Turismo de risco na sociedade viral: um estudo usando a análise híbrida do discurso

Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis Pedro de Andrade Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal Abstract In recent decades, sociologist Ulrich Beck (1992) has been warning about the risk society in which we operate today, which includes risks that are not only conjunctural but essentially structural, such as pollution and global warming. Recently, contemporaneity faces a new serious risk, the pandemic caused by COVID-19, which seems to be transforming our social formations into a viral society. In order to understand these social processes and sociological questions, the present text draws attention to one of the most relevant social and intercultural mediations in the current social framework, the articulation between the coronavirus pandemic and tourist activities. A case study deals here with the discourse produced about such themes by digital social network Wikipedia. This study is contextualized by theoretical and practical reflections from tourism studies and supported by ideas such as “viral risk” and “viral risk tourism”. A sample of content extracted from Wikipedia is analyzed and interpreted through a qualitative and quantitative method developed by the author, named “hybrid discourse analysis”, which uses, among other interpretive tools, the “alphabet of interconceptual relations”. Keywords risk society, viral society, viral risk tourism, hybrid discourse analysis, alphabet of interconceptual relations Turismo de Risco na Sociedade Viral: Um Estudo Usando a Análise Híbrida do Discurso Resumo Nas últimas décadas, o sociólogo Ulrich Beck (1992) tem alertado sobre a sociedade de risco em que vivemos hoje, que inclui riscos não apenas conjunturais, mas essencialmente estruturais, como a poluição e o aquecimento global. Recentemente, a contemporaneidade enfrenta um novo e grave risco, a pandemia causada pela COVID-19, que parece estar a transformar as nossas formações sociais numa sociedade viral. Para compreender estes processos sociais e questões sociológicas, o presente texto chama a atenção para uma das mediações sociais e interculturais mais relevantes no atual quadro social, a articulação entre a pandemia do coronavírus e as atividades turísticas. Um estudo de caso trata aqui do discurso produzido sobre tais temas pela rede social digital Wikipedia. Este estudo é contextualizado por reflexões teóricas e práticas dos estudos de turismo e apoiado em ideias como “risco viral” e “turismo de risco viral”. Uma amostra de conteúdo extraída da Wikipedia é analisada e interpretada por meio de um método qualitativo e quantitativo desenvolvido pelo autor, denominado “análise híbrida do discurso”, que utiliza, entre outras ferramentas interpretativas, o “alfabeto de relações interconceptuais”. Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022, pp. 127–151 https://doi.org/10.21814/rlec.3671 Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 128 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade Palavras-chave sociedade de risco, sociedade viral, turismo de risco viral, análise híbrida do discurso, alfabeto das relações interconceptuais 1. Introduction: Is a Viral Society Emerging? “Viral society” is a concept coined in previous studies undertaken by the author of the present text since the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic (Andrade, 2020, 2021; https:// www.sites.google.com/view/viral-tourism-city). For example, the current pandemic crisis seems to indicate that coronavirus is deconstructing the current “network society” and reconstructing it in an emerging paradigm of society. Viral society is characterized, among other traits, by viral economies and technologies, viral politics and politicians, viral cultures and cults. Studies about the COVID-19 pandemic confirm the relevance of various social dimensions of this process: on the economic realm (Gans, 2020); in what regards the “heroes of the pandemic” (Naik, 2020); or the dramatic situation in Italy in the first months of the outbreak (Rio, 2020). The present text aims to reflect on such pandemic situations, articulated with a specific social process, tourism, especially regarding the risks that this activity may trigger. The aim is to construct a kind of mediating concept, “viral risk tourism”, which testifies to such reality. Both these phenomena, the pandemic and tourism, require appropriate intercultural mediations. Moreover, under the coronavirus pandemic, these mediations are gradually occurring in cyberspace. Therefore, it is urgent to study the plethora of virulent processes that migrated towards sites pages, social networks, among others. A case study is presented that analyses the discourse produced about such intermediate and hybrid themes by digital social network Wikipedia, in close connection with concepts and ideas originated inside tourism studies. Hybrid discourse analysis (HDA) is a qualitative and quantitative method developed by the author, which is used for this analysis by applying one of its particular interpretive tools, the named “alphabet of interconceptual relations” (from now on referred to as “alphabet”), an interpretative tool supported by qualitative and statistical softwares, such as NVivo. The structure