What Have We Learned from the Impact of the Pandemic on Our Relationship with Nature? The Importance of Views from Home

Garrido Cumbrera, Marco; Braçe, Olta

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40783-3_13

What Have We Learned from the Impact of the Pandemic on Our Relationship with Nature? The Importance of Views from Home

Garrido Cumbrera, Marco; Braçe, Olta

Published: 2023
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40783-3_13
Repository: idus.us.es
Language: en

Abstract

Urban residents commonly spend a considerable proportion of their time indoors, and it is, therefore, important to pay particular attention to the characteristics of their home. During the time that humans remain indoors, the only bridge connecting them with the natural environment was through the views from their windows. Studies on the effect of these views have highlighted the restorative effects that nature views can provide, including feelings of calmness and relaxation. Likewise, such views can help better manage stress, anxiety and scape from loneliness, because they make a connection between indoor and outdoor spaces. At a time of lockdown and isolation following the COVID-19 pandemic, window views were for many the only option for contact with the natural environment, which provided significant positive effects. With the aim of assessing the benefits that views can bring to humans, we set out to study the role of views of nature from windows by analysing the GreenCOVID survey, conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, England and Ireland.

Full text

012345689 1 36  !4" 1 #$%&'()$%%*+',-./0%1%$($2+(345$(6%$71( 8988 9:;<=>?@;A=:BCDEFC9GH=<;I:@FC =JC KI;?<FCLAFMF>CJ<=GCN=GFC OP OQQRSO 8TQ ORQ PRU0Q 8VWXY8ROQ Z8[\0RU ] Y 1^4P6U146Y_3P[OP  6O[O2PQ`aQaQa \b Rc8 8de 1^4P6U146Y_1[OPQ ` aQaQa \b Rc8 f42UYghgi 8 T8U8YQ#$2$j*2j(k%'51&51+(l%1$mQ bnn8On8h88hhWnVWo\9\h98\ihWo9\9p89 ggW 001 234566789266558 9365  !"