidance o u he g id ope a- o s ying o acqui e hei cloud s o age. O e all expe ience in de eloping and implemen ing he i s manu ac u ing cloud-based PS simula ion amewo k was discussed [56]. The pla o m was buil wi h an open a chi ec u e in mind. I can suppo a a ie y o esou ce managemen and wo k balancing ools, as well as a ious sys em simula ion p og ams. The cloud-compu ing A. Rajagopalan e al. Resul s in Enginee ing 21 (2024) 101949 9 in e ace mee s he equi emen s o exis ing cybe sa e y and da a p i- acy necessi ies hanks o ca e ully deploying cybe secu i y s a egies ha a e exac ly equi alen o es ablishing e idence in as uc u e and se ices. The powe p oduc ion indus y has s uggled o implemen cloud-based acili ies, bu as alues s i e o emain adap able in he ace o e e -changing echnology, his amewo k is as ans o ming. Dis- cussions on a chi ec u e, en e p ise, secu e and esilien , compu a ional display, cos sa ings, and di icul ies will help all u ili ies ha ha e been cons ained by he e e -inc easing need o sophis ica ed compu ing ea u es in powe scheme o line planning aining. Based on he CHAIN amewo k [57] a cloud ba e y managemen sys em. De elope s p o- posed a cloud- o- hings ou line wi h ou sys ems: end, edge, cloud, and knowledge by me ging digi al wins wi h deep lea ning app oaches, di icul iden i ica ion, es ima e, and op imum con ol unc ions [58, 59]. We also used an example o demons a e a success ul di ec ion. Using he cybe hie a chy and in e ac ional ne wo k a chi ec u e, an end powe cloud a chi ec u e design o a cloud-based BMS wi h mul i-scale cen alized da a analysis was cons uc ed as abula ed in Table 1. The cu en p oposed s uc u e is based on he CHAIN ou line and has ex emely la ge po en ial o imp o ing ba e y and managemen sys em pe o mance in a sma and main ainable manne [60,61]. The p ima y goal o powe au oma ion sys em (PAS) was o o e an in elligen and sel -su icien moni o ing solu ion h ough he use o a o dable ha dwa e and ligh weigh so wa e. Deep ensemble models we e employed by he PAS o PV sys em powe o ecas and aul de ec ion. The ollowing s eps se ed as he ounda ion o he PAS aul diagnos ics. Fi s , by examining Cu en –Vol age (I–V) cha ac e is ics in a num- be o aul y and no mal occu ences, he key aspec s we e iden i ied. Fo comp ehensi e PV plan moni o ing, including da a collec ion, s o ing, p e- and pos -p ocessing, aul and ailu e diagnosis, pe o - mance and ene gy yield assessmen , and ou pu powe p ojec ion, PAS o e s an in e ope able, scalable, and ep oducible sys em. IoT applica- ions can be u ilized o use access and da a ans e , while cloud se e s can handle sys em p ocessing. Remo e loca ions migh make ad an age o his moni o ing se ice [66]. The In e ne o Things (IoT) pla o m is used by PAS o handle da a and acili a e communica ion and in e ope abili y be ween i s a ious componen s and de ices. Addi- ionally, PAS comes wi h a pe sonal cloud se e o p ocessing and a chi ing he PV sys em da a ha is collec ed. Addi ionally, he in o - ma ion is displayed o nume ous use s ia an open-sou ce, ligh weigh web moni o sys em ha is pa o he PAS. The moni o ing and e alua ion asks co e ed in his s udy we e composed o a se ies o independen s eps; ne e heless, asks may also be conside ed non-independen , o as a wo k low in which dependen ac i i ies canno be inished concu en ly. This aises ques ions o u u e esea ch. To enable quicke handling, some da a wi h a high eme gency le el can be assigned a p io i y le el. Se e al guidelines can be de ised o da a ans e . Howe e , pa ame e s such as ene gy, cos , demand p edic ion e c., migh be included o iden i y whe e asks should be pe o med. In subsequen s udy, we in end o p ecisely diagnose all elec ical ailu es in PV a ays, including bypass diode p oblems, line-g ound is- sues, shading, e c. The Deep lea ning algo i hms can