Metodologías para la formación de equipos de alto rendimiento y su relación con los sistemas de organización por procesos.
Abstract
Las nuevas estructuras organizativas planas y flexibles y los sistemas de organización por procesos exigen nuevas formas de traba}ar. En la presente ponencia se pretende a partir del análisis de las diferencias entre grupo y equipo de t
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