! #$ # %$!$##  &'(3" 0)0)*3+ "$!$$#$(($$  !$(!!"$$((!%!"#!,# (- &2. " /012*33$$!$ #!((#% 4&5(!(3" 0)/1*3 6"$("!4  #$%%7$!$ 34#"(#($ !#$   !%4 (!%4 "# % &!(3" 0))0*3 /830 9:;<=>?@A;>B;<C?<DE;FG< C><H;>IJ@<K;J@I:<J>L<M;@@NO;E>P< Q#  !#$!7   % $!$#$#(R ! "! "((!#(($((4%&'(3" 0)0)STU  V ((#" 0)/1*33$%.!  ( $(! (%(" #%(! $((4%&'(" 0))/*36($((" (%(!W( #47 ! !!!((&5%" 0)0/*3T.$"#$  ((X( !%W$!(!!($W$%X Y$!$#4$R ($((4% #( !! %4.!&4( (3" 0)/Z*32#"8[4#(3&0)/1* !% # ! !7!%!4(  #$!%(#(!4((3 5 !4'(& /018*!!%$ %4 !$!4(.R (! ( (4 (#35$("  $!4%4( (( $!$4  4((%4 !! #(($((4%554"2%&V5*&'(" 0))/*3 5 !%(%!##( $!$#$ .!%7% 4!6&7* &2 !\!U5%" 0)0)*3(!.(3&0)0)* !$" %4 (!%V%&*"$!$$%#$ 01 2345346727874979 53745   !"#$%&$'$$(%)2#$&!""6*&$) + ,00-.#&!!.#/&$** $&&&+014- '#2'&%&*.!!.*#''!.#!(  #%#$.!&!.&)4&$$"33$&$)+ ,04-  #&!!'#2'!.2%&.*##*#& !%5&$"$'#&!$$2$!&!&*&6.#!!! /$+7*&"-) 01)1 89:;<=>?:;@A;B@C:;<D:EF; G?HDIJ;K9:;LM<NGOPQ;R=IS:CDT; 4$#%# 2!!!#&2*!&#U&* & .2'!.*#*#&$#&'$$(%3#6(0 &* 2!'#& !&'##!" '&!5##*!3#&$$" &&$$")5#! &%# &*!$*&"&!!.&$&6. V !&)%#6(0 &*3*&"! 6V*$"!*&!!&! &.# $#&$#!&%!3 &$$'%  $$&2##*!3#!&!!3$*% #*2*!&!*&$$&&&##*!)'%#!!( 2*&!!3 #"!&$&!'!&$!##&&$$'  $ &'##&&$2*3'#!W!# $.!"$!) .#%&$!!!#&  $V %# !. #*5*'&!#$&6.&'##&3'% #'$$%%..2$"2& &W!&$#& 2&'#2*&##*&%) #!#*5*!&3#$" *%&#!.$% .$!!&!&$!#&'#&'&!#&2&!!2'!.* #*''!+0%$&$)3 ,0-)#&!.#*5*3 #$".*.&'#&'&!#%#V !3 * $&%2'!.*&''&#!W%&" #"!&$ !&)5#!3& .#*5*%# 6(0&63'#*&" &!'&$5%&$" .*#!&2..!.''2'!.*##*+/&$ &$)3 ,0-3#* &.&!!!!%2!&$&'#&#&! *%) 012 34567789377669 476 14  !"#$ %&'&()*+,&-*./0.1&.(2.*34*05(6.7&2*5(6*832963:(*7.5-;1.-*01370+.6* 5(*&(+.16&-2&08&(51<*)13;0*34*1.-.512,.1-*4137*+,.*(&'.1-&+<*34*=.'&88.* >=05&(?@*(&'.1-&+<*34*A&(2,.-+.1*>()85(6?*5(6*35<(33+,*(&'.1-&+<* >81.85(6?@*+3*B3&(*4312.-*5(6*+3*23(6;2+*+,.*51..(C89*-+;6<4*D,&-* -+;6<*5661.--.6*+,.*0.12.0+&3(@*+,.*1.85+&3(-,&0*:&+,*(5+;1.*5(6*+,.* ,.58+,*34*+,.*030;85+&3(*5+*5*-0.2&58*+&7.E6;1&()*+,.*F1-+*:5'.*34*+,.* C89G*05(6.7&2E:,.(*23(+52+*:&+,*(5+;1.