Mozambican airports in the colonial era: a critical and historical analysis

colonial and post-colonial landscapes i architectures, cities, infrastructures in africa coast to coast researchers´ book Colonial and Post-Colonial Landscapes I Architecture, Cities, Infrastructures in Africa Coast to Coast Researchers’ book Coordination Ana Vaz Milheiro Colonial and Post-Colonial Landscapes I Architecture, Cities, Infrastructures in Africa Coast to Coast Researchers’ book Ana Vaz Milheiro chair Colonial Africa: Architecture and Infrastructures in the latter years of the Estado Novo regime Ana Vaz Milheiro keynote-speakers — consultants Angola: Countering the “tabula rasa” Helder Pereira and Coral Gillett “S , M , L , XL ”. Mapping a colonial taskscape along the Matadi-Kinshasa railway line, DR Congo, from a transimperial perspective Johan Lagae Colonial and post-colonial continuities and discontinuities in urban infrastructure in Africa: a case study in Maputo Paul Jenkins researchers’ perspectives a. archives Colonial Public Works archives: sources of questioning and creativity Ana Canas D. Martins A key to Portuguese Colonial Public Works records: the correspondence copybooks of the Directorate-General for Overseas Affairs, 1880-1910 Sónia Henrique b. case-s tudies Cahora Bassa Dam: the white elephant Luís Lage Mozambican airports in the colonial era: a critical and historical analysis Elisiário Miranda The 1965 Angola Undertakings Airmail Stamp Series José Luís Saldanha The Periphery in the City centre. The railway cities of Angola’s countryside on the illustration of laterality as an expression of colonial urbanism — the Huambo case António Deus International Heritage Classification and Heritage Strategies in Angola. The theory and the practice Filipa Fiúza Spatial control in colonial Lunda — between state policy and a private company’s plans Beatriz Serrazina Accomplices or agents of change: the roles of colonial public works and technicians into promoting or contesting repressive practices on local populations in Mozambique Ana Silva Fernandes 5 7 53 67 107 131 143 163 171 195 219 235 255 273 170 171 mozambican airports in the colonial era: a critical and historical analysis ELISIÁRIO MIRANDA 1 1. Universidade do Minho / Lab2PT, Guimarães, Portugal; [email protected] 172 173 MOZAMBICAN AIRPORTS IN THE COLONIAL ERA MOZAMBIQUE PORTS, RAILWAYS AND TRANSPORT SERVICES DIRECTORATE The state-owned Mozambique Ports, Railways and Transport Services Directorate was set up on July 6, 1929 and began operations in August 1931, on the initiative of the Governor-General, Lieutenant-Colonel José Cabral, and of its first director, the military engineer Major Francisco Pinto Teixeira. Its immediate mission was to unify, in a single provincial body, a number of services that were previously autonomous, relating to the operation, construction and administration of the ports and railways of the former Portuguese colony or overseas province: the administrations of the ports and railways of Lourenço Marques, Inhambane, Moçambique and Quelimane. The objective expressed in the legal diploma of its regulation was to serve the Mozambican economy by putting together “a vast and complex organisation that includes, in its diverse and multiple ways of serving the community interests, transportation by rail, road and air and the unified administration of the ports, the spearheads of natural penetration into the hinterland, with the aim of serving the development of the province and the economy of the neighbouring countries”.1 Under the supervision of CFM, the road motor transport was organised in early 1930 and the Department of Air Transport of Mozambique (DETA, Departamento de Exploração dos Transportes Aéreos) was set up in August 1936, and began operations in December 22, 1937. From the end of 1960s onwards DETA was authorised to use its present-day name LAM, Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique (Mozambique Airlines). For about forty years, until the end of the colonial era, the transportation network in Mozambique was coordinated and administrated by the Mozambique Ports, Railways and Transport Services Directorate, organised on the basis of a structure of complementary networks: Ports – Railways – Road Motor Services – Airlines (Fig. 1). PORTS Although maritime transport was handled by private Portuguese and Mozambican companies, the main ports of the territory were operated by CFM. Other smaller ports were managed by local councils such as Vilanculos (Vilankulo), Pebane, Chinde, Mozambique, António Enes (present-day Angoche), Moma, etc. Ports in Mozambique served as hubs between maritime transport and the railway penetration system within the province and in neighbouring countries of southern and central Africa: South Africa, Swaziland, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Nyasaland (later Malawi). 