Teachers' well-being in times of Covid-19 pandemic: factors that explain professional well-being

Fecha de ecepción: 13-07-2020 Fecha de acep ación: 25-07-2020 Al es, R., Lopes, T & P ecioso, J. (2021). El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 15, 203-217 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.5120 Página 203 Regina Al es, Te esa Lopes & José P ecioso. El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional Teache s' well-being in imes o Co id-19 pandemic: ac o s ha explain p o essional well-being Regina Al es. CIEC - Resea ch Cen e o Child S udies. Ins i u e o Educa ion, Uni e si y o Minho (Po ugal). gnal [email protected] Te esa Lopes. CIEC - Resea ch Cen e o Child S udies. Ins i u e o Educa ion, Uni e si y o Minho (Po ugal). e esa lopes@ne cabo.p José P ecioso. CIEC - Resea ch Cen e o Child S udies. Ins i u e o Educa ion, Uni e si y o Minho (Po ugal). [email p o ec ed]inho.p RESUMEN. El obje i o de es e es udio ans e sal ue desc ibi y analiza ac o es elacionados con el bienes a p o esional de los docen es po ugueses du an e la pandemia de COVID-19. Se aplicó un cues iona io alidado, anónimo y en línea a una mues a no p obabilís ica de docen es po ugueses. Además de las a iables sociodemog á icas y p o esionales, el cues iona io midió el bienes a subje i o y p o esional, la sa is acción con el sis ema educa i o y las pe spec i as u u as con espec o a las ci cuns ancias p o esionales. Se analiza on las ca ac e ís icas psicomé icas del cues iona io, se u ilizó la p ueba y ANOVA pa a analiza las di e encias en e las p incipales a iables y las ca ac e ís icas sociodemog á icas y p o esionales, jun o con el modelo lineal gene alizado pa a de e mina con mayo p ecisión los ac o es p edic o es de Bienes a p o esional de los docen es. Los esul ados mos a on que la mayo ía de los encues ados ienen una pe cepción mode adamen e posi i a del bienes a . Los docen es es aban sa is echos con el sis ema educa i o an es de la pandemia. La pandemia ha educido la pe cepción de bienes a en e a la p o esión, c eando cie a p eocupación en e los docen es sob e su u u o p o esional. El sexo, la du ación del se icio, el bienes a , las pe cepciones de las di icul ades de enseñanza y las pe spec i as u u as demos a on se p edic o es del bienes a p o esional en iempos de pandemia. Es e es udio p opo cionó bases cien í icas pa a el desa ollo de in e enciones que mejo an el bienes a p o esional de los docen es, que se cen an en el manejo emocional y el desa ollo de habilidades digi ales en docen es con la gas ca e as. Es a in es igación concluyó con e idencia exhaus i a de que exis e la necesidad de una mayo y más ue e in e sión en polí icas públicas pa a la e o ma y, en consecuencia, pa a la eno ación de la clase docen e. Fecha de ecepción: 13-07-2020 Fecha de acep ación: 25-07-2020 Al es, R., Lopes, T & P ecioso, J. (2021). El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 15, 203-217 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.5120 Página 204 Regina Al es, Te esa Lopes & José P ecioso. El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional PALABRAS CLAVE. COVID-19, docen es, bienes a , sa is acción labo al, pe spec i as de u u o. ABSTRACT. This c oss-sec ional s udy was aimed o desc ibe and analyse ac o s ela ed o he p o essional well-being o Po uguese eache s du ing he COVID-19 pandemic. A p e iously alida ed, anonymous and online ques ionnai e was applied o a non-p obabilis ic sample o Po uguese eache s. In addi ion o he socio-demog aphic and p o essional a iables, he ques ionnai e measu ed subjec i e and p o essional well-being, sa is ac ion wi h he educa ion sys em and u u e pe spec i es ega ding he p o essional ci cums ances. The psychome ic cha ac e is ics o he ques ionnai e we e analysed, he - es and ANOVA we e used o analyse he di e ences be ween he main a iables and he socio-demog aphic and p o essional cha ac e is ics, along wi h he gene alized linea model in o de o mo e p ecisely de e mine he p edic ing ac o s o eache s' p o essional well-being. The esul s showed ha