Thermal performance and comfort conditions analysis of a vernacular Palafitic timber building in Portuguese Coastline context
Abstract
The palafitic timber constructions of the central Portuguese coastline are an example of the adaptation to site-specific conditions (climate and sand landscape morphodynamics) using the available endogenous resources. Thus, in a context of environmental awareness and climate change, it is relevant to understand their features/strategies and how they perform. This work analyses the energy performance and thermal condition evaluation of a vernacular timber building–palheiro–from Praia de Mira, through in situ measurements, subjective analysis and energy simulation provided by DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus. The results show a good or satisfactory thermal performance during most of the seasons by passive means only. Despite, it was not possible to guarantee thermal comfort conditions for the occupants during winter. In the energy performance analysis, five scenarios, with different external walls, were compared. In the two scenarios that satisfy the maximum U-value for the climate zone, the current conventional building had a slightly better performance on heating and cooling (less 1.1 and 1.4 kWh/m2, respectively) than the timber building. However, the difference between the two construction solutions is not substantial in the annual energy demand (2.5 kWh/m2, 7.3%), indicating that timber structures are suitable in this mild climate area.
Full text
sus ainabili y
A icle
The mal Pe o mance and Com o Condi ions
Analysis o a Ve nacula Pala i ic Timbe Building in
Po uguese Coas line Con ex
Jo ge Fe nandes 1,* , Rica do Ma eus 1, Helena Ge ásio 2, Sand a Mon ei o Sil a 1,
Jo ge B anco 1and Manuela Almeida 1
1Ins i u e o Sus ainabili y and Inno a ion in S uc u al Enginee ing (ISISE), Depa men o
Ci il Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Minho, 4800-058 Guima ães, Po ugal;
[email p o ec ed] (R.M.); [email p o ec ed] (S.M.S.); [email p o ec ed] (J.B.);
[email p o ec ed] (M.A.)
2Ins i u e o Sus ainabili y and Inno a ion in S uc u al Enginee ing (ISISE), Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Uni e si y o Coimb a, 3030-788 Coimb a, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Recei ed: 30 Oc obe 2020; Accep ed: 11 Decembe 2020; Published: 15 Decembe 2020
Abs ac :
The pala i ic imbe cons uc ions o he cen al Po uguese coas line a e an example o
he adap a ion o si e-speci ic condi ions (clima e and sand landscape mo phodynamics) using he
a ailable endogenous esou ces. Thus, in a con ex o en i onmen al awa eness and clima e change,
i is ele an o unde s and hei ea u es/s a egies and how hey pe o m. This wo k analyses he
ene gy pe o mance and he mal condi ion e alua ion o a e nacula imbe building–palhei o– om
P aia de Mi a, h ough in si u measu emen s, subjec i e analysis and ene gy simula ion p o ided
by DesignBuilde /Ene gyPlus. The esul s show a good o sa is ac o y he mal pe o mance du ing
mos o he seasons by passi e means only. Despi e, i was no possible o gua an ee he mal com o
condi ions o he occupan s du ing win e . In he ene gy pe o mance analysis, i e scena ios, wi h
di e en ex e nal walls, we e compa ed. In he wo scena ios ha sa is y he maximum U- alue o
he clima e zone, he cu en con en ional building had a sligh ly be e pe o mance on hea ing and
cooling (less 1.1 and 1.4 kWh/m
2
, espec i ely) han he imbe building. Howe e , he di e ence
be ween he wo cons uc ion solu ions is no subs an ial in he annual ene gy demand (2.5 kWh/m
2
,
7.3%), indica ing ha imbe s uc u es a e sui able in his mild clima e a ea.
Keywo ds:
Po uguese e nacula buildings; imbe building; he mal com o ; ene gy and
mic oclima ic pe o mance; ene gy building simula ion
1. In oduc ion
The ise o en i onmen al awa eness has b ough o ligh se e al p oblems ega ding he
en i onmen al impac s and ene gy e iciency o he building sec o . Thus, pulled by an ecological
demand om socie y, he sec o is slowly changing o he sus ainabili y pa adigm. As one o he la ges
economic sec o s, buildings a e a key sec o o implemen holis ic measu es aiming pe o mance le els
beyond “sus ainabili y”, as he concep o he egene a i e and es o a i e building. To o ce his
change, ep esen a i e ins i u ions mus de ine long- e m goals and he di ec i es o achie e hem.
Fo example, he Eu opean Union has se he goals o achie ing ne -ze o g eenhouse gas emissions
and ully deca bonize he building s ock by 2050, acili a ing he cos -e ec i e ans o ma ion o
exis ing buildings in o nea ly ze o-ene gy buildings (nZEB) [
1
,
2
]. Ne e heless, he p oblems o he
building sec o do no esume o ca bon emissions and he e is also he need o imp o e he o e all
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484; doi:10.3390/su122410484 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 2 o 33
en i onmen al pe o mance by adop ing ma e ials wi h lowe en i onmen al impac s and hose ha
a e mo e compa ible, o ins ance, wi h he local en i onmen al/clima e con ex [3].
Nowadays, he ad an ages o imbe cons uc ion in he amewo k o sus ainable cons uc ion lie
in he ac ha i is a enewable, eusable, ecyclable and biodeg adable esou ce and, as such, i in o
a c adle- o-c adle li e cycle. Due o his ac , he use o imbe in cons uc ion has been inc easing,
pa icula ly h oughou Eu ope [
4
,
5
]. When compa ed wi h con en ional ma e ials, imbe allows
educing he o e all ime o cons uc ion [
4
]. I can also esul in a educ ion o g eenhouse gas
emissions o a ound 25%, mainly ela ed o he eplacemen o he ein o ced conc e e s uc u e,
as shown by [
6
]. Fu he mo e, i is a seques e ing ca bon ma e ial, since, as he imbe p oduc emains
unc ional, ca bon s ays ou o he a mosphe e [
7
,
8
]. I used in i s na u al o m, ha is, wi hou
a i icial ea men s ha imp o e i s p ope ies (e.g., glued lamina es), wood is a ma e ial ha needs
low p ocessing o be used in cons uc ion p one o p e ab ica ion—which con ibu es o educing
cons uc ion ime and was e. E en was e can be c ushed and ecycled as aw ma e ial o o he
enginee ed wood p oduc s, such as pa icle and o ien ed s and-boa ds o jus used as an ene gy
sou ce (biomass) [
7
]. Howe e , when chemical glues, su ace ea men s and imp egna ing agen s a e
used, imbe was e p oduc s can be haza dous [
7
]. As imbe equi es low p ocessing o be applied in
cons uc ion, imbe buildings ha e a ela i ely low embodied ene gy.
In some cases, he embodied ene gy could be educed e en mo e i sawmill sys ems such as hose
used on Madei a Island con inued o be used, aking ad an age o he ene gy om wa e s eams [
9
].
The euse o imbe has a long adi ion in Scandina ian coun ies, whe e he componen s can be easily
disman led and eassembled wi hou any was e [
7
]. The sequen ial exploi a ion o a esou ce du ing
i s use, by euse and ecycling, imp o es he e iciency o he aw ma e ial use and in he case o pine,
i s se ice li e could be ex ended om abou 75 o mo e han 350 yea s [8].
The use o cons uc ion ma e ials om local sou ces o wi h low anspo a ion demand, is essen ial
in he scope o sus ainable buildings and imbe is no excep ion. The s udy by Coelho e al. [
10
] on
he li e cycle assessmen o a imbe building e eals he impo ance o using local esou ces o aw
ma e ial and p oduc ion o educe he anspo needs ha a ec he en i onmen al pe o mance o
his ype o cons uc ion.
In he scope o he mal and ene gy pe o mance, se e al au ho s highligh ha he lack o he mal
mass o ligh weigh imbe cons uc ions can lead o o e hea ing, e en in mild summe s [
4
,
5
,
11
].
In his opic, i is mo e common o ind s udies o coun ies wi h cold win e s and mild summe s
han o empe a e clima es, like he Medi e anean. Adekunle and Nikopoulou [
4
,
11
] in es iga ed he
indoo he mal condi ions and o e hea ing isk in wo imbe buildings in he sou heas o England.
The au ho s concluded ha hese buildings pe o m be e in win e han summe and ound ha he
lack o he mal mass o hese cons uc ions inc eased he isk o o e hea ing, e en in England’s mild
summe condi ions. This issue is a d awback o imbe cons uc ion and is epo ed by se e al au ho s.
The s udy o Pajek e al. [
5
] deal wi h his issue and ocused on imp o ing he he mal pe o mance o
ligh weigh imbe building en elopes du ing he cooling season in h ee Eu opean coun ies (Finland,
Aus ia and Spain). The au ho s concluded ha enhanced ligh weigh en elopes (e.g., wi h clay boa ds,
Phase Change Ma e ials, e c.) could imp o e he mal com o in ligh weigh buildings and educe hei
ene gy demand o cooling. The esul s o he s udy showed ha , conce ning he mal pe o mance,
ligh weigh , well-insula ed cons uc ions beha e much be e in mild summe clima es (as he ones in
No he n and Cen al Eu opean loca ions), whe e ou doo empe a u es du ing he summe a e no as
high as in Sou he n Eu ope. Howe e , he au ho s also concluded ha in Sou he n Eu opean loca ions,
such as Mad id, he mal com o in his ype o buildings is mo e di icul o achie e du ing summe ,
despi e he enhancemen s and na u al cooling.
In he same line, he s udy o Tonelli and G imaudo [
12
] aimed a imp o ing he mal ine ia o
imbe cons uc ions o be e add ess summe condi ions in he Medi e anean clima e, namely in
I aly. The au ho s s a e ha imbe cons uc ions in wa m empe a e clima es ail o dissipa e he hea
and he e o e ha e o e hea ing isks. Since hea y cons uc ions pe o m be e in his ype o clima e,
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 3 o 33
he au ho s de eloped a p o o ype o imbe - amed cons uc ion wi h an inne laye o addi ional
hea ine ial s o age, in di ec con ac wi h he indoo en i onmen and a c oss- en ila ion s a egy o
nigh cooling o emo e he he mal gains du ing he day. Howe e , he au ho s ha e no p esen ed
he mal pe o mance esul s.
F om he li e a u e e iew i was e i ied ha he e is a lack o quan i a i e s udies on he he mal
pe o mance o e nacula imbe buildings, pa icula ly o empe a e clima es.
In Po ugal, he s udy o he e nacula a chi ec u e wi hin he scope o sus ainabili y is s ill in
he i s s ages. Rega ding he e nacula imbe a chi ec u e om he coas , analyzing he s a e-o -a ,
i is possible o conclude ha he e a e no quan i a i e s udies on he he mal pe o mance o hese
ype o buildings, co e ing all seasons.
Timbe is a ubiqui ous building ma e ial in Po uguese e nacula a chi ec u e. Depending on
he local a ailabili y o his esou ce, i s use in cons uc ion goes om he occasional use as a s uc u al
elemen (e.g., oo ) o he en i e dwelling. Rega ding he la e , he examples o he palhei os buil in
he coas o mainland Po ugal, he A iei os in he banks o Tagus Ri e and he houses o San ana in
Madei a Island s and ou (Figu e 1). The abundan o es in hese places and a he same ime, he lack
o o he ma e ials p omo ed he use o imbe as a building ma e ial. In addi ion, he use o imbe in
hese places was consis en wi h he clima ic condi ions, since i shows good beha io o he humidi y
o he sea o i e basins [13].
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 33
In he same line, he s udy o Tonelli and G imaudo [12] aimed a imp o ing he mal ine ia o
imbe cons uc ions o be e add ess summe condi ions in he Medi e anean clima e, namely in
I aly. The au ho s s a e ha imbe cons uc ions in wa m empe a e clima es ail o dissipa e he hea
and he e o e ha e o e hea ing isks. Since hea y cons uc ions pe o m be e in his ype o clima e,
he au ho s de eloped a p o o ype o imbe - amed cons uc ion wi h an inne laye o addi ional
hea ine ial s o age, in di ec con ac wi h he indoo en i onmen and a c oss- en ila ion s a egy
o nigh cooling o emo e he he mal gains du ing he day. Howe e , he au ho s ha e no
p esen ed he mal pe o mance esul s.
F om he li e a u e e iew i was e i ied ha he e is a lack o quan i a i e s udies on he
he mal pe o mance o e nacula imbe buildings, pa icula ly o empe a e clima es.
In Po ugal, he s udy o he e nacula a chi ec u e wi hin he scope o sus ainabili y is s ill in
he i s s ages. Rega ding he e nacula imbe a chi ec u e om he coas , analyzing he s a e-o -
a , i is possible o conclude ha he e a e no quan i a i e s udies on he he mal pe o mance o
hese ype o buildings, co e ing all seasons.
Timbe is a ubiqui ous building ma e ial in Po uguese e nacula a chi ec u e. Depending on
he local a ailabili y o his esou ce, i s use in cons uc ion goes om he occasional use as a
s uc u al elemen (e.g., oo ) o he en i e dwelling. Rega ding he la e , he examples o he palhei os
buil in he coas o mainland Po ugal, he A iei os in he banks o Tagus Ri e and he houses o
San ana in Madei a Island s and ou (Figu e 1). The abundan o es in hese places and a he same
ime, he lack o o he ma e ials p omo ed he use o imbe as a building ma e ial. In addi ion, he
use o imbe in hese places was consis en wi h he clima ic condi ions, since i shows good beha io
o he humidi y o he sea o i e basins [13].