*:5-*8&7&+.6*31*(3( ./&-+.(+4*D,.*75&(*3HB.2+&'.*34*51..(C89*:5-*+3*5--.--*+,.*&7052+*34* +,.*C89G*832963:(*3(*522.--*5(6*./03-;1.*+3*(5+;1.*5(6*&+-*&7052+* 3(*:.88H.&()*5(6*7.(+58*,.58+,*34*+,.*).(.158*030;85+&3(*&(*+,1..*;13 0.5(*23;(+1&.-*>=05&(@*()85(6*5(6*81.85(6?*>5511&63;7H1.15*.+*584@* 0201?4*A.*432;-.6*3(*5--.--&()*+,.*'58;.*34*,37.*'&.:-*5(6*23(+52+*:&+,* (5+;1.*5-*5*013+.2+&'.*452+31*5)5&(-+*5(/&.+<*5(6*6.01.--&3(*6;1&()*+,.*F1-+* :5'.*34*+,.*05(6.7&24* D,&-*213---.2+&3(58*-+;6<*5(58<-.6*&(43175+&3(*2388.2+.6*+,13;),*5(* 3(8&(.*-;1'.<*+,5+*:5-*6&--.7&(5+.6*+3*;(-.8.2+.6*56;8+-*3'.1*I*<.51-* 1.-&6&()*&(*=05&(@*()85(6*5(6*81.85(64*D,.*J;.-+&3((5&1.*:5-*6.-&)(.6* H<*1.-.512,.1-*4137*+,.*K.58+,*5(6*D.11&+31<*7.-.512,*>KD7?*)13;0* 5+*+,.*(&'.1-&+<*34*=.'&88.*+3*)5+,.1*&(43175+&3(*3(*-32&36.73)150,&2* 2,5152+.1&-+&2-@*,3;-.,386L,3;-&()@*H.,5'&3;1-*5(6*13;+&(.-@*3;+6331* 23(+52+@*0,<-&258*,.58+,@*7.(+58*,.58+,*5(6*:.88H.&()*5-*:.88*5-*&(43175 +&3(*3(*01.5(6*03-+832963:(283-;1.*0.12.0+&3(-*5(6*;-.*34*)1..(*5(6* H8;.*-052.-4*D,.*51..(C89*-;1'.<*:5-*6&--.7&(5+.6*+,13;),*-32&58* 7.6&5*2,5((.8-*34*+,.*(&'.1-&+<*34*=.'&88.*5(6*+,.*=05(&-,*6--32&5+&3(*34* 5.3)150,<*>65?4*D,.*-;1'.<*1.75&(.6*30.(*&(*=05&(*4137*601&8*M*+3* 0N@*0202@*;-&()*+,.*=;1'.<33(9.<*085+43174* 7.-.512,.1-*4137*()85(6*5(6*81.85(6*B3&(.6*+,.*&(&+&5+&'.*5+*5*-.23(6* -+5).4*D15(-85+.6*'.1-&3(-*34*+,.*-;1'.<*:.1.*6&--.7&(5+.6*6;1&()*+,.* 0.1&36*4137*35<*0O*+3*P;8<*0*0202*>5;Q75(*.+*584@* 0202?@*H<*+,.* R.308.=250.-*7.-.512,*513;0@*5+*+,.*(&'.1-&+<*34*A&(2,.-+.1*5(6*4137* P;(.*1*+3*P;8<*@*0202@*H<*35<(33+,*(&'.1-&+<4*6-*5*1.-;8+*34*+,&-* -;1'.<@*0N22*1.-03(-.-*:.1.*)5+,.1.6*&(*=05&(@*N22*&(*()85(6*5(6* 0I*&(*81.85(64*=;1'.<*051+&2&05(+-*:,3*6&6*(3+*1.-03(6*+3*5+*8.5-+*M2S* 34*+,.*J;.-+&3((5&1.*:.1.*./28;6.6*4137*+,.*5(58<-.6*-5708.*431*+,.* 0;103-.*34*3H+5&(&()*5*731.*13H;-+*-5708.*:&+,*5*1.6;2.6*0.12.(+5).* 34*7&--&()*'58;.-4*64+.1*65+5*28.5(&()@*10M*1.-03(6.