of the present text reflects the preceding debate. Firstly, a brief sociological discussion about viral risk tourism is held. Secondly, the methodology concerning HDA is explained. Thirdly, a case study is presented on the Wikipedia discourse on the COVID-19 pandemic and tourism. HDA is reintroduced for this aim. Subsequently, this methodology is detailed via the analysis and interpretation of concepts and relations among terms, that may elucidate the underlying social phenomena. The method is better exemplified through a specific type of sociological network, the semantic-logical networks. Clarification and usefulness of HDA is demonstrated, more extensively and intensively, by specific and deeper relational analysis and interpretation. Finally, the Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 129 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade conclusion exposes some considerations and recommendations. At the end of the article (see Appendix), a glossary summarises some core debated concepts and their main relations. However, the reader should take note that this is an incomplete scientific instrument, as the ideas in the text relate, necessarily, to an infinite, but not always undefined, intertextuality within the rhizome of all local and global social and sociological texts circulating worldwide. 2. The Sociological Debate on Viral Risk Tourism In order to develop the debate on viral risk tourism, the present text applies the alphabet mentioned above in two ways: firstly, it defines some major theoretical relationships among sociological concepts forged by seminal authors, indicated below, who discussed social issues relevant for the analysis. The author does not intend to develop an extensive or intensive theoretical articulation among such authors. Rather, the aim is to give some quick examples of how this relational alphabet can be applied to such concepts within a coherent concept map, which constitutes a powerful method for connecting sociological ideas to raise pertinent questions and formulate verifiable and valid hypotheses (Figure 1). Figure 1 The debate on viral risk tourism Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 130 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade For the development of such authors’ original ideas, see Ulrich Beck (1992, 2013, 2016), who reflected on the so-called “risk society”. This is a societal paradigm where risks are not just conjunctural but mainly structural, as they derive from the very essence of capitalism, a system that causes irreversible unbalances for the planet, such as climate change. Moreover, Manuel Castells (1996) circumscribes the “network society”, a social fabric dominated by networked information flows. And John Urry (1990, 2007), developed the ideas of “tourist gaze” and “urban mobilities”. The concept “mobilities” refers to everything that moves, locally and globally, and is transformed: capital, labor force, goods, information, and so forth. These terms may be connected with the conceptualization discussed in the present reflection, for example, the notion of “viral risk tourism”, via relationships extracted from the alphabet. This alphabet defines 37 central sociological and logical relations: 23 relationships having a structural nature (here associated with social structures); and 14 connections of a conjunctural nature, testifying to social events and actions (Andrade, 2007a). Figure 1 gives some examples of these connections, where the codes corresponding to each of these relations are indicated. To demonstrate this interpretive strategy, on the left part of Figure 1, the concept “risk society” articulates with the notion “viral society”, as pandemics in general and the COVID-19 pandemic in particular constitute some of the major risks within the contemporary world. Likewise, “risk society” interacts with “network society” because the coronavirus caused the displacement of many social activities towards cyberspace and to digital social networks. In what regards the notation used for the definition of relationships, for example, “r6 x->” is a code that signifies necessary condition, “r6” means the sixth relation of the alphabet, circumscribed within the “conjunctural sociological class”, and it is named “conjunctural relation 6”. Such link is expressed in Figure 1 as “r6 x-> necessary condition”, as it connects: (a) on one side, the “anterior concept” (causes, etc.) expressed via a sentence within natural language, for example, English (and inside the corresponding sociological proposition), in this case, “COVID-19 Pandemic”; and (b) on the other side, the “posterior concept” in a given sentence/proposition (effects, etc.), here named “pandemic cases/ deaths”, a social process illustrated, among others, through this text’s next part. Secondly, this text draws on empirical analysis and interpretation of Wikipedia pages about “COVID-19 pandemic” and “tourism”, contextualized by the precedent theoretical reflections and through a case study, which applies the alphabet more systematically, by using both qualitative software, such as NVivo, and quantitative or statistical software. 