(a) (b) (c)
Figu e 1. (a) Palhei o om P aia de Mi a (p obably in he 1950s) (anonymous au ho ; image edi ed);
(b) house o San ana, Madei a [13]; (c) A iei o’s house.
The ansposi ion o he Ene gy Pe o mance Building Di ec i e (EPBD- ecas ) [14] in o na ional
legisla ion [15] has de ined equi emen s which can limi and cons ain he use o e nacula building
elemen s as hey had so a been used. S ic e he mal equi emen s, namely he he mal
ansmi ance coe icien (U- alue) and he low he mal ine ia ha cha ac e izes he imbe
s uc u es, hinde s buildings’ he mal pe o mance in Sou he n Eu opean coun ies, mainly du ing
he cooling season due o he o e hea ing isk. Thus, he s udy o he eal he mal pe o mance o
such buildings is necessa y o unde s and whe he his ype o cons uc ions can mee cu en ene gy
and com o equi emen s. As an example, acco ding o he Po uguese legal equi emen s o
ex e nal e ical opaque elemen s, he U- alues mus be lowe han 0.35–0.50 W/(m2·°C), depending
on he clima ic zone [5]. Fo a imbe wall (pine) o achie e his he mal pe o mance, wi hou an
addi ional he mal insula ion laye , i is necessa y o ha e a 33 cm- hick massi e imbe wall (U = 0.50
W/(m2·°C) [16]). By using a he mal insula ion laye (e.g., ≈8 cm o ICB-Insula ion Co k Boa d), i is
possible o educe he wall’s hickness a leas by hal . This solu ion is compa ible wi h he adi ional
imbe - amed ca i y walls. Al hough mos o hese e nacula imbe ca i y walls ha e jus an ai
Figu e 1.
(
a
)Palhei o om P aia de Mi a (p obably in he 1950s) (anonymous au ho ; image edi ed);
(b) house o San ana, Madei a [13]; (c)A iei o’s house.
The ansposi ion o he Ene gy Pe o mance Building Di ec i e (EPBD- ecas ) [
14
] in o na ional
legisla ion [
15
] has de ined equi emen s which can limi and cons ain he use o e nacula building
elemen s as hey had so a been used. S ic e he mal equi emen s, namely he he mal ansmi ance
coe icien (U- alue) and he low he mal ine ia ha cha ac e izes he imbe s uc u es, hinde s
buildings’ he mal pe o mance in Sou he n Eu opean coun ies, mainly du ing he cooling season
due o he o e hea ing isk. Thus, he s udy o he eal he mal pe o mance o such buildings is
necessa y o unde s and whe he his ype o cons uc ions can mee cu en ene gy and com o
equi emen s. As an example, acco ding o he Po uguese legal equi emen s o ex e nal e ical
opaque elemen s, he U- alues mus be lowe han 0.35–0.50 W/(m
2·◦
C), depending on he clima ic
zone [
5
]. Fo a imbe wall (pine) o achie e his he mal pe o mance, wi hou an addi ional he mal
insula ion laye , i is necessa y o ha e a 33 cm- hick massi e imbe wall (U =0.50 W/(m
2·◦
C) [
16
]).
By using a he mal insula ion laye (e.g.,
≈
8 cm o ICB-Insula ion Co k Boa d), i is possible o educe
he wall’s hickness a leas by hal . This solu ion is compa ible wi h he adi ional imbe - amed
ca i y walls. Al hough mos o hese e nacula imbe ca i y walls ha e jus an ai gap, he e a e
eco ds o palhei os in Lei osa (nea Figuei a da Foz), in which he ca i y was illed wi h eeds o
p o ide an “insula ion” laye (Figu e 2).
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 4 o 33
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 33
gap, he e a e eco ds o palhei os in Lei osa (nea Figuei a da Foz), in which he ca i y was illed wi h
eeds o p o ide an “insula ion” laye (Figu e 2).
Figu e 2. Reeds used as a he mal insula ion laye o a imbe wall (Lei osa, Figuei a da Foz).
I is also essen ial o analyze possible limi a ions posed by he he mal egula ion in he design
o new and e u bished imbe buildings. Besides he low he mal ine ia o his ype o e nacula
buildings, i is also ele an o analyze he combined e ec o o he clima e- esponsi e s a egies ha
migh also in luence hei he mal pe o mance. Also, i is s ill missing o analyze his ype o
buildings in line wi h he s anda ds o com o and speci ically using he adap i e com o model.
The p ese a ion o his kind o passi e solu ion is essen ial o p ese e he he i age, cul u e,
his o y and iden i y o he egions. Thus, his wo k aimed a con ibu ing o his ield by analyzing
he he mal pe o mance o a e nacula imbe building loca ed on he cen al coas o mainland
Po ugal.
The s udy examines how e nacula imbe building echniques sui he speci ic local condi ions.
The pe o mance o a e nacula imbe building, a palhei o om P aia de Mi a, conside ing he mal
com o and ene gy e iciency, was analyzed h ough in si u measu emen s o hyg o he mal
pa ame e s ha cha ac e ize he indoo he mal en i onmen and a ec occupan s’ he mal com o
and subjec i e analysis o he he mal condi ions. This s udy was coupled wi h ene gy simula ion
p o ided by DesignBuilde /Ene gyPlus ha was used o in es iga e he ene gy pe o mance o he
building. The pu pose o he simula ions is o compa e, unde he same condi ions, he impac o
di e en e nacula and con en ional solu ions on he ene gy pe o mance o hea ing/cooling.
As an ou come, his esea ch will con ibu e o a be e unde s anding o he p ope ies o his
ype o a chi ec u e, by assessing he impac s o using he s udied e nacula design p inciples and
building ma e ials in imp o ing he he mal beha io o bo h new and e o i ed buildings.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
To e alua e indoo he mal pe o mance, in si u assessmen s o a case s udy (desc ibed in
Sec ion 3) we e ca ied. These assessmen s we e di ided in o sho and long- e m moni o ing. In
hese assessmen s, he hyg o he mal pa ame e s ha cha ac e ize he indoo he mal en i onmen
and a ec he body/en i onmen hea exchange (ai empe a u e, ela i e humidi y, mean adian
empe a u e and ai eloci y) we e measu ed.
2.1. Sho -Te m Moni o ing
Sho - e m moni o ing was ca ied ou , a leas one day pe season and consis ed o objec i e
measu emen s and subjec i e e alua ion:
• Objec i e measu emen s—wi h he pu pose o quan i a i ely assess he he mal com o
condi ions in a oom. A he mal mic oclima e s a ion (model Del a OHM 32.1) ha measu es ai
empe a u e, ela i e humidi y, mean adian empe a u e and ai eloci y (Table 1), in
Figu e 2. Reeds used as a he mal insula ion laye o a imbe wall (Lei osa, Figuei a da Foz).
I is also essen ial o analyze possible limi a ions posed by he he mal egula ion in he design
o new and e u bished imbe buildings. Besides he low he mal ine ia o his ype o e nacula
buildings, i is also ele an o analyze he combined e ec o o he clima e- esponsi e s a egies ha
migh also in luence hei he mal pe o mance. Also, i is s ill missing o analyze his ype o buildings
in line wi h he s anda ds o com o and speci ically using he adap i e com o model.
The p ese a ion o his kind o passi e solu ion is essen ial o p ese e he he i age, cul u e,
his o y and iden i y o he egions. Thus, his wo k aimed a con ibu ing o his ield by analyzing he
he mal pe o mance o a e nacula imbe building loca ed on he cen al coas o mainland Po ugal.
The s udy examines how e nacula imbe building echniques sui he speci ic local condi ions.
The pe o mance o a e nacula imbe building, a palhei o om P aia de Mi a, conside ing he mal
com o and ene gy e iciency, was analyzed h ough in si u measu emen s o hyg o he mal pa ame e s
ha cha ac e ize he indoo he mal en i onmen and a ec occupan s’ he mal com o and subjec i e
analysis o he he mal condi ions. This s udy was coupled wi h ene gy simula ion p o ided by
DesignBuilde /Ene gyPlus ha was used o in es iga e he ene gy pe o mance o he building.
The pu pose o he simula ions is o compa e, unde he same condi ions, he impac o di e en
e nacula and con en ional solu ions on he ene gy pe o mance o hea ing/cooling.
As an ou come, his esea ch will con ibu e o a be e unde s anding o he p ope ies o his
ype o a chi ec u e, by assessing he impac s o using he s udied e nacula design p inciples and
building ma e ials in imp o ing he he mal beha io o bo h new and e o i ed buildings.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
To e alua e indoo he mal pe o mance, in si u assessmen s o a case s udy (desc ibed in
Sec ion 3) we e ca ied. These assessmen s we e di ided in o sho and long- e m moni o ing. In hese
assessmen s, he hyg o he mal pa ame e s ha cha ac e ize he indoo he mal en i onmen and a ec
he body/en i onmen hea exchange (ai empe a u e, ela i e humidi y, mean adian empe a u e
and ai eloci y) we e measu ed.
2.1. Sho -Te m Moni o ing
Sho - e m moni o ing was ca ied ou , a leas one day pe season and consis ed o objec i e
measu emen s and subjec i e e alua ion:
•
Objec i e measu emen s—wi h he pu pose o quan i a i ely assess he he mal com o condi ions
in a oom. A he mal mic oclima e s a ion (model Del a OHM 32.1) ha measu es ai empe a u e,
ela i e humidi y, mean adian empe a u e and ai eloci y (Table 1), in compliance wi h
s anda ds ISO 7726 [
17
], ISO 7730 [
18
] and ASHRAE 55 [
19
], was used o his pu pose.
The measu emen s we e pe o med in se e al ooms, especially whe e occupan ’s s ay o mo e
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 5 o 33
ex ended pe iods. The measu ing equipmen was placed acco ding o occupan s’ dis ibu ion
in he oom. The measu emen s we e pe o med conside ing ha he occupan s we e sea ed,
as ecommended in ASHRAE 55 [
19
]. The da a eco ded in hese measu emen s was used o
de e mine he ope a i e empe a u e ( he analysis p ocedu e is explained below in his sec ion).
•
Subjec i e e alua ion— o assess he occupan s’ pe cei ed indoo en i onmen al quali y,
using su eys. The su ey was based in he “The mal En i onmen Su ey” om ASHRAE
55 [
19
] and was used o de e mine occupan s’ sa is ac ion acco ding o ASHRAE 55 [
19
] he mal
sensa ion scale.
Table 1. Loca ion and cha ac e is ics o measu emen equipmen used.
Equipmen Speci ica ions, Measu emen
Range and Accu acy Loca ion
The mal mic oclima e s a ion (Del a OHM 32.1)
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 33
compliance wi h s anda ds ISO 7726 [17], ISO 7730 [18] and ASHRAE 55 [19], was used o his
pu pose. The measu emen s we e pe o med in se e al ooms, especially whe e occupan ’s s ay
o mo e ex ended pe iods. The measu ing equipmen was placed acco ding o occupan s’
dis ibu ion in he oom. The measu emen s we e pe o med conside ing ha he occupan s
we e sea ed, as ecommended in ASHRAE 55 [19]. The da a eco ded in hese measu emen s
was used o de e mine he ope a i e empe a u e ( he analysis p ocedu e is explained below in
his sec ion).
•Subjec i e e alua ion — o assess he occupan s’ pe cei ed indoo en i onmen al quali y, using
su eys. The su ey was based in he “The mal En i onmen Su ey” om ASHRAE 55 [19]
and was used o de e mine occupan s’ sa is ac ion acco ding o ASHRAE 55 [19] he mal
sensa ion scale.
Table 1. Loca ion and cha ac e is ics o measu emen equipmen used.
Equipmen
Speci ica ions,
Measu emen Range and
Accu acy
Loca ion
The mal mic oclima e s a ion (Del a OHM 32.1)
P obes ins alled:
1. Globe empe a u e p obe
Ø150 mm ( ange om −10 o
100 °C);
2. Omnidi ec ional ho -wi e
p obe o wind speed
measu emen ( ange om 0 o
5 m/s);
3. Combined empe a u e and
ela i e humidi y p obe ( ange
om −10 o 80 °C and 5–98%
RH);
4. Two-senso p obe o
measu ing na u al we bulb
empe a u e and d y bulb
empe a u e ( ange om 4 o
80 °C).
Recep ion
The mo-hyg ome e and da alogge (Klimalogg P o, TFA
30.3039.IT) + Wi eless he mo-hyg ome e ansmi e s (model TFA
30.3180.IT) connec ed o he da alogge
Da alogge :
•Tempe a u e accu acy o
±1 °C and a measu ing ange
be ween 0 and 50 °C wi h 0.1
°C esolu ion;
•Rela i e humidi y
accu acy o ± 3% and
measu ing ange be ween 1
and 99% wi h 1% esolu ion.
•T ansmi e s:
•Tempe a u e accu acy o
±1 °C and measu ing ange
be ween 39.6 °C and +59.9 °C
wi h 0.1 °C esolu ion;
•Rela i e humidi y
accu acy o ± 3% and
measu ing ange o 1–99% wi h
1% esolu ion.