(+-*>0I*4137 01 2345346727874979 53745 10  7!"##1 $"#%&'(")""$#*'$+#, *'-!("".$/#$#**'$/+#$ !'+-0"$/# *'$3/*"41$*.#$$//234%/+"$&$$+"(#$#*'$ "./$/3 0134 567897:;<=><?>@;ABC>?D<E>F<EA> *'$**"/ "$+"(#!*'$*'$$G$$6+(*$/H3I "-$#J** $*35'//#($**'$"!$* $"$"-!* $*/2K30I%L*'$+(*.&*'*'$'!'$ / "$/M$L&'"$7!"#*/ $+ *"-$'(/$ 2403KI%#$"#K31I$"$"-$$/$+*-$"./!"$ ". '(/$/#43KI/$ ,#$*+'$#'(/$/39$"*$#*'&0$!N /$$!N'$!*'$(*#/'$"$#$"$+$&*'*'$#$ ++// 7!"##$"#*+*/!-$'!'*!&'"$*'/ *!&//!)+*"."&$250"$ 0130%35'//#($*$*"".**'$ "!$( 0$$"$&'"-$J** $*&*' #)+("*$/++$//!*'$(*#/3 */$ O0"$*'*#(!*'$6,0P"+O#&$/#$*/ $*$#*'**'$$+*#*$$/*-$&/0"($/+$//(+' /*'/$**'$/$-$/"O$//!/$/$-/+$/$#/!), +*".+ $#**'$$+*#*$$/*0$$*'$#$ +3 5'/+$/$#*$$/*0"($/+$-$&/#(!*'$#$ + ,+ $#*7!"##$"#, .'-$0$$#($*!$*$$/*+, */+"(#!' $+)$ $*#*'$+**'**'$ Q*.*'$ ("*"-$/J*/* $*/35'$/$ /(0'(/! *$'#$*'$$1/($**($3/$R($*".*'/ . O$/(+' -$&/ ' $ $#$/0"$#$+0"$*'//*(***" "+O#&/&/$1$$+$##(!*'$)/*&-$*'$6,0P #$ +2!3 0130%3 STUVWXYZ[YX 4//$// $**'$$1*$* *&'+'0$!N/$$!N '$!*'$(*#/ '$"/*+$#(! 6,0P#$ +0. +(*$/2\]1^% _`abcde f ghibj klm  H 43K 13 7!"# 1KP ^34 30 $"# 1K ^34 03^ SnoTV 1^ H31 13 p *0 010 234566789266558 9365  ! "#$ %&'$ ! %$( " "#$ $) %$ &*$) +)  $$% ,$!$ - -'+ 9.78/0 -$1 ,2 1'"$ 3 451)6718 /139 :;<=>?=@AB=C@=CD@EF=G;;HI@JH;K@L;KD@ 7" #'&- ,$ "$- "#" "#$ "'" ! "#$ M# '&" -'+ "#$ N" (%$ ! &1*-( ( O'"$ -!!$$" 1$- " "#$ +&# - 7# '&") 1$ -'+ "#$ N" (%$ ! 1N$$" "#$2 1'&- " 11$ "#$ '"-)  "'" "#" ( ++%"$- ,2 "#$ !1" "#" " ! "#$ M# '&" &%$-  P"  "$" 34- ',$ $" &3) 060/83 Q#$$!$) "#$ &2 (2 ! 1"1" ("# "'$ -'+ &1*-( ( "#'+#  (-(  ,&12) - " "#$ %$2 ,$") #%+ -$1" 11$ "  2-  +-$3 7-$$-) $&$ (# #- ,$$ ,&$ " '$ '"- 1$ 31'"2-  +-$8  #- (-( ("# '"- %$( ! "'& $%$" $"$- "#" "#$2 #%$ 1$- ,$""$ ("# "#$ &1*-( "# "#$ (# -- "3 7 M) "#$ " 1 $&$$" ("# '"- %$( ( "#$ ,&12 - "#$ 1'& ! "$1$) (#$$  +&- - 7$&-) "#$ $&$$" "#" " !$O'$"&2 &&($- 1"1" ("# "#$ '"- ( "#$ %"$ +-$  1'"2- 3Q,&$ /13083 01 2345346727874979 53745 11 5 !"#! $ % &'(!)&!*"% !'