he majo i y o esponden s ha e a mode a ely posi i e pe cep ion o well-being. Teache s we e sa is ied wi h he educa ion sys em be o e he pandemic. The pandemic has educed he pe cep ion o well-being in he ace o he p o ession, c ea ing some conce n among eache s abou hei p o essional u u e. Sex, leng h o se ice, well-being, pe cep ions o eaching di icul ies and u u e pe spec i es p o ed o be p edic o s o p o essional well-being in imes o pandemic. This s udy p o ided scien i ic bases o he de elopmen o in e en ions ha imp o e he p o essional well-being o eache s, which ocus on emo ional managemen and he de elopmen o digi al skills in eache s wi h long ca ee s. This piece o esea ch concluded wi h ho ough e idence ha he e is a need o u he and s onge in es men in public policies o he e o m and, consequen ly, o he enewal o he eaching class. KEY WORDS. COVID-19, Teache s, Well-being, Job sa is ac ion, u u e pe spec i es. 1. In oduc ion. The eaching p o ession appea s in he scien i ic li e a u e has ha ing a his o y ull o pe iods o c isis and discon en , s ongly guided by high a es o p o essional dissa is ac ion, s ess, bu nou and dep ession (Jensen e al., 2012; Ky iacou, 2001; Skaal ik & Skaal ik, 2015), linked o he as bu eauc acy, he excessi e wo kload, he g owing numbe o s uden s pe class, he la e s' lack o mo i a ion and/o in e es , inciden s o indiscipline, p eca iousness and p o essional ins abili y, he wo kload ou side he school en i onmen and he g owing use o echnology in eaching (Ga ick e al., 2018; Jensen e al., 2012; Ma e n & Baue , 2014; Skaal ik & Skaal ik, 2015).. Job sa is ac ion is composed o psychological, physiological and en i onmen al condi ions and ac o s ha , oge he , gua an ee posi i e eelings owa ds wo k (Azi i, 2011) and he e o e inc ease he a e o p oduc i i y and sense o well-being. The li e a u e e iew ca ied ou by Hongying (2007) p esen s i e explana o y ac o s o sa is ac ion wi h eaching wo k (school p incipals, eaching, p o essional colleagues, sala ies and p og ession p ospec s), which co e aspec s such as he na u e o wo k, he in ensi y o said wo k, physical condi ions, he Fecha de ecepción: 13-07-2020 Fecha de acep ación: 25-07-2020 Al es, R., Lopes, T & P ecioso, J. (2021). El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 15, 203-217 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.5120 Página 205 Regina Al es, Te esa Lopes & José P ecioso. El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional educa ional sys em and social en i onmen , social s a us, wages, in e pe sonal ela ionships, school adminis a ion, s uden quali y, ca ee oppo uni ies and p o essional de elopmen and sel - ealiza ion. Job sa is ac ion should be seen in he con ex o o he key ac o s, such as gene al well-being, quali y o li e o s ess a wo k. Fo his eason, p o essional well-being is also in luenced by di ec and con inuous ela ionships wi h s uden s (lack o discipline, low mo i a ion o lea n), wi h o ganiza ional ac o s (lack o ecogni ion om colleagues, di ec o s, ime p essu es, sca ci y o e en absence o esou ces) and wi h pe sonal ac o s (low sel -es eem) (Pue as Mole o e al., 2019); all o hese con ibu ing aspec s a e o equal high ele ance impo an a bo h he o ganiza ional le el and he indi idual le el (B iones e al., 2010; McIne ney e al., 2018). In he scien i ic li e a u e, he e a e se e al de ini ions o job sa is ac ion ha essen ially encompass a posi i e emo ional s a e (Inandi e al., 2013), a posi i e impac o wo k expe iences (Gu sel e al., 2002) o a posi i e pe cep ion owa ds wo k (Yo ulmaz e al., 2017). In his a icle and in he speci ic case o eache s, we unde s and ha job sa is ac ion e e s o he way eache s eel abou di e en aspec s o hei wo k (Spec o , 1997), a ec ing hei physical and psychological well-being (B iones e al., 2010). Acco ding o Demi el (2014)(Demi el, 2014), he e is a signi ican ela ionship be ween he p o essional sa is ac ion o eache s and hei le el o sa is ac ion wi h li e in mo e gene al e ms. Likewise, a me a- analysis s udy also no ed he exis ence o a nega i e co ela ion be