The storage capacity of underground gas storages in the Czech republic

18 GeoScience Enginee ing Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 h p://gse. sb.cz p. 18 – 25, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0014 THE STORAGE CAPACITY OF UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Jakub RYBA, Pe BUJOK, Ma in KLEMPA Ins i u e o Clean Technologies o Mining and U iliza ion o Raw Ma e ials o Ene gy Use, Facul y o Mining and Geology, VSB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, 708 00 Os a a Po uba, Czech Republic E-mail: jakub.[email p o ec ed]z ABSTRACT Sou ces o na u al gas a e in mos cases loca ed in emo e a eas a om he places whe e he gas is u ilized, i.e. especially de eloped indus ial coun ies o which i is anspo ed ia pipeline. Howe e , ansi gas pipelines, which a e anspo ing ex ac ed gas o he consume s, ha e a ela i ely limi ed peak capaci y, he ansi supplies essen ially ha e a s able cha ac e and a e no able o co e inc eased seasonal o peak demands o gas in gas dis ibu ion ne wo ks. The solu ion o his p oblem is he main ask o unde g ound gas s o ages (UGS) ha h ough he ope a i e egula ion main ain s abili y and eliabili y o he en i e gas sys em. This a icle p o ides a gene al lis o op ions ha can inc ease he s o age capaci y o na u al gas in unde g ound gas s o ages and ocuses on ac o s ha in luence he op ions o an indi idual UGS. Keywo ds: na u al gas, unde g ound gas s o age (UGS), s o age capaci y 1 INTRODUCTION Unde g ound gas s o ages (UGS) became a necessa y pa o he gas anspo sys em in all de eloped indus ial coun ies. Al hough he ini ial implemen a ions o hese new echnologies we e used mainly o co e he seasonal consump ion, hei posi i e in luence oday a ec s he whole anspo sys em due o an inc ease in consump ion and he necessi y o anspo gas o e inc easingly longe dis ances. Rela ion o gas anspo sys ems o he ope a ion o UGS allows o a ain he maximum capaci y o gas pipes o e he whole yea [1,2,3]. The achie emen o high u iliza ion ac o is ca ied o e o “supplying” gas ese oi s which could employ injec ion/p oduc ion wells a a highe deg ee due o he balanced egime and bene i om a o able de elopmen o exploi a ion egimes. Unde g ound gas ese oi s in hei ini ial s ages o de elopmen we e buil especially in deple ed ese oi s o hyd oca bons [4]. Howe e , deple ed ese oi s we e no always in he app op ia e p oximi y om he place o concen a ed gas consump ion. In hese cases, unde g ound s o ages o mos ly aqui e o ca e n ype [5,6,7] we e c ea ed. Fo he schema ic o e iew o UGS dis ibu ion in he Czech Republic, see Figu e 1. 19 GeoScience Enginee ing Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 h p://gse. sb.cz p. 18 – 25, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0014 Figu e 1. The scheme o dis ibu ion o UGS in he Czech Republic [8] A o al olume o gas in UGS ( ese oi laye s – s o age ho izons) can be di ided in o wo basic pa s – ac i e and passi e. The passi e pa is e e ed o as a basic illing, i.e. cushion gas. This pa consis s o gas ha is pe manen ly loca ed inside an unde g ound s o age bo h du ing he wi hd awal and a e i [9,10,11]. The ac i e pa is he ope a ional capaci y o gas i sel in UGS (so-called s o age capaci y), which is ope a i ely injec ed and consequen ly wi hd awn om he ese oi acco ding o he demand o cus ome s and o ade pu poses. To al s o age capaci y, he size o he ac i e and basic illing (cushion gas) belong o he basic pa ame e s o UGS. To al s o age capaci y di ec ly depends on he size o he po e olume o he ese oi laye s. I he s o age objec is he o iginal sou ce o hyd oca bons, he o al s o age capaci y is ela ed o i s ini ial olume. The olume o cushion gas, which main ains he necessa y p essu e le el o he p ese a ion o ope a ing pe o mance o ope a ing wells, has an impac on he e iciency and economy o UGS ope a ions. In case p ima y o