Influence of Vibrational Impacts on the Bell Towers and the Problem of Safety

SECTION BUILDING STRUCTURES & STRUCTURAL MECHANICS VOLUME: 20 | NUMBER: 1 | 2020 | JUNE © 2020 TRANSACTIONS OF VSB - TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF OSTRAVA CIVIL ENGINEERING SERIES 46 INFLUENCE OF VIBRATIONAL IMPACTS ON THE BELL TOWERS AND THE PROBLEM OF SAFETY Elena SMIRNOVA1, Denis LARIN1 1Depa men o Technosphe ic Sa e y, Facul y o En i onmen al Enginee ing and Municipal Se ices, Sain Pe e sbu g S a e Uni e si y o A chi ec u e and Ci il Enginee ing, V o aja K asnoa mejskaja ul. 4, S . Pe e sbu g, 190005, Russia [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed] DOI: 10.35181/ ces-2020-0008 Abs ac . Due o econs uc ion and es o a ion o he o iginal guise o he landma ked buildings he in es iga o s a e acing he p oblems o assessing possible ad e se consequences o such so s o wo k in he ecen yea s. The mos p oblema ic a e he wo ks equi ing disman ling o he bea ing and encing s uc u es buil in o o iginal scheme. This a icle gi es conside a ion o he ways o sol ing a p oblem o ensu ing sa e y o buildings and s uc u es in use p o ided hei ope a ing condi ions ha e changed (e.g. he assessmen o possible consequences o bells ins alla ion on he s eeples o S . Isaac's Ca hed al is p esen ed). The measu emen s o ib a ions wi h simul aneous assessmen o obus ness and bea ing capabili y o he b ickwo k ha e shown ha he ib a ional impac o chimes o hea y bells canno ad e sely a ec he bea ing s uc u es o he bell owe s. Howe e , he e is always a isk o such ad e se e ec on he s uc u e o he bell owe and s abili y o soils a i s base. A dange eme ges no because o signi ican se lemen s, bu a he due o i egula i y owing o inhomogenei y o soil. The ob ained assessmen s o se lemen s show ha hey canno be igno ed and i is easonable o pe o m an annual le eling check o se lemen s o ounda ion o base o he bell owe I is o e ed, he e o e, o ca y ou in es iga ion be o e he beginning o econs uc ion using he s uc u e model, which makes i possible o gi e conside a ion o he impac o «new» loads o exclude any possible eme gency si ua ion a he objec s being econs uc ed. Keywo ds Bell owe , cyclic s ain-induced c eep, dynamic moni o ing, sa e y o buildings and s uc u es, ib a ions, ib a ional impac , ib odiagnos ics. 1. In oduc ion The mos p oblema ic a e he wo ks equi ing disman ling o he bea ing and encing s uc u es buil in o o iginal scheme. K oons ad Na al Ca hed al, building o he chu ch o T ans igu a ion o Jesus and o he signi ican his o ical buildings ha e become he examples o such so o objec s o Sain Pe e sbu g. The builde s and a chi ec s ha e succeeded o success ully sol e hese complex p oblems using he up- o-da e me hods o echnical diagnos ics and calcula ion by means o h ee-dimensional ini e-elemen models [1], [2]. Ano he ype o wo ks implies a e i al o ensembles o bells on he s eeples [3], [4]. In o de o assess possible ad e se consequences o hese ac ions, i is necessa y o ake in o accoun no only he new load eme ging in he s uc u es no being used o di ec pu pose o long, bu he possible consequences o ib a ional impac on he soils o bases o s uc u es. A g oup o esea che s (including one o he au ho s o his a icle) unde he leade ship o I.V. Si niko om he esea ch-and- de elopmen cen e No.26 o he Minis y o De ense o he Russian Fede a ion oge he wi h he specialis s o Sain -Pe e sbu g Railway Enginee ing and T anspo