ween emo ional exhaus ion and job sa is ac ion (Yo ulmaz e al., 2017). Thus, i is obse ed ha s udies on he psychological heal h s a us o eache s a e mainly associa ed wi h con ex s o denial, such as s ess and exhaus ion (Spil e al., 2011). Cons an changes in social s uc u es and poli ical sys ems also a ec he well-being o eache s. Howe e , ecen ly, due o he COVID-19 pandemic, eache s wo ldwide ha e been aced wi h nume ous and con inuous changes in eaching s uc u es (Reime & Schleiche , 2020), an aspec which we also conside o ha e a nega i e impac on he eache s' well- being, bo h pe sonally and p o essionally. I was in his ega d ha he s udy eme ged, aimed a analyzing he ac o s ha con ibu e o he p o essional well-being o eache s in imes o pandemic, con olling hei sa is ac ion in he p e-pandemic pe iod and hei pe spec i es and p ospec s o hei p o essional u u e. 2. Me hods. 2.1. Pa icipan s and p ocedu e. This c oss-sec ional desc ip i e s udy was ca ied ou be ween May 27 and June 6, 2020, using a non-p obabilis ic sample o Po uguese eache s, wo king in he academic yea 2019/2020, using an online ques ionnai e. The ques ionnai e was o ma ed on Google o ms p eceded by he in o med consen o m; a link o p o ide access o he ques ionnai e was also sen by email, along wi h all in o ma ion abou he s udy, o all school di ec o s in he coun y (including he au onomous egions, Azo es and Madei a). In acco dance wi h he in e nal egula ions o each educa ional es ablishmen , he link was disclosed o eache s, gua an eeing con iden iali y, anonymi y and olun a y pa icipa ion. All e hical p ocedu es o Fecha de ecepción: 13-07-2020 Fecha de acep ación: 25-07-2020 Al es, R., Lopes, T & P ecioso, J. (2021). El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 15, 203-217 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.5120 Página 206 Regina Al es, Te esa Lopes & José P ecioso. El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional scien i ic in es iga ions wi h human beings men ioned by Ch is ensen, Johnson and Tu ne (2015) we e ollowed. 2.2. Ins umen s. Based on (in e )na ional scien i ic in es iga ions and conside ing ha eache s' well-being mus be analysed in a posi i e pe spec i e (Collie e al., 2015), se e al i ems commonly used o analyse job sa is ac ion and p o essional well-being we e pu in o p ac ice. Due o he eme ging pandemic si ua ion, i was no longe possible a he ime o he cons uc ion o he esea ch ins umen s o ely on scien i ic s udies ha add essed he sa is ac ion and well- being o eache s in simila si ua ions. Gi en he wide a ie y o opics gene ally conside ed o be ela ed o well-being, we ocus, as ad ised by Diene , Lucas and Oishi (20 18), on ex e nal in luences on eelings o well-being. All his despi e he ac ha we a e awa e ha inancial s abili y o he quali y o amily li e could be impo an de e minan ac o s as well. Be o e p oceeding wi h da a collec ion, he i ems g ouped by he di e en scales ha make up he ques ionnai e we e subjec o con en alidi y by wo esea che s. In addi ion o he socio-demog aphic and p o essional a iables (gende , age, dis ic whe e one eaches, ec ui men g oup o which one belongs, le el o educa ion one eaches, leng h o se ice, cu en p o essional si ua ion), he ques ionnai e comp ises 31 addi ional ques ions, di ided in o 4 scales: - Well-being and Heal h Pe cep ion Scale (WbHPS) (Al es e al., 2020): i is a b ie well- being scale alida ed o uni e si y s uden s and consis s o 5 i ems (sa is ac ion wi h li e, sel -sa is ac ion, happiness el , pe cei ed heal h and sa is ac ion wi h physical o m) e alua ed using a 5-poin Like scale. In he p esen s udy, i showed a good eliabili y index (α = .828) and a ac o ha explains 60.78% o he a iance, KMO = .806 and wi h a componen weigh be ween .645 and .844 (Table 1). - Sa is ac ion Scale wi h he Educa ion Sys em (SSES): his scale consis s o 7 i ems and assesses he deg ee o sa is ac ion wi h he educa ion sys em in he pe iod p io o he pandemic aking in o conside a ion he ollowing aspec s: Minis y o Educa ion guidelines; School managemen suppo ; Collabo a i e