1. Decree No. 315 of August 22, 1931. [ABSTRACT] The first air flight from Lisbon to Lourenço Marques (the present-day Maputo), calling at Guinea‐Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola, took place from 5 September to 26 October 1928. The flight was commanded by Captain Celestino Pais Ramos, who was assisted by Captain António de Oliveira Viegas, Lieutenant João Maria Alves Esteves and Sergeant/Mechanic Manuel António. In 1932 the Portuguese Minister of Colonies, Dr. Armindo Monteiro, who had travelled by sea from Lisbon to Luanda, took the train and crossed Africa from Angola to Mozambique. He travelled in carriage number 108 of Benguela Railways, the 1st coast-to-coast train crossing of southern Africa by a Portuguese railway carriage. A research line focused on air terminal buildings at Mozambican airports should take into account the history of regional aviation and articulate it with the development process of other rail, road and maritime transport infrastructures. It is also necessary to deepen the existing knowledge on the coordinating role played by the former colonial institutions responsible for the transportation sector, in particular the Mozambique Ports, Railways and Transport Services Directorate (Direção dos Serviços dos Portos, Caminhos de Ferro e Transportes de Moçambique or, in short, CFM, Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique [Mozambican Railways]). This paper seeks to analyse the CFM’s public transport network in 1970, the year before the publication of the “History of the Mozambique Railways”, by the historian Alfredo Pereira de Lima, and of the bulletin “Ports and Transport of Mozambique”, published in June 1971. keywords: Mozambique; airport terminal; architecture; colonial  Fig. 1. CFM’s transportation network circa 1970. 174 175 ELISIÁRIO MIRANDA This general network was subdivided into international ports – Lourenço Marques, Beira and Nacala; and cabotage ports – Inhambane, Quelimane, Porto Amélia (now Pemba) and Mocímboa da Praia (Fig. 2). RAILWAYS The railways in Mozambique was made up of a discontinuous network of three autonomous systems, more or less perpendicular to the coast of the Indian Ocean, and communicating through neighbouring countries: - Northern system: the Mozambique Line, from the port of Nacala to Vila Cabral (now Lichinga), including the Lumbo branch line, and the line from Nova Freixo (present-day Cuamba) to Entre-Lagos, where it connected with the Malawi railway network; - Centre system: the Beira Railway, from the port of Beira to Machipanda, where it connected with the Rhodesia railway network; the Trans-Zambezia Railway, from Dondo to Sena, where it connected with the Malawi railway network, and including the Inhamitanga branch line; the Tete Railway, from Dona Ana bridge to Moatize; and the stand-alone Quelimane Line, from the port of Quelimane to Mocuba; - Southern system: the Ressano Garcia Line, from the port of Lourenço Marques to Ressano Garcia, where it connected with the South Africa railway network; the Goba Line, from Machava to Swaziland, including the Salamanga and Xinavane branch lines; the Limpopo Line, from Lourenço Marques to Malvérnia (now Chicualacuala), where it connected with the Rhodesia railway network; the Gaza Line, from João Belo (now Xai-Xai) to Marão and Chicomo; and the Inhambane Line, from the port of Inhambane to Inharrime. It was an objective of CFM to bring these systems together through the progressive expansion of the existing railroads; whilst this was never achieved during the colonial era, it remains a goal of present-day Mozambique (Fig. 3). ROAD SERVICES Road services for passenger and goods complemented the railroad system, linking small towns with the nearest railway stations and making it possible for their products to be shipped through the coastal ports. This discontinuous network was made up of regular and occasional routes, the latter being the case at harvest times, so that the various agricultural products could be shipped out. This network was complemented by private companies, which served the locations that road services didn’t reach. The general road transport system was in turn subdivided into four autonomous regular route networks, two of which met at Blantyre, in neighbouring Malawi: the Mozambique network, Quelimane network, Tete network and the Inhambane and Gaza networks (Fig. 4). AIRLINES The airlines ensured the