Crianças, jovens e media: perspetivas atuais

Child en, you h and media: cu en pe spec i es C ianças, jo ens e media: pe spe i as a uais Sa a Pe ei a Communica ion and Socie y Resea ch Cen e, Ins i u e o Social Sciences, Uni e si y o Minho, Po ugal C is ina Pon e ICNOVA - NOVA Ins i u e o Communica ion, Facul y o Human and Social Sciences, NOVA Uni e si y, Po ugal Nelly Elias Depa men o Communica ion S udies, Facul y o Humani ies and Social Sciences, Ben-Gu ion Uni e si y o he Nege , Is ael O e he pas wo decades, he e has been a su ge in esea ch abou he ela ion- ship be ween child en, young people and he media, in e ms o he numbe o s udies p oduced, opics add essed and me hodologies used. Due o i s mul idisciplina y na- u e, his a ea has a i med i s posi ion in he ield o Communica ion Sciences and has ma ked he scien i ic agenda and inspi ed public deba e abou he impac o he media on he li es o child en and young people and how hey use and app op ia e in o ma ion and p oduce media con en . The digi al age has c ea ed new media and pla o ms and gene a ed a g ea e di e si y o con en , wi h child en and young people using di e en ways o access and dis inc consump ion and communica ion p ac ices. This si ua ion has gene a ed new esea ch challenges, aised new opics and o e s new clues o s udy he media wo ld and i s ac ion on he iden i ies, cul u es and igh s o child en and young people. A he ime ha his jou nal is being p epa ed and launched, he wo ld is con on - ing he Co id-19 pandemic ha has obliged people o spend weeks con ined in hei own homes. Fo many people, digi al sc eens ha e been hei main windows on he wo ld. I is highly p obable ha child en and amilies ha e spen ye mo e ime in on o sc eens – o en e ain hemsel es, alk o amily and iends, om whom hey a e now dis anced, and conduc hei school ac i i ies, now p o ided ia digi al de ices and in some coun- ies, such as Po ugal, also ia ele ision. Suddenly, awa eness o digi al inequali ies has been e i ed, in e ms o basic ques ions o access. The expe ience o he Co id-19 pandemic has s imula ed new a enues o esea ch, in line wi h p e ious s udies, while ce ain opics – such as social uses and pa en al me- dia ion – ha e become e en mo e ele an . Cu en empi ical e idence indica es ha younge child en a e d awn o digi al de ices because hei ease-o -use allows hem o engage wi h hei a ou i e apps and websi es wi hou he need o adul in e en ion, which engende s a pe sonal sense o Comunicação e Sociedade, ol. 37, 2020, pp. 9-18 h ps://doi.o g/10.17231/comsoc.37(2020).2687 Comunicação e Sociedade, ol. 37, 2020 10 Child en, you h and media: cu en pe spec i es . Sa a Pe ei a, C is ina Pon e & Nelly Elias agency, achie emen and con ol o e echnology (Holloway, G een & Lo e, 2014; Neu- mann, 2014). S udies indica e ha use o educa ional apps by child en aged 2-3 helps hem acqui e p e-li e acy skills (T ose h, Russo, & S ouse, 2016). Simila ly, equen use o apps ha o e d awing, pain ing and shape-building ools has been ound o enhance c ea i i y and ad anced mo o skills among child en aged ou o i e (Muis, Ranellucci, T e o s, & Du y, 2015; Neumann, 2014). In bo h cases, he posi i e eedback p o ided by he apps du ing success ul ask comple ion has empowe ed child en’s lea ning p o- cesses – by inc easing hei sense o compe ence, independen accomplishmen and sel -wo h (Muis, Ranellucci, T e o s, & Du y, 2015; Neumann, 2014). Howe e , ecen s udies ha e also aised conce ns abou he po en ial nega i e ou comes o such digi al de ices on he de elopmen o younge child en. One p ima- y issue add esses pa en s’ endency o use sma phones and able s as “paci ie s” o “shu -up oys” – i.e. hey gi e mobile de ices o child en o keep hem occupied, calm hem down, as a ewa d, o as a disciplina y measu e (Holloway, G een, & Lo e, 2014; Kabali e al., 2015; Wa ella, Rideou , Lau icella, & Connell, 2013). Schola s a gue ha habi ual use o digi al de ices o calm down child en may dis up he de elopmen o in e nal sel - egula ion mechanisms. Fu he mo e, in ense engagemen wi h in e ac i e apps may displace language – and play-based in e ac ion wi h ca egi e s, siblings o pee s (Radesky, Schumache , & Zucke man, 2015). A en ion o long pe iods o use has also ma ked s udies on he media isa ion o childhood, in e ms o he ways ha media con en and pla o ms in luence all aspec s o child en’s li es – om pe sonal de elopmen o social li e (K o z, 2007). A no able longi udinal s udy in his con ex is he esea ch by Paus-Haseb ink, Kul e e and Sinne (2019) ha ollowed 18 Aus ian child en and hei amilies om disad an aged social backg ounds, o e a 12-yea pe iod. The s udy no only analysed he ways in which he media we e p esen and used be ween childhood and la e adolescence; i also analysed he way in which pa en al media ion has been ma ked by objec i e condi ions o exis - ence (op ions o ac ion), subjec i e eading o hese condi ions (ou lines o ac ion) and cogni ions and mo i a ions o ac (compe ences o ac ion). Obse a ion o he media ion en i onmen s be ween Po uguese amilies sepa a ed by wo decades has also o e ed ce ain clues abou he way ha digi al media has become a cons i u i e pa o doing amily. A compa ison be ween amilies wi h young child en in 1996, and amilies wi h young child en wen y yea s la e , has e ealed ha he e a e mo e pa en al media ion s a egies, which seem o encapsula e child en in a con iden bubble o p o ec ion ha p olongs childhood image y and he associa ed oman ic alues (Pon e, Pe ei a & Cas- o, 2019). A signi ican componen o pa en -child media beha iou consis s o s a egies ap- plied by pa en s o media e media use by hei child en. Un il ecen ly, he h ee main s a egies iden i ied in he li e a u e ha e been es ic i e media ion, in which pa en s se ules o media-use ime and con en selec ion; ins uc i e media ion, including con- e sa ions abou he con en iewed, sha ing o explana ions and emo ional esponses and exp ession o c i ical a i udes owa ds he media; and co- iewing, in which pa en s Comunicação e Sociedade, ol. 37, 2020 11 Child en, you h and media: cu en pe spec i es . Sa a Pe ei a, C is ina Pon e & Nelly Elias consume media oge he wi h hei child en (Lemish, 2015; Na hanson, 1999; Pe ei a, 1999; Valkenbu g, K cm a , Pee e s, & Ma seille, 1999). Wi h he ad ance o digi al media and i s g owing p esence in child en’s li es, e- sea che s ha e begun o explo e new media ion s a egies. While es ic i e and ins uc- i e media ion con inue o encompass all media, co- iewing has expanded o become co-use, including all o ms o media- ela ed ac i i ies. One inno a ion has been he inclu- sion o wo new media ion ca ego ies - supe ision and echnological media ion. Supe i- sion includes pa en s’ a emp s o emain close o hei child en when hey engage in media use, keeping an eye on he sc een. Pa en s who apply echnological media ion help child en acqui e media skills (Li & Shin, 2017; Nikken & Jansz, 2014; Nikken & Schols, 2015). Digi al media has also ad anced he in oduc ion o pa icipa o y lea ning, sug- ges ing ha pa en s and child en use such media o in e ac and collabo a e (Chiong & Shule , 2010; Nikken & Schols, 2015; Scho ield-Cla k, 2011). Howe e he egula use o media by child en and young people in hei daily li es seems o emain ou -o -s ep wi h i s use in schools. In 2006, Buckingham s a ed ha “inc easing numbe s o young people ind he use o echnology in schools limi ed, bo - ing and i ele an – pa icula ly as compa ed wi h he ways in which hey can use ech- nology in hei leisu e ime” (p. 2). Mo e han a decade la e , his was also one o he main conclusions o he Eu opean p ojec , “T ansli e acy – T ansmedia Li e acy”. A s udy de eloped wi h Po uguese eenage s, in he amewo k o his p ojec , e ealed ha he e is conside able dissonance be ween wha eenage s lea n in class ooms and hei e e yday li es and concluded ha : media uses, p ac ices, expe iences and lea ning come in o school by “peo- ple who li e in s uden s”, bu a e no explo ed, discussed, o alked abou . This educa ional, cul u al and echnological gap be ween he li es o young people inside and ou side he class oom is no a ecen phenomenon, bu i became e en mo e p onounced in he digi al e a, wi h he media e e y- whe e and being aken by s uden s in hei own pocke s. (Pe ei a, Fillol & Mou a, 2019, p. 47) Buckingham (2006) calls