edge wa e is p esen , cushion gas also main ains an app op ia e dis ance o con ac wa e – gas om hose wells. The olume o cushion gas depends especially on he cha ac e o a deposi and equi ed pa ame e s o UGS. Basic illing (cushion gas) gene ally makes 45 o 60 % o o al capaci y, he e o e ac i e illing mos ly makes 40 o 55 %. A ese oi s loca ed in he deple ed deposi s, i is aimed o he 1:1 a io. Fo aqui e ypes o ese oi s, he a io is usually 1:2 in a ou o basic cushion wi h ega d o speci ic hyd odynamic p oblems o his ype o unde g ound s o age. Due o he na u e o gas s o ing ac i i y, i is logically implied ha i is in he in e es o owne s o ope a e UGS a peak e ec i e le el, i.e. a maximum ope a ing pa ame e s wi h app op ia e in es men and ope a i e cos s. Economic ac o s ela ed o he pu chasing and selling o na u al gas will no be discussed in his a icle. Jus i ica ion comes ou om he ac ha he o iginal u iliza ion o s o age objec was mo i a ed mos ly by he needs o main ain balance in he dis ibu i e ne wo k, while he con empo a y and especially u u e u iliza ion is p edominan ly ocused on e iciency, lexibili y and a iabili y o s o ed olumes and signi ican ly highe dynamics o he p ocesses. The e o e, he jus i ied needs o e-e alua ing he cu en ly applied pa ame e s o indi idual s o age objec s a e becoming appa en . I can be de i ed om he cha ac e is ics o UGS ope a ion ha he s o age capaci ies should be as la ge as possible. They can be sligh ly inc eased e en du ing he long- e m ope a ion o he UGS by he in luence o “cycling” he gas (injec ion, p oduc ion), by he p ocess o he so-called “pu i ica ion” o collec o (yield o ine mine al pa icles eleased by he hea dila ion, p essu e s ain o e en ually u bulen il a ion om ock skele on) and u he by d ying he po e space o he ese oi which con ibu es o he spon aneous inc ease o s o age olumes [12,13,14]. Du ing he designing o UGS ope a ion (buil inside he deple ed o nea ly deple ed ese oi s o hyd oca bons), he alues o ope a ional p essu es (pmax, pmin) a e de i ed om he o iginal da a o he ese oi p essu es and hei ela ion o he hyd os a ic p essu e. These alues a e espec ed and, o inc ease sa e y du ing he ini ial ope a ion o UGS, hey a e usually sligh ly unde sized. A e he ansi ion o he egula cyclic ope a ion 20 GeoScience Enginee ing Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 h p://gse. sb.cz p. 18 – 25, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0014 ollowing he ca e ul analysis o all unde lying da a, especially limi ing ac o s (places o endange ed igh ness o ese oi , see Figu e 2) and long- e m expe ience om moni o ing, ield and labo a o y esea ch and modelling o he UGS ope a ion, i is possible o sugges and, a e he app o al o espec i e ins i u ions, o implemen inc ease o uppe ange o ope a i e p essu es a up o app ox. 10 % abo e he hyd os a ic p essu e ( ela i e o he gi en dep h le el) o o he p essu e o o iginal deposi . Figu e 2. Places o endange men o ese oi igh ness – geological (p ima y he me ici y) and an h opogenic in luences (seconda y he me ici y) 2 OPTIONS OF INCREASING STORAGE CAPACITIES The op ions o inc easing o al s o age capaci ies o na u al gas in UGS can be di ided in o wo g oups – “low” olume inc ease (A) and “medium o high” olume inc ease (B). 21 GeoScience Enginee ing Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 h p://gse. sb.cz p. 18 – 25, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0014 A. “Low” olume – inc ease in o de o i s millions o i s ens o millions m3, acco ding o he o al s o age capaci y o gi en UGS. “Small” olume inc ease is usually implemen ed a UGS u ilizing o iginal hyd oca bon deposi s o s o age pu poses o aqui e s uc u es in pe iod when he UGS has al eady ully p o ed i s unc ionali y, he consume ’s demand ises, gas ma ke s p edic posi i e de elopmen ( ega ding s o age) and “medium o high” s o age inc ease is no