a ion Uni e si y ha e conduc ed measu emen s o ib a ions caused by he chimes o he bell owe o S . Isaac's Ca hed al (Sain Pe e sbu g) and analyzed he possible consequences he eo wi hin a pe iod o 2013-2015. The measu emen s o ib a ions wi h simul aneous de e mina ion o he obus ness o b ickwo k o he bea ing s uc u es o s eeples ha e been pe o med in wo s ages: in No embe -Decembe 2015 in he cou se o ins alla ion o a big en- on polylinea bell on he no h- eas e n s eeple and in Decembe 2016 a e ins alla ion o 17- on bell on he no h-wes e n s eeple o S . Isaac's Ca hed al (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: P ocess o ins alla ion o 17- on bell. SECTION BUILDING STRUCTURES & STRUCTURAL MECHANICS VOLUME: 20 | NUMBER: 1 | 2020 | JUNE © 2020 TRANSACTIONS OF VSB - TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF OSTRAVA CIVIL ENGINEERING SERIES 47 The bell weighing 17- ons has been cas a Anisimo Vo onezh bell ound y acco ding o he in ac d awings o 1845. The au ho o he d awings is Augus e Rica d de Mon e and, he a chi ec , he builde o S . Isaac's Ca hed al. The bell has been deco a ed wi h i e medallions wi h he bas- elie s o empe o s: Pe e he G ea , Alexande I, Nikolai I, Pa el I and Ca he ine he G ea . 2. Resul s The acqui ed esul s ha e been analysed and compa ed wi h he exis ing equi emen s o s anda ds wi h a iew o exceedance o ac ual loads [5], [6], [7], [8]. In case o necessi y o assessing consequences o ib a ional load impac on he bea ing s uc u es he dynamic pa ame e s he eo ha e been de e mined in he way o : • ob aining pulsed implemen a ions o iden i ied esonance peaks o e e y ee ib a ion mode by means o in e se Fou ie ans o ma ion, • iden i ica ion and g aphical ep esen a ion o a ious wa e o ms. The ib a ions ha e been eco ded «unde load» in he p ocess o chiming. The dynamic pa ame e s o he «beams-bea ing s uc u es o bell owe » sys em ha e been de e mined by analyzing he s uc u es esponse o he pulsed load. The ob ained equencies and wa e o ms ha e been analyzed, esponse spec a de e mined and alues o accele a ions and eloci ies in he a ge ed ange o equencies (up o 50 Hz). The diag ams o measu emen s a he s uc u es o he no h-wes e n bell owe , whe e he ib a ions ha e been egis e ed and he b ickwo k p obed, a e shown in Fig. 2 (no h-wes ). Fig. 2: Diag am o ins alling senso s o measu ing ib a ions and h ough p obing (а 1 and а 2 – accele ome e s, skw 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 – places o b ickwo k p obing). Digi s 1 and 2 in igu e designa e g ani e columns es o ed in he cou se o gene al epai o he ca hed al. Resul s o equency esponse analysis o ib a ions in Fig. 3 and 4. Fig. 3: F agmen o eco ding esponse o chimes o 17- on bell. Fig. 4: Spec a o esponse o chimes o 17- on bell (sho sec ion). The measu emen senso s ha e been a anged on he bea ing s uc u es. The numbe s o senso s a e shown along he igh -hand e ical axis, and ime in milliseconds is shown along ho izon al axis, m/s2 – along he le -hand e ical axis. The maximum egis e ed eloci y a senso s А 3 and А 4 (me al s uc u es) amoun ed o 3 mm/s, and a senso s А 1 and А 2 (a b ick pilla s) – 1.5 mm/s. In his case displacemen s amoun ed o no mo e han 15 μm a he me al ame and 2.1 μm – in he b ickwo k (Fig. 5). Fig. 5: Reco ds o displacemen s du ing chimes o 17- on bell. SECTION BUILDING STRUCTURES & STRUCTURAL MECHANICS VOLUME: 20 | NUMBER: 1 | 2020 | JUNE © 2020 TRANSACTIONS OF VSB - TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF OSTRAVA CIVIL ENGINEERING SERIES 48 The analysis o ampli ude o ib a ions and spec a o oscilla ions o he sys em shows ha he maximum alues o accele a ion and eloci y in he ange o equencies posing a dange o he bea ing s uc u es (up o 50 Hz) do no exceed he alues a he walls − up o 2.0 m/s2, a ha , he ib a ion eloci y o he b ick pilla s does no exceed 0.9 mm/s, while he displacemen is up o 2.5 μm. The maximum egis e ed eloci y has amoun ed o 10 mm/s. In his case he displacemen s ha e no exceeded 15 μm a he me al ame and up o 1 μm – in he b ickwo k. The alues o accele a ions om ib a ions occu ing du ing bell owe usage a e lowe han i is pe mi ed by GOST sani a y s anda ds (2010) o o ice p emises o he s eeple s uc u es [5]. Appa en ly, i is di icul o expec any conside able ib a ions a he s uc u e base wi h he egis e ed alues o ib a ions and displacemen s a he bell owe s uc u es close o he a achmen poin s o suspensions. The se lemen s o he buildings ounda ions in weak soils each 2 mm/yea acco ding o da a o SN (1997) and TSN (2004) [6], [7] unde wo king condi ions a he ib a ion eloci ies abou 400 μm/s, while ligh damages o old buildings, sepa a ion o limewash, chipping o small pieces o plas e a e possible a he ib a ion le el o 1,200 μm/s. The analysis o equi emen s o GOST (2007) [8] has made i possible o se a h eshold alue o ib a ional impac on he soil g ound by he eloci y o oscilla ions o 73 dB o 225 μm/s. In case his le el is exceeded i will be necessa y o ca y ou special enginee ing measu es o educe ib a ion nega i e consequences o main aining he bea ing capabili ies o soils, eliable and ouble- ee ope a ion o enginee ing s uc u es and p o ision o people’s op imal i al ac i i ies. E en hough, no egis a ions o soil oscilla ions a he base ha e been ca ied ou while in es iga ing ib a ional oscilla ions o he bell owe du ing chimes, i is appa en ha he ac ual alues o eloci ies and displacemen s a e signi ican ly below he h eshold alue o ib a ional impac , which can ad e sely a ec he soil g ound [9], [10], [3]. The e ec o he bell owe esonance swinging is no obse ed du ing mul iple chimes, since he equencies o clappe s swinging and he na u al equency bending oscilla ions o he bell owe di e signi ican ly. The maximum oscilla ions in he cou se o egula wo k o bells occu in he s eel ame s uc u es. Howe e , he pulse ansmi ed o he suspension beam and u he o he bell owe is qui e insigni ican . The measu emen s o ib a o y oscilla ions ha e shown ha he maximum alues o eloci y and accele a ion in he ange o equencies posing a dange o he bea ing s uc u es (up o 50 Hz) do no exceed he alues a he walls − up o 2.0 m/s2, a ha , he ib a ion eloci y o he b ick pilla s does no exceed 0.9 mm/s, while he displacemen s a e up o 2.5 μm. In ou case, when in es iga ing he no h-wes e n s eeple o S . Isaac's Ca hed al, he maximum eloci ies o oscilla ions, maximum displacemen s and he alues o equency o spec al maximum o ho izon al oscilla ions in he no h-wes e n di ec ion ob ained a di e en s eeple le els when inging he bells ha e been measu ed. Using expe imen al da a, i is also possible o build a dependence o ampli ude o oscilla ions on ele a ion poin s. The acqui ed ull-scale da a can be desc ibed as a pa abolic dependence p o ing he bending cha ac e o oscilla ions [11]. Ne e heless, in he cou se o bell swinging he ib a ion le els a equencies no mally abou 2 Hz may