rapid transportation of people and goods along the regular domestic and international DETA routes. The air routes covered the main provincial locations — Lourenço Marques, Inhambane, Vilanculos, Beira, Quelimane, Tete, Vila Coutinho (the present-day Ulongué), Vila Cabral, Nova Freixo, Nampula, Nacala, António Enes, Porto Amélia and Mocímboa da Praia, as well as the major cities in the neighbouring countries — Johannesburg and Durban in South Africa, Manzini in Swaziland, Salisbury (now Harare) in Rhodesia and Blantyre in Malawi. The remaining locations in the province were served by about ten private air taxi companies. Flights between Lisbon and Lourenço Marques or Beira were a monopoly of TAP, Portuguese Airlines (Fig. 5). CIVIL AVIATION Answering to CFM’s Planning and Construction Division (DEC, Divisão de Estudos e Construção) the Airfield Service (SE, Serviço de Aeródromos) was responsible for the construction Fig. 2. CFM’s ports network circa 1970. Fig. 3. CFM’s railways network circa 1970. Fig. 4. CFM’s road motor network circa 1970. Fig. 5. CFM’s air network circa 1970. MOZAMBICAN AIRPORTS IN THE COLONIAL ERA 176 177 of new aviation infrastructures, such as Lourenço Marques, Beira or Quelimane airports. The setting up, in 1954, of the Civil Aviation Service (SAC, Serviço da Aeronáutica Civil), both in Angola and Mozambique, transferred this responsibility to the direct authority of the Governor General of each former overseas province, but remaining technically dependent on the Civil Aviation Authority in Lisbon. According to a report on telecommunication, civil aviation, railways, ports and maritime transport of the Government of Mozambique, of circa 1973, civil aviation in the former overseas province was organised as follows: • International Airports: Beira and Lourenço Marques; • Regional Airfields: António Enes, Inhambane, João Belo, Lumbo, Nampula, Mocímboa da Praia, Nacala, Porto Amélia, Quelimane, Songo, Tete, Vila Cabral, Vila Coutinho, Vilanculos and Vila Pery; • Landing fields for tourism: Bazaruto, Chitengo, Inhaca, Inhassoro, Manhiça, Ponta do Ouro, Vila Fontes (now Caia) and Zivane; • Airstrips: between 150 and 200 smaller airstrips, over 700 meters in length, distributed all across the former overseas province. MILITARY AVIATION In 1956 Portuguese military aviation was restructured into three Air Regions, which covered the following geographic regions: region one - the European territory of Portugal, Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau; region two - Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe; and region three - Mozambique, the Portuguese State of India, Macao and East Timor. For each of these aviation regions the building of aeronautical infrastructures was planned, so as to ensure full aviation coverage of the Portuguese Empire. The construction of military airfields in Mozambique, in anticipation of the onset of the colonial or liberation war (1964-1974), began in 1962. The construction formed a network of civil and military infrastructures that covered the main war fronts in the north, in the Niassa and Cabo Delgado districts, and in the northwest, in the Tete district, as was organised in accordance with the following hierarchy: • Air Bases: Air Base no. 10, Beira, in central Mozambique, was the main military aviation infrastructure; • Airfield Bases: no. 5, Nacala; no. 6, Nova Freixo; no. 7, Tete; and no. 8, Lourenço Marques, where the regional headquarters was installed; • Sub-dependent Airfields: dependent on Airfield no. 5, Mueda and Nampula; dependent on no. 6, Vila Cabral and Marrupa; and dependent on no. 7 Furancungo, Chicoa and Mutarara. • There was a total of fifteen major civil and military aviation infrastructures, including Quelimane, Porto Amélia and Tenente Valadim. AIRPORT TERMINALS The terminal buildings of Mozambican airports, in addition to meeting the most recent international requirements for the design of air terminals, namely the IATA (International Air Transport Association) standards, also performed functions of a social and political nature that distinguished them from their counterparts in Portugal. Thus, the large influx of crowds that came to welcome or say goodbye to passengers, especially on flights between Europe and the old overseas province, made it necessary to have generous reception spaces for the general public, such as lounges, restaurants, bars and outdoor terraces overlooking the airport’s apron. On the other hand, as infrastructural buildings, their architecture and construction systems, which closely followed the principles and forms of the Modern Movement, symbolised the modernity and