Da alogge :
Recep ion
T ansmi e s:
Exhibi ion
oom
“Class oom”
“Dining oom”
1
2 3
4
P obes ins alled:
1. Globe empe a u e p obe
Ø150 mm ( ange om
−
10 o
100 ◦C);
2. Omnidi ec ional ho -wi e
p obe o wind speed
measu emen ( ange om 0
o 5 m/s);
3. Combined empe a u e and
ela i e humidi y p obe
( ange om
−
10 o 80
◦
C and
5–98% RH);
4. Two-senso p obe o
measu ing na u al we bulb
empe a u e and d y bulb
empe a u e ( ange om 4 o
80 ◦C).
Recep ion
The mo-hyg ome e and da alogge (Klimalogg
P o, TFA 30.3039.IT) +Wi eless he mo-hyg ome e
ansmi e s (model TFA 30.3180.IT) connec ed o
he da alogge
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 33
compliance wi h s anda ds ISO 7726 [17], ISO 7730 [18] and ASHRAE 55 [19], was used o his
pu pose. The measu emen s we e pe o med in se e al ooms, especially whe e occupan ’s s ay
o mo e ex ended pe iods. The measu ing equipmen was placed acco ding o occupan s’
dis ibu ion in he oom. The measu emen s we e pe o med conside ing ha he occupan s
we e sea ed, as ecommended in ASHRAE 55 [19]. The da a eco ded in hese measu emen s
was used o de e mine he ope a i e empe a u e ( he analysis p ocedu e is explained below in
his sec ion).
•Subjec i e e alua ion — o assess he occupan s’ pe cei ed indoo en i onmen al quali y, using
su eys. The su ey was based in he “The mal En i onmen Su ey” om ASHRAE 55 [19]
and was used o de e mine occupan s’ sa is ac ion acco ding o ASHRAE 55 [19] he mal
sensa ion scale.
Table 1. Loca ion and cha ac e is ics o measu emen equipmen used.
Equipmen
Speci ica ions,
Measu emen Range and
Accu acy
Loca ion
The mal mic oclima e s a ion (Del a OHM 32.1)
P obes ins alled:
1. Globe empe a u e p obe
Ø150 mm ( ange om −10 o
100 °C);
2. Omnidi ec ional ho -wi e
p obe o wind speed
measu emen ( ange om 0 o
5 m/s);
3. Combined empe a u e and
ela i e humidi y p obe ( ange
om −10 o 80 °C and 5–98%
RH);
4. Two-senso p obe o
measu ing na u al we bulb
empe a u e and d y bulb
empe a u e ( ange om 4 o
80 °C).
Recep ion
The mo-hyg ome e and da alogge (Klimalogg P o, TFA
30.3039.IT) + Wi eless he mo-hyg ome e ansmi e s (model TFA
30.3180.IT) connec ed o he da alogge
Da alogge :
•Tempe a u e accu acy o
±1 °C and a measu ing ange
be ween 0 and 50 °C wi h 0.1
°C esolu ion;
•Rela i e humidi y
accu acy o ± 3% and
measu ing ange be ween 1
and 99% wi h 1% esolu ion.
•T ansmi e s:
•Tempe a u e accu acy o
±1 °C and measu ing ange
be ween 39.6 °C and +59.9 °C
wi h 0.1 °C esolu ion;
•Rela i e humidi y
accu acy o ± 3% and
measu ing ange o 1–99% wi h
1% esolu ion.
Da alogge :
Recep ion
T ansmi e s:
Exhibi ion
oom
“Class oom”
“Dining oom”
1
2 3
4
Da alogge :
•Tempe a u e accu acy o ±1
◦C and a measu ing ange
be ween 0 and 50 ◦C wi h
0.1 ◦C esolu ion;
•Rela i e humidi y accu acy
o
±
3% and measu ing ange
be ween 1 and 99% wi h
1% esolu ion.
•T ansmi e s:
•Tempe a u e accu acy o
±1◦C and measu ing ange
be ween 39.6
◦
C and +59.9
◦
C
wi h 0.1 ◦C esolu ion;
•Rela i e humidi y accu acy
o
±
3% and measu ing ange
o 1–99% wi h 1% esolu ion.
Da alogge :
Recep ion
T ansmi e s:
Exhibi ion oom
“Class oom”
“Dining oom”
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 6 o 33
Table 1. Con .
Equipmen Speci ica ions, Measu emen
Range and Accu acy Loca ion
Wea he s a ion
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 33
P obes ins alled:
1. Py anome e (sola adia ion
senso ) CMP3-L, Kipp and
Zonen
2. Ai empe a u e, ela i e
humidi y, wind speed and
di ec ion, p ecipi a ion and
absolu e p essu e senso
(WXT520, Vaisala)
3. Da alogge (CR800,
Campbell Scien i ic, Inc.)
4. Pho o ol aic panel + ba e y
(powe sou ce)
Ou doo
2.2. Long-Te m Moni o ing
Long- e m moni o ing was ca ied ou o measu e he indoo and ou doo ai empe a u es and
ela i e humidi y h oughou he measu emen pe iod. Fo his, he mo-hyg ome e senso s we e
ins alled in he mos ep esen a i e ooms o he case s udy and ou doo s (Table 1). Local wea he
da a was measu ed using a po able wea he s a ion (Table 1), ins alled close o he case s udy
(app ox. 300 m). The measu emen s we e ca ied ou du ing di e en moni o ing campaigns o all
seasons, in compliance wi h speci ied p ocedu es and s anda ds (ISO 7726 [17], ISO 7730 [18] and
ASHRAE 55 [19]). The moni o ing campaigns we e ca ied ou o pe iods o a leas 25 days and
wi h he senso s eco ding da a in pe iods o 30 min.
Resul s on indoo en i onmen al pa ame e s we e co ela ed wi h he ou doo pa ame e s.
Du ing he measu emen pe iod, occupan s illed an occupancy able whe e eco ded how hey used
he building, ha is, i hey used he hea ing o cooling sys ems, p omo ed en ila ion, among o he s.
These occupancy eco ds we e use ul o unde s and, o example, sudden changes in ai empe a u e
and ela i e humidi y p o iles.
2.3. The mal Com o Model
The main pu pose o a building is o alle ia e he ad e se wea he condi ions by o e ing
p o ec ion and ying o gua an ee heal hy and com o able condi ions. This concep can be
quan i iable in e ms o he mal com o assessed h ough objec i e and subjec i e e alua ions.
Fo he objec i e e alua ion, an adap i e model o he mal com o was used in he analysis o
he mal com o condi ions since his is he adequa e model o na u ally condi ioned buildings. The
chosen model was he Po uguese adap i e model o he mal com o since i is he mos
ep esen a i e o he Po uguese eali y [20,21]. This model is an adap a ion o he Po uguese con ex
o he models speci ied in s anda ds ASHRAE 55 [19,22] and EN 15251 [23]. I conside s he ypical
clima e and ways o li ing and how buildings a e con en ionally designed and used. Acco ding o
his model [21]: (i) occupan s may ole a e b oade empe a u e anges han hose indica ed o
mechanically hea ed and/o cooled buildings; and (ii) he ou doo empe a u e has a s ong in luence
on occupan s’ he mal pe cep ion/sensa ion.
In he applica ion o he p oposed model o he case s udy, he ollowing condi ions we e me ,
as p econized: (i) he occupan s ha e ac i i y le els ha esul in me abolic a es (me ) anging om
1.0 o 1.3 me (seden a y ac i i y le els); (ii) occupan s a e ee o adap he he mal insula ion o hei
clo hing (clo); (iii) ai eloci y is below 0.6 m/s; (i ) indoo ope a i e empe a u e is bounded be ween
10 °C and 35 °C; and ( ) ou doo unning mean empe a u e is be ween 5 °C and 30 °C. The building
has no ai -condi ioning sys em o i s use is spo adic. The e o e, in he analysis o he case s udy, he
adap i e model o building wi hou mechanical sys ems was applied.
4
3
1 2
P obes ins alled:
1.
Py anome e (sola adia ion
senso ) CMP3-L,
Kipp and Zonen
2. Ai empe a u e, ela i e
humidi y, wind speed and
di ec ion, p ecipi a ion and
absolu e p essu e senso
(WXT520, Vaisala)
3. Da alogge (CR800,
Campbell Scien i ic, Inc.)
4. Pho o ol aic panel +ba e y
(powe sou ce)
Ou doo
2.2. Long-Te m Moni o ing
Long- e m moni o ing was ca ied ou o measu e he indoo and ou doo ai empe a u es and
ela i e humidi y h oughou he measu emen pe iod. Fo his, he mo-hyg ome e senso s we e
ins alled in he mos ep esen a i e ooms o he case s udy and ou doo s (Table 1). Local wea he
da a was measu ed using a po able wea he s a ion (Table 1), ins alled close o he case s udy
(app ox. 300 m). The measu emen s we e ca ied ou du ing di e en moni o ing campaigns o all
seasons, in compliance wi h speci ied p ocedu es and s anda ds (ISO 7726 [
17
], ISO 7730 [
18
] and
ASHRAE 55 [
19
]). The moni o ing campaigns we e ca ied ou o pe iods o a leas 25 days and wi h
he senso s eco ding da a in pe iods o 30 min.
Resul s on indoo en i onmen al pa ame e s we e co ela ed wi h he ou doo pa ame e s.
Du ing he measu emen pe iod, occupan s illed an occupancy able whe e eco ded how hey used
he building, ha is, i hey used he hea ing o cooling sys ems, p omo ed en ila ion, among o he s.
These occupancy eco ds we e use ul o unde s and, o example, sudden changes in ai empe a u e
and ela i e humidi y p o iles.
2.3. The mal Com o Model
The main pu pose o a building is o alle ia e he ad e se wea he condi ions by o e ing p o ec ion
and ying o gua an ee heal hy and com o able condi ions. This concep can be quan i iable in e ms
o he mal com o assessed h ough objec i e and subjec i e e alua ions.
Fo he objec i e e alua ion, an adap i e model o he mal com o was used in he analysis
o he mal com o condi ions since his is he adequa e model o na u ally condi ioned buildings.
The chosen model was he Po uguese adap i e model o he mal com o since i is he mos
ep esen a i e o he Po uguese eali y [
20
,
21
]. This model is an adap a ion o he Po uguese con ex
o he models speci ied in s anda ds ASHRAE 55 [
19
,
22
] and EN 15251 [
23
]. I conside s he ypical
clima e and ways o li ing and how buildings a e con en ionally designed and used. Acco ding o
his model [
21
]: (i) occupan s may ole a e b oade empe a u e anges han hose indica ed o
mechanically hea ed and/o cooled buildings; and (ii) he ou doo empe a u e has a s ong in luence
on occupan s’ he mal pe cep ion/sensa ion.
In he applica ion o he p oposed model o he case s udy, he ollowing condi ions we e me ,
as p econized: (i) he occupan s ha e ac i i y le els ha esul in me abolic a es (me ) anging om
1.0 o 1.3 me (seden a y ac i i y le els); (ii) occupan s a e ee o adap he he mal insula ion o hei
clo hing (clo); (iii) ai eloci y is below 0.6 m/s; (i ) indoo ope a i e empe a u e is bounded be ween
10
◦
C and 35
◦
C; and ( ) ou doo unning mean empe a u e is be ween 5
◦
C and 30
◦
C. The building
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 7 o 33
has no ai -condi ioning sys em o i s use is spo adic. The e o e, in he analysis o he case s udy,
he adap i e model o building wi hou mechanical sys ems was applied.
As an indi idual akes app oxima ely one week o be ully adjus ed o he changes in ou doo
clima e, he he mal com o empe a u e (ope a i e empe a u e,
Θo
) is ob ained om he exponen ially
weigh ed unning mean o he ou doo empe a u e du ing he las se en days (ou doo unning mean
empe a u e,
Θ m
) [
21
,
23
]. The calcula ion o he exponen ially weigh ed unning mean o he ou doo
empe a u e in he p e ious se en days is done using Equa ion (1) [21,23].
Θ m =(Tn−1+0.8Tn−2+0.6Tn−3+0.5Tn−4+0.4Tn−5+0.3Tn−6+0.2Tn−7)/3.8, (1)
whe e:
Θ m (◦C)—exponen ially weigh ed unning mean o he ou doo ai empe a u e;
Tn−i(◦C)—ou doo mean ai empe a u e o he p e ious day (i).
In his model, wo com o empe a u es anges a e de ined, one o be applied in spaces wi h
ac i e ai -condi ioning sys ems and he o he in non-ai -condi ioned spaces (spaces ha do no ha e
ai -condi ioning sys em o whe e he sys em is u ned o ). The com o ope a i e empe a u e limi s
de ined in his model a e o 90% o accep abili y and hese limi s a e up o 3
◦
C abo e o below
he es ima ed com o empe a u e, bo h o non-ai -condi ioned spaces (
Θo
=0.43
Θ m
+15.6) and
ai -condi ioned spaces (Θo=0.30Θ m +17.9) [21].