3. Methodology: A Genealogy of Hybrid Discourse Analysis A methodological strategy developed over several years of research, named HDA (Andrade, 2016), will be revisited here. This methodology includes and applies: (a) substantively, sociological concepts based on postcolonial studies, among other sociological schools, such as the notion of “hybrid”; and (b) epistemologically, traditional sociological Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 131 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade methods, for instance, discourse and content analysis, hybridized with new media methods and techniques, for example, qualitative and quantitative discourse analyses vehiculated through softwares such as NVivo, and digital games or augmented reality. Here, only qualitative and quantitative discourse analyses will be exemplified. For such purpose, HDA may use semantic-logical networks, which are conceptual networks organized by concepts and by logical relations-concepts, which are explained and exemplified below. This method has been developed by the author for some decades (Andrade, 1985) on sociological networks, relations-concepts, among others: for example, an essay about the variable and changing nature of concepts, which take on different meanings depending on the social context of their enunciation. The relationships among concepts themselves can acquire great relevance within social interaction or inside social sciences writings. Through such social or sociological moves, these relations can be transformed into concepts of a new type, that is, relations-concepts (Andrade, 1991, 2002). Moreover, HDA forged its foundations in the universal character of the hybrid. This concept has been the subject of several debates in recent decades, mainly within postcolonial studies (Appadurai, 2013; Bhabha, 2004; Canclini, 1995/2005; Said, 2008). In the present research, the hybrid was applied to the following objects of study, among others: • In what regards digital arts, in 2006, the notion of the hybrid was connected with net art and the construction of a new type of blog, the hybrilog. This is a hybrid blog, including and hybridizing several types of blogs, each based on a different medium (e.g., a text blog, a video blog, a video poetry blog, a digital art blog, etc.). The social sphere where blogs operate has been referred to as the blogosphere. Similarly, the social scape where hybrilogs circulate can be denominated the “hybridosphere”. Within the hybridosphere, for example, a blogart is a type of internet art that has the form and features of a blog, and the hybrilog may act as a blogart or as another kind of cultural and artistic hybridization (Andrade, 2006a). The hybrid may also be used as a resource for the practice of hybrid writing across multiple new genres of blogs, such as the hybrilog, or inside any other writing media (Andrade, 2006b). • The hybridization of literacies is another core concept used to understand and apply HDA (Andrade, 2011a, pp. 71–72, 2014). Literacy may be defined as a set of social reading and writing processes, including competencies and performances underlying a given mode of knowledge, in addition to the reading and writing regimes of a national or mother tongue. Articulating these literacies, an unprecedented way of knowing is emerging, hybridology, which focuses on the hybrid entities and identities that proliferate inside contemporaneity, especially within digital social networks. Examples are provided within a case study of audiences undertaken at the Berardo Collection Museum in 2010, through hybrid methodologies such as the multitouch questionnaire and the trichotomies game (Andrade, 2011b). Another illustration of hybrid sociological methods is the geoneologic novel (Andrade, 2007b, 2011b, p. 52). Or, in the cultural heritage area, a reflection on a sociology of ruins shows an example of hybrid methods through a case study undertaken in the context of digital social networks (Andrade, 2013). Another synthetic debate on hybridology, connected with the digital sphere and new media, can be found in Andrade (2015). 4. Analysis and Interpretation of the Wikipedia Corpus: Questions Within Hybrid Discourse Analysis This case study is about the Wikipedia pages that debate “COVID-19 pandemic” and “tourism”, contextualized essentially by tourism studies. Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 132 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade The specific questions that HDA asks in order to interpret the corpus of the Wikipedia cyberspace pages are the following: 1. Which social processes emerge as the most relevant for the authors of those pages (and for their inherent social discourse), among the topics associated with COVID-19 and tourism? 2. Which are the core concepts that represent these social phenomena? 3. What social relations articulate such concepts? 4. It is possible to identify meta-relations, that is, relationships that associate other relationships? These concepts and their relationships make visible pertinent sociological networks, which are defined as conceptual constellations that present a synthesis of the spoken/written social reality, in this case immersed within the selected Wikipedia pages. As observed below, such sociological networks may be specified into semantic-logic networks. These more particular networks translate, on one hand, the semantic meanings that social actors produce via sentences and words belonging to natural languages (English, Portuguese, etc.) into, on the other hand, (socio)logical propositions. For example, within a semantic-logic network, common words such as substantives are transformed into concepts; verbs are used as inter-conceptual relations; and daily sentences are modified into logical propositions. 