p epa ed o is impossible o implemen . The decisi e ac o o easibili y is he s o age s uc u e ( ese oi ’s laye o laye s). Fu he ela ed pa ame e s o connec ing gas pipelines and op ions o su ace echnologies a e conside ed as sui able. Capaci y pa ame e s o ope a ional wells, connec ing gas pipes and su ace echnology do no equi e any complex adjus men s, no any signi ican in es men in o new unc ional de ices (e.g. comp esso s). Ope a ing p essu es ange om below o iginal deposi p essu e o below hyd os a ic p essu e. This can be achie ed by: a) Only by inc easing o ope a ion p essu es (i.e. an inc ease in ope a i e maximum p essu e and/o by a dec ease in minimal ope a i e p essu e) wi h essen ially minimal inc ease in po e space olume. This me hod can be applied o he s o age s uc u es limi ed by li hology o ec onically. The e is no p ima y no edge wa e o i is e en ually p esen in a negligible amoun . The op ion o adding a new po e space o he p ocess o gas accumula ion is minimal. b) Inc ease in maximum (ope a ion) p essu es connec ed wi h he inc ease in po e space olume. This me hod o inc easing imp essing (ope a i e) p essu es is, in con as o he me hod a), addi ionally connec ed o he inc ease in olume o communica ing po es. I can be applied o he s uc u es wi h bedding o ou side wa e in he cases when hey hyd odynamically communica e wi h o he uni s (see e.g. UGS Lobodice). Via he inc ease in p essu e, he wa e is pushed away, and he new po e en i onmen is connec ed o he s o age p ocess. When assessing he op ions o inc easing ope a i e p essu e, i is necessa y o addi ionally (see poin a) analyse he impac on he unc ionali y o wa e sealing. E en in his case, i is possible (gi en he a ou able condi ions) o implemen an inc ease in he maximum p essu es a abou 5 - 10 % abo e he o iginal deposi p essu e o hyd os a ic p essu e (in ela ion o he gi en dep h le el). B. “Medium o high” olume – inc ease in he o de o ens o i s hund eds o millions m3, acco ding o he o al s o age capaci y o e alua ed s uc u es. “High o low” olume inc ease can be implemen ed in sui able a eas (mo e objec s uc u es) gi en he a ou able condi ions (s a e subsidies, EU subsidies, sui able in es o , long- e m inc ease in demand, p edic ed a ou able de elopmen a gas ma ke , a ou able geopoli ical de elopmen , e c.) acco ding o he long- e m p ojec plans o cons uc ion ( e e ed o as “s ages”). These “s ages” o inc easing ope a i e s o age capaci ies can be mul iple and can a y acco ding o he di e en scena ios, which a e adjus ed o a speci ic si ua ion in he gi en pe iod. “Medium o high” olume inc ease consis s o he connec ion o new s o age objec s (app op ia e ese oi ’s laye s) in he o e bu den o in he base o cu en ly u ilized ho izons, e en ually in he connec ion o new app op ia e s uc u es in he immedia e su oundings (see e.g. UGS Třano ice). A u he op ion is o signi ican ly inc ease ope a ion p essu es a objec s, whe e he “ ese es” ha e no been ully u ilized by achie ing limi p essu es so a . Implemen a ion o his in en is limi ed by he pa ame e s o su ace plan echnology and, ou side o i s s uc u es, by pa ame e s o connec ed gas pipeline sys ems which could ha e eached he limi s o hei capaci y. The adjus men o su ace plan echnology, connec ions and adding o ope a ion wells a e usually ine i able and equi e subs an ial in es men . Ano he op ion o inc easing he o al s o age capaci y o na u al gas ega ding he needs o he en i e coun y is ep esen ed by he cons uc ion o new s o age objec s (see UGS Dambořice). Howe e , he inc ease in s o age capaci y can be implemen ed only when he he me ici y ( igh ness) o s o age s uc u es is p ese ed. Gene ally, he he me ici y o UGS unde g ound pa is di ided in o p ima y he me ici y (o iginal) and seconda y he me ici y, caused by echnical ope a ions (i.e. he an h opogenic ac i i y o people) [14,15]. P ima y he me ici y is