his gap he “new digi al di ide be ween home and school”, and belie es ha b idging i equi es special a en ion o young people’s digi al cul u es. As men ioned a he beginning, i is possible o assume, in ligh o he ongoing pandemic and he nume ous cons ain s and challenges ha i poses o amilies wi h child en, ha a ious ypes o media now assume an e en mo e p ominen place in amilies’ li es. In o he wo ds, du ing he lockdown pe iod, child en ha e used media o longe pe iods o ime and pa en s ha e become mo e dependen on media o a- cili a e a ious child- ea ing ou ines. School i sel is now eaching homes ia sc eens, which should no be seen as a nega i e de elopmen . As no ed by Da na Lemish (2020), media may ac ually help child en and pa en s du ing hei p olonged pe iods o ime a home. The a ie y o websi es, TV p og ammes, applica ions and compu e games can each and amuse, elease ensions, and sa egua d people’s heal h. Mo eo e , he new Comunicação e Sociedade, ol. 37, 2020 12 Child en, you h and media: cu en pe spec i es . Sa a Pe ei a, C is ina Pon e & Nelly Elias in e pe sonal communica ion ools can make i easie o s ay in ouch wi h iends and ela i es and p o ide lea ning amewo ks du ing he school lockdown. Media can also p o ide sha ed iewing oppo uni ies o amilies, and he eby os e a sense o oge he - ness and bonding du ing a s ess ul ime, while pa en s may also employ media use as a eplacemen o pa en -child in e ac ion when hey eel ha hey ha e less s amina o pa en ing. On he o he hand, pa en s should also be awa e ha ex ensi e media exposu e may o e s imula e child en’s b ains and os e agg essi e beha iou , encou age seden- a y habi s and unheal hy ea ing, igge ea and anxie y, and educe he ime a ailable o o he ac i i ies ha p omo e physical and men al heal h (Lemish, 2020). Acco dingly, pa en al media ion o child en’s media use is e en mo e essen ial when pa en s and chil- d en spend a g ea deal o ime oge he a home, aimed a de i ing bene i om media use while educing i s nega i e e ec s. In he in luen ial blog Pa en ing o a Digi al Fu u e, Sonia Li ings one (2020) claims ha his new “digi al-by-de aul ” eali y also poses se e al majo conce ns, s a ing wi h he ac ha no all amilies can a o d he echnology o connec i i y o suppo home- schooling and no all child en (especially hose wi h special educa ional needs) can be eached and educa ed online. Mo eo e , many pa en s may ind i di icul o loca e and e alua e online esou ces app op ia e o hei child en’s abili ies and hei amily’s ci - cums ances. Finally, his new eali y highligh s he dange o da a ica ion and digi al su - eillance – whe he by go e nmen s o businesses o bo h - as mo e o amilies’ and chil- d en’s p i a e li es ake place online (Li ings one, 2020). In his new eali y, he media li e acy o pa en s and child en is mo e impo an han e e , in o de o become mo e awa e o online isks and s ike he igh balance be ween o line and online ways o li e. This olume dedica ed o he ela ionship be ween child en, young people and he media ecei ed an excellen esponse om na ional and o eign esea che s, wi h he submission o a ound 50 pape s. Using a double blind e iew p ocess, we selec ed he nine a icles o his issue. The con ibu o s om a ious di e en coun ies, o e a ans- e sal esponse o hese ques ions, a bo h a hema ic and me hodological le el. None- heless, hei di e en social con ex s unde line he impo ance o he si ua ion and i s associa ed digi al and non-digi al condi ions. The i s wo a icles, om Spain and B azil, bo h sha e a pa icipa o y me hod- ological o ien a ion in e ms o esea ch in ol ing child en and young people, ocusing no only on he oices, bu also he eyes o child en and young people, e ealed h ough he choices o wha hey eco d in images and he way ha hey do i . “Guided pa icipa ion in you h media p ac ices”, by Julián de la Fuen e P ie o, Ru Ma ínez-Bo da and Pila Lacasa Díaz, analyses a collabo a i e media li e acy p ocess based on cul u ally signi ican ac i i ies in ol ing young people in Mad id, aged be ween 8 and 14 yea s old. These ac i i ies, conduc ed in pho og aphic language wo kshops in he p emises o he Tele onica Flagship S o