cause signi ican des uc ion [12]. One can say ha a po en ial dange o ib a o y oscilla ions p o oked by he chimes o hea y bells emains o he bea ing soil capabili y. This ad e se impac se s in because o une en se lemen , when he soil becomes subs an ially non- uni o m by i s p ope ies. I is also impo an o in ol e a heo y o cyclic s ain- induced c eep o assessing and calcula ing soil se lemen s. Acco ding o o mula: S α = , (1) whe e, S − se lemen s in mm, a − in ensi y o cyclic s ain- induced c eep, − ime in minu es. I equals 10-2÷10-1 mm / .min o ma shy soils wi h soil-bea ing load o abou 2 kg/cm2 (such soil-bea ing load is p oduced by he weigh o he no h-wes e n s eeple, including he ca hed al base used o suppo ing i ). This implies ha he se lemen s can amoun o 0.5 ÷ 0.05 mm du ing hal an hou o chimes. In case o epea ed impac s he se lemen s will ge ecommenced and summa ized. A dange eme ges no because o signi ican se lemen s, bu a he due o i egula i y owing o inhomogenei y o soil [13], [14], [15]. The ob ained assessmen s o se lemen s show ha hey canno be igno ed and i is easonable o pe o m an annual le eling check o se lemen s o ounda ion o base o he bell owe . 3. Conclusion The e ec o S . Isaac's Ca hed al bell owe esonance swinging is no obse ed du ing mul iple chimes, since he equencies o clappe s swinging and he na u al equency bending oscilla ions o he bell owe di e signi ican ly. I is impo an o ake in o conside a ion ha he p ocess o ounda ion se lemen co esponds o qui e a du able change, he e o e, i is necessa y o es ablish an ins umen al moni o ing and ake he due enginee ing decisions o soils s abiliza ion. Re e ences [1] SAVIN, S. and V. TSAKALIDIS. The use o elas ic oscilla ions o di e en wa eleng hs o e alua e he dynamic pa ame e s o buildings and s uc u es and SECTION BUILDING STRUCTURES & STRUCTURAL MECHANICS VOLUME: 20 | NUMBER: 1 | 2020 | JUNE © 2020 TRANSACTIONS OF VSB - TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF OSTRAVA CIVIL ENGINEERING SERIES 49 assess he s eng h o ma e ials o he building cons uc ion. In: COMPDYN 2015. P oceedings o he 5 h In e na ional Con e ence on Compu a ional Me hods in S uc u al Dynamics and Ea hquake Enginee ing Me hods in S uc u al Dynamics and Ea hquake Enginee ing, 5. 25-27 May 2015 C e e Island, G eece. He sonissos, C e e: Na ional Technical Uni e si y o A hens, 2015, pp. 706–720. ISBN 978-960-99994-7-2. [2] SAVIN, S. The use o elas ic oscilla ions o di e en wa eleng hs o e alua e he dynamic pa ame e s o buildings and s uc u es and assess he s eng h o s one walls. Seysmos oykoye s oi el's o. Bezopasnos ' soo uzheniy [Ea hquake enginee ing. Cons uc ions sa e y]. 2017, ol. 4, pp. 43–55. ISSN 1681-6560. [3] SAVIN, S. and E. SMIRNOVA. E alua ion o mechanical sa e y o building s uc u es using elas ic ib a ions a ying in wa eleng h. Wo ld Applied Sciences Jou nal. 2013, ol. 23, iss. 11, pp. 1448−1454. ISSN 1818-4952. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.11.13161. [4] ADUSHKIN, A.V., A.I. GONCHAROV and V.I. KULIKOV. Vib okolebanija kolokol'ni p i kolokol'nom z one [The ib a ions o bell owe exci ed by bell inging]. Dinamicheskiye p o sessy geos e akh [Dynamic p ocesses in geosphe es]. 