wo k wi h o he eache s; es ablished imes; numbe o le els augh ; bu eauc acy; le el o s uden commi men . The esponses included a 5-poin Like scale ( om 1 - Ve y dissa is ied o 5 - Ve y sa is ied). This scale showed an accep able eliabili y index (α = .771), educed o a ac o ha explains 42.47% o he o al a iance o he da a, KMO = .805 and a weigh o componen s be ween .554 and .736 (Table 1). - Pe cep ion Scale o Well-Being wi h he P o essional Si ua ion in Times o Pandemic (PSWbPSTP): i is a scale composed o 12 i ems in o de o compa e he way hey cu en ly eel in ela ion o hei p o essional si ua ion, in compa ison wi h wha hey el be o e he pandemic. The pe cep ion o well-being was assessed by p esen ing 12 eelings o si ua ions and assessed using a Like scale ( om 1 - S ongly Disag ee o 5 - S ongly Ag ee). The scale's alidi y was es ed h ough eliabili y analysis and explo a o y ac o analysis, om which h ee ac o s we e ex ac ed, explaining 67.27% o he o al a iabili y, KMO = .860.. The Posi i e pe cep ions ac o is composed o 3 i ems (mo e Fecha de ecepción: 13-07-2020 Fecha de acep ación: 25-07-2020 Al es, R., Lopes, T & P ecioso, J. (2021). El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 15, 203-217 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.5120 Página 207 Regina Al es, Te esa Lopes & José P ecioso. El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional sa is ied, mo e mo i a ed, mo e alued) and has an accep able eliabili y index (α = .694). The Nega i e pe cep ions ac o includes 6 i ems (mo e i ed, mo e s essed, mo e wo k o e loaded, mo e anxious, mo e p essu ed and mo e anguished) and an excellen eliabili y index (α = .904). And he Teaching Di icul ies pe cep ions ac o composed o 3 i ems (di icul ies wi h Dis ance Lea ning, di icul ies wi h he use o digi al pla o ms, di icul ies wi h e alua ion) and good eliabili y (α = .755) (Table 1). - P o essional Fu u e Pe spec i e Scale (PFPS): 8 i ems we e used o assess how eache s pe cei e hei p o essional si ua ion, measu ed using a 5-poin Like scale (1 - S ongly Disag ee and 5 - S ongly Ag ee). Acco ding o he explo a o y ac o analysis, hese i ems a e di ided in o wo ac o s (77.58% o he o al a iabili y, KMO = .766), acco ding o he posi i e o nega i e one o he pe cei ed e ec s. Thus, posi i e pe cep ions ega ding he u u e pe spec i e e e o achie emen , happiness, wo king condi ions and p es ige. And, in u n, in ela ion o nega i e pe cep ions, he i ems a e ela ed o he inc ease in wo k and bu eauc acy (α = .813). I should be no ed ha wo i ems ha explained less han 40% o he da a associa ed wi h he ac o we e elimina ed om his ac o and, in addi ion, dec eased he scale's eliabili y index. Table 1 – I ems abou each scale and ac o ial weigh Scale i ems M(SD) Fac o ial weigh WbHPS Sa is ac ion wi h li e 3.61(.97) .844 Sel -sa is ac ion 3.78(.90) .832 Fel happiness 3.61(.77) .837 Pe cei ed heal h 3.64(.77) .719 Sa is ac ion wi h physical o m 3.30(1.03) .645 SSES Minis y o Educa ion guidelines 3.00(.94) .630 School managemen suppo 3.96(.89) .696 Collabo a i e wo k wi h o he eache s 3.98(.86) .625 Es ablished imes 3.79(.93) .736 Numbe o le els augh 3.81(1.05) .631 Bu eauc acy 2.29(1.05) .674 Le el o s uden commi men 3.57(.94) .554 EBSPTP Posi i e Pe cep ions Nega i e Pe cep ions Teaching Di icul ies Pe cep ions Mo e sa is ied 2.24(.99) .746 Mo e i ed 4.15(.98) .813 Mo e mo i a ed 2.42(.93) .820 Mo e s essed 3.88(1.09) .836 Mo e wo k o e loaded 4.26(.90) .813 Mo e anxious 3.82(1.08) .818 Mos alued 2.56(.969 .704 Fecha de ecepción: 13-07-2020 Fecha de acep ación: 25-07-2020 Al es, R., Lopes, T & P ecioso, J. (2021). El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 15, 203-217 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.5120 Página 208 Regina Al es, Te esa Lopes & José P ecioso. El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional Mo e p essed 3.57(1.03) .732 Mo e anguished 3.58(1.10) .746 Wi h di icul ies wi h Dis ance Lea ning 2.99(1.11) .833 Wi h di icul ies wi h he use o digi al pla o ms 2.59(1.12) .871 Wi h di icul ies wi h he e alua