progress of the colonial policy of the Estado Novo regime. LOURENÇO MARQUES/MAPUTO The first air terminal for Lourenço Marques airfield, located in Mavalane, on the outskirts of the capital, was built by CFM for DETA to the plans and under the supervision of engineer Tito Esteves, of the DEC; it had Art Déco facades designed by the architect Carlos César dos Santos. The construction of this building, together with a new hangar and the lighting of the runaways, was incorporated into the Estado Novo’s Bicentennial celebrations. Inauguration took place on December 17, 1940 (Fig. 6). Between 1967 and 1969, after the original functions had been transferred to a new air terminal, the building underwent extensive refurbishment and expansion work to house the DETA headquarters. Designed at the DEC between 1966 and 1968 by the architect Pinho da Cruz, with calculations by the engineer Sá Fernandes, the new construction work commenced in mid-1969 and was concluded in February 1970 (Fig. 7). The new design maintained the Art Déco look and spatial layout of the central part of the previous building, while the exterior of the new side aisles featured an architectural language in line with the Modern Movement. It remains the LAM headquarters (Fig. 8). Fig. 6. Mavalane air terminal, undated. ELISIÁRIO MIRANDA MOZAMBICAN AIRPORTS IN THE COLONIAL ERA 178 179 The construction of the second air terminal for Lourenço Marques airport was part of the second phase of the General Plan for Lourenço Marques Airport, approved in 1948 and funded by the First Development Plan (1953–1958). The first phase of the General Plan envisaged a set of improvements to the infrastructure, including the construction of a new control tower. The Lourenço Marques Aviation Communications Centre was inaugurated in the control tower on May 28, 1959, as part of the celebrations for the 33rd anniversary of the National Revolution (as the fascist coup d’état in Portugal was known at the time). The air terminal was designed in Lisbon between 1955 and 1960 by the architect Cândido Palma de Melo (1922–2003) at the Directorate-General for Civil Aviation (DGAC, Direção Geral de Aeronáutica Civil). Construction began in the first quarter of 1961 and it was inaugurated, together with the control tower, on June 17, 1963, commemorating the first air crossing of the southern Atlantic (Figs. 09 – 10). On March 28, 1964 the airport was officially named Gago Coutinho Airport. Modernised and expanded between 1970 and 1972, the terminal was demolished in 2011, leaving only the control tower. The building was a symbol of modern contemporaneity at the main entrance to the former overseas province, thanks to its affiliation with the principles, forms and methods of Modern Movement architecture: asymmetric layout, horizontal windows, optimisation of the functional arrangement, flexibility of spatial divisions, structural and construction system standardisation, use of climate protection systems and mechanisms and incorporation of works of art. The expansion and modernisation process of Maputo International Airport, which began in 2006, included, in addition to the new control tower and the new cargo terminal, the construction of a new international passenger terminal, opened in 2010, and a new domestic terminal, which began operating in October 2012. Both buildings, externally identical, feature an anonymous design based on an international high-tech architectural and Fig. 7. DETA Headquarters, circa December 1969. Fig. 8. LAM Headquarters, April 3, 2018. Fig. 9. Lourenço Marques air terminal, circa May 1963. Fig. 10. Lourenço Marques air terminal, before July 1964. ELISIÁRIO MIRANDA MOZAMBICAN AIRPORTS IN THE COLONIAL ERA 180 181 construction idiom that is hardly sustainable in the subtropical climate of Maputo (Fig. 11). INHAMBANE The Aero Club of Inhambane was founded on June 27, 1948, with its statutes being published on May 28, 1949. Its airfield facilities were designed in 1953 by the Central Government’s Inhambane Department of Public Works. An extension to the premises was built in the late 1960s by SAC to accommodate the increasing flow of tourists from neighbouring countries. The air terminal is divided into two small sectors: the original building, consisting of a hangar flanked by two towers containing a bar, traffic control and the headquarters of the Aero Club; and the extension, a single-storey volume that houses the remaining functions of an airport terminal: entrance, check-in, departure and arrival lounges, offices, etc. Both buildings display an anonymous but evocative Art Déco architectural language and a strictly functional arrangement