*+'!#+,)$)'+' !'* !,"&'+,'!-)'*!'* ! ".'/""0(!/.0)&1!6203!+&/ %),!4!,".&'0) (!5!678391:! ;<=>?@A B CDEF GHIJ> K>LMI>N O@PMI>N QRSTUV W+$,"& 081XY!59Z[9: 0!59[9: 0Z!5Z[0: 081Z\!5X][Z:! 5 00+, 9^ Y!59[1: !59[Y: 1!50[0:! 0)_+' !0""#'" 130!50][\: X!50[0: Y!5Y[Y: 139!501[X:! "%%.&+$!0""#'"!' 00+, 910!5[\: Y!5Y[Y: 9!5[0: 91]!50\[:! 0)_+' !1+0/ &`+0/ 11\!50X[9: 11!5\Z[]: YX!5\X[]: \ZX!53[]:! "%%.&+$!1+0/ & 03!53[\: ^ ^ 3!5Z[\:! 0)_+' !+0/ 9]]!5X[1: ^ ^ 9]]!503[:! "%%.&+$!+0/ 11X\!50X[3: ^ ^ 1X\!500[\:! +0%+0/ X1]!50[9: ^ ^ 1]!50[:! '* 0 ]^ 9Y!501[: 0Y!5X[0: ]Y!5[Y:! "& !"#!'* !+4"_ 10!501[X: 9!5][]: 0\!5Z[9: 199!50[Y:! 0818X "%%.&+$!1+0/ &8!,"%%.&+$!+0/!+&/!#+0%+0/!- 0 !' 0%(!"&$!.( /!)&!a+)&[!  &!a+)&8! '* !' 0%!0)_+' !+0/!-+(!/ b& /!( +0+' $!#0"%!'* !0)_+' !1+0/ &[! 98] 5* !,+' 1"0) (!c' 00+, d!+&/! c"'* 0d!- 0 !&"'!.( /!)&!a+)&! 01[Z efghijklmknhopqklmkrfgstokmtlukgvokwluok _ 0+$$8!+,,"0/)&1!'"!'* !+0'),)+&'(d!")&)"&(8!'* !0+')&1!-+(!9[\!".'! "#!0Y8!-*),*!)(!/. !'"!'* !$"-!(,"0 !0 1)(' 0 /!)&!a+)&!59[]!".'!"#!0Y:[! 2* 0 +(!)&!7&1$+&/!5][9!".'!"#!0Y:!+&/!0 $+&/!5Z[1!".'!"#!0Y:!'* !0+')&1! -+(!*)1* 0[!'!(*".$/!4 !&"' /!'*+'! "$ !' &/!'"!.( !".'/""0!(+, (! %"0 !#0 x. &'$!/.0)&1!'* !+&/ %),!0+'* 0!'*+&!)&/""0!(+, (!-)'*!+! _) -[!3"- _ 08!'* !.( !"#!+$$!(+, (!'*+'!,+&!,0 +' !+!,"&& ,')"&!-)'*! &+'.0 !-+(!*)1*$!0 # 00 /!4!0 ("&/ &'(!)&!+$$!,".&'0) (!55+4$ ! 01[1:[ &!a+)&8!'* !%"('!#0 x. &'!_) -(!#0"%!'* !$)_)&1!0""%!"0!/)&)&1! 0""%!- 0 !"#!('0 '(!-)'*!'0+#b,!510[Yy:8!#"$$"- /!4!_) -(!"#!+0z(! +&/!1+0/ &(!5][Zy:[!&!,"&'0+('8!)&!7&1$+&/!+&/!0 $+&/!'* !%"('! #0 x. &'!_) -(!#0"%!'* !$)_)&1!0""%!- 0 !"#!1+0/ &(!59Z[0y!+&/!X9[1y8! 0 ( ,')_ $:8!#"$$"- /!4!('0 '(!-)'*!$)''$ !'0+#b,!51][3y!+&/!1Z[\y8! 0 ( ,')_ $:[!5*)(!)(!4 ,+.( !%"('! "$ !)&!7&1$+&/!+&/!0 $+&/!$)_ ! )&!*".( (!'*+'!+0 ! x.) /!-)'*!,".0'+0/(!"0!1+0/ &(!55+4$ ! 01[X:[ 2* &!'* !_) -(!,"&'+)& /!10 & 0! $ % &'(8!)'!)(!-"0'*!&"')&1!'*+'! %"('!0 ("&/ &'(!0 "0' /!*+_)&1!_) -(!"#!$+&'(!"0!(*0.4(!