ion 3.42(1.13) .669 PFPS Posi i e Pe cep ions Nega i e Pe cep ions Will be mo e accomplished 2.59(.92) .904 Will be happie 2.61(.89) .897 Condi ions will be be e 2.45(.93) .839 You p o ession will ha e mo e p es ige 2.44(.97) .695 You wo k will inc ease 3.83(.83) .891 Bu eauc acies will be inc easingly 3.93(.89) .900 2.3. S a is ical analyse. The analysis was pe o med using IBM S a is ical Package o he Social Sciences (SPSS) S a is ics o Windows, e sion 26.0, A monk, NY, USA. In o de o analyse he psychome ic cha ac e is ics o he scales, an explo a o y ac o analysis was ca ied ou , using main componen analysis wi h a imax o a ion. An i em was dis ega ded i he ac o loading was less han 0.4. A e wa ds, eliabili y was analysed h ough he calcula ion o i em- o al co ela ion coe icien s and C onbach’s alpha (α) o he scales o he ques ionnai e. The desc ip i e analyses a e p esen ed in absolu e (n) and ela i e equencies (%), mean (M) and s anda d de ia ions (SD). The sco es o each subjec in each o he scale ac o s we e ob ained by a e aging he a iables ha cons i u e he ac o s. To analyse he di e ences be ween he main a iables and he socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics, he - es and he one- way analysis o a iance (ANOVA) we e used, acco ding o he a iables, and he co ela ions be ween he main a iables we e calcula ed using Pea son's co ela ion. Finally, he gene alized linea model was used o de e mine he p edic o s o eache s' p o essional well- being, which included all independen a iables, excep o age, as i has a high co ela ion wi h he a iable leng h o se ice ( =.835,p<.001). The quali y o he i o he es ima ed models was adequa e, wi h χ2LR(22)=535.75,p<.001 andχ2LR(22)=584.974,p<.001 (PSWbPSTP - Posi i e Pe cep ions and PSWbPSTP - Nega i e Pe cep ions, espec i ely). S a is ical signi icance was de ined as p <.05. 3. Resul s The sample o his s udy consis s o 1479 eache s (1162 emales, 78.6%). The mos ep esen a i e geog aphical a ea was he No h o Po ugal (n = 402, 27.2%), ollowed by he Cen e egion (n = 362, 24.5%), and inally he Lisbon and Tejo a ea (n = 338, 22.9%). The a e age age o he esponden s was 51.34 yea s (SD = 7.27, anging om 26 o 68 yea s). The mos p e alen leng h o se ice was he in e al be ween 21 and 30 yea s (n = 607, 41.0%), ollowed by se ice be ween 31 and 40 yea s (n = 430, 29.1%). When ques ionnai es we e applied, mos eache s only augh dis ance lea ning (n = 1227, 83.0%) and he majo i y Fecha de ecepción: 13-07-2020 Fecha de acep ación: 25-07-2020 Al es, R., Lopes, T & P ecioso, J. (2021). El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 15, 203-217 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.5120 Página 209 Regina Al es, Te esa Lopes & José P ecioso. El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional belonged o a ec ui men g oup in he 3 d cycle o Basic Educa ion and Seconda y Educa ion (n = 880, 61.2%) (Table 2). The a e age WbHPS sco e was 3.59 (SD = 0.69), indica ing ha he eache s su eyed ha e mode a e le els o well-being. In iew o his a iable, he e we e di e ences depending on he egion whe e he eache s we e eaching (Z(6,1469) = 2.845, p <.05) and he le el o educa ion hey augh (Z(4,1433) = 2,799, p <.05). Thus, eache s who each in he Azo es egion and in p e-school educa ion showed be e le els o well-being compa ed o eache s in he emaining egions o Po ugal and he 1s cycle o Basic Educa ion (Table 2). Be o e he pandemic, he eache s' le el o sa is ac ion wi h he educa ion sys em was mode a e sa is ied (M = 3.48, SD = 0.62), wi h s a is ically signi ican di e ences depending on he egion (Z(4,1469) = 4.229, p <.001 ), he leng h o se ice o eache s (Z(4,1474) = 6,590, p <.001), he p o essional si ua ion (Z(2,1476) = 4,625, p <.05) and he le el o educa ion (Z(4,1433) = 11.374, p <.001). This indica es ha : eache s in he au onomous egion o Madei a we e mo e sa is ied be o e he pandemic compa ed o eache s in he Alga e; eache s wi h ewe yea s o se ice (less han 10 yea s) we e mo e sa is ied han eache s wi h mo e yea s o se ice (21 and 30 yea s and 31 and 40 yea