of the internal spaces (Fig. 12). NAMPULA Nampula Airfield was inaugurated on December 8, 1951. The contract for the construction of a building to replace the existing air terminal , which was no more than a hut, (Fig. 13) was awarded in November 1958. The new terminal began to operate on August 30, 1960, having been built to a design for SAC by Lourenço Marques architects João José Tinoco (1924–1983), Maria Carlota Quintanilha (1923–2015) and Alberto Soeiro (b. 1917). The exterior images of this then new building, which is no longer there today, reveal a close similarity to the headquarters of the Civil Aviation Service, in Lourenço Marques, which was designed by the same group of architects circa 1958 and inaugurated on May 28, 1959. Both consist of two autonomous volumes and both are influenced by contemporaneous modern Brazilian architecture, reflected in the plastic exploration of brise-soleil, oblique gables and butterfly roofs (Fig. 14). A large investment programme in public works and communications on the former province, announced in 1969, included the improvement of the main runway and the expansion of Nampula airfield’s airbase facilities to accommodate DETA Boeing 737 jets. Work on the air terminal began in January 1970, and was scheduled for completion by the end 1973, to a design by the Nampula-based architect José Joaquim Dias (b. 1932) for SAC. This long two-storey building of a constant volume and structural rhythm most likely was built on top of the pre-existing facilities (Fig. 15). The public area is structured around a double-height space, in a similar scheme to the spatial composition and functional distribution of its Lourenço Marques and Beira counterparts. Fig. 11. Maputo air terminal, April 2, 2018. Fig. 12. Inhambane air terminal, March 23, 2018. Fig. 13. Nampula air terminal, May 21, 1958. ELISIÁRIO MIRANDA MOZAMBICAN AIRPORTS IN THE COLONIAL ERA 286 287 ANA VAZ MILHEIRO Chair Full researcher at Dinâmia’CET-ISCTE and a Researcher at the African Studies Centre (Porto University). She is an ERC-Advanced Grantee with the project “ArchLabour Architecture, Colonialism and Labour. The role and legacy of mass labor in the design, planning and construction of public works in former African territories under Portuguese colonial rule”, which will run until 2028. She has been an Associate Professor in Architecture courses at Portuguese universities, such as the University of Évora, ISCTE and the Faculty of Architecture (University of Lisbon). She was an IIAS Fellow (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2019-20), a visiting researcher at the University of Ghent (201516) and at the University of São Paulo (2018). She has coordinated six research projects on architecture and urbanism in former Portuguese colonies in Africa, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. HELDER PEREIRA AND CORAL LESLEY GILLETT Keynote-speakers — consultants Helder Manuel da Costa Pires Pereira (Architect), was born in 1978 in Luanda, Angola. Graduated from Queensland University of Technology in 2007, and Masters of Design Futures at Griffith University in 2010, in Australia. Coral Lesley Gillett (Interior Designer), was born in 1985 in Brisbane, Australia. Completed Bachelor of Built Environment (Int. Des) at Queensland University of Technology in 2006, and Masters of Design Futures at Griffith University in 2011. Helder and Coral are co-founders of Atelier Mulemba, an architectural design studio based in Luanda, which has a focus on innovative design and research projects that draw from and respond to the Angolan context. They currently practice and live in Brisbane, Australia. JOHAN LAGAE Keynote-speaker — consultant Johan Lagae graduated in 1991 as a civil engineer- -architect at Ghent University (Belgium) where he is currently teaching Architectural History of the 20th Century with a particular focus on the non-European context. He holds a PhD on 20th century colonial architecture in the former Belgian Congo (2002) and is conducting research on modern architecture, built heritage and urban history in Central-Africa. He has published widely in international journals (Journal of Architecture, Third Text, OASE,…) as well as edited volumes, and contributed to a number of Congo/ Africa-related exhibitions. He was vice-chair of a European funded COST-Action entitled “European architecture beyond Europe”, and a founding member and currently co-editor-in-chief of ABE Journal (http://journals.openedition.org/abe/ ). In 20192020, he was a fellow at the Institut des Études Avancées in Paris. JOSÉ LUÍS SALDANHA Researcher José Luís Possolo de Saldanha holds a degree in