e, highligh ed he po en ial o a collabo- a i e lea ning en i onmen o os e pa icipan s’ c i ical a en ion owa ds hei own p ac ices. The discussion also highligh ed he ac ha ha ing digi al de ices and being Comunicação e Sociedade, ol. 37, 2020 13 Child en, you h and media: cu en pe spec i es . Sa a Pe ei a, C is ina Pon e & Nelly Elias connec ed o o he s ia social ne wo ks om an ea ly age enabled hese young people o a icula e online and o line ac i i ies linked o hei in e es s. In his con ex , he images ha hey p oduced abou hemsel es and hei pee s appea ed as an exp ession o hei iden i y and ep esen a ion o habi s ma ked by hei in ense media expe ience. “Disposal and consump ion: isual pa icipa o y na a i es o child en and ado- lescen s li ing in Ja dim G amacho”, by Daniel Mei inho, explo es he en i onmen s o digi al and social exclusion o young people li ing in a communi y occupying a o me land ill in Rio de Janei o. The pho og aphs p oduced by he pa icipan s (aged be ween ou and 16 yea s old) in he con ex o he wo kshops o ganised by he au ho using he pho o oice me hod, e eal how hey isually ep esen social p ac ices o con empo a y consump ion and hei su ounding en i onmen o disca ded objec s. On he basis o he pho og aphic images eco ded by hese young au ho s and he subsequen discus- sion he eo , he au ho concludes ha , o hese child en and adolescen s li ing in an ou lying neighbou hood, “ he goods disposed and ound in he ash make pa o he cons i u ion o social ela ionships and iden i ies, o belonging o o dis ancing om he consume socie y” (p. 51). The ollowing wo a icles – om A gen ina and Po ugal – analyse he mig a ion o he home space, ocusing on he echnology-media ed ela ions ound he e. Ca olina Duek’s and Ma ina Moguillansky’s a icle, “Child en, digi al sc eens and amily: pa en al media ion p ac ices and gende ”, explo es digi al pa en ing as a gende - in luenced ac i i y. The quali a i e me hodology used by he au ho s d aws on pe sonal expe ience wi h echnology (in he o m o “ echnobiog aphies”), by child en and hei mo he s and a he s. The esul s o he su ey o u ban and middle-class amilies in A - gen ina e eal how “digi al pa en ing is gende ed, ollowing b oade cul u al ep esen a- ions based on he he e ono ma i e gende sys em o ole assigna ion” (p. 65). Fo he au ho s, i is necessa y o dena u alise social cons uc ions o pa en ing e lec ed in he media ing in e en ion o echnologies. They conclude ha his dena u alisa ion o gen- de oles and he dis ibu ion o wo k in amilies in ela ion o child en’s online ac i i ies will make an impo an con ibu ion o he ways ha amilies connec and in e ac wi h digi al echnologies and p ac ices. The a icle by Ca la C uz, Ca a ina F anco, Fábio Anunciação and Ma ia João Cunha – “Sc eens’ domes ica ion in childhood: uses and pa en al media ion in ci y and u al con ex s” – cha ac e ises he use o sc eens in unc ion o he na u e o he social en i- onmen s – u ban o u al – whe e Po uguese p eschool child en li e and he ways in which hei amilies in e ene in he in oduc ion and use o sc eens. The esea ch uses a ocus g oup me hodology wi h child en and hei pa en s and e eals ha he e is no di ec ela ionship be ween mo e u ban en i onmen s and he use o sc eens. On he con a y, pa en s in mo e u ban en i onmen s end o ha e a g ea e pe cep ion o he isks associa ed wi h excessi e exposu e o child en o echnological de ices and ensu e ha hey a e used less in ensi ely. The a icle also concludes ha he main pa en al mo- i a ion o child en o use sc eens is he conce n ha hei child en may o he wise su e social exclusion. Comunicação e Sociedade, ol. 37, 2020 14 Child en, you h and media: cu en pe spec i es . Sa a Pe ei a, C is ina Pon e & Nelly Elias Bá ba a Janiques and Lídia Ma ôpo ocus on mic o-celeb i ies, in “‘I’m so y you don’ lag i when you ad e ise’: audience and comme cial con en on he So ia Ba bosa YouTube channel”. Using ne nog aphy o s udy he channel o Po uguese you ube , So- ia Ba bosa, he au ho s analyse he commen s le by subsc ibe s in a sample o 10 id- eos, while conside ing he isual, e bal and comme cial aspec s o he ideos. The da a indica es ha a ela ionship