5. Social and Sociological Dimensions of “Viral Risk Tourism” Concept As described in the “Introduction” section, HDA may be detailed through various stages. The first step is conceptual. It considers not just the main concepts that organise the text but also their social and sociological dimensions. In the retained corpus “social structures” are the most frequent social dimension, with 3,845 mentions to the respective concepts, within the sentences of the text previously divided into (socio)logical propositions (see Figure 2). Figure 2 Social and sociological dimensions Note that “relations among concepts” are the second more cited analytic class (2,394 occurrences inside the texts analyzed). The process of “tourism” is in part understood sociologically as a social-economic, and cultural/discursive structure, inside the dimension “social structures”. Our corpus has 2,545 sentences referring to “discursive structures”, such as “arts and cultures” (378 propositions), a social structure more and more practised by contemporary cultural tourists (cf. Figure 3). Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 133 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade Figure 3 Discursive structures Another dimension widely represented in the corpus is the “social agent”, particularly their relationship with the social structures “medicine and health” (Figure 4 and Figure 5). Figure 4 Social agents’ health Figure 5 Social agents’ health (continuation) Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 134 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade Note the 114 mentions to “pandemic” under the sub-category “infections”. And 33 references to “sars”, within the sub-class “infectious diseases”. In addition, “vaccination” registers 63 occurrences, and both the vaccines Pfizer and Astra-Merck receive four indications within the “pharmaceutic industry”. Some other related concepts are visible inside the social sentences and sociological propositions within the corpus, for example, the social agents “doctor” (eight) and “patient” (19). And what about the “tourism industry”, another pertinent social-economic structure in this case study? It belongs to a broader structural category, “transport and travel”. The sub-class more related to tourism is “trip and travel”, showing a frequency of 698 times within the corpus (Figure 6). Figure 6 Tourism industry 6. Semantic-Logical Networks A second stage that details HDA is the following: concepts can be more deeply understood via their relationships inside semantic-logical networks, that translate social meanings into sociological signifiers. Observing a semantic-logical network within Figure 7, it becomes clear that the central concept “tourism” is surrounded by other concepts through concentric circles that express a greater or lesser degree of association with the central concept. Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 135 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade Figure 7 “Orbital” semantic-logical network including concept “tourism” and its satellite concepts Horizontally, this network conotates the conditional position of concepts within the full set of written sentences or all corresponding (socio)logical propositions. On the left, the antecedent concepts (causes, etc.) are found, such as “religious” for religious tourism, or “art” showing its influence, for example, in cultural tourism, and so forth. On the right, the subsequent concepts (effects, etc.) are visible, for example, “security” in tourism, or “communication” activated in tourism activities, and so forth. A more complex sociological network is presented in Figure 8. Figure 8 “Axial” semantic-logical network showing “tourism” and its actant and acted social processes/sociological concepts Tourism is situated here as actant. This means a conditionality in relation to other social phenomena translated by concepts, the acted ones. For instance, in this corpus, “tourism” is treated as an influencing factor to other social processes, such as the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19. However, other processes/concepts also present this conditionality, for example, “people”, the “USA”, the global world space, the year “2020” and the month “March”, or some “governments”, or countries such as “Italy” where the Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 142 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade Figure 15 Antecedent and consequent concepts to a proposition including the concept “tourism” and relation “transforms” This means that such center is itself hybridized, as it fusions a concept and a relationship into a partial proposition. Observe the frequencies of the antecedent and subsequent concepts in what concerns this new core idea. As for posterior terms, “tourism” may transform any one of them, for example, “people” and “communication”, or the “pandemic”. Next, there are examples of the relationship “determination” in the considered corpus. The words in italic indicate the terms used in the English language of Wikipedia page on “COVID-19 Pandemic”: • [6] Reporting on March 24 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States indicated The Who had provided two codes for Covid-19: • [30] The virus that caused the outbreak is known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2). • [82] The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths attributed to Covid-19 divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval ( … ) because comparisons of death rates before and during the pandemic show an increase in deaths, that is not explained by Covid-19 deaths alone. • [84] The CDC noted that [the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)] is not planning to implement U07. 