be challenging o selec ensemble lea ning models. Thus, he op imiza ion echniques could be inco po a ed. To inc ease he p ecision o powe o ecas ing, we would also employ se e al loss unc ions. 6. Conclusion & u u e wo k This comp ehensi e e iew has shed ligh on he ans o ma ional possibili ies o combining IoT and cloud compu ing in powe dis ibu- ion sys ems. The con e gence o hese cu ing-edge echnologies p o- ides excep ional p ospec s o imp o e he powe indus y’s e iciency, sus ainabili y, and dependabili y. IoT lays he g oundwo k o an in o ma ion e olu ion by seamlessly in eg a ing dispa a e pa s inside he elec ical g id, enabling a dynamic ne wo k o in elligen de ices and asse s. Fu he mo e, he In e ne o Ene gy (IoE) accele a es his e olu ion by imagining a u u e in which ICT and ene gy gene a ion me ge o p oduce an adap i e and sel -awa e powe ecosys em. Cloud compu ing a ises as a majo change , supplying he in as uc u e equi ed o manage he massi e olume o eal- ime da a c ea ed by IoT de ices. Cloud compu ing p o ides e ec i e u iliza ion o his in o - ma ion o in o med decision-making by p o iding obus da a p o- cessing, s o age capabili ies, and scalable esou ces. The combina ion o IoT wi h cloud compu ing, known as CloudIoT o Cloud o Things, Table 1 Compa a i e analysis o IoT and cloud compu ing. Re e ence IoT Cloud Con ibu ion [28] YES NO To enhance he accu acy o a g id-associa ed PS using an in e line powe low o ganize . [29] YES NO IoT-based isola ed IV acing scheme o he s udy o ci ywide sola powe Se ices. [32] YES NO Submission o IoT in SG Powe B oadcas [33] YES NO In e ne o Things sola ene gy mechanical sma a m i iga ion scheme. [34] YES NO Fo manu ac u ing d i e applica ions, i en enched cloud-based in elligen powe ea u e obse ing sys em is dis inc . [35] YES NO Wi h i , he PS secu i y de ice p o ided suppo o combina ions in sma en i onmen s. [39] YES NO IoE in e p e a ion is highligh ed [40] YES NO Agen in ol emen in a con ol deli e y scheme based on IoT-Fog o demand educ ion. [49] NO YES Powe well-o ganized esou ce p o isioning o cloud o ganiza ion using bio-s imula ed ANN model [50] NO YES High-pe o mance powe scheme emula o based on cloud compu ing [51] NO YES Hyb id cloud-based da a handling o SG powe scheme e i ica ion. [53] NO YES An applica ion su ey on cloud compu ing o a dynamic o ganiza ion in SG [55] NO YES Dispa ch wi hou he need o a se e o cloud-based powe g id subs i u ion gene a ion [58] YES YES To be e implemen asse s in some cloud-based heal hca e schemes, iden i y h ee undamen al ac o s. Look o e some pape s ha show how og compu ing is being used in he heal hca e IoT ne wo k. Demons a ing he sho comings o mode n echniques, sys ems, and s uc u es. [59] YES NO In eg a e i in o he e-heal h en i onmen in a sys ema ic way (ha dwa e and so wa e). Demons a e he di icul ies and po en ial o i in e- heal h. Make a lis o IoT de ice and ne wo k secu i y issues. [60] YES YES Examine he ole o cloud-based a chi ec u e in heal h ca e. Discuss c i ical IoT di icul ies and p oblems in heal h ca e. [61] NO YES Sugges a og compu ing-based s uc u e o esponding o mobile heal hca e p o essionals mo e quickly. C ea e a p o o ype using he esea ch models ( he esponse ime is educed by ou imes) [62] NO YES SG In eg a ion Using Cloud-Based Schemes and Dis ibu ed Pla o ms Conduc s g id ne wo k esea ch and o ecas ing in Ghana. [63] YES NO Focus on a ious senso ypes and communica ion me hods. Es ablish a me hodology ha can be used in a a ie y o gene a ion-based applica ions. [64] YES NO Disambigua ion and inqui y di ec ions o IoT, og, mobile edge, and edge de eloping calcula ing ins ances [65] NO YES Examine he nume ous ad an ages and disad an ages o using og compu ing in heal hca e. Fo eal- ime applica ions, in oduce a h ee-laye heal hca e a chi ec u al design. A. Rajagopalan e al.