2010, ol. 1, pp. 172−180. ISSN 2222-8535. [5] GOST. Re ac o ies and Re ac o y Raw Ma e ials. Me hods o Re ac o iness De e mina ion: GOST R 53788-2010. Moscow: S anda in o m, 2010. [6] SN. The Sani a y No ms o Indus ial Vib a ion, Vib a ion o Residen ial and Public Buildings: SN 2.2.4/2.1.566-96. Moscow: Minzd a , 1997. [7] TSN. Designing he Founda ions o Buildings and S uc u es in S . Pe e sbu g: TSN 50-302-2004. S . Pe e sbu g, S ojizda , 2004. [8] GOST. Vib a ion and Shock. Vib a ion o Buildings. Measu emen o Vib a ion and E alua ion o I s E ec s on S uc u e: GOST R 52892-2007. Moscow: S anda in o m, 2008. [9] ZHIGALIN, A.D. and G.P LOKSHIN. Fo mi o anie ib acionnogo polja geologicheskoj s ede [The o ma ion o he ib a ional ield in he geological sphe e]. Inzhene naja geologija [Enginee ing geology]. 1991, ol. 6, pp. 110–119. ISSN 1993- 5056. [10] VEL'SOVSKIJ, A., B. KARPOV and E. SMIRNOVA. De elopmen o a new me hod o checking os hea e in oads. P oceedings o he ICE - Ci il Enginee ing, 2015, ol. 168, iss. 5, pp. 49–54. ISSN 0965-089X. DOI: 10.1680/cien.14.00036. [11] FROST, A.J. (ed.) Towe s and Bells: a Handbook Compiled by he Towe s and Bel ies Commi ee o he CCCBR. 2nd edn. Guild o d, Su ey: Cen al Council o Chu ch Bell Ringe s, 2006. ISBN 0- 900271-83-3. [12] SMITH, R. and H. HUNT. Vib a ion o bell owe s exci ed by bell inging − a new app oach o analysis. In: P oceedings o he 23 d In e na ional Con e ence on Noise and Vib a ion Enginee ing, ISMA' 08, 9-15- 2008 o 9-17-2008, Leu en, Belgium. He e lee (Belgium): Ka holieke Uni . Leu en, 2008, pp. 699– 714. ISBN 978-1-61567-191-5. [13] SAVIN, S.N., E.E. SMIRNOVA and V.M. POPOV Analiz konechno-jelemen noj modeli zdanij, po ezhdennyh ezul' a e ch ez ychajnyh si uacij [Analysis o he ini e elemen model o buildings damaged as a esul o eme gency si ua ions]. Ves nik g azhdanskih inzhene o [Bulle in o Ci il Enginee s]. 2019, ol. 2, iss. 73, pp. 24−28. ISSN 1999-5571. DOI: 10.23968/1999-5571-2019-16-2- 24-28. [14] SAVIN, S.N. and E.E. SMIRNOVA. P oblema op edelenija dinamicheskih pa ame o dlja p ognoza esu sa zdanij i soo uzhenij uslo ijah p i odnyh i ehnogennyh ChS [The p oblem o de e mining he dynamic pa ame e s o o ecas ing he se ice li e o buildings and acili ies unde condi ions o na u al and man-made eme gencies]. Ves nik g azhdanskih inzhene o [Bulle in o Ci il Enginee s]. 2019, ol. 3, iss. 74, pp. 14−19. ISSN 1999-5571. DOI 10.23968/1999-5571-2019-16-3- 14-19. [15] And ee , V.V. and E.E. SMIRNOVA. Cemen . Pa en na izob e enie [In en ion co e ed by a pa en ] RUS 2079458 06.07.1994. Moscow: Russian agency o pa en s and adema ks, 1997. Abou Au ho s Elena SMIRNOVA was bo n in Sain Pe e sbu g, Russia. He ecei ed his M.Sc. om S . Pe e sbu g S a e Ins i u e o Technology (Technical Uni e si y) in 1991. She held a Ph.D. deg ee in chemical echnology o e ac o y non- me allic and silica e ma e ials om S . Pe e sbu g S a e Ins i u e o Technology (Technical Uni e si y), oo (1995). Since 2010, she has been wo king a he Depa men o Technosphe ic Sa e y (Sain Pe e sbu g S a e Uni e si y o A chi ec u e and Ci il Enginee ing). His esea ch in e es s include: echnology o ce amic, silica e and e ac o y ma e ials, ecology and na u e managemen , en i onmen al sa e y, en i onmen al enginee ing, sa e y o enginee ing uni s o buildings and s uc u es, echnosphe ic sa e y, nondes uc i e es ing. Denis LARIN was bo n in in Sain Pe e sbu g, Russia. He ecei ed his M.Sc. om Sain Pe e sbu g S a e Uni e si y o A chi ec u e and Ci il Enginee ing in 2019. His esea ch in e es s include: dynamic moni o ing o enginee ing s uc u es, echnosphe ic sa e y, sa e y o enginee ing uni s o buildings and s uc u es.