The ope a i e empe a u e was calcula ed based on he esul s ob ained in he measu emen s
pe o med wi h he The mal Mic oclima e S a ion (Table 1). Wi h he ope a i e empe a u e (
Θo
) and
he ou doo unning mean empe a u e (
Θ m
) is possible o ep esen , in he adap i e cha , he poin
ha cha ac e izes he he mal en i onmen condi ions in he momen o measu emen .
2.4. Ene gy Pe o mance Model
The use o dynamic simula ion p og ams o he analysis o he he mal and ene gy beha io o
buildings such as he ene gy use and indoo he mal com o condi ions is essen ial.
In his pape , DesignBuilde /Ene gyPlus so wa e ( e sion 6) (Ene gyPlus e sion 8.9) [
24
] was
he ene gy pe o mance simula ion p og am adop ed. I equi es he ollowing inpu da a o he
calcula ion o he hea balance: clima e da a, geome y, p ope ies o ma e ials, zoning, in e nal loads,
hea ing, en ila ion and ai condi ioning (HVAC) sys ems and na u al en ila ion/in il a ion.
The componen s lib a ies on he ma e ials and s uc u es we e de eloped by using he da a (such as
conduc i i y, speci ic hea , densi y, he mal di usi i y) ob ained om echnical publica ions [
16
,
25
] and
DesignBuilde ma e ials lib a y. The cha ac e is ics o he model a e p esen ed in he ollowing sec ion.
The ene gy simula ion unde dynamic condi ions, due o he wide ange o op ions and a iables
managed, is a use ul ool o p edic he pe o mance o buildings. Since he ange o op ions and
a iables is wide, modelling and inpu s can be e y ime-consuming. The e o e, o simpli y he
simula ion and analysis p ocesses, he me hod conside ed was o eplica e he case s udy and i s
cha ac e is ics (cons uc ion sys ems; ope a ion schedules, e c.) bu simpli ying and keeping all he
a iables (e.g., in e nal hea gains) as s able and unchanged as possible.
The simula ion model was calib a ed using he da a measu ed nea de case s udy using a po able
wea he s a ion. Du ing he analyzed pe iods o all seasons was ound a con e gence be ween he
eal and he simula ed indoo empe a u e. Howe e , he wea he da a measu ed in he same pe iod
o he indoo moni o ing does no ul il a whole yea . The in luence o clima e condi ions on he
building pe o mance is signi ican and he e o e i is essen ial o use eliable wea he da a o ene gy
modelling [
26
]. Fo his eason, he wea he da a iles om he Ene gyPlus wea he da abase [
27
] o
he closes loca ion we e used in he simula ions.
In he model, he nume ical simula ion was ca ied o one yea o quan i y he ene gy pe o mance
o he e nacula imbe cons uc ion solu ion and he con en ional b ick wall solu ion, unde seasonal
ex e nal en i onmen al condi ions (summe , win e , sp ing and au umn). To es ablish he compa ison
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 8 o 33
be ween s a egies/building solu ions simula ions, a Base Model was c ea ed, which eplica es he
o iginal condi ions o he case s udy. In he Scena io Models all he ea u es and condi ions a e he
same as he Base Model, excep o he one ha i is being e alua ed in each one (e.g., o assess he
in luence o he he mal ansmi ance and ine ia o ex e nal walls, only his building elemen is
changed be ween scena ios). In all scena ios de ined, only he ex e nal wall solu ion was changed,
being all he o he condi ions kep cons an .
3. Desc ip ion o he Case S udy
3.1. Si e and Clima e
The case s udy is loca ed in he illage o P aia de Mi a, in Mi a’s municipali y, dis ic o Coimb a,
Po ugal (Figu e 3a). P aia de Mi a, as o he coas line se lemen s om he 19 h cen u y, had a i s a
seasonal occupa ion o ishe men du ing he ishing season ( om Sp ing o Au umn) [28].
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 33
in each one (e.g., o assess he in luence o he he mal ansmi ance and ine ia o ex e nal walls,
only his building elemen is changed be ween scena ios). In all scena ios de ined, only he ex e nal
wall solu ion was changed, being all he o he condi ions kep cons an .
3. Desc ip ion o he Case S udy
3.1. Si e and Clima e
The case s udy is loca ed in he illage o P aia de Mi a, in Mi a’s municipali y, dis ic o
Coimb a, Po ugal (Figu e 3a). P aia de Mi a, as o he coas line se lemen s om he 19 h cen u y,
had a i s a seasonal occupa ion o ishe men du ing he ishing season ( om Sp ing o Au umn)
[28].
(a) (b)
Figu e 3. Case s udy’s loca ion. (a) coun y con ex ; (b) case s udy posi ion in P aia de Mi a’s cu en
u ban layou .
The o iginal name o he illage was Palhei os de Mi a due o he ype o cons uc ions ha
exis ed he e, he palhei os (named a e he ma e ial o iginally used o oo he building, ha is, s aw
(palha) om a plan (es o mo–Ammophila a ena ia) abundan in coas al sands [28–30]). In a zone o
dunes and pine o es s, wi hou adequa e s one o cons uc ion and whe e imbe abounds, he
palhei o was he empo a y building needed o ishe men coming om o he loca ions du ing he
ishing season [29–31]. Palhei os a e pala i ic imbe buildings adjus ed o he humid en i onmen and
a shi ing landscape o dunes con inually changing by he ac ion o wind [13,29,32].
The illage was s a egically implan ed nex o a eshwa e lagoon and shel e ed by he dunes
om no h and wes quad an s (Figu e 3b). P aia de Mi a was he sho eline se lemen whe e imbe
cons uc ion had i s bes exp ession, due o he dimension o he illage and o he size o he
buildings (wi h h ee s o eys in some cases) [28,30]. In he cons uc ion echnique (“Type o Mi a”
[33]) used in he coas line be ween Cos a No a and Lei osa, he plumbs o he s uc u e we e buil
on a ame o a g id o beams, ha in u n was on a dense mesh o pilla s inse ed in he g ound
(Figu e 1a).
Figu e 3.
Case s udy’s loca ion. (
a
) coun y con ex ; (
b
) case s udy posi ion in P aia de Mi a’s cu en
u ban layou .
The o iginal name o he illage was Palhei os de Mi a due o he ype o cons uc ions ha exis ed
he e, he palhei os (named a e he ma e ial o iginally used o oo he building, ha is, s aw (palha)
om a plan (es o mo–Ammophila a ena ia) abundan in coas al sands [
28
–
30
]). In a zone o dunes
and pine o es s, wi hou adequa e s one o cons uc ion and whe e imbe abounds, he palhei o
was he empo a y building needed o ishe men coming om o he loca ions du ing he ishing
season [
29
–
31
]. Palhei os a e pala i ic imbe buildings adjus ed o he humid en i onmen and a
shi ing landscape o dunes con inually changing by he ac ion o wind [13,29,32].
The illage was s a egically implan ed nex o a eshwa e lagoon and shel e ed by he dunes
om no h and wes quad an s (Figu e 3b). P aia de Mi a was he sho eline se lemen whe e imbe
cons uc ion had i s bes exp ession, due o he dimension o he illage and o he size o he buildings
(wi h h ee s o eys in some cases) [
28
,
30
]. In he cons uc ion echnique (“Type o Mi a” [
33
]) used in
he coas line be ween Cos a No a and Lei osa, he plumbs o he s uc u e we e buil on a ame o a
g id o beams, ha in u n was on a dense mesh o pilla s inse ed in he g ound (Figu e 1a).
Howe e , i was also he e whe e his ype o cons uc ion has seen he as es decline, due o
he app o al o he u baniza ion plan o P aia de Mi a in he la e 1940s. This plan conside ed ha
hese buildings did no comply wi h mode n equi emen s o hygiene and ha he ishing ac i i y
was in e e ing wi h he ou is ic ope a ion. The u baniza ion plan p ohibi ed he cons uc ion
and conse a ion o imbe buildings, which con ibu ed o hei sys ema ic and accele a ed
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 9 o 33
des uc ion [
28
,
34
]. The plan also conside ed he ishing ac i i y as in e e ing wi h he ou is ic
ope a ion. The conno a ion o hese cons uc ions wi h po e y and unde de elopmen also led o
he change o he name om “Palhei os de Mi a” o “P aia de Mi a” [
28
]. This p ohibi ion con ibu ed
o os e he use o indus ial ma e ials in he illage and o he eplacemen o imbe cons uc ions by
con en ional cons uc ions o hollow conc e e and clay b icks, making his ype o adi ional cons uc ion
o disappea g adually [
17
,
18
]. Nowadays, he buildings wi h conc e e s uc u e and clay b icks walls a e
he no m, e en in he sea on (Figu e 4). The e a e ew exis ing imbe examples and mos o hem a e in
poo condi ion, in some cases, wholly co se ed be ween conc e e buildings (Figu e 4c).
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 33
Howe e , i was also he e whe e his ype o cons uc ion has seen he as es decline, due o he
app o al o he u baniza ion plan o P aia de Mi a in he la e 1940s. This plan conside ed ha hese
buildings did no comply wi h mode n equi emen s o hygiene and ha he ishing ac i i y was
in e e ing wi h he ou is ic ope a ion. The u baniza ion plan p ohibi ed he cons uc ion and
conse a ion o imbe buildings, which con ibu ed o hei sys ema ic and accele a ed des uc ion
[28,34]. The plan also conside ed he ishing ac i i y as in e e ing wi h he ou is ic ope a ion. The
conno a ion o hese cons uc ions wi h po e y and unde de elopmen also led o he change o he
name om “Palhei os de Mi a” o “P aia de Mi a” [28]. This p ohibi ion con ibu ed o os e he use
o indus ial ma e ials in he illage and o he eplacemen o imbe cons uc ions by con en ional
cons uc ions o hollow conc e e and clay b icks, making his ype o adi ional cons uc ion o
disappea g adually [17,18]. Nowadays, he buildings wi h conc e e s uc u e and clay b icks walls
a e he no m, e en in he sea on (Figu e 4). The e a e ew exis ing imbe examples and mos o
hem a e in poo condi ion, in some cases, wholly co se ed be ween conc e e buildings (Figu e 4c).
(a) (b) (c)
Figu e 4. (a) Main s ee in he 1950s (anonymous au ho ); (b) Main s ee in 2016; (c) Palhei o co se ed
be ween alle con en ional buildings.
Conce ning clima e con ex , he cen al coas al egion o Po ugal has a empe a e clima e–Type
C, sub- ype Csb ( empe a e wi h d y o empe a e summe ), acco ding o Köppen-Geige Clima e
Classi ica ion (Figu e 5a) [35]. The annual a e age mean empe a u e is below 15 °C [35]. The a e age
mean empe a u e is 10 °C in win e , while is 20 °C in summe (Figu e 5b) [35]. Win e is he mos
se e e season in his a ea. The summe is mild, wi h an a e age maximum empe a u e below 25 °C
[35] (Figu e 5d). The in luence o he A lan ic Ocean is an impo an ea u e a ec ing local clima e
pa ame e s, as mode a ing empe a u e a ia ion, highe ela i e humidi y alues, p ecipi a ion and
wind speed [36]. Thus, in he case o P aia de Mi a, i is isible a lowe annual he mal a ia ion han
in o he zones o he coun y (Figu e 5b,c), a highe a e age ela i e humidi y (79%) and highe wind
speed and mo e equen wind han in inne a eas o he e i o y [37].
Figu e 4.
(
a
) Main s ee in he 1950s (anonymous au ho ); (
b
) Main s ee in 2016; (
c
)Palhei o co se ed
be ween alle con en ional buildings.
Conce ning clima e con ex , he cen al coas al egion o Po ugal has a empe a e clima e–Type C,
sub- ype Csb ( empe a e wi h d y o empe a e summe ), acco ding o Köppen-Geige Clima e
Classi ica ion (Figu e 5a) [
35
]. The annual a e age mean empe a u e is below 15
◦
C [
35
]. The a e age
mean empe a u e is 10
◦
C in win e , while is 20
◦
C in summe (Figu e 5b) [
35
]. Win e is he mos
se e e season in his a ea. The summe is mild, wi h an a e age maximum empe a u e below
25
◦
C [
35
] (Figu e 5d). The in luence o he A lan ic Ocean is an impo an ea u e a ec ing local clima e
pa ame e s, as mode a ing empe a u e a ia ion, highe ela i e humidi y alues, p ecipi a ion and
wind speed [
36
]. Thus, in he case o P aia de Mi a, i is isible a lowe annual he mal a ia ion han
in o he zones o he coun y (Figu e 5b,c), a highe a e age ela i e humidi y (79%) and highe wind
speed and mo e equen wind han in inne a eas o he e i o y [37].
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 16 o 33
and win e . Du ing he moni o ing campaign, he building was, mos o he ime, kep in a ee- unning
mode. The main ac i i ies epo ed by he occupan s a e syn hesized in Table 3.
Table 3. Building occupancy p o ile.
Season Use and Desc ip ion
Win e
hea ing/cooling Hea ing ( o all season). The pa e n is: wo oil- illed adia o s
in he ecep ion (9 a.m.–5 p.m).
en ila ion Windows and doo s closed. The main en ance doo is
spo adically opened when isi o s en e /exi he building.
shading
The cu ains we e usually closed on he g ound loo . The uppe
loo windows do no ha e cu ains.
