Contribuyendo a la autodeterminación a través de la fotografía participativa en adultos con enfermedad mental
Full text
&2175,%8<(1'2$/$$872'(7(50,1$&,Ï1$75$9e6'(/$ )272*5$)Ë$3$7,&,3$7,9$(1$'8/726&21(1)(50('$' 0(17$/ Contributing to self-determination through participatory photography in adults with mental illness. 5DEDGiQ&UHVSRÈQJHO9 'HSDUWDPHQWRGH(GXFDFLyQ 8QLYHUVLGDGGH+XHOYD DYUDEDGDQ#MFFPHV 5HVXPHQ (O REMHWLYR JHQHUDO GH OD SUHVHQWH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HV OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH XQ SURJUDPD LGHDGRSDUDSURPRFLRQDUODDXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ\ODFDOLGDGGHYLGDGHDGXOWRVFRQ HQIHUPHGDGPHQWDODWUDYpVGHOXVRGHODIRWRJUDItDSDUWLFLSDWLYDSDUDFRPSUHQGHU DVSHFWRVGHODH