ela ed o he igh ness o deposi objec s, which is e idenced by he exis ence o p ima y deposi ap sa u a ed by hyd oca bons (he me ici y in he dimension o geological ime). In he case o o e -p essu ising du ing he p ocess o UGS de elopmen , i is necessa y o possess knowledge o he s uc u al sealing and he ex en o gas accumula ion a e p essu ising o he ese oi . These pa ame e s a e de e mined and con olled by specialized ese oi and enginee ing me hods – especially by modelling and obse a ion o so- called p/z cu es (deposi p essu e educed by he comp essibili y ac o ). Fo he assessmen o seconda y he me ici y, we obse e dis up ion o p ima y he me ici y by an h opogenic ac i i y and ha ei he di ec ly – by d illing and consequen inadequa e equipmen o wells (du ing hei ope a ion o a e hei liquida ion) o 22 GeoScience Enginee ing Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 h p://gse. sb.cz p. 18 – 25, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0014 indi ec ly – by excessi e inc ease in ese oi p essu e ( ela ed o he inc ease o o al olume o s o ed gas), which causes dis up ion o o iginal geological seals. The o e iew o a eas, whe e he igh ness o ese oi is endange ed, is shown in Figu e 2. I clea ly p esen s bo h geological in luences (caused by he bo de s o ese oi ) and in luences caused by human ac i i y (an h opogenic in luences). The issues o igh ness ela ed o he bo om hole equipmen and he su ace p oduc ion equipmen a e no discussed u he in his pape . Types o bounda y o a ese oi can be di ided in o aul bounda y, p ima y o edge wa e bounda y, acial change and ge ing on a di e en ock massi . Among an h opogenic in luences we so – impe ec implemen a ion o bo om hole equipmen o ope a ion o e en ually obse a ion wells (including cemen ing o p oduc ion casing), insu icien ly liquida ed old wells, he in luence o p essu e and empe a u e changes on he con ac o a collec o – cap ock o impe meable base, endange o geomechanical s abili y o ese oi due o he changes o ope a i e p essu es (cycling o pmax - pmin). 3 DETERMINATION OF FACTORS LIMITING AN INCREASE IN STORAGE CAPACITIES Among signi ican ac o s ha can a ec he easibili y o inc easing s o age capaci y, we may lis he ailu e o geomechanical s abili y o s o age objec , he possible dis up ion o igh ness o cap ock and unde lying impe meable seals and he ailu e o insula i e p ope ies o cemen a ion. These ac o s should be p io i ised and e alua ed by bo h ma hema ic modelling and by labo a o y esea ch o co esponding ock (d illing co es) o , e en ually, analogical samples. Labo a o y esea ch aimed a he objec i es lis ed abo e is enabled by op-quali y appa a us (especially om F ench company Vinci Technologies [16]) and i can also be conduc ed in he labo a o ies o he Depa men o Geological Enginee ing and he Ins i u e o Clean Technologies o Mining and U iliza ion o Raw Ma e ials o Ene gy Use. To de e mine an e ec i e po osi y and absolu e pe meabili y, i is possible o u ilize he au oma ic pe meame e and po ome e Co e al 700. To assess a phase pe meabili y (gas-wa e ), a mul iphase pe meame e FDS 350 o a mul iphase pe meame e BRP 350 (see igu e 3) can be used. The de e mina ion o pe meabili y (mul iphase) is possible o conduc a ock samples (co es) a diame e 2.54 (1") and 3.81 (1,5"), leng h up o 7.62 cm a equi ed p essu e dep essions (in o de o i s ens o MPa). The comp ession o he sample (co e) in a sealing slee e – which ep esen s la e al geos a ic p essu e, can each up o 35 MPa a laye ed deposi empe a u e up o 150 °C in appa a uses BRP 350 and FDS 350. By adjus ing he appa a us, i can be used o obse e he in luence o a cyclic e ec o ope a ing p essu es (pmax, pmin) du ing he cyclic ope a ion o UGS on he s abili y o ese oi ’s ock skele on, i.e. on he in luence on he impe meabili y o cap ocks. Long- e m in luence o laye wa e s on he quali y o cemen s one can be checked a “in