Sp ing
hea ing/cooling
Spo adic use o hea ing in sp ing cold days (1 oil- illed adia o ).
en ila ion
Main en ance doo and ecep ion window open du ing he day
(9 a.m.–5 p.m.), pa icula ly om May o wa d (spo adically
closed in cool days).
shading
The cu ains we e usually closed on he g ound loo . The uppe
loo windows do no ha e cu ains.
Summe
hea ing/cooling No cooling sys em was used.
en ila ion
Main en ance doo and ecep ion window open du ing he day
(9 a.m.–5 p.m.)
shading
The cu ains we e usually closed on he g ound loo . The uppe
loo windows do no ha e cu ains.
Au umn
hea ing/cooling
Hea ing (mo e equen om middle Oc obe o wa d).
The pa e n is: One oil- illed adia o in he ecep ion
(9 a.m.–5 p.m.), occasionally, wo.
en ila ion Windows and doo s closed. The main en ance doo is
spo adically opened o en e /exi he building.
shading
The cu ains we e usually closed on he g ound loo . The uppe
loo windows do no ha e cu ains.
4. The mal Moni o ing and Indoo Com o E alua ion
In his sec ion, he he mal pe o mance o he case s udy and he e ec i eness o his ype o
cons uc ion in mi iga ing he e ec s o his speci ic clima e a e analyzed. The he mal pe o mance
moni o ing and indoo com o e alua ion we e ca ied ou o he ou seasons. The moni o ing da a
is p esen ed o app oxima ely 30 ep esen a i e days o each season.
4.1. Win e
The Win e moni o ing was ca ied om 21s Decembe 2014 o 19 h Ma ch 2015. Du ing he
ep esen a i e pe iod analyzed (21s Janua y o 21s Feb ua y 2015), he ou doo mean ai empe a u e
was o 10
◦
C (Table 4). The daily maximum and minimum alues we e e y a iable, he maximum
empe a u e was o en below 15
◦
C and he minimum usually a ound o below 5
◦
C, eaching on some
days nea ly 0 ◦C (Figu e 11a). The daily empe a u e ampli ude was equen ly a ound 10 ◦C.
Indoo s, he empe a u e p o iles show an i egula daily a ia ion ollowing he ou doo end
(Figu e 11a). In he ecep ion, i is possible o see se e al peaks o maximum empe a u e alues,
in some days conside ably highe han in he o he ooms, due o hea gains ela ed o occupa ion,
o ice equipmen and, mainly, because o he use o hea ing de ices (oil- illed adia o s). Since he
ecep ion is no an enclosed oom, ha is, i has no doo s di iding i om he exhibi ion ooms,
i is di icul o achie e s able empe a u e alues abo e 18
◦
C du ing he day, e en wi h he wo
oil- illed adia o s.
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 17 o 33
Table 4.
Compa ison be ween ou doo and indoo ai empe a u es and ela i e humidi y alues
du ing Win e .
Win e
Ou doo Recep ion “Dining Room” Room Exhibi ion Room “Class oom”
Tempe a u e (◦C)
Mean 10.0 14.0 12.4 13.2 13.3
Maximum
17.0 20.7 19.9 18.4 18.8
Minimum −0.3 6.6 5.5 6.4 6.4
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Mean 76.3 62.6 68.5 66.3 66.7
Maximum
94.5 79.0 74.0 77.0 79.0
Minimum 32.9 37.0 54.0 53.0 50.0
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 33
(a)
(b)
Figu e 11. Win e moni o ing: (a) Indoo and ou doo ai empe a u e p o iles; (b) Indoo and
ou doo ai ela i e humidi y p o iles.
Indoo s, he empe a u e p o iles show an i egula daily a ia ion ollowing he ou doo end
(Figu e 11a). In he ecep ion, i is possible o see se e al peaks o maximum empe a u e alues, in
some days conside ably highe han in he o he ooms, due o hea gains ela ed o occupa ion, o ice
equipmen and, mainly, because o he use o hea ing de ices (oil- illed adia o s). Since he ecep ion
is no an enclosed oom, ha is, i has no doo s di iding i om he exhibi ion ooms, i is di icul o
achie e s able empe a u e alues abo e 18 °C du ing he day, e en wi h he wo oil- illed adia o s.
In mos o he days, he indoo peak empe a u e is a ound o below 18 °C, showing a low
quali y o he he mal en i onmen . The o he ooms ha e simila empe a u e p o iles. The “dining
oom” has he lowes mean and minimum alues bu a he same ime he highes maximum
empe a u e, a e he ecep ion. This occu s because his oom has a highe loo and glazed a ea
(almos he double), i has açades acing no h (wi hou sola gains) and wes wi hou shading
de ices, ecei ing di ec sola adia ion a he end o he day. The o he ooms, “class oom” ( i s
loo ) and he exhibi ion oom (g ound loo ), ha e he same o ien a ion (eas and sou h) and a simila
he mal beha io (sligh ly be e han in he “dining oom” due o a be e sola exposu e). In he
nigh pe iod, when he building is no occupied, he indoo empe a u e o all ooms is low
(minimum alues less han 10 °C). Ne e heless, minimum alues a e conside ably highe han he
minimum ou doo alues.
The low he mal ine ia o he building elemen s, oge he wi h single-glazed windows wi h no
ex e nal sola p o ec ion, a e he main easons o explain he conside able indoo daily he mal
a ia ion.
In wha ela i e humidi y is conce ned, maximum ou doo alues we e high and equen ly
a ound 90% (Figu e 11b), wi h a mean alue o 76.3%. Indoo s, he ela i e humidi y p o iles a e
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
21 /0 1/1 5
22 /0 1/1 5
23 /0 1/1 5
24 /0 1/1 5
25 /0 1/1 5
26 /0 1/1 5
27 /0 1/1 5
28 /0 1/1 5
29 /0 1/1 5
30 /0 1/1 5
31 /0 1/1 5
01 /0 2/1 5
02 /0 2/1 5
03 /0 2/1 5
04 /0 2/1 5
05 /0 2/1 5
06 /0 2/1 5
07 /0 2/1 5
08 /0 2/1 5
09 /0 2/1 5
10 /0 2/1 5
11 /0 2/1 5
12 /0 2/1 5
13 /0 2/1 5
14 /0 2/1 5
15 /0 2/1 5
16 /0 2/1 5
17 /0 2/1 5
18 /0 2/1 5
19 /0 2/1 5
20 /0 2/1 5
21 /0 2/1 5
Tempe a u e (°C)
Ou doo Exhibi ion oom - g ound gloo Dinning oom School oom Recep ion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
21/01/15
22/01/15
23/01/15
24/01/15
25/01/15
26/01/15
27/01/15
28/01/15
29/01/15
30/01/15
31/01/15
01/02/15
02/02/15
03/02/15
04/02/15
05/02/15
06/02/15
07/02/15
08/02/15
09/02/15
10/02/15
11/02/15
12/02/15
13/02/15
14/02/15
15/02/15
16/02/15
17/02/15
18/02/15
19/02/15
20/02/15
21/02/15
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Ou doo Exhibi ion oom - g ound loo Dinning oom School oom Recep ion
Figu e 11.
Win e moni o ing: (
a
) Indoo and ou doo ai empe a u e p o iles; (
b
) Indoo and ou doo
ai ela i e humidi y p o iles.
In mos o he days, he indoo peak empe a u e is a ound o below 18
◦
C, showing a low quali y
o he he mal en i onmen . The o he ooms ha e simila empe a u e p o iles. The “dining oom”
has he lowes mean and minimum alues bu a he same ime he highes maximum empe a u e,
a e he ecep ion. This occu s because his oom has a highe loo and glazed a ea (almos he
double), i has açades acing no h (wi hou sola gains) and wes wi hou shading de ices, ecei ing
di ec sola adia ion a he end o he day. The o he ooms, “class oom” ( i s loo ) and he exhibi ion
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 18 o 33
oom (g ound loo ), ha e he same o ien a ion (eas and sou h) and a simila he mal beha io
(sligh ly be e han in he “dining oom” due o a be e sola exposu e). In he nigh pe iod, when he
building is no occupied, he indoo empe a u e o all ooms is low (minimum alues less han 10
◦
C).
Ne e heless, minimum alues a e conside ably highe han he minimum ou doo alues.
The low he mal ine ia o he building elemen s, oge he wi h single-glazed windows wi h no
ex e nal sola p o ec ion, a e he main easons o explain he conside able indoo daily he mal a ia ion.
In wha ela i e humidi y is conce ned, maximum ou doo alues we e high and equen ly
a ound 90% (Figu e 11b), wi h a mean alue o 76.3%. Indoo s, he ela i e humidi y p o iles a e
simila o all ooms, being ela i ely s able (wi h mean alues below 70%) and wi h low daily
a ia ion, excep o he ecep ion (Figu e 11b). The ecep ion, due o he occupa ion, hea ing du ing
he museum’s opening hou s bu also o being in con ac wi h he main en ance, shows a highe
daily a ia ion on he ela i e humidi y. The in luence o using he po able dehumidi ie o educe
mois u e con en indoo s du ing he win e is no pe cep ible, being he p o ile e y simila o he
o he seasons, as i will be shown below.
E en hough i is a museum, he collec ion does no equi e special humidi y limi s. Thus,
aking in o conside a ion he design c i e ia o he humidi y in occupied spaces ecommended by
EN 16798-1 s anda d [
48
], he alues eco ded a e mos o he ime wi hin he limi s o an exis ing
building (Ca ego y III—20–70%) o close and conside ably below he ou doo alues.
Conce ning he mal com o , du ing he measu emen , he occupan s we e using he oil- illed
adia o s o hea he ecep ion a ea. The esul s showed low he mal com o condi ions in he
ecep ion, below he lowe limi (Figu e 12). In he con ex o a cold week (
Θ m
o 7.6
◦
C), e en when
he hea ing sys em was on, i was no possible o each adequa e he mal com o condi ions. F om he
measu emen s, i was also possible o conclude ha he o he ooms we e also below he he mal
com o limi s.
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 o 33
simila o all ooms, being ela i ely s able (wi h mean alues below 70%) and wi h low daily
a ia ion, excep o he ecep ion (Figu e 11b). The ecep ion, due o he occupa ion, hea ing du ing
he museum’s opening hou s bu also o being in con ac wi h he main en ance, shows a highe
daily a ia ion on he ela i e humidi y. The in luence o using he po able dehumidi ie o educe
mois u e con en indoo s du ing he win e is no pe cep ible, being he p o ile e y simila o he
o he seasons, as i will be shown below.
E en hough i is a museum, he collec ion does no equi e special humidi y limi s. Thus, aking
in o conside a ion he design c i e ia o he humidi y in occupied spaces ecommended by EN 16798-
1 s anda d [48], he alues eco ded a e mos o he ime wi hin he limi s o an exis ing building
(Ca ego y III—20–70%) o close and conside ably below he ou doo alues.
Conce ning he mal com o , du ing he measu emen , he occupan s we e using he oil- illed
adia o s o hea he ecep ion a ea. The esul s showed low he mal com o condi ions in he
ecep ion, below he lowe limi (Figu e 12). In he con ex o a cold week (Θ
m
o 7.6 °C), e en when
he hea ing sys em was on, i was no possible o each adequa e he mal com o condi ions. F om
he measu emen s, i was also possible o conclude ha he o he ooms we e also below he he mal
com o limi s.
Figu e 12. Adap i e com o cha . The mal com o empe a u e (ope a i e empe a u e) in he
ecep ion du ing one ep esen a i e win e day ( ed do ).
In he su ey, one occupan (1.2 me ; 1.62 clo) conside ed o be “cold” and he o he (1.6 me ;
1.19 clo) as being “sligh ly cool.” Al hough wi hou he same he mal sensa ion, he wo occupan s
desc ibe a condi ion o he mal discom o , in acco dance wi h he objec i e measu emen s. The
di e ence be ween he wo occupan s migh be because he occupan who answe ed as being “cold”
has a physiological eason (hype hy oidism), beyond he di e en me abolic a e and clo hing
insula ion, which migh ha e condi ioned his he mal sensa ion. The ho mones p oduced by he
hy oid egula e how he body uses and s o es ene gy, also called “me abolism” [49]. This can explain
he high le el o clo hing insula ion (including a sca and a blanke ) his occupan had.
F om he esul s o he win e , i is possible o conclude ha he building has a low he mal
quali y, e en wi h he mally insula ed elemen s and an app op ia e hea ing sys em is equi ed o
achie e he mal com o condi ions du ing he win e season. The use o he wo oil- illed adia o s
is no enough since hey do no ha e he calo i ic powe o apidly inc ease ai empe a u e o he mal
com o le els in he ecep ion (opened o exhibi ion a ea). Though no ene gy-e icien equipmen ,
he occupan s use he adia o s close o hem o minimize he sensa ion o discom o . Mo eo e , he
non-con inuous use o hea ing and he lack o he mal ine ia o he building elemen s do no allow
he indoo empe a u e o be mo e s able and wi hin he com o limi s. Mo eo e , he low
ai igh ness o windows and he spo adic opening o en ance doo also in luence he hea losses.
Figu e 12.