2 for mortality statistics. Some illustrations of actual social language sentences, corresponding to these (socio)logical propositions within the Wikipedia page “Tourism”, are shown below. Again, the terms that connote the two terms found, mutually associated, inside the same propositions, are marked with italics. • [7] International tourist arrivals surpassed [“surpassed” is a word in the corpus indicating the “dialectical” or “transformation” relation] the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012. • [8] emerging [another word in the class “transformation”, in what regards tourism] source markets such as China, Russia. • [9] Basis International tourism over time, modern aviation has made it possible to travel long distances quickly. Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 143 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade • [63] This form of tourism developed during the second half of the 19th century in the United Kingdom. • [65] Educational tourism is developed because of the growing popularity of teaching. • [106] Social tourism is making tourism available to poor people who otherwise could not afford to travel for their education or recreation. • [138] Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries. In addition, it might be interesting to research, as a network core idea, the hybridization between two relation-concepts (Figure 16). Figure 16 Prior and following concepts to relation “is equal to” hybridized with relation “determines” For example, the association between, on one hand, the relation denominated “equality” (coded “rs7 = equal to”) and, on the other hand, the relation “determination” (coded “rc1 ->> determines”). Such connection between two relations is named “metarelation”. It is now possible to discover some frequent concepts, or other relation-concepts, connected with this new core idea within a semantic-logic network. For such a purpose, one could retake the whole linguistic sentences of the corpus and the respective underlying logical propositions. As stated above, such propositions include anterior concepts (e.g., conditions, causes) and posterior concepts (consequences, effects, etc.) connected by one or more relationships. In what regards the anterior concepts inside all (socio)logical propositions inside the corpus, the more frequent mentions include “tourism” (48 times), “people” (23), “virus” (18), “pandemic” (eight), and so forth. And the impact of this meta-relation contains “sars”, “death”, “pandemic”, “infection”, among others. Examples of this meta-relation in the corpus are presented below, found inside the Wikipedia page on “COVID-19 pandemic”. The relation “is equal to” is indicated in italics, and the relation “determines” is noted between quotation marks. • [179] Nevertheless, in the United States, two monoclonal antibody-based therapies are available for early use in cases “thought” to be at high risk of progression to severe disease. Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 144 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade • [180] In 34% of cases (7,4% for those over age 65), symptoms are severe enough to “cause” hospitalization. • [190] health care must be available to “provide for” the needs of those infected. • [199] Contact tracing is an important method for health authorities to “determine” the source of infection. • [200] and as of April 7 2020, more than a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions such as “using” Bluetooth to log a user’s proximity to other in mandatory traveler information collection for use in Covid-19 contact. • [208] In Europe and the US, Palantir Technologies is also “providing” Covid-19 tracking services. • [210] in some areas, non-emergency healthcare services are being “provided” virtually. Other citations with the meta-relation that hybridizes the relationship “is equal to” with relation to the connection “determines” are located within the Wikipedia page titled “Tourism”: • [60] Cultural tourism is one of the megatrends “reflected” in massive numbers of overnight stays and sales. • [80] Tourist destinations are shifting to low carbon emissions following the trend of visitors being more focused on being environmentally responsible, “adopting” a sustainable behavior. • [89] There is also the possibility of pro-poor tourism principles being “adopted”, within community tourism in Sierra Leone? • [91] and this is “reflected” in tourist numbers recovering some 6,6% globally over 2009, with growth up to 8% in emerging economies. 