si u” condi ions (p essu es up o 16 MPa, empe a u e up o 80 °C) di ec ly a he a ea o con ac ock-casing-cemen in he eac ion chambe s RK-1 o own cons uc ion (pa en no. 306 107). We can also use a es cell o samples ( unc ional sample eg. no. 101/06-12-2011_F) de eloped speci ically o his pu pose, which enables he simula ion o ese oi en i onmen a labo a o y-p epa ed samples. Cu en ly, he labo a o ies lis ed abo e a e conduc ing long- e m esea ch ocusing on he cycle ope a ion o UGS. The measu emen s can check he geomechanical p ope ies o ocks ha ha e a decisi e in luence on he conside a ions abou he u he de elopmen o s o age capaci ies and sa e ope a ion o UGS. This includes especially he esea ch o he in luence o cycling maximal (pmax) and minimal (pmin) ope a ing p essu es on geomechanical s abili y o ocks skele ons (s o age and seals) and de e mina ion o “p essu e” limi o in eg i y ailu e. 23 GeoScience Enginee ing Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 h p://gse. sb.cz p. 18 – 25, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0014 Figu e 3. Bench op Rela i e Pe meame e BRP 350 (Klempa, 2018) 4 CONCLUSIONS To da e, he e a e he ollowing UGS in he Czech Republic ( o loca ion see Figu e 1): UGS Třano ice, UGS Š ambe k, UGS Lobodice, UGS T donice, UGS Dolní Dunajo ice and UGS Háhe (innogy s. .o.); UGS Uhřice and Uhřice-jih (MND gas S o age a.s.); UGS Dolní Bojano ice (SPP Bohemia a.s.); and UGS Dambořice (Mo a ia Gas S o age a.s.). Based on he e alua ion o he exis ing de elopmen o na u al gas s o age in UGS, we can s a e ha he possibili ies o “low” olume inc ease in s o age capaci ies ha e been al eady pa ially implemen ed a he long- e m ope a ing ese oi s. I we eason conse a i ely abou a e age op ion o inc easing o al s o age capaci ies a 5 %, hen he ou come could be es ima ed a app ox. 154 million m3. A u he inc ease ia his me hod would equi e conduc ing a highe amoun o labo a o y esea ch. The expendi u es o conduc ing hese labo a o y simula ions and alida ing hese al e na i es a e incompa ably lowe han he p epa a ions o lis ed al e na i es “B”. Mo e p og essi e al e na i es o ype “B” ha e been al eady implemen ed a some a eas which include UGS T donice (connec ing new Sa ma ian ho izons) UGS Třano ice (connec ing new sepa a e deposi objec in immedia e su oundings); UGS Uhřice (connec ing new sepa a e deposi objec – Uhřice-jih); UGS Š ambe k (ins alling comp esso s a ion, o iginally he injec ion was ealized only ia he o e p essu e om dis ibu i e gas pipeline). The newes UGS Dambořice was pu in o ope a ion in 2017. The o e iew o indi idual UGS and hei echnical pa ame e s in he Czech Republic (si ua ion in 2016) is lis ed in Table 1 [17]. 24 GeoScience Enginee ing Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 h p://gse. sb.cz p. 18 – 25, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0014 Table 1. Technical pa ame e s o indi idual UGS in he Czech Republic [17] Ope a o UGS S o age Capaci y Maximum wi hd awal capaci y Maximum injec ion capaci y mil. m3 mil. m3/day mil. m3/day innogy GS Háje 64 6.0 6.0 Dolní Dunajo ice 900 17.0 12.0 T donice 535 8.0 8.0 Lobodice 177 5.0 2.5 Š ambe k 500 7.0 7.0 Třano ice 530 8.0 6.0 To al 2 706 51.0 41.5 MND GS Uhřice 255 6.0 2.6 Mo a ia GS Dambořice 115 4.0 3.0 Czech Republic o al 3 076 61.0 47.1 SPP S o age, l d. (connec ion o Slo ak gas pipeline sys em) Dolní Bojano ice 576 9.0 7.0 I has been es ima ed ha by 2021 he o al s o age capaci y should each he alue o 3.7 billion m3 wi h daily wi hd aw capaci y o 79 million m3 in he Czech Republic. In compa ison o he cu en s a e, his would mean an inc ease in ope a i e olume by app ox. 0.7 billion m3. The o al s o age capaci y o UGS ep esen s mo e han 33 % o yea ly consump ion. I had been supposed ha a ound 2021 he capaci y o gas s o age (especially due o he new connec ed objec s) could each up o 40 % o yea