Adap i e com o cha . The mal com o empe a u e (ope a i e empe a u e) in he
ecep ion du ing one ep esen a i e win e day ( ed do ).
In he su ey, one occupan (1.2 me ; 1.62 clo) conside ed o be “cold” and he o he (1.6 me ; 1.19 clo)
as being “sligh ly cool.” Al hough wi hou he same he mal sensa ion, he wo occupan s desc ibe
a condi ion o he mal discom o , in acco dance wi h he objec i e measu emen s. The di e ence
be ween he wo occupan s migh be because he occupan who answe ed as being “cold” has a
physiological eason (hype hy oidism), beyond he di e en me abolic a e and clo hing insula ion,
which migh ha e condi ioned his he mal sensa ion. The ho mones p oduced by he hy oid egula e
how he body uses and s o es ene gy, also called “me abolism” [
49
]. This can explain he high le el o
clo hing insula ion (including a sca and a blanke ) his occupan had.
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 19 o 33
F om he esul s o he win e , i is possible o conclude ha he building has a low he mal
quali y, e en wi h he mally insula ed elemen s and an app op ia e hea ing sys em is equi ed o
achie e he mal com o condi ions du ing he win e season. The use o he wo oil- illed adia o s is
no enough since hey do no ha e he calo i ic powe o apidly inc ease ai empe a u e o he mal
com o le els in he ecep ion (opened o exhibi ion a ea). Though no ene gy-e icien equipmen ,
he occupan s use he adia o s close o hem o minimize he sensa ion o discom o . Mo eo e ,
he non-con inuous use o hea ing and he lack o he mal ine ia o he building elemen s do no allow
he indoo empe a u e o be mo e s able and wi hin he com o limi s. Mo eo e , he low ai igh ness
o windows and he spo adic opening o en ance doo also in luence he hea losses.
4.2. Sp ing
The Sp ing moni o ing was ca ied om 21 Ma ch o 20 June 2015. Du ing he ep esen a i e
moni o ing pe iod analyzed (15 Ap il o 16 May 2015), he ou doo mean ai empe a u e was o
abou 15.7
◦
C, wi h maximum alues o en a ound 18
◦
C and minimum alues equen ly abo e 10
◦
C
(Table 5; Figu e 13a).
Table 5.
Compa ison be ween ou doo and indoo ai empe a u es and ela i e humidi y alues
du ing Sp ing.
Sp ing
Ou doo Recep ion “Dining Room” Exhibi ion Room “Class oom”
Tempe a u e (◦C)
Mean 15.7 19.1 19.0 19.1 19.6
Maximum
22.6 23.5 23.9 22.3 22.8
Minimum 7.7 14.9 14.4 15.2 14.5
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Mean 77.2 64.6 66.2 65.5 65.1
Maximum
92.2 80.0 73.0 75.0 79.0
Minimum 41.1 46.0 58.0 56.0 54.0
The indoo ai empe a u e p o iles o all ooms a e e y simila , wi h a mean empe a u e
a ound 19
◦
C and almos he same daily a ia ion (
≈
4
◦
C) (Figu e 13a; Table 5). Indoo empe a u e
a ia ion ollows he ou doo empe a u e p o ile bu wi h highe minimum and maximum alues.
F om he Sp ing u he , since he hea ing sys em is no longe used, he ecep ion a ea has a pa e n
simila o he o he ooms. Du ing he analyzed pe iod, he pe cen age o ime wi h he empe a u e
abo e 18 ◦C in all ooms was be ween 73–82%, he “dining oom” had he lowes alue.
Rega ding ela i e humidi y, he ou doo day/nigh a ia ion was high (
≈
40%), equen ly wi h
maximum alues a ound 90% and a minimum be ween 50 and 60% (Figu e 13b; Table 5). Indoo s,
he ela i e humidi y p o iles o all ooms a e mo e s able han ou doo s, showing almos no daily
a ia ion. The mean alues a e simila o all ooms, a ound 65%. Du ing he analyzed pe iod,
he pe cen age o ime wi h ela i e humidi y alues be ween 20–70% (Ca ego y III) in all ooms was
highe han 80%, no exceeding by a he uppe limi .
The he mal com o assessmen was pe o med on wo days, one in mid-Ap il and he o he
in mid-May. The esul s show di e en com o condi ions be ween he wo days. In mid-Ap il,
he ecep ion had a he mal com o condi ion below he lowe limi o he com o ange and in
mid-May had a he mal condi ion in he cen e o he com o ange (Figu e 14).
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 20 o 33
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 o 33
4.2. Sp ing
The Sp ing moni o ing was ca ied om 21s Ma ch o 20 h June 2015. Du ing he ep esen a i e
moni o ing pe iod analyzed (15 h Ap il o 16 h May 2015), he ou doo mean ai empe a u e was o
abou 15.7 °C, wi h maximum alues o en a ound 18 °C and minimum alues equen ly abo e 10
°C (Table 5; Figu e 13a).
Table 5. Compa ison be ween ou doo and indoo ai empe a u es and ela i e humidi y alues
du ing Sp ing.
Sp ing
Ou doo Recep ion “Dining Room” Exhibi ion Room “Class oom”
Tempe a u e (°C)
Mean 15.7 19.1 19.0 19.1 19.6
Maximum 22.6 23.5 23.9 22.3 22.8
Minimum 7.7 14.9 14.4 15.2 14.5
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Mean 77.2 64.6 66.2 65.5 65.1
Maximum 92.2 80.0 73.0 75.0 79.0
Minimum 41.1 46.0 58.0 56.0 54.0
(a)
(b)
Figu e 13. Sp ing moni o ing: (a) Indoo and ou doo ai empe a u e p o iles; (b) Indoo and ou doo
ai ela i e humidi y p o iles.
The indoo ai empe a u e p o iles o all ooms a e e y simila , wi h a mean empe a u e
a ound 19 °C and almos he same daily a ia ion (≈4 °C) (Figu e 13a; Table 5). Indoo empe a u e
a ia ion ollows he ou doo empe a u e p o ile bu wi h highe minimum and maximum alues.
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
15 /0 4/15
16 /0 4/15
17 /0 4/15
18 /0 4/15
19 /0 4/15
20 /0 4/15
21 /0 4/15
22 /0 4/15
23 /0 4/15
24 /0 4/15
25 /0 4/15
26 /0 4/15
27 /0 4/15
28 /0 4/15
29 /0 4/15
30 /0 4/15
01 /0 5/15
02 /0 5/15
03 /0 5/15
04 /0 5/15
05 /0 5/15
06 /0 5/15
07 /0 5/15
08 /0 5/15
09 /0 5/15
10 /0 5/15
11 /0 5/15
12 /0 5/15
13 /0 5/15
14 /0 5/15
15 /0 5/15
16 /0 5/15
Tempe a u e (°C)
Ou doo Exhibi ion oom - g ound gloo Dining oom School oom Recep ion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
15 /0 4/1 5
16 /0 4/1 5
17 /0 4/1 5
18 /0 4/1 5
19 /0 4/1 5
20 /0 4/1 5
21 /0 4/1 5
22 /0 4/1 5
23 /0 4/1 5
24 /0 4/1 5
25 /0 4/1 5
26 /0 4/1 5
27 /0 4/1 5
28 /0 4/1 5
29 /0 4/1 5
30 /0 4/1 5
01 /0 5/1 5
02 /0 5/1 5
03 /0 5/1 5
04 /0 5/1 5
05 /0 5/1 5
06 /0 5/1 5
07 /0 5/1 5
08 /0 5/1 5
09 /0 5/1 5
10 /0 5/1 5
11 /0 5/1 5
12 /0 5/1 5
13 /0 5/1 5
14 /0 5/1 5
15 /0 5/1 5
16 /0 5/1 5
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Ou doo Exhibi ion oom - g ound loo Dining oom School oom Recep ion
Figu e 13.
Sp ing moni o ing: (
a
) Indoo and ou doo ai empe a u e p o iles; (
b
) Indoo and ou doo
ai ela i e humidi y p o iles.
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 o 33
F om he Sp ing u he , since he hea ing sys em is no longe used, he ecep ion a ea has a pa e n
simila o he o he ooms. Du ing he analyzed pe iod, he pe cen age o ime wi h he empe a u e
abo e 18 °C in all ooms was be ween 73–82%, he “dining oom” had he lowes alue.
Rega ding ela i e humidi y, he ou doo day/nigh a ia ion was high (≈40%), equen ly wi h
maximum alues a ound 90% and a minimum be ween 50 and 60% (Figu e 13b; Table 5). Indoo s,
he ela i e humidi y p o iles o all ooms a e mo e s able han ou doo s, showing almos no daily
a ia ion. The mean alues a e simila o all ooms, a ound 65%. Du ing he analyzed pe iod, he
pe cen age o ime wi h ela i e humidi y alues be ween 20–70% (Ca ego y III) in all ooms was
highe han 80%, no exceeding by a he uppe limi .
The he mal com o assessmen was pe o med on wo days, one in mid-Ap il and he o he in
mid-May. The esul s show di e en com o condi ions be ween he wo days. In mid-Ap il, he
ecep ion had a he mal com o condi ion below he lowe limi o he com o ange and in mid-
May had a he mal condi ion in he cen e o he com o ange (Figu e 14).
(a) (b)
Figu e 14. Adap i e com o cha . The mal com o empe a u e (ope a i e empe a u e) in he
ecep ion du ing wo ep esen a i e sp ing days. (a) mid-Ap il and (b) mid-May.
In he su ey ca ied ou in mid-Ap il, wo occupan s (1.2 and 1.6 me ; 1.21 and 0.69 clo) e e ed
as being “neu al” (com o able) and one as being “cool” (1.20 me ; 1.42 clo). In his measu emen ,
he occupan s eeling “neu al” had di e ences in me abolic a e and clo hing insula ion, whe e he
occupan wi h less clo hing had he highes me abolic a e and ice e sa. The occupan eeling
“cool,” as in he win e measu emen , had highe clo hing insula ion and a signi ican ly di e en
he mal sensa ion. A physiological ac o migh ha e in luenced he pe cei ed he mal com o o
his occupan . I mus also be no ed ha , e en wi h an ope a i e empe a u e o 18 °C, he he mal
condi ion measu ed (Figu e 14a) is below he lowe limi o he com o ange. I migh indica e ha
his limi is no always su icien o assu e a com o condi ion and ha i also depends on ex e nal
condi ions.
In mid-May, he adap i e com o cha (Figu e 14b) showed he mal com o condi ions in he
cen e o he com o ange. In his pe iod h ee occupan s answe ed as being “neu al” (com o able)
(1.2–1.6 me ; 0.43–0.47 clo) and one as being “sligh ly cool” (1.2 me ; 1.04 clo). The esul s om he
subjec i e e alua ion showed occupan s’ “neu ali y,” which ollows he esul s om he objec i e
measu emen s. As in p e ious moni o ing, he occupan eeling uncom o able had highe clo hing
insula ion ( he double) and a conside able di e en he mal sensa ion, indica ing he in luence o he
physiological diso de on he pe cei ed he mal sensa ion.
The di e ence be ween he wo days o he moni o ing was isible in he signi ican ly di e en
he mal condi ions, whe e he inc ease in he ou doo unning mean empe a u e was less han 2 °C.
S ill, indoo s he ope a i e empe a u e inc eased mo e han 4 °C. This di e ence was due o he
inc ease in he numbe o hou s wi h inciden sola adia ion and wi h mo e in ensi y in May.
Figu e 14.
Adap i e com o cha . The mal com o empe a u e (ope a i e empe a u e) in he
ecep ion du ing wo ep esen a i e sp ing days. (a) mid-Ap il and (b) mid-May.
In he su ey ca ied ou in mid-Ap il, wo occupan s (1.2 and 1.6 me ; 1.21 and 0.69 clo) e e ed
as being “neu al” (com o able) and one as being “cool” (1.20 me ; 1.42 clo). In his measu emen ,
he occupan s eeling “neu al” had di e ences in me abolic a e and clo hing insula ion, whe e he
occupan wi h less clo hing had he highes me abolic a e and ice e sa. The occupan eeling “cool,”
as in he win e measu emen , had highe clo hing insula ion and a signi ican ly di e en he mal
sensa ion. A physiological ac o migh ha e in luenced he pe cei ed he mal com o o his occupan .
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 21 o 33
I mus also be no ed ha , e en wi h an ope a i e empe a u e o 18
◦
C, he he mal condi ion measu ed
(Figu e 14a) is below he lowe limi o he com o ange. I migh indica e ha his limi is no always
su icien o assu e a com o condi ion and ha i also depends on ex e nal condi ions.
In mid-May, he adap i e com o cha (Figu e 14b) showed he mal com o condi ions in he
cen e o he com o ange. In his pe iod h ee occupan s answe ed as being “neu al” (com o able)
(1.2–1.6 me ; 0.43–0.47 clo) and one as being “sligh ly cool” (1.2 me ; 1.04 clo). The esul s om he
subjec i e e alua ion showed occupan s’ “neu ali y,” which ollows he esul s om he objec i e
measu emen s. As in p e ious moni o ing, he occupan eeling uncom o able had highe clo hing
insula ion ( he double) and a conside able di e en he mal sensa ion, indica ing he in luence o he
physiological diso de on he pe cei ed he mal sensa ion.