#0"%!'* )0! *"% ([!&!7&1$+&/!+&/!0 $+&/8!_) -(!"#!%"0 !'*+&!' &!'0 (!- 0 012 34567789377669 476  !"#$ %&!&!'()*+&!,-89./0 !)(&$123 145678 9:;<=>? <@ABC DEFG< H<IJF<K L>MJF<K NOPQRS *%)+0 $ ..405.12T478 .1.116458 T211U418 .42.6126408 VWXYZ[\]^[ZY_`ab Z[cdaZY 2061.7418 2.1..418 .01U458 27/1.U468 %'0 $ 1/21.6458 .7.127458 .051U5428 6TU100418 %*)%'( .261U4/8 U1.428 U104.8 .U61U4.8 eacf\]^cga_\]b 0.01T468 .T124/8 .U16418 02U1T458 ha\aZd\aiY\]bTU11428 .15418 0154T8 TT104/8 . 8!$#*)&!,+%04%++ $4j #$!"4, +)! !)" +) k-&l+(#*!,+)&!&!,+(j"$*!%+&1231455T8 9:;<=>? m @ABC DEFG< H<IJF<K L>MJF<K NOPQRS l&!)l 1U1.4/8 051U4U8 U10408 6510458 8!!+$*+%" +) 2UT102428 .15418 515458 2U/1.U418 n%+%l&%'%+ o$ 72/11.458 21.4.8 515458 7U110U458 *"%+%l&%'%+ o$ .p 121/418 .717468 U.1.478 n%+%l&%'#&%%#%+ o$ U.T10.428 .1U1164/8 TU1174T8 71T1024U8 q)%+& ! + 0T01..478 2T1.14.8 101.2408 1601.0458 3%#"'* 0p .021114/8 7U111418 .//16468 r %,+*!) 1/U114/8 p p /U11408 8!)*%+& #&%s $%+& 2p 71.4/8 515458 715408 o$ Up 0154U8 515458 0154.8 q +t 6p 0016458 .U16478 171.408 5 +)! 7p 05/1U74.8 .5012U418 1..1.5418 q +t+, +)! T62U106478 p p 62U10.428 *!%+"&) .5 p /010U4.8 211./4.8 01517468 u&## /p U11.24U8 0T1.0428 T.10478 7&v++# t 0U1.458 .510478 515458 1U1.408 n sj $'s$ %#&! 6610478 .2114T8 515458 T510478 .40424U4/ w' !l+l+!%,&v!&!n0 &!4 1 w'& !l+l !#",&v!+n0 &!4 6474T 8!n0 &!4 0 +t !), +)!l+!%)o!)0 + %#"4 .5 w'&%+(l %+ !# %) xl %,+*!)y&!n0 &! 01 2345346727874979 53745 1 6 !"#$"%&'() " * + %',"$)#+"-#+ "./"0#(%') ,"1"23145678" 9:;<=>? @ ABCD EFGH< I<JKG<L M>NKG<L OPQRST 8&!% 671"17U18 15"1VWU18 0X1"1V5U08 04070"11VU8" *&%'"#)",-)(., 041W5"1WUW8 115"1X0U8 00"1V7U68 04VV0"160U18" 0Y1"') , 7X7"11U18 VV"1WU18 66"17UW8 X0"110U58" 1Y05"') , 6W"16U8 05V"1XUV8 X"1WU8 V0"16UV8" #) "'-&%"05"') , 6V6"17UV8 070"1W7U8 001"1W6UX8 X75"110U68" #% "#$"'- , 04WXV"165UV8 "15U68 X"11U78 045X"1WXU8" 0#++#%4"!-* "%"Z[&%"'"!&,"+#,'"0#++#%"%#'"'#"-&\ "&%/" * + %'"#$" %&'() "&'"&**"15&.