ly gas consump ion [8]. E en o he gas companies had planned he cons uc ion o new gas s o age capaci ies in he Czech Republic. New UGSs we e supposed o be buil in Břecla a ea and in Rožná na Žďá sku. Howe e , he ealiza ion o hese p ojec s is hal ed, and i is p obable ha he p ognosis men ioned abo e will no be achie ed. Howe e , he equi emen s o inc easing s o age capaci y by indus ial companies o dis ibu ion companies can also be esol ed by s o ing gas in UGS si ua ed ab oad (see UGS ope a ed by MND a.s. in Ge many). The u ilisa ion o local s o age capaci ies o he needs o he Czech Republic was also o e ed by Uk aine. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This a icle was w i en in connec ion wi h p ojec Ins i u e o clean echnologies o mining and u iliza ion o aw ma e ials o ene gy use - Sus ainabili y p og am. Iden i ica ion code: LO1406. P ojec is suppo ed by he Na ional P og amme o Sus ainabili y I (2013-2020) inanced by he s a e budge o he Czech Republic. This a icle was also suppo ed by he Mo a ian-Silesian egion wi hin he p og am "Suppo o science and esea ch in Mo a ian-Silesian egion 2017" (RRC/10/2017). Re e ences [1] ALTIERI, G. Unde g ound S uc u es o Na u al Gas S o age. Encyclopaedia o Hyd oca bons: Explo a ion, P oduc ion and T anspo . Rome: En e nazionale id oca bu i, 2005. p. 901-910. [2] BUDÍN, J. Na u al gas-ex ac ion, i s p ope ies and dis ibu ion [online]. [ci . 2019-7-21]. A ailable om: h p://oene ge ice.cz/ echnologie/plyna ens i/zemni-plyn- ezba- las nos i-a- ozdeleni/ [3] FALZOLGHER, F. Unde g ound S uc u es o Na u al Gas S o age. Encyclopaedia o Hyd oca bons: Explo a ion, P oduc ion and T anspo . Rome: En e nazionale id oca bu i, 2005. p. 879-900. [4] AHMED, T. H. Rese oi enginee ing handbook. 4 h ed. Bos on: Gul P o essional Pub., 2010. ISBN 978-1-85617-803-7 [5] ČESKÁ PLYNÁRENSKÁ. S o age [online]. [ci . 2019-7-18]. A ailable om: h p://www.ceskaplyna enska.cz/en/s o age [6] GAS STORAGE. S o age s uc u es [online]. [ci . 2019-7-20]. A ailable om: h p://www.gass o age.cz/en/s o age- acili ies/ 25 GeoScience Enginee ing Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 h p://gse. sb.cz p. 18 – 25, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0014 [7] INNOGY GAS STORAGE. S o age o na u al gas, unde g ound gas s o ages. [online]. [ci . 2019-7- 21]. A ailable om: h ps://www.innogy-gass o age.cz/ [8] NET4GAS. Ten-Yea Plan o he De elopmen o he T ansmission Sys em in he Czech Republic 2017 - 2026. NET4GAS. [online]. [ci . 2019-7-19]. A ailable om: h p://www.ne 4gas.cz/ iles/ oz ojo e- plany/n yndp1726_cz_161031.pd [9] AZIN, R., A. NASIRI, A. J. ENTEZARI and G. H. MONTAZERI. Unde g ound Gas S o age in a Pa ially Deple ed Gas Rese oi . Oil & Gas Science and Technology. 2018. Vol. 63, i. 6. p. -. DOI: 10.2118/113588-MS [10] BUJOK, P., M. KLEMPA and V. ZEMAN. Technology o oil and gas p ocessing I. Hodonín: MND a.s., 2013. 155 p. [11] BURYAN, P. Na u al gas - ene gy and chemical ma e ial. P aha: VŠCHT, 2012. ISBN 978-80-7080- 816-0. [12] MORAVIA GAS. S o age acili ies [online]. [ci . 2019-7-19]. A ailable om: h p://www.mo a iags.cz/en/s o age- acili ies/ [13] NATURAL GAS. O e iew [online]. [ci . 2019-7-20]. A ailable om: h p://na u algas.o g/o e iew/ [14] PLAAT, H. Unde g ound gas s o age: Why and how. Geological Socie y. 2009. Vol. 313, 1. p. 25-37. DOI: 10.1144/SP313.4 [15] RUBESOVA, M., P. BUJOK and M. KLEMPA. Assessmen o In eg i y Wells on The Unde g ound Gas S o age Using Measu emen o Annula Casing P essu e. Su eying Geology and Mining Ecology Managemen . 2017. Vol. 17, 17, p. 547-554. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2017/14/S06.069 [16] VINCI TECHNOLOGIES. BRP 350 – Bench op ela i e pe meame e . Ope a ing manual. 2011. 58 p. [17] ERÚ - Na ional Repo o he Ene gy Regula o y O ice on he Elec ici y and Gas Indus ies in he Czech Republic o 2016; July 2017.