The di e ence be ween he wo days o he moni o ing was isible in he signi ican ly di e en
he mal condi ions, whe e he inc ease in he ou doo unning mean empe a u e was less han 2
◦
C.
S ill, indoo s he ope a i e empe a u e inc eased mo e han 4
◦
C. This di e ence was due o he
inc ease in he numbe o hou s wi h inciden sola adia ion and wi h mo e in ensi y in May.
4.3. Summe
Summe moni o ing was ca ied om 21 June o 20 Sep embe 2015. Du ing he ep esen a i e
moni o ing pe iod analyzed (15 July o 16 Augus 2015), he ou doo mean ai empe a u e was o
abou 19
◦
C, wi h maximum alues o en a ound 22–23
◦
C and minimum alues equen ly abo e
15 ◦C (Table 6; Figu e 15a).
Table 6.
Compa ison be ween ou doo and indoo ai empe a u es and ela i e humidi y alues
du ing Summe .
Summe
Ou doo Recep ion “Dining Room” Exhibi ion Room “Class oom”
Tempe a u e (◦C)
Mean 19.2 22.9 23.0 23.2 23.6
Maximum
27.3 27.2 27.8 26.6 27.2
Minimum 10.7 18.6 18.2 18.9 18.9
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Mean 79.9 65.8 66.0 66.1 65.8
Maximum
92.3 76.0 70.0 71.0 71.0
Minimum 37.1 56.0 60.0 60.0 58.0
Rega ding indoo empe a u e, as in p e ious seasons, he mean, maximum and minimum alues
we e e y simila o all he moni o ed ooms (Table 6). Du ing he analyzed pe iod, all he ooms
we e abo e 18 ◦C and below 25 ◦C o 85–90% o he ime.
The mean empe a u e was a ound 23–24
◦
C and o en he e was a daily a ia ion o 4–5
◦
C
(Table 6; Figu e 15a). The “class oom” had he highes mean empe a u e, while he “dining oom”
had he highes and lowes maximum and minimum empe a u e, espec i ely (Table 6). The sola
exposu e o he wo ooms in luenced hese alues. The “class oom” has açades and windows acing
eas and sou h, ecei ing sola adia ion du ing he mo ning and pa o he a e noon. The “dining
oom” has no h and wes o ien ed açades and is he oom wi h he highes numbe o windows (2
a no h and 3 a wes açade walls,
≈
1 m
2
each), wi h he highes mean daily empe a u e a ia ion.
Ha ing a he same ime a açade ecei ing in ense di ec sola adia ion du ing all he a e noon
and a “coole ” açade wi h windows ha almos do no ecei e di ec sola adia ion in his season.
The ecep ion had he lowes mean empe a u e eco d and an a e age daily empe a u e a ia ion
(a ound 4.5
◦
C) simila o ha o he “dining oom.” In he ecep ion, his a ia ion was due o he
di ec con ac wi h he ou doo en i onmen and en ila ion h ough he always-open en ance doo
du ing he opening hou s.
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 22 o 33
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 o 33
4.3. Summe
Summe moni o ing was ca ied om 21s June o 20 h Sep embe 2015. Du ing he
ep esen a i e moni o ing pe iod analyzed (15 h July o 16 h Augus 2015), he ou doo mean ai
empe a u e was o abou 19 °C, wi h maximum alues o en a ound 22–23 °C and minimum alues
equen ly abo e 15 °C (Table 6; Figu e 15a).
Table 6. Compa ison be ween ou doo and indoo ai empe a u es and ela i e humidi y alues
du ing Summe .
Summe
Ou doo
Recep ion “Dining Room” Exhibi ion Room “Class oom”
Tempe a u e (°C)
Mean 19.2 22.9 23.0 23.2 23.6
Maximum 27.3 27.2 27.8 26.6 27.2
Minimum 10.7 18.6 18.2 18.9 18.9
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Mean 79.9 65.8 66.0 66.1 65.8
Maximum 92.3 76.0 70.0 71.0 71.0
Minimum 37.1 56.0 60.0 60.0 58.0
(a)
(b)
Figu e 15. Summe moni o ing: (a) Indoo and ou doo ai empe a u e p o iles; (b) Indoo and
ou doo ai ela i e humidi y p o iles.
Rega ding indoo empe a u e, as in p e ious seasons, he mean, maximum and minimum
alues we e e y simila o all he moni o ed ooms (Table 6). Du ing he analyzed pe iod, all he
ooms we e abo e 18 °C and below 25 °C o 85–90% o he ime.
The mean empe a u e was a ound 23–24 °C and o en he e was a daily a ia ion o 4–5 °C
(Table 6; Figu e 15a). The “class oom” had he highes mean empe a u e, while he “dining oom”
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
15/0 7/1 5
16/0 7/1 5
17/0 7/1 5
18/0 7/1 5
19/0 7/1 5
20/0 7/1 5
21/0 7/1 5
22/0 7/1 5
23/0 7/1 5
24/0 7/1 5
25/0 7/1 5
26/0 7/1 5
27/0 7/1 5
28/0 7/1 5
29/0 7/1 5
30/0 7/1 5
31/0 7/1 5
01/0 8/1 5
02/0 8/1 5
03/0 8/1 5
04/0 8/1 5
05/0 8/1 5
06/0 8/1 5
07/0 8/1 5
08/0 8/1 5
09/0 8/1 5
10/0 8/1 5
11/0 8/1 5
12/0 8/1 5
13/0 8/1 5
14/0 8/1 5
15/0 8/1 5
16/0 8/1 5
Tempe a u e (°C)
Ou doo Exhibi ion oom - g ound gloo Dining oom School oom Recep ion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
15/07/15
16/07/15
17/07/15
18/07/15
19/07/15
20/07/15
21/07/15
22/07/15
23/07/15
24/07/15
25/07/15
26/07/15
27/07/15
28/07/15
29/07/15
30/07/15
31/07/15
01/08/15
02/08/15
03/08/15
04/08/15
05/08/15
06/08/15
07/08/15
08/08/15
09/08/15
10/08/15
11/08/15
12/08/15
13/08/15
14/08/15
15/08/15
16/08/15
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Ou doo Exhibi ion oom - g ound loo Dining oom School oom Recep ion
Figu e 15.
Summe moni o ing: (
a
) Indoo and ou doo ai empe a u e p o iles; (
b
) Indoo and
ou doo ai ela i e humidi y p o iles.
Fo he ela i e humidi y, as in p e ious seasons, he ou doo p o ile had a highe ou doo
day/nigh a ia ion (abou 20–30%), whe e he mean was o 80% and maximum and minimum alues
o en a ound 90 and 70%, espec i ely (Table 6; Figu e 15b). In con as , indoo spaces had mo e s able
ela i e humidi y p o iles, wi h small a ia ions and a e age alues a ound 66%. In he ecep ion,
i is possible o see some peaks in he pa e n ha ma ches wi h he opening hou s o he museum.
Ne e heless, du ing he analyzed pe iod, he pe cen age o ime wi h ela i e humidi y alues be ween
20–70% (Ca ego y III) in all ooms was highe han 85% (in some ooms mo e han 95%), no exceeding
by a he uppe limi . Indoo ela i e humidi y p o iles we e e y s able, wi hin accep able alues and
below ou doo alues.
Rega ding he he mal com o assessmen , he esul s o his season show ha he ecep ion
had he mal com o condi ions in he cen e o he com o ange (Figu e 16). In he su ey, he wo
occupan s answe ed as being “neu al” (com o able) (1.2 me ; 0.44 and 0.46 clo) as he objec i e
measu emen indica ed. In his measu emen , he occupan who has a physiological diso de was
no p esen . The e o e, i was no possible o e i y he impac o he illness on he he mal sensa ion
du ing summe .
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 23 o 33
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 o 33
had he highes and lowes maximum and minimum empe a u e, espec i ely (Table 6). The sola
exposu e o he wo ooms in luenced hese alues. The “class oom” has açades and windows acing
eas and sou h, ecei ing sola adia ion du ing he mo ning and pa o he a e noon. The “dining
oom” has no h and wes o ien ed açades and is he oom wi h he highes numbe o windows (2
a no h and 3 a wes açade walls, ≈1 m
2
each), wi h he highes mean daily empe a u e a ia ion.
Ha ing a he same ime a açade ecei ing in ense di ec sola adia ion du ing all he a e noon and
a “coole ” açade wi h windows ha almos do no ecei e di ec sola adia ion in his season. The
ecep ion had he lowes mean empe a u e eco d and an a e age daily empe a u e a ia ion
(a ound 4.5 °C) simila o ha o he “dining oom.” In he ecep ion, his a ia ion was due o he
di ec con ac wi h he ou doo en i onmen and en ila ion h ough he always-open en ance doo
du ing he opening hou s.
Fo he ela i e humidi y, as in p e ious seasons, he ou doo p o ile had a highe ou doo
day/nigh a ia ion (abou 20–30%), whe e he mean was o 80% and maximum and minimum alues
o en a ound 90 and 70%, espec i ely (Table 6; Figu e 15b). In con as , indoo spaces had mo e
s able ela i e humidi y p o iles, wi h small a ia ions and a e age alues a ound 66%. In he
ecep ion, i is possible o see some peaks in he pa e n ha ma ches wi h he opening hou s o he
museum. Ne e heless, du ing he analyzed pe iod, he pe cen age o ime wi h ela i e humidi y
alues be ween 20–70% (Ca ego y III) in all ooms was highe han 85% (in some ooms mo e han
95%), no exceeding by a he uppe limi . Indoo ela i e humidi y p o iles we e e y s able, wi hin
accep able alues and below ou doo alues.
Rega ding he he mal com o assessmen , he esul s o his season show ha he ecep ion
had he mal com o condi ions in he cen e o he com o ange (Figu e 16). In he su ey, he wo
occupan s answe ed as being “neu al” (com o able) (1.2 me ; 0.44 and 0.46 clo) as he objec i e
measu emen indica ed. In his measu emen , he occupan who has a physiological diso de was no
p esen . The e o e, i was no possible o e i y he impac o he illness on he he mal sensa ion
du ing summe .
Figu e 16. Adap i e com o cha . The mal com o empe a u e (ope a i e empe a u e) in he
ecep ion du ing one ep esen a i e summe day.
F om he esul s o his season, i was possible o see ha he building showed good com o
condi ions wi hou he use o cooling sys ems. E en he lowe capaci y o egula e he in luence o
ou doo he mal a ia ions in he indoo en i onmen (as shown in Figu e 15a), as he building is a
ligh weigh cons uc ion and due o i s loca ion in a zone wi h a mild summe clima e (o en wi h
minimum empe a u es abo e 15 °C and maximum empe a u es lowe han 25 °C) allowed he
building o ha e good he mal condi ions in a ee- unning mode du ing summe . In coas line a eas
om coun ies wi h empe a e clima es, he low he mal mass o cons uc ions is compensa ed by he
p esence o he sea, which allows a na u al egula ion o he mal a ia ions [50]. Addi ionally, he
low occupancy densi y, o ice equipmen and ligh ing led o low in e nal hea gains and did no a ec
Figu e 16.
Adap i e com o cha . The mal com o empe a u e (ope a i e empe a u e) in he
ecep ion du ing one ep esen a i e summe day.
F om he esul s o his season, i was possible o see ha he building showed good com o
condi ions wi hou he use o cooling sys ems. E en he lowe capaci y o egula e he in luence
o ou doo he mal a ia ions in he indoo en i onmen (as shown in Figu e 15a), as he building
is a ligh weigh cons uc ion and due o i s loca ion in a zone wi h a mild summe clima e (o en
wi h minimum empe a u es abo e 15
◦
C and maximum empe a u es lowe han 25
◦
C) allowed
he building o ha e good he mal condi ions in a ee- unning mode du ing summe . In coas line
a eas om coun ies wi h empe a e clima es, he low he mal mass o cons uc ions is compensa ed
by he p esence o he sea, which allows a na u al egula ion o he mal a ia ions [
50
]. Addi ionally,
he low occupancy densi y, o ice equipmen and ligh ing led o low in e nal hea gains and did no
a ec he he mal en i onmen conside ably. Besides, he p omo ion o na u al en ila ion, due o he
pe manen opening o he en ance doo , also allows emo ing he mal loads.
4.4. Au umn
The Au umn moni o ing was ca ied om 21s Sep embe o 20 h Decembe 2015. Du ing he
ep esen a i e moni o ing pe iod analyzed (15 h Oc obe o 16 h No embe 2015), he ou doo mean
ai empe a u e was 16.5
◦
C (Table 7). In his season, maximum and minimum alues a e e y a iable
h oughou he days bu he maximum was o en abo e 20
◦
C and he minimum equen ly be ween
10
◦
C and 15
◦
C (Table 8; Figu e 17a). I is isible he di e ence be ween he i s and he second pa s o
he analyzed pe iod, wi h maximum and minimum empe a u e alues dec easing in he second hal .
Table 7.
Compa ison be ween ou doo and indoo ai empe a u es and ela i e humidi y alues
du ing Au umn.