8. Conclusion It would be possible to extend the HAD sociological hybrid hermeneutics about hybrid social processes via the above applied epistemological, theoretical, methodological and empirical perspectives. In fact, such a strategy is still in its early stage of development. Therefore, some previous and incomplete conclusions on the present study are the following: within an epistemological perspective, not only methods but everything in research could or should be, in some way, hybridized, at least partially. For instance, not just interdisciplinarity is pertinent nowadays; but clearer articulations among concepts and among theories as well; and also a more proficient fusion among research teams originary from dominant and alternative research cultures, for example, research teams native from both central and peripheral countries and societies. From a theoretical perspective, web 3.0, and in particular social semantic sites such as Wikipedia, are objects of study relatively under-analyzed, despite the fact that Tim Berners-Lee (2000), the inventor of world wide web (the visual and graphic internet), has pointed out its core relevance and urgency for the clarification of digital social networks inherent phenomena. Considering a methodological perspective, in order to interpret novel social processes, it is necessary not just to create innovative concepts but also to forge new Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 145 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade methodologies. Using the alphabet, HDA represents only a possible contribution to it, albeit in a state of development and therefore naturally under continuous evaluation. Anyway, as temporary results of this case study, the following is noteworthy: for the authors of the analyzed web pages discourses, among the subjects associated with COVID-19 and tourism, and taking into account the quantitative approach applied, the more relevant social phenomena dimensions are structural, registering 3,845 mentions. The number of references to “relationships” and to “social agents” is relatively similar, with 2,394 and 2,335, respectively. The frequency of societal “contexts” and “processes” is also very close. “Objects” and “practices” are the least social and sociological dimensions/levels present in the Wikipedia discourse. As for a more qualitative approach, and revisiting the questions previously formulated, the core concepts that represent these social phenomena dimensions seem to belong to the “medicine and health” category related with “social agents” and to refer to “transport and travel” connected with “tourism”, which demonstrate the pertinence of their articulation. The more expressive social relations that articulate such concepts are “equality” inside structural relationships and “determination” within conjunctural relationships. Some of these are meta-relations, that is, social and sociological links that associate with other links. It is the case of “equal to”, related, in a first move, to “determines”, and both connected, in a second step, to several antecedent and posterior ideas, within the reticular discourse resident in Wikipedia pages about both “COVID-19 pandemic” and “tourism”, a social discourse partially deciphered via the sociological propositions proposed by HDA. 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(Original work published 1995) Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 147 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade Castells, M. (1996). The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell. Gans, J. (2020). Economics in the age of covid-19. MIT Press First Reads. Naik, A. (2020). Heroes of a pandemic: Those who stood up against covid-19. Indy Pub. Rio, R. (2020). Turismo in quarantena. Gli effetti del coronavirus sul sistema italiano. Tangram Edizioni Scientifiche. Said, E. (2008). On late style: Music and literature against the grain. Vintage. Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze. Sage. Urry, J. (2007). Mobilities. Polity Press. Appendix Brief Glossary on Urban Tourism, Viral Society and Hybrid Discourse Analysis The purpose of this glossary is to synthetically allow access to concepts related to the central theme of this text. Please note that such relations are not just direct connections but also of an indirect nature. For instance, they may constitute a relation of inclusion between a term and its broader categories that contextualize a more specific concept. In fact, a glossary does not have the same role as bibliographic references do, where direct relations between a citation and a source must be indicated. Differently, a glossary is useful for briefly defining and consolidating ideas, neither articulating all the terms with the text, nor developing a reflection on those terms, which would be impossible due to lack of space. For example, in the present glossary, the concept “city 3.0” must be included in the broader category “city” or “urban”, which constitute two hierarchical knowledge classes. Inside the definition of “city 3.0” it is possible to see a direct relationship with the case study about Wikipedia discourse, here analyzed, as Wikipedia is a semantic web included in the broader system of “web 3.0”. Note that some (but not all) direct related concepts with “city 3.0”, for example, “web 3.0” and “tourism 3.0”, are noted in italics in the “city 3.0” definition. This means that the reader can be quickly and briefly elucidated with the meaning of these two last ideas. In sum, contemporary texts have a rhizomatic and intertextual nature. That is, they create an incomensurable network of interrelated signifiers. Glossaries are just a more synthetic rhizoma. City 3.0 or social-semantic city: globalized locality configured in an urban geographic network that includes digital, social and semantic networks, characteristics of web 3.0, particularly in the activities of tourism 3.0. Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 148 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade Cultural tourism: type of tourism that is predominantly interested in cultural aspects of society (arts and their institutions or contexts), for example, the Museum of Public Art or other public cultural spaces, such as the street. Digital cultural tourism: mode of tourism associated with cyberspace and cybertime, and the mobile culture conveyed by the tourist through the cell phone, for example, as an instrument for linking public arts to cyberculture. Hybrid discourse analysis: is a critical and hybrid discourse analysis genre that undertakes fusions among the different natures of things while analyzing a given corpus of social data. For example, by hybridizing knowledge types, methodological approaches such as hybrid methods, pre-digital, digital media and hybrimedia, intercultural and interprofessional research teams, among others. Hybrid methods/Hibrimedia: mixture, fusion or hybridization of diverse scientific, technological or artistic methods and media, for example, those that characterize the following modes of knowledge: social sciences (questionnaire, etc.), new technologies (interactive digital devices built in hypermedia) and the arts (object art, procedural art like installation and performance). Hybridology: it consists of the scientific, technological and artistic study of the hybrid entities that abound and somehow define our globalized contemporaneity, as in the case of the growing demographic hybridization in European societies, through decades of massive immigration. Other examples are hybrid methods, hybrid discourse analysis and hybrimedia. Innovative tourism: type of tourism linked to social innovation, especially within the urban mobility characteristic of the smart city. Mobile locative tourism: configuration of tourism travel in which the information and knowledge about the trip (internet searches about the tourist destination, memories captured during the visit, etc.) are carried out mainly via mobile phone, in person at physical locations or virtually within sites online. The new mobilities characteristic of mobile locative and viral risk tourism redefine the current social mobilities. That is, they establish processes of remobility, which develop certain regularities already detected in the case of tourism communication via locative media and communicative tourism. Research society: in contemporary times, ordinary citizens can openly search and (re)search through open research, both open information and knowledge, using global tools and devices, such as Google or cell phones, in various social scenes or arenas, Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 149 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade including physical or virtual museum spaces, or the street. In doing so, ordinary citizens can construct concepts and definitions, for example, on Wikipedia, and thus, somehow compete with professional scientists and artists, on the production and disseminaton of local and global information and knowledge. Smart city: city paradigm that favors planning, monitoring and digital technologies to achieve greater predictability in urban restructuring, among other aspects of greater mobility, innovative tourism and security in public space. However, this ubiquitous view of the city and the citizen carries risks, from the intrusion into private life, through disrespect for human rights, to the naturalization and uncritical acceptance of a generalized panoptism. It differs from city 3.0 as this urban mode is more profoundly connected with web 3.0 and tourism 3.0. Social remobility: it is defined as a posture to combat viral society, aiming at overcoming it and the alternative recreation of social mobility processes amid contemporary social and communicative processes, such as communication among citizens, tourists and migrants. In a viral society, social demobility occurs. In other words, the mobile society, in which “everything is on the move”, as John Urry (1990, 2007) puts it, has partially transformed itself into a motionless society. Therefore, it is necessary to de-move it from its i-mobility, through social remobility, among other strategies. Some examples of these social re-mobilization processes are urban public art linked to mobile cultures, such as tourist culture and cultures inherent in digital social networks. Such cultures are founded and merged, today, in virtual-viral communities that circulate in cyberspace and cybertime, which are conflicting digital public spheres where, presently, pre-viral societies deconstruct