s); ha eache s who augh only in pe son showed a highe le el o sa is ac ion; and p e-school eache s we e mo e sa is ied compa ed o eache s in he 3 d cycle o Basic Educa ion and Seconda y Educa ion (Table 2). Table 2. Di e ences in ou comes acco ding o he sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics o he pa icipan s (N = 1479). Fecha de ecepción: 13-07-2020 Fecha de acep ación: 25-07-2020 Al es, R., Lopes, T & P ecioso, J. (2021). El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 15, 203-217 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.5120 Página 210 Regina Al es, Te esa Lopes & José P ecioso. El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional Rega ding he aspec o p o essional well-being du ing he pandemic when compa ed o he p e ious pe iod, i was ound ha he a e age sco e o posi i e pe cep ions (M = 2.41, SD = 0.75) is lowe han he sco e o nega i e pe cep ions (M = 3.88, SD = 0.85) and eaching di icul ies (M = 3.00, SD = 0.92). Fo his eason, acco ding o he eache s su eyed, he COVID-19 pandemic dec eased he pe cep ion o p o essional well-being and inc eased eaching di icul ies. Posi i e pe cep ions o p o essional well-being we e mo e signi ican in eache s o p e-school educa ion compa ed o eache s in he 1s cycle o basic educa ion (Z(2.1433) = 2,689, p <.05), while he nega i e pe cep ions and eaching di icul ies we e s a is ically di e en depending on he gende o he eache s ( (1477) = -2,336, p <.05; (1477) = -5,147, p <.001) and he le el o educa ion augh (Z(4,1433) = 4,460, p <.001; Z(4,1433) = 5,626, p <.001). In o he wo ds, eache s had a highe sco e in he ace o nega i e pe cep ions and eaching di icul ies compa ed o eache s and eache s in p e-school educa ion, a lowe sco e compa ed o nega i e pe cep ions while eache s in he 1s cycle o Basic Educa ion and in he 3 d Basic and Seconda y Educa ion cycle had he highes sco e in iew o he pe cep ions o eaching di icul ies. S ill ega ding p o essional well-being, i is impo an o epo ha he eache s who each in he Alga e egion we e hose who had a highe le el o nega i e pe cep ions (M = 4.12, SD = 0.83; Z(6,1465) = 4.747, p < .001) and ha he eache s wi h he longes se ice (o e 41 yea s) had a sco e o pe cei ed di icul ies in eaching (M = 3.32, SD = 0.92; Z(4,1474) = 11.599, p <.001 ). Rega ding u u e pe spec i es, i was no iced ha he sco e o nega i e pe cep ions (M = 3.88, SD = 0.79) is highe han ha o posi i e pe cep ions (M = 2.53, SD = 0.79). The bi a ia e analysis showed ha eache s wi h less se ice ime we e hose who epo ed mo e posi i e u u e pe spec i es. The esul s o he models show ha being emale, ha ing a se ice ime o less han 20 yea s, inc easing well-being, dec easing pe cep ions abou eaching di icul ies and inc easing posi i e u u e pe spec i es, con ibu e o he inc ease in posi i e pe cep ions o p o essional well-being. Rega dless, eaching in he Azo es, ha ing less han 10 yea s o se ice and he dec ease in well-being diminish nega i e pe cep ions o p o essional well-being. The inc ease in pe cep ions associa ed wi h eaching di icul ies and nega i e pe spec i es ega ding he p o essional u u e inc ease he nega i e pe cep ions o p o essional well-being (Table 3). Fecha de ecepción: 13-07-2020 Fecha de acep ación: 25-07-2020 Al es, R., Lopes, T & P ecioso, J. (2021). El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 15, 203-217 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.5120 Página 211 Regina Al es, Te esa Lopes & José P ecioso. El bienes a de los docen es en iempos de pandemia Co id-19: ac o es que explican el bienes a p o esional Table 3. Gene alised Linea Model p edic ing p o essional wellbeing. 4. Discussion. In gene al, eache s we e sa is ied wi h he educa ion sys em be o e he pandemic, wi h he excep ion o he Minis y o Educa ion guidelines and he ypical bu eauc acy in ol ed, p e iously aken in o accoun by Po uguese eache s (Aze edo e al., 2016). The esul s showed ha mos eache s ha e a mode a ely posi i e pe cep ion o well-being, as in he Po uguese s udy by Fu ado and Medei os (2017) and in o he in e na ional s udies