Au umn
Ou doo Recep ion “Dining Room” Exhibi ion Room “Class oom”
Tempe a u e (◦C)
Mean 16.5 19.3 18.8 19.3 19.7
Maximum
25.8 24.4 25.4 24.3 25.6
Minimum 8.5 14.8 14.3 15.0 14.9
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Mean 80.3 69.0 68.3 68.2 69.1
Maximum
93.3 80.0 72.0 76.0 81.0
Minimum 34.1 50.0 57.0 53.0 51.0
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 24 o 33
Table 8. Building ene gy simula ion condi ions and inpu in o ma ion.
Wea he Da a (EPW) [27] Po o
Clima e zone [15]
Hea ing Deg ee Day (HDD) 1
Summe mean ou doo empe a u e
I2-V2 (Win e –I; Summe –V |1-Mild; 2-Medium; 3–Ha sh)
1304
20.9 ◦C
In e nal hea gains [15]7 W/m2
Maximum U- alue o ex e nal walls [15]0.40 W/(m2·◦C)
Ai change a e Minimum 0.6 ach
Hea ing/Cooling empe a u e se poin [15,48] 18–25 ◦C
Ope a ion Schedules
In e nal gains On 9 a.m. o 5 p.m.
Windows opening O 24/7
Windows shading G ound loo : On 24/7
Uppe loo : No sola p o ec ion
Doo s opening Main en ance and i s loo eas açade balcony
Summe : Open 9 a.m. o 5 p.m. All o he days: Closed.
HVAC (simple 2) (18–25 ◦C) On 7:30 a.m. o 5 p.m.
Mechanical en ila ion ( o assu e he minimum 0.6 ach) On 24/7
1
HDD is a wea he -based echnical index designed o desc ibe he amoun o ene gy needed o hea a building o a
com o able empe a u e, aking in o conside a ion he ou doo empe a u e [
51
,
52
]. In he Po uguese he mal
pe o mance egula ion, he com o able baseline empe a u e is 18
◦
Celsius [
15
]. Thus he HDD indica es he daily
a e age ou doo empe a u e lowe han he baseline;
2
The hea ing/cooling sys em was modelled using ideal loads
and he co esponding ene gy consump ion is modelled as a pos -p ocess [24].
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 o 33
he he mal en i onmen conside ably. Besides, he p omo ion o na u al en ila ion, due o he
pe manen opening o he en ance doo , also allows emo ing he mal loads.
4.4. Au umn
The Au umn moni o ing was ca ied om 21s Sep embe o 20 h Decembe 2015. Du ing he
ep esen a i e moni o ing pe iod analyzed (15 h Oc obe o 16 h No embe 2015), he ou doo mean
ai empe a u e was 16.5 °C (Table 7). In his season, maximum and minimum alues a e e y
a iable h oughou he days bu he maximum was o en abo e 20 °C and he minimum equen ly
be ween 10 °C and 15 °C (Table 8; Figu e 17a). I is isible he di e ence be ween he i s and he
second pa s o he analyzed pe iod, wi h maximum and minimum empe a u e alues dec easing
in he second hal .
Table 7. Compa ison be ween ou doo and indoo ai empe a u es and ela i e humidi y alues
du ing Au umn.
Au umn
Ou doo Recep ion “Dining Room” Exhibi ion Room “Class oom”
Tempe a u e (°C)
Mean 16.5 19.3 18.8 19.3 19.7
Maximum 25.8 24.4 25.4 24.3 25.6
Minimum 8.5 14.8 14.3 15.0 14.9
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Mean 80.3 69.0 68.3 68.2 69.1
Maximum 93.3 80.0 72.0 76.0 81.0
Minimum 34.1 50.0 57.0 53.0 51.0
(a)
(b)
Figu e 17. Au umn moni o ing: (a) Indoo and ou doo ai empe a u e p o iles; (b) Indoo and
ou doo ai ela i e humidi y p o iles.
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
15 /1 0/1 5
16 /1 0/1 5
17 /1 0/1 5
18 /1 0/1 5
19 /1 0/1 5
20 /1 0/1 5
21 /1 0/1 5
22 /1 0/1 5
23 /1 0/1 5
24 /1 0/1 5
25 /1 0/1 5
25 /1 0/1 5
26 /1 0/1 5
27 /1 0/1 5
28 /1 0/1 5
29 /1 0/1 5
30 /1 0/1 5
31 /1 0/1 5
01 /1 1/1 5
02 /1 1/1 5
03 /1 1/1 5
04 /1 1/1 5
05 /1 1/1 5
06 /1 1/1 5
07 /1 1/1 5
08 /1 1/1 5
09 /1 1/1 5
10 /1 1/1 5
11 /1 1/1 5
12 /1 1/1 5
13 /1 1/1 5
14 /1 1/1 5
15 /1 1/1 5
Tempe a u e (°C)
Ou doo Exhibi ion oom - g ound gloo Dining oom School oom Recep ion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
15 /1 0/1 5
16 /1 0/1 5
17 /1 0/1 5
18 /1 0/1 5
19 /1 0/1 5
20 /1 0/1 5
21 /1 0/1 5
22 /1 0/1 5
23 /1 0/1 5
24 /1 0/1 5
25 /1 0/1 5
25 /1 0/1 5
26 /1 0/1 5
27 /1 0/1 5
28 /1 0/1 5
29 /1 0/1 5
30 /1 0/1 5
31 /1 0/1 5
01 /1 1/1 5
02 /1 1/1 5
03 /1 1/1 5
04 /1 1/1 5
05 /1 1/1 5
06 /1 1/1 5
07 /1 1/1 5
08 /1 1/1 5
09 /1 1/1 5
10 /1 1/1 5
11 /1 1/1 5
12 /1 1/1 5
13 /1 1/1 5
14 /1 1/1 5
15 /1 1/1 5
Rela i e Humidi y (%)
Ou doo Exhibi ion oom - g ound loo Dining oom School oom Recep ion
Figu e 17.
Au umn moni o ing: (
a
) Indoo and ou doo ai empe a u e p o iles; (
b
) Indoo and
ou doo ai ela i e humidi y p o iles.
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 25 o 33
As in p e ious seasons, indoo empe a u e p o iles we e e y simila o all he moni o ed
ooms (Table 7; Figu e 17a). Indoo empe a u e a ia ion ollowed he ou doo end, being he
maximum daily alues close o ou doo while minimum daily alues we e always highe (a ound
6
◦
C) (Figu e 17a). In Figu e 17a i is isible he di e ence be ween he i s and he second pa s
o he analyzed pe iod, wi h maximum and minimum empe a u e alues dec easing in he second
hal , bo h ou doo s and indoo s. The mean indoo empe a u e was be ween 18.8–19.7
◦
C (Table 7).
Du ing he analyzed pe iod, he empe a u e in all he ooms was always below 25
◦
C and abo e 18
◦
C
o 70–81% o he ime.
Rega ding ela i e humidi y, he ou doo day/nigh a ia ion was mo e egula du ing he second
pa o he analyzed pe iod (
≈
20%), equen ly wi h maximum alues a ound 90% and minimum
be ween 60 and 70% (Figu e 17b; Table 7). Indoo s, he ela i e humidi y p o iles o all ooms a e
mo e s able han ou doo s showing mino daily a ia ions.
In he i s hal o he measu ed pe iod, i is isible a sudden d op in indoo ela i e humidi y,
ollowing he wo days wi h he lowes alues o ou doo ela i e humidi y. A e his e en , ou doo
ela i e humidi y wen back o ypical alues bu indoo s ook almos i e days o inc ease o p e ious
alues, a ound 70%. The mean alues a e simila o all ooms and abou 70% (Table 7). In he case o
he ecep ion, some highe peaks a e isible, which coincide wi h he opening hou s o he museum.
Du ing he analyzed pe iod, al hough he pe cen age o ime wi h ela i e humidi y alues
be ween 20–70% (Ca ego y III) in all ooms was a ound 50–60%, he uppe limi was no exceeded by
a . Ne e heless, i has o be highligh ed he ela i e s abili y o indoo mois u e, due o he capaci y
o imbe s uc u es o egula e he mois u e (i.e., abili y o abso b and elease humidi y) [7,45].
In he he mal com o assessmen , he esul s o Au umn show ha he ecep ion had a he mal
com o condi ion below bu close o, he lowe limi o he com o ange (Figu e 18). In he su ey,
he wo occupan s answe ed as being “neu al” (com o able) (1.2–1.6 me ; 0.86 and 0.69 clo, espec i ely).
Al hough he su ey esul s do no con i m he objec i e measu emen , he he mal condi ion poin is
close o he limi . The in e sely p opo ional ela ionship be ween he me abolic a e and he clo h
insula ion o he wo occupan s has in luenced hei he mal sensa ion, showing he adap a ion o he
wo o sa is y hei com o needs. A dec ease o one o hese a iables could ha e been su icien
o change hei answe s. In his measu emen , he occupan ha has a physiological diso de was
no wo king.
Sus ainabili y 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 o 33
As in p e ious seasons, indoo empe a u e p o iles we e e y simila o all he moni o ed
ooms (Table 7; Figu e 17a). Indoo empe a u e a ia ion ollowed he ou doo end, being he
maximum daily alues close o ou doo while minimum daily alues we e always highe (a ound 6
°C) (Figu e 17a). In Figu e 17a i is isible he di e ence be ween he i s and he second pa s o he
analyzed pe iod, wi h maximum and minimum empe a u e alues dec easing in he second hal ,
bo h ou doo s and indoo s. The mean indoo empe a u e was be ween 18.8–19.7 °C (Table 7). Du ing
he analyzed pe iod, he empe a u e in all he ooms was always below 25 °C and abo e 18 °C o
70–81% o he ime.
Rega ding ela i e humidi y, he ou doo day/nigh a ia ion was mo e egula du ing he
second pa o he analyzed pe iod (≈20%), equen ly wi h maximum alues a ound 90% and
minimum be ween 60 and 70% (Figu e 17b; Table 7). Indoo s, he ela i e humidi y p o iles o all
ooms a e mo e s able han ou doo s showing mino daily a ia ions.
In he i s hal o he measu ed pe iod, i is isible a sudden d op in indoo ela i e humidi y,
ollowing he wo days wi h he lowes alues o ou doo ela i e humidi y. A e his e en , ou doo
ela i e humidi y wen back o ypical alues bu indoo s ook almos i e days o inc ease o
p e ious alues, a ound 70%. The mean alues a e simila o all ooms and abou 70% (Table 7). In
he case o he ecep ion, some highe peaks a e isible, which coincide wi h he opening hou s o he
museum.
Du ing he analyzed pe iod, al hough he pe cen age o ime wi h ela i e humidi y alues
be ween 20–70% (Ca ego y III) in all ooms was a ound 50–60%, he uppe limi was no exceeded
by a . Ne e heless, i has o be highligh ed he ela i e s abili y o indoo mois u e, due o he
capaci y o imbe s uc u es o egula e he mois u e (i.e., abili y o abso b and elease humidi y)
[7,45].
In he he mal com o assessmen , he esul s o Au umn show ha he ecep ion had a he mal
com o condi ion below bu close o, he lowe limi o he com o ange (Figu e 18). In he su ey,
he wo occupan s answe ed as being “neu al” (com o able) (1.2–1.6 me ; 0.86 and 0.69 clo,
espec i ely). Al hough he su ey esul s do no con i m he objec i e measu emen , he he mal
condi ion poin is close o he limi . The in e sely p opo ional ela ionship be ween he me abolic
a e and he clo h insula ion o he wo occupan s has in luenced hei he mal sensa ion, showing
he adap a ion o he wo o sa is y hei com o needs. A dec ease o one o hese a iables could
ha e been su icien o change hei answe s. In his measu emen , he occupan ha has a
physiological diso de was no wo king.
Figu e 18. Adap i e com o cha . The mal com o empe a u e (ope a i e empe a u e) in he
ecep ion du ing one ep esen a i e au umn day.
Addi ionally, as in Sp ing, i mus also be no ed ha e en wi h an ope a i e empe a u e o 19.6
°C, he he mal condi ion measu ed (Figu e 18) was below he lowe limi o he com o ange. This
condi ion shows ha he design alue o 18 °C o hea ing (Ca ego y III), is a minimum and ha is
no always su icien o assu e a com o condi ion, being dependen on he ex e nal condi ions.
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Θ
o
- Ope a i e empe a u e (ºC)
Θ
m
- Ou doo unning mean empe a u e (ºC)
Uppe limi
Θ
o
= 0.43Θ
m
+15.6+3
Lowe limi
Θ
o
= 0.43Θ
m
+15.6-3
Ope a ion s a us o he
hea ing/cooling sys em: OFF
Figu e 18.
Adap i e com o cha . The mal com o empe a u e (ope a i e empe a u e) in he
ecep ion du ing one ep esen a i e au umn day.
Addi ionally, as in Sp ing, i mus also be no ed ha e en wi h an ope a i e empe a u e o
19.6
◦
C, he he mal condi ion measu ed (Figu e 18) was below he lowe limi o he com o ange.
This condi ion shows ha he design alue o 18
◦
C o hea ing (Ca ego y III), is a minimum and ha
is no always su icien o assu e a com o condi ion, being dependen on he ex e nal condi ions.
Sus ainabili y 2020,12, 10484 32 o 33
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a ilia ions.
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2020 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access
a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
(CC BY) license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).