* " 01U8U" 01UV ]^_`abcabcbdefg_hg^i_bjchgfebklc^magb n_oe_aa^fmpbkmq^_grbcmsbtfebu_vvwx_^mlb 400#)y%z"'#"'- "{) %6",'(y/4"'- ) "!&,"&"-z- )"[) \&* %0 "#$" [##)"! **|. %z"%"Z[&%"16U0}8"'-&%"%"7%z*&%y"1W7U}8"&%y") *&%y" 1WWUV}84"&,"+ &,() y"./"'- "2#)*y"3 &*'-")z&%,&'#%|\ "2 **|~ %z" %y "123|8"1{&))y#" '"&*U4" 518U"5-,"+&/"-&\ ". %"y( "'#" '- "z) &' )"+[&0'"#$"'- "[&%y +0"&%y"'- "+#) ", \ ) ") ,')0'#%," &[[* y"%"Z[&%"y()%z"'- "),'"!&\ "#$"'- "[&%y +0"1{&))y#|(+.) )&" '"&*U4" 5084"0#+[&) y"'#"'- "* ,,") ,')0'\ " %\)#%+ %',"#$") *&%y" &%y"7%z*&%y"y()%z"'- "y&'&"0#** 0'#%"[ )#y"%"'-#, "0#(%') ,U"%"'- " #\ )&**",&+[* "%0*(y%z"'- "'-) "0#(%') ,4"[##)"! **|. %z"!&,",[ 0&**/" &,,#0&' y"!'-"&"/#(%z )"&z "0#-#)'4"$ +&* ") ,[#%y %',4",'(y %',4"%y| \y(&*,"!-#"! ) "%#'"[-/,0&**/"&0'\ "&%y"'-#, "*\%z"%"Z[&%U"##)" ! **|. %z"!&,"&*,#"&,,#0&' y"!'-"[##)"(&*'/"#$"\ !,"$)#+"-#+ "&%y" * ,,"[ )0 \ y"- *["$)#+",(0-"\ !,"%"0#[%z"!'-"'- "*#0y#!%U" ()'- )+#) 4"%"Z[&%"&"-z-"[)#[#)'#%"#$"[ #[* "&'"),"#$"&% '/" #)"y [) ,,#%"!&,"y ' )+% y4"+ &,() y"(,%z"'- "3#,['&*"4% '/"&%y"  [) ,,#%"Z0&* "134Z8U"5-,") ,(*'",-#! y"'-&'"'- ") ,[#%y %',"yy" %#'"-&\ "\ !,"#$" * + %',"#$"%&'() "$)#+"'- )"-#+ "#)"'- "\ !,"'- /" yy"-&\ "&00 ,,"'#4"! ) "#$"[##)"(&*'/U"~ 0&(, "#$"'-,",'(&'#%4"'- /" ) [#)' y"'-&'"'- /"-&y"%#'"0#[ y"! **"!'-"'- " $$ 0',"#$"0#%% + %'" 0#+[&) y"!'-"[ #[* "!-#"-&y"\ !,"#$"%&'() U"%"&yy'#%4"'- ")," #$"y [) ,,#%"!&,"-z- )"%"[ #[* "!-#"yy"%#'"(, "#('y##)",[&0 , 010 234566789266558 9365  !"#$"%"&'%&"#!"!"#()*!"#"!+")(()% 5!!#,'!)%13-7%!"#%!)%$."%"/ !! 011#"!+")(()%3)#21$"%"1 ,3113-1 456 "#(!'"5#%25& !!)%5&!#,'!)%%&#" #)&'!)% %%3("&'()#*)#(!5$)%23)'2+" #) #!"#"&!!)!")#2%$ '!)#/4%&!")'#"5 #)+&"$%7!)!"#"!+")(()%$"%"%& %&!"*%2"6"#"(&"3 "(2")#)!"#!#& #!3(!"#$%! !"##"%$'&"&%!"  !"#8#"!+")(()%$"%"5'%$"%&!"&)!"#6"%#"&!$%" !)!"(!"#$37*(!"#$%)!%$'&"&%!" !"#8#"!+")(()% $"%"%&3)'#%!"%&"&'"%)! "#(!!"&,3!!'!)#3#"2'$!)%)#"9""& !" "#(!!"&'"53)'6$$%""&!)),!% "#()%&#"!$3*#)(!") 3#2! )$&"#3