o p oximi y and a ini y has been c ea ed be ween he you- ube and he audiences, who app o e and ecip oca e he s a egies o au hen ici y and in imacy. The e a e only occasional c i ical oices, due o he cons an calls o iewe s o consume p oduc s and he lack o anspa ency in ela ion o sponso ships. Acco ding o he au ho s, he esul s o his wo k help us unde s and he sociabili y o child en and young people gene a ed in he con ex o digi al consume cul u es. “You h, science, and media: pe cep ions o As onomy and Space Sciences in o - mal and in o mal con ex s” – by Sa a Anjos and Anabela Ca alho, highligh s he pe cep- ions o o y young people abou science, in pa icula As onomy and Space Sciences, while explo ing how hey app op ia e scien i ic in o ma ion o make decisions and o m opinions. Combining quan i a i e and quali a i e me hodologies, he esul s o he s udy e eal he impo ance o in o mal lea ning, in pa icula om he media, o he de elop- men o young people’s scien i ic li e acy. In gene al, he pa icipan s in he s udy do no delibe a ely sea ch o news abou science, hey do so casually, h ough he ins i u ions ha hey ollow on social ne wo ks, o example, which inspi es hem o unde ake new and complemen a y esea ch. One o he a icle’s key conclusions conce ns he de elop- men o skills as po en ial con en p oduce s, in a con e gence be ween science-based li e acy and media li e acy. The ollowing ex , by Au o a Labio-Be nal, Lo ena R. Rome o-Domínguez and Ma ía José Ga cía-O a, en i led “P o ec ion o mino s in he Eu opean digi al audio i- sual con ex : a necessa y dialogue be ween pa en s, academy, egula o s and indus y”, conce ns he issue o egula ion and p o ec ion o mino s. Resea che s a he Uni e si y o Se ille, in Spain, de end he need o expand he scope o child p o ec ion in he cu en digi al media en i onmen , h ough he in ol emen o egula o s, indus y, academia and pa en s. To suppo and de elop his idea, which is bo h a poin o depa u e and a i al, hey analyse seconda y da a om a da abase o documen s and p og ammes om di e en ins i u ions, while also analysing ini ia i es aken by Eu opean and Span- ish companies, in o de o e i y whe he measu es o p o ec child en wi h ega d o he media a e being implemen ed. Joana Fillol and Sa a Pe ei a a e he au ho s o he a icle, “Child en, young people and he news: a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew based on Communica ion Abs ac s”. Apply- ing he sys ema ic li e a u e e iew echnique o he Communica ion Abs ac s da abase, he au ho s aim o de ine he s a e o he a o a speci ic opic in child en and media s udies – he ela ionship be ween child en and young people and he news. Based on a sample o 146 i les, he au ho s analyse he sou ce o he s udies, he a eas ha a e mo e and less co e ed and he scien i ic jou nals ha gi e hem g ea e p ominence. The esul s indica e ha many o he app oaches a e based on ecep ion and ep esen a ion, Comunicação e Sociedade, ol. 37, 2020 15 Child en, you h and media: cu en pe spec i es . Sa a Pe ei a, C is ina Pon e & Nelly Elias wi h ewe s udies on p oduc ion, and e en ewe cases o wo ks ha ocus on pa en al media ion and he e hical issues o jou nalis ic co e age o cases ha in ol e child en and young people. In he inal a icle, child en and young people a e indi ec subjec s, while ocusing on he digi al skills and p ac ices o p ima y and seconda y school eache s in Mon e- neg o. The au ho s, Ida Co oni and Jelena Pe o ic, p esen he main conclusions o he “Global Kids Online” s udy, which was applied o a sample o 911 eache s om he coun y’s p ima y and seconda y schools. Using he concep o “digi al capi al”, om he mac o, meso and mic o social pe spec i es, as i s analy ic model, he s udy poin s o he need o g ea e in es men in educa ion in he la e wo le els. In e ms o pedagogical inno a ion, he s udy also highligh s he impo ance o de eloping eache s’ ans e sal skills in o de o imp o e hei digi al awa eness and c i ical analysis skills o he media. This issue ends wi h an in e iew wi h Hen y Jenkins, p o esso o Communica ion, Jou nalism, Film A s and Educa ion a he Uni e si y o Sou he n Cali o nia, conduc ed by Ped o Mou a, a PhD