architecture from the Lisbon University Faculty of Architecture and a Phd from the University of Seville, for which purpose a scholarship was granted him by Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. He has lectured in architecture since 1996, and presently is an associate professor at ISCTE – Lisbon University Institute, where he was the President of the Pedagogic Council in 2013 and 2014, and head of the Department of Architecture and Urbanism between 2016 and 2019. An integrated researcher at Dinâmia’CET-IUL and author of scientific texts, he also maintains a regular practice as an architect. FILIPA FIÚZA Researcher in session session: Projecting Power in Colonial and Post-Colonial Angola and Mozambique: Architecture, Urban Design, Public Art and Monuments chairs: Jeremy Ball and Gerbert Verheij M. Arch., 2010, ISCTE-IUL. PhD candidate on Cultural Heritage of Portuguese Influence at the University of Coimbra. Researcher at DINÂMIA’CET-IUL, since 2012. Co-IR of the project “Dominance and mass- -violence through Housing and Architecture during colonial wars. The Portuguese case (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique) …”, financed by the FCT. Participant in the Cost Action CA18137 “European Middle-Class Mass Housing”. Researcher in several projects funded by the FCT related to middle-class housing, architecture, and urbanism in the former Portuguese colonial African countries. She was a visiting researcher at the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture - Ghent University. Since 2011, she has participated in national and international conferences. She has published articles in books, magazines, and conference proceedings, and has co-organized several conferences and exhibitions. BEATRIZ SERRAZINA Researcher in session session: The spatialization of population control in late colonialism: contexts, modalities, dynamics chair: Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo Postdoctoral Researcher at Dinâmia’CET-Iscte. She holds a PhD. in Architecture and Urbanism from the University of Coimbra (2024). She is currently involved in the project “ArchLabour”. Former researcher in the projects “ArchWar” and “WomArchStruggle”. Her research interests span the history of colonial architecture, imperial companies, transnational connections, circulation of knowledge, and (post) colonial heritage. Her main contributions include the co-organization of the exhibition Colonizing Africa in Lisbon, in 2019, the participation in national and international meetings, and research publications on the interplay between private companies, the production of space, and population control during late Portuguese colonialism. ANA SILVA FERNANDES Researcher in session session: The spatialization of population control in late colonialism: contexts, modalities, dynamics chair: Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo Architect and researcher, with postgraduate studies on architectural heritage, and a PhD on policies for improvement of self-produced areas, focusing on African territories. She has been undertaking applied research on urban policies, spatial justice, informality, self-produced settlements, participation and heritage. She is nowadays a postdoctoral researcher on the socio-spatial impacts of the infrastructural network in Mozambique, and on participatory policies for overcoming social asymmetries in its access, in a research hosted by ISCTE-IUL (Lisbon, PT) and FAPF-UEM (Maputo, MZ). She is also an Invited Lecturer at FAUP (Porto, PT), having multiple publications, supervisions and conference participations. ANTÓNIO DEUS Researcher in session panel 6: Peripheral Infrastructures in Late Colonial Cities moderador: Tiago Castela PhD student at CES-UC in the doctoral programme at «Heritages of Portuguese Influence». The research project focuses on the design of the urban network in Angola, in the main cities founded in the Highlands, along the railway lines, in a key period of its definition, and of its relationship with other centralities, such as the Catholic Missions. Research fellow (2017-2019) in the project “Coast to Coast - Late Infrastructure Development in Ancient Portuguese Africa” (ISCTE- -UL), coordinated by Ana Vaz Milheiro. PAUL JENKINS Keynote-speaker — consultant Paul Jenkins is an architect/planner and researcher who has worked for the last four and a half decades on a wide range of aspects of the built environment: architecture, construction, housing, planning, urban design and wider social studies - much of this on Sub-Saharan Africa. His work focuses on social engagement and cultural change in the “urban”, including the role of different forms of knowledge - and his most recent book is ‘Urbanization, urbanism and urbanity in an African city: home spaces and house cultures’ (Palgrave-Macmillan 2013). This is based on Maputo where he lives and works most of the time. ANA CANAS Researcher Ana Canas Delgado Martins is Auxiliary Researcher at the Centre for History of the University of Lisbon and Director at the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, DGLAB. She holds a Phd in Library and Information Studies, University College London. Archival Studies and History are her main research fields, areas of teaching and of thesis in whose juries she participates. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0566-0836 SÓNIA HENRIQUE Researcher Doctor in History by the Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas and Master in Information and Documentation Sciences by the same faculty. Was an archival fellow at the research project “Coast to Coast - Late Portuguese Infrastructural Development in Continental Africa (Angola and Mozambique): critical and historical analysis and postcolonial assessment” coordinated by Ana Vaz Milheiro and hosted by ISCTE-IUL. Works in the areas of Humanities with emphasis on History and Archival Science. Research interests in the 19th Century divided among Archival Science, Press History and History of Colonial Africa. ELISIÁRIO MIRANDA Researcher Elisiário Miranda nasce na Azambuja, Portugal, em 1960. Licenciado pela Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade do Porto (Porto 1987), mestrado e doutoramento pela Escola de Arquitetura da Universidade do Minho (Guimarães, 2005 e 2013). Prática profissional própria (Azambuja e Porto, 1986-2007) e enquanto colaborador do arquiteto Álvaro Siza (Porto, 1989-1998). Integrou as equipas responsáveis pelos projetos de I&D da FCT “EWV_Visões cruzadas dos mundos” e “Coast to Coast”. Atualmente é professor auxiliar na EAUM (Guimarães) e co-coordenador da Keeping It Modern Grant, da Getty Foundation, atribuída à Estação Central da Beira, em Moçambique. BIOGRAPHIES BIOGRAPHIES 288 289 COLONIAL AFRICA: ARCHITECTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURES Title: Colonial and Post-Colonial Landscapes I – Architectures, Cities, Infrastructures in Africa. Coast to Coast Researchers’ book Coordination: Ana Vaz Milheiro Authors: Ana Vaz Milheiro; Helder Pereira; Johan Lagae; Paul Jenkins; Ana Canas D. Martins; Sónia Henrique; Luís Lage; Elisiário Miranda; José Luís Saldanha; Filipa Fiúza; Beatriz Serrazina; Ana Silva Fernandes; António Deus Editorial team: Beatriz Serrazina; Filipa Fiúza; Leonor Matos Silva Design: vivóeusébio English Revision: Liam Burke; Dave Tucker Edition: 1st Edition, 2025 ISBN: 978-989-781-752-6 This book is part of the research project Coast to Coast – Late Portuguese Infrastructural Development in Continental Africa (Angola and Mozambique): Critical and Historical Analysis and Post-Colonial Assessment (PTDC/ATP-AQI/0742/2014), resulted from a curatorial work of the research project Middle- -Class Mass Housing in Europe, Africa and Asia (PTDC/ART-DAQ/30594/2017) was edited under the research projects ArchWar – Dominance and mass- -violence through Housing and Architecture during colonial wars. The Portuguese case (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique): colonial documentation and post-independence critical assessment (https://doi. org/10.54499/PTDC/ART-DAQ/0592/2020) and ArchLabour – Architecture, Colonialism and Labour. The role and legacy of mass labour in the design, planning and construction of Public Works in former African territories under Portuguese colonial rule (ERC, ArchLabour, 1101096606). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.. The editors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Fernando Pires, Inês Lima Rodrigues, João Cardim and Francesca Vita to the making of this book. The tab photographs were collected by the team at the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (AHU), except for the image on page 168, courtesy of Elisiário Miranda. This first volume of the book series Colonial and Post-Colonial Landscapes gathers articles from researchers and consultants of the research project Coast to Coast Late Portuguese Infrastructural Development in Continental Africa (Angola and Mozambique): Critical and Historical Analysis and Postcolonial Assessment (PTDC/ATP-AQI/0742/2014), presented at the I International Congress Colonial and Post-Colonial Landscapes, in Lisbon, in 2019. The contributions span the history of architecture, urban planning, colonialism, public works, infrastructure, and (post)colonial heritage.