and gradually reconstruct themselves as post-viral societies. Social-semantic website: this type of digital site is closely associated with web 3.0. It explicitly presents an explanatory paradigm or sections on its own semantic content (ideas, concepts, facts, events, etc.) and its logical relationships (connections between ideas within the site, or links between pages on the site or between these and places, external to him on the internet). Tourism: mode of travel dominant within industrial societies and modernity. Types of tourism include cultural tourism, digital cultural tourism, innovative tourism, mobile locative tourism, tourism 3.0, viral risk tourism. Tourism 3.0: it is defined based on the following traits: greater interest by tourists in intangible heritage; overcoming the dichotomy between high culture and popular culture, a process for example witnessed by the opening of tourists to public art on the Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 150 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade street; hybridization between cultural production and consumption; desire for authentic experiences in the tourist trip; such a paradigm of modern tourism is revealed as one of the practical manifestations of city 3.0, which often allows the use of culture 3.0 within the public cyberspace of web 3.0. Tourism communication: communicative paradigm around tourism activities, founded on three distinct modes of communication, but also hybridized in contemporary times: the pre-modern mode of communication in co-presence (face-to-face conversations, etc.); the mode of mass communication characteristic of modern societies (press, radio, television); and the digital communication mode associated with postmodernity (cyberspace, cybertime). Viral society: society paradigm defined by societal processes never seen before, such as viral economies and technologies; viral policies and politicians; viral cultures and cults, viral risk tourism. One of the processes that seek to overcome the viral society is social remobility. Viral risk tourism: this process is defined as a new mode of traveling that inherits some of the characteristics of viral society, risk society and network society. For example, due to forced confinement, potential tourists increasingly choose to make virtual travels in cyberspace and cybertime rather than physical travel. Another attribute of viral risk tourism is the development of mobile locative tourism, which can become as or more important than presential tourism. Web 2.0 (or social web or reading/writing internet): type of digital social network that allows an active posture on the part of the user: in addition to reading the information, he can write content such as articles (posts) or comments on a blog and share personal and professional information on digital social networks, such as Facebook, Twitter or YouTube. Web 3.0 (or semantic web): paradigm of digital social networks that is based, among other discursive devices, on social-semantic sites. For example, Wikipedia, Freebase, Public Communication of Art sites. Wikipedia: a social semantic web 3.0 site, in the form of a global digital glossary, where common citizens may define ideas and concepts, even if evaluated by a Wikipedia commission, dedicated to controlling some anti-democratic practices and writings, such as racist postures, fake news, among others. Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais / Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2022 151 Risk Tourism Within Viral Society: A Study Using Hybrid Discourse Analysis . Pedro de Andrade Biographical Note Pedro Andrade is a sociologist and researcher at the University of Minho, Communication and Society Research Centre. He was a teacher at the Universities of Coimbra and Lisbon, on sociology of culture, communication, sociological methods, digital humanities. He researches about urban cultures, art communication, art/science museums, literacies, digital social networks (web 2.0/web 3.0), methodologies/ hybrimedia. He was a coordinator of international projects, for example, ScientificTechnological Literacy and Public Opinion (2005, on science museums publics) and Public Communication of Arts (2011, about art museums and its relationships with audiences, tourism, digital/virtual sociological methodology, hybrimedia interaction, sociological/cultural games, social networks, virtual/augmented reality), both funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Participation within international university webs, for example, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; member of the project Manifesto Art and Social Inclusion in Urban Communities (United Kingdom). He is an author of several books and scientific papers published in international and national journals with peer review, indexed in global bibliographic databases (Web of Science, etc.). He is the director of the first Portuguese-French scientific journal, AtalaiaIntermundos (since 1995). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4550-0562 Email: [email protected] Address: Communication and Society Research Centre, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4750-057 Braga, Portugal Submitted: 09/11/2021 | Accepted: 04/01/2022 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.