s uden in Communica ion Sciences a he Uni e si y o Minho. In “Child en and you h cul u es mee he challenges o pa icipa ion”, Jenkins no only discusses he concep o pa icipa ion – and he condi ions, objec i es and spaces in which his occu s – he also e lec s on he impo ance o pa icipa o y cul u e in he con- ex o a global c isis, whe ein his e lec ion can also be ansposed o he c isis caused by Co id-19. Th ough hei con e sa ion, Hen y Jenkins and Ped o Mou a lea e us wi h a signi ican a icle o hink abou and achie e a ulle unde s anding o pa icipa ion in he con ex o he cul u es o child en and young people. T ansla ion: Somb a Chinesa Unipessoal, Lda. Acknowledgemen s This wo k is unded by na ional unds h ough FCT – Fundação pa a a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., unde he p ojec UIDB/00736/2020. The Communica ion and Socie y Resea ch Cen e’ mul iannual p ojec (UIDB / 00736/2020) suppo ed he ansla ion o his in oduc ion. Re e ences Buckingham, D. (2006, Ma ch). Media Educa ion in he age o digi al echnology. Communica ion p esen ed a 10 h anni e sa y MED Cong ess “La sapienza di comunica e”, Rome. Chiong, C. & Shule , C. (2010). Lea ning: is he e an app o ha ? In es iga ions o young child en’s usage and lea ning wi h mobile de ices and apps. New Yo k: The Joan Ganz Cooney. Holloway, D., G een, L. & Lo e, C. (2014). ‘I ’s all abou he apps’: pa en al media ion o p eschoole s’ digi al li es.Media In e na ional Aus alia, Inco po a ing Cul u e & Policy, 153, 148-156. Kabali, H.K., I igoyen, M. M., Nunez-Da is, R., Budacki, G. J., Mohan y, H. S., Leis e , P. K. & Bonne , L. R. (2015). 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Re ie ed om h p://s a ic1.1.sqspcdn.com/s a ic/ /1083077/22839022/1370380073813/ PARENTING_IN_THE_AGE_OF_DIGITAL_TECHNOLOGY.pd ? oken=ywpuHSykX7ykiNp 4I emQ%2B PlX4%3D Biog aphical no es Sa a Pe ei a is Associa e P o esso a he Depa men o Communica ion Sciences and esea che a he Communica ion and Socie y Resea ch Cen e (CECS) a he Uni- e si y o Minho. He main esea ch a eas a e child en, young people and media and Media Li e acy. She has been chai o he Media Educa ion Resea ch sec ion o IAMCR – he In e na ional Associa ion o Media and Communica ion Resea ch since July 2019. She is co-coo dina o o MILobs – Obse a o y on Media, In o ma ion and Li e acy and co-au ho o he adio p og amme Ou ido C í ico, b oadcas ed weekly on An ena 1 since Feb ua y 2018. ORCID:h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-9978-3847 Email: [email p o ec ed] Add ess: Communica ion and Socie y Resea ch Cen e, Ins i u e o Social Sciences, Uni e si y o Minho, Campus de Gual a , 4710 - 057 B aga, Po ugal C is ina Pon e, PhD in Communica ion Sciences (2002) and Habili a ion in Media and Jou nalism S udies (2011) is Full P o esso in he Depa men o Communica ion Sciences a Facul y o Human and Social Sciences, NOVA Uni e si y. She has a wide expe ience on leading in e na ional and la ge eams o esea che s, such as he COST Ac ion “T ans o ming audiences ans o ming socie ies” (2010-14). Cu en ly, she is a membe o he ySkills p ojec (a Ho izon 2020 esea ch p ojec ) managemen g oup and he EU Kids Online ne wo k. Wi h a backg ound in Educa ion, she was ice-chai o he Audience and Recep ion sec ion (2008-2012) and o Child en, You h and Media wo king g oup (2012-2017), a he Educa ion and Communica ion Resea ch Eu opean Associa- ion (ECREA). She has esea ch on media and amily gene a ions wi h a ocus on chil- d en and media, and has published ex ensi ely on child en and media. Among he mos ecen publica ions is he co-edi ed book Digi al pa en ing. The challenges o amilies in he digi al age (No dicom, 2018). ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1534-4784 Email: C[email p o ec ed] Add ess: ICNOVA, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Uni e sidade NOVA de Lisboa, A . de Be na, 26-C, 1069-061 Lisboa, Po ugal Nelly Elias (PhD) is an Associa e P o esso a he Depa men o Communica ion S udies, Ben-Gu ion Uni e si y o he Nege , Is ael. Among he main esea ch in e es s a e he ole o digi al media in ea ly childhood and in pa en -child ela ions.Cu en ly she