Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests of Smart Contracts in Digital Publication Management Systems

182 Chapter 8 ABSTRACT The application of state-of-the-art technologies in functional fields is complex and offers a significant challenge to user and expert teams as well as to technical teams. This chapter presents a mechanism that has been used in a project in the context of digital publications. Ensuring the traceability of digital publications (e-books and e-journals) is a critical aspect of the utmost importance for authors, publishers, and buyers. The SmartISBN project has used blockchain technology to define a protocol for the identification, tracking, and traceability of digital publications. As this was an innovative project that required communication between functional experts (authors, publishers, booksellers, etc.) and technical experts, it was necessary to identify protocols to facilitate communication. This chapter presents the protocol by which the functional tests have been defined and how this has favoured the validation of the project. DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-0405-1.ch008 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests of Smart Contracts in Digital Publication Management Systems Nicolas Sanchez-Gomez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9102-6836 University of Seville, Spain Javier Jesús Gutierrez University of Seville, Spain Enrique Parrilla Lantia Publishing S.L., Spain Julian Alberto García García University of Seville, Spain Maria Dolores de-Acuña University of Seville, Spain Maria Jose Escalona https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6435-1497 University of Seville, Spain Copyright © 2024, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. 183 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests 1. INTRODUCTION Blockchain is a disruptive software technology that is advancing rapidly (Olea, 2019), being one of the fundamental technologies driving Digital Transformation today and, given its transversal nature applicable to a wide range of industrial and economic sectors, it is enabling disruption in the economy and in business beyond cryptocurrencies. This potential is largely based on its ability to offer individuals or organizations a communication channel that allows the transfer of rights, values, or real assets (tokenization), through the Internet, in a secure and reliable manner. The publishing industry is one of the economic sectors in which blockchain technology has great applications because the publishing industry is a data and metadata intensive sector. This means that the quality of operations and their automation are linked to the quantity and quality of this data. From a global perspective, the distribution process and supply chain of digital publications (e-books and e-journals, among other formats) in Spain is a complex process (Martínez Alés, 2001). A wide variety of actors are engaged in this process, each with diverse needs and actions. The following is a summary of these actors to help understand the magnitude of the process. A digital publication, once written, must enter a digital copy distribution process. This process can take several months or even years and requires a significant financial investment. While on demand publishing mechanisms exist with delivery times of days, they do not offer assimilable quality and are pushed to specific niches. Then, distributors take the publications from the publishers to the points of sale. These outlets may be physical bookshops, online platforms, or both (Magadán-Díaz et al., 2020). The emergence of innovative technologies for data and metadata storage and management, such as the possibility of massively and automatically extracting information from web pages, as well as the development of new technologies, such as blockchain technology for information recording (Gramoli, 2022) (Alharby et al., 2018), open up the possibility of offering novel alternatives within the publishing industry. Blockchain technology and, above all, smart contracts can make valuable contributions as discussed throughout this article. In short, this recent technology offers more transparency, security, and efficiency in the tracking of publications (books, journals, etc.) at each stage of the process. For example, in this project, it has been possible to track and trace digital publications from their production to their final sale, which has made it possible to know the status of the publication at all times. However, before deploying a smart contract in a business environment, it is necessary that any smart contract is verified using rigorous mechanisms that allow 184 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests validating its correct operation, since an error or defect in the code that forms it could cause an unrepairable effect (Legerén-Molina, 2018). From an engineering perspective, the serious and competitive progress in the implementation of recent technologies such as blockchain and smart contracts requires new processes, methods, tools, and techniques to manage quality in software development and, above all, to ensure the quality of the final product. Currently, there are several blockchain platforms that support the implementation, deployment, and execution of smart contracts without many restrictions. For example, Ethereum, Hyperledger or EOS platforms, among others (Zheng Z., 2020), allow deploying smart contracts without going through any verification and validation process. In this sense, verification of smart contracts remains an unexplored line of research to date. Any blockchain network may be running smart contracts with unexpected behavior, with serious deficiencies, errors and even security vulnerabilities (Luu, 2016). Unlike classical applications, which can be patched when errors are detected, smart contracts are irreversible and immutable, given the characteristics of the underlying technology. In this context, the objective of this article is to present a proposal to generate functional test plans based on smart contract specifications. For this purpose, the proposal will be based on early testing principles, which will allow validating the functional quality of smart contracts independently of the blockchain technology used and from the requirements specification stage. In addition, this article describes the validation of our proposal in the SmartISBN project, which was carried out between 2019 and 2022. The SmartISBN project aimed to develop mechanisms to semi-automatically extract a set of data and metadata to facilitate the management of publications, together with the development of a practical case of application of blockchain technology for the registration of transactions throughout the life cycle of a digital publication until it reaches its final purchaser. This article aims to present the results achieved with this project, focusing the main part of the article on the practical case developed with blockchain, since it is not only a novel technology but there are few references to practical cases of application outside its original scope. This technology also imposes new challenges. In particular, the main challenge in this project was the testing of blockchain technology and the use of smart contracts. As the distribution and supply chain is a complex process, it was necessary to cover many tests. As part of the SmartISBN project, the generation of a complete set of tests was systematized to verify that the system worked properly in all steps of the process and satisfied all its participants. The organization of this work is described below. Section 2 presents the objectives of the SmartISBN project and the fundamentals of blockchain technology. Then, 185 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests Section 3 presents a comprehensive literature review to identify gaps in the existing models. Next, Section 4 presents the proposed solution for systematic functional test generation in blockchain environments and how it has been validated in the SmartISBN project. Finally, Section 5 presents conclusions and future work. 2. BACKGROUND This section describes the background to the proposal presented in this article. To do so, on the one hand, it describes the context of the SmartISBN project, delving into its objectives, the problems it aims to solve and the technical and business challenges it faces. On the other hand, the fundamentals of blockchain technology are presented in general terms. 2.1. SmartISBN Project: Context and Approach When the SmartISBN project started, there was no uniformity in the metadata (data describing other data, e.g., data describing the information to be managed for each specific digital publication) managed in the publishing sector. This is because of the different approaches and because different systems offer different data sets. This results in publishing management systems having to work with the minimum set of common data, which decreases the power of the management that can be applied. The mission of the SmartISBN project was to address the problem indicated by researching and developing a metadata model applicable to the publishing sector that would enable the processing of data associated with a digital publication in a unified manner. The project also included the development of tools that allow the appropriate management of the information in the publications and the operations that could be carried out with them. To fulfil this mission, the SmartISBN project had to meet the three objectives briefly described below. The first objective was to store a publisher’s complete catalogue information in an automated way. This automation consisted of incorporating the data using tools that detect this data on web pages and then storing it in a system based on the ONIX Standard (Needleman, 2001). ONIX is an open, international standard for the encoding and electronic exchange of bibliographic and commercial information in the publishing industry, with the participation of representatives of the commercial publishing chain from more than twenty countries (including Spain). The second objective was the processing of the publications data considering the needs of different actors in the sector such as publishers, distributors, etc. In addition, this catalog will be self-verified in the sense that it will report incidences in the information stored in the catalog itself. 186 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests The third and final objective was to provide a record of the different operations carried out with the publications in a blockchain registry. This objective allows all transactions to be recorded without the possibility of changes or modifications, which ensures the veracity of the information and makes it possible, for example, to detect fraud or illicit transactions more easily. This third objective is the one most closely related to blockchain technology, whose fundamentals and application to this project are explored in more detail in the following section. 2.2. Blockchain Fundamentals The origin of digital assets in 2008 with the appearance of Bitcoin also implied the appearance of recent technologies necessary to support these digital currencies and the operations that can be carried out with them. One of these technologies is well known by its English name: blockchain (Gramoli, 2022). In a simplified way, blockchain technology consists of information that is completed with metainformation designed to guarantee the integrity of the information, so that it cannot be modified, and designed to maintain the time reference so that the temporal order of information generation can be precisely known. Figure 1 shows Figure 1. How the blockchain works 187 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests an example of how blockchain technology works. The A blocks are containers of information (e.g., transactions made with publications), and the B blocks link the information so that it is all located and ordered temporally. The C blocks are calculated from the A and B blocks, so a change in the information (an A block), or in the sequence (a B block), would make the C block incorrect and the change would be immediately discovered. In its first implementation, blockchain technology was used to store all Bitcoin transactions, i.e., who owns which coins. However, this technology quickly became independent of digital currencies and was applied to any area where it is necessary to store an immutable record of transactions, for example, biological samples, domain name registrations, public tenders, etc. Another key aspect of blockchain is server management. The blockchain chain, as seen in the example in Figure 1, must be stored on a computer with external communication. On the other hand, blockchain technology works through smart contracts. This is a piece of software whose mission is to fulfill and enforce agreements usually registered between two or more parties, for example, to validate the change of ownership of a digital asset. Typically, smart contracts (Figure 2) are used to automate a blockchain system, i.e., the storage of information in a blockchain system is controlled by compliance with the rules and decisions indicated in a smart contract. In the same way, a blockchain system serves as a record of all deployed smart contracts. Although the blockchain itself guarantees that the information is reliable (as we have seen), if the server is not well managed, or suffers physical problems, it can compromise the stored information. To avoid this problem, the non-profit association Alastria exists in Spain to set up blockchain servers. Figure 2. Smart contract in blockchain 188 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests 3. LITERATURE REVIEW This section presents the state-of-the-art survey of research papers in the context of the development lifecycle of smart contracts in the blockchain. This review focused on the analysis of primary studies addressing some of the phases of the development lifecycle and/or model-driven engineering or other best practices for designing, developing, and testing smart contracts. For this purpose, the SLR (Systematic Literature Review) method proposed by Kitchenham (Kitchenham, 2013), which is one of the most widely applied methods in the field of software engineering, was used. This method proposes three main phases to execute a systematic review: planning the systematic review (planning), which defines aspects such as the need for the research, review protocol and research questions; execution of the review protocol (conducting), where the established protocol is carried out; and presentation of the results obtained (reporting), which presents the final analysis to answer each research question. These phases are described in detail below. 3.1. Planning Review During this stage of the process, the need to conduct this literature review, the identification of research questions and the definition of the review protocol are established. On the one hand, regarding the need to conduct the review, in recent years, many studies have been published to evaluate and identify current challenges in the application of blockchain technology and smart contracts. Some of these research activities aimed to evaluate the use of blockchain in multiple sectors such as, supply chain (Pranto, 2019), (Hidayanto et al, 2019), education sector (Steiu, 2020), agriculture sector (Yadav, 2019) or healthcare sector (Yaqoob, 2021). Other authors have even published studies partially related to our SLR proposal. For example, Alharby et al. (Alharby, 2018) presented a systematic mapping of smart contract technology, selecting and classifying 188 relevant articles. In this classification, the lack of validation mechanisms for smart contracts is evident. Macrinici et al. (Macrinici, 2018) also conducted a systematic mapping, but, in this case, to identify the application of smart contracts and offer a perspective on current issues. Specifically, the authors presented research trends within this context and gathered sixty-four articles. The work of these authors concluded by indicating that, since 2016, there has been an increasing trend towards the publication of articles related to smart contracts and that the most discussed problems and solutions in the literature were related to security, privacy, and scalability of the blockchain and quality of smart contracts. Dhaiouir et al. (Dhaiouir, 2020) also presented a systematic review of smart contracts, focusing on platforms, languages or applications and selection criteria. Specifically, this study indicates that smart contracts are being adopted 189 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests in several types of projects, but that they still face many challenges and technical problems, but these authors do not study validation and verification aspects. In this context, the need to study current methods and techniques that allow quality assurance in the development of smart contracts is identified. Specifically, to analyze techniques for formal modeling of smart contracts, automatic generation of functional tests and/or code from such modeling, in order to characterize and present the state of the art in this field and to identify possible gaps and opportunities for further research. For this purpose, the following research questions (RQ) were proposed: RQ1: Are there approaches in the literature that promote the application of a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)? What phases of the life cycle do the different studies promote? The motivation of this RQ is to find proposals that have been published and to identify their general contexts and the objectives they achieved using SDLC, all in the context of blockchain smart contracts. RQ2: Do they promote model-based software engineering, early starting of the testing phase or automatic source code generation? The purpose of this RQ is to identify the techniques and guidelines applied in the different proposals, all in the context of blockchain smart contract. On the other hand, once our research questions were established, inclusion/ exclusion criteria were established to filter the primary studies found in some of the main digital libraries, as recommended by authors such as Ngai (Ngai, 2011). In this sense, the libraries selected were ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, ScienceDirect, Elsevier’s Scopus and Springer Link. In our case, this strategy focused on locating articles published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at relevant conferences, and was done in two steps: (1) the keywords to be used in the search protocol were defined; and (2) preliminary searches were performed to refine the set of keywords and select the most appropriate ones in order to improve the quality of the results. Finally, the keywords systematically applied in each digital library were the following: (Engineering OR Semantic OR Model-based) AND (Requirement OR Analysis OR Validation OR Verification OR Check OR Testing) AND (Blockchain OR Smart Contract). Regarding the exclusion/inclusion criteria, these were rigorously applied considering five phases as shown in Table 1. Moreover, only articles written in English and published in journals indexed in Journal Citation Reports (JCR) or prestigious conferences (i.e., conference level A*, A, B and C categorized in CORE Conference Rank) were considered. In addition, it was decided to exclude surveys, discussions, reviews, or opinion studies related to the subject matter sought. Finally, following the recommendations given in Kitchenham’s method, the SLR protocol was reviewed by an external researcher to obtain a comprehensive review process. 190 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests In this sense, a Professor of Software Engineering from the University of Seville (Spain) participated as an external expert to validate our review protocol. 3.2. Conducting and Report Review The aim of this phase is to present the primary papers obtained after applying the search described in the previous section. Table 2 shows the primary papers obtained after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria set out in the previous section. Table 1. Exclusion/inclusion criteria by phase Phase Relevance analysis phase description Ph1 Automatic search was conducted in each scientific database. Ph2 English only; year of publication greater than or equal to 2016, because after analyzing numerous papers from other years, only from 2016 onwards did we start to identify articles that enhanced the predefined search criteria; full text obtained. Papers not related to the subject were excluded. This exclusion phase included the elimination of duplicate papers and the reading of the title and abstract of the work. In case of any doubt about any document, that document would be preliminarily included. The final decision would be considered and evaluated in the next phase. Ph3 No new exclusion / inclusion criteria were applied (first meeting), but relevant papers were included. In this phase the researchers also analyzed all “doubtful” papers in detail, considering all their content. Ph4 In this phase the «snowball» technique was applied, and it was therefore necessary to re-apply the P2 criteria. Ph5 In this phase (second meeting) no new exclusion / inclusion criteria were applied, but the researchers analyzed all the “doubtful” papers in detail, considering all their content. Table 2. Primary studies Data base Ph1 Ph2 Ph3 Ph4 Ph5 ACM Digital Library 27 6 2 - - IEEE Xplore 39 7 3 - - ScienceDirect 372 31 7 - - Elsevier’s Scopus 352 42 6 - - SpringerLink 243 24 4 - - Snowball technique - - - 10 3 Subtotals 1.033 110 22 10 3 Total 25 197 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests a test case step is created; and (3) for each Function Step Restriction of a smart contract, test restrictions are created. 4.2. Validation Case: SmartISBN Project This section describes the validation context provided by the SmartISBN project. To do so, it first introduces the life cycle associated with the process of the production and distribution chain of a digital publication proposed in the framework of the project. Next, the technological and functional architecture of the SmartISBN platform, which supports the proposed distribution process, is described. Finally, the section presents how the theoretical proposal described in Section 4.1 has been applied to systematically generate the functional tests from the specification of the smart contract that governs SmartISBN. 4.2.1. Proposed Life Cycle of the Production and Distribution Chain of a Digital Publication As a preliminary step to the design of the SmartISBN technological solution, within the framework of the project, the general process of the life cycle of a publication from the point of view of the production and distribution chain was conceptually proposed. In this sense, Figure 5 represents the distinct stages of this life cycle, as well as the different actors involved in each stage. For this purpose, the UML (Unified Modelling Language) sequence diagram notation (Fontela, 2012) is used to represent the communication flow between the stages described above. Initially, the distribution process could be considered to begin with the first stage of “E1. Conception and drafting of the publication”, in which the Author gives shape, consistency, and meaning to its content until the final manuscript is obtained. Then, the Author would initiate the second stage of the life cycle: “E2. Editorial processing of the publication”. In this stage, the Editor receives the manuscript and carries out its review process, cataloging the publication within its editorial line and identifying metadata. Once this processing is completed, the Publisher would initiate the stage “E3. Printing and distribution”, establishing different contracts or orders with the Distribution company so that the latter can begin the physical printing and/ or digital dissemination of the different editions of the publication. Finally, the life cycle would end with the “E4. Acquisition of copies of the publication” stage, in which Bookshops (or other points of sale) would establish contracts and orders for the publications under distribution. Considering the above process, it is worth noting that during the transitions between the distinct stages, payments, purchase orders, sales orders, etc., take place between 198 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests the different actors involved in the process. In this sense, it is crucial to maintain the traceability of all these transactions throughout the entire supply chain process. 4.2.2. SmartISBN Platform Architecture To meet the objectives of the SmartISBN project and to support the life cycle of the publication’s distribution process, a technological architecture is proposed with the subsystems shown in Figure 6. On one hand, the platform incorporates an administration subsystem so that users with this role can manage users, roles, and access permissions to the platform, as well as control the status of the platform through dashboard utilities. One of the main objectives of the SmartISBN project was to allow publishers to catalog works correctly within the platform so that users could carry out advanced searches and even receive recommendations based on their previous purchases. The cataloging subsystem is responsible for automating this cataloging process by analyzing the metadata of the digital application, based on the international standard ONIX (XML). However, as a prior step to this automatic cataloging process, the user with the role of Editor must incorporate in the platform, at least, the ISBN Figure 5. Life cycle of a publication’s overall production and distribution process 199 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests (International Standard Book Number) metadata. Based on this information, the SmartISBN platform includes automatic functionalities to consult the rest of the metadata of the digital publication by consulting public bibliographic sources. SmartISBN is currently integrated with Amazon, Google Book, La Casa del Libro, Todos tus libros and Editorial Lantia, among others. On the other hand, the SmartISBN platform includes a frontend subsystem and a point-of-sale terminal subsystem, which manages, respectively, the repository of digital publications and their inventory and stock, together with payments and the different order and sales orders. These subsystems will be directly accessible by users with the role of Distributor and Bookshop. To control the traceability of all order, sales, and distribution orders, the SmartISBN platform includes integration with the Ethereum platform and the use of the Solidity programming language (for the implementation of smart contracts). As part of the SmartISBN project, an Ethereum virtual machine was deployed, and its platform was used to manage the traceability of order and sales transactions in the distribution process of a publication. Finally, the SmartISBN platform includes an integration subsystem that provides the different communication APIs (Application Programming Interface) to allow the flow of information and data between the different subsystems described above. Figure 6. SmartISBN platform architecture 200 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests 4.2.3. Applying the Functional Test Generation Approach in SmartISBN To control the consistency and integrity of transactions in the process of managing the production and distribution chain of a digital publication, it was necessary to implement smart contracts with various functions (see Figure 7), business rules and restrictions. Due to space limitations, it is not possible to describe the complete functional test generation casuistry of this functionality but, as an example of application, we will focus on the following activity diagram. The diagram in Figure 8 shows the expected behavior of the smart contract and specifically the “Create Work” functionality, as well as the rules and constraints to be considered at each step. Figure 7. Smart Contract Functions Figure 8. Functionality of Smart Contract 201 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests As can be seen, for the rules and constraints it is proposed to use the DMN (Decision Model Note) standard (Janssens et al., 2016). These rules and constraints are supported by a decision table, as shown in Figure 9. Therefore, to systematically generate the test cases of the “Create Work” scenario, it would be necessary to go through all the possible paths and, for each of these paths, the steps are located and added to the test case in the same order. Then as many test cases are obtained as paths have been identified in the functional requirement and each test case will have a different behavior, which will coincide with the path taken. 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK The recent technologies that are emerging offer a major challenge in all functional environments and the world of digital publishing is no exception. Blockchain technology offers a powerful tool for the univocal identification of each digital asset and offers the solution for traceability and tracking of each asset in a secure and appropriate way and at an affordable cost for authors, publishers, and stakeholders. However, the development of solutions in blockchain environments requires fluid communication between users and functional experts throughout the entire lifecycle. This paper presents the SmartISBN project, an R&D&I project carried out by the company Lantia Publishing and the University of Seville for the application of blockchain in the identification, tracking and traceability management of digital Figure 9. Decision table 202 Mechanism for the Systematic Generation of Functional Tests assets. The paper presents how blockchain technology is suitable for this purpose and analyzes the challenges it poses. Specifically, it presents the mechanisms that have been used to generate the functional tests that have facilitated the communication between the experts and the technical team to validate the results of the project. Other mechanisms have been developed in SmartISBN to facilitate this communication in other phases, such as in the requirements identification phase. The results in Section 3 indicate that we have not found any proposal that contemplates formal modelling of contracts and automated generation of artefacts from these models. Marchesi et at. presents a complete process but does not include support for generating artefacts automatically. Choudhury et at., Tateishi et at., Mavridou et at. and Mavrodou et at. describe automations for generating or verifying smart contracts, but none of them include requirements artefact management or test artefact generation. In future work, we plan to improve our communication protocols to generalize them, as well as to enable mechanisms that allow us to automatically generate smart contract code. In fact, we are currently working on another international project that will allow us to make progress on this. In the context of sotware testing, our idea is to improve test prioritisation mechanisms, not just generation. The idea would be that the technical team could not only generate the functional tests from the requirements, guaranteeing their correspondence with them, but also prioritize them so that, in the event of a lack of resources, the tests could be generated according to the established prioritization. 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KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Blockchain: It is a shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network. An asset can be tangible (a house, car, cash, land) or intangible (intellectual property, patents, copyrights). Virtually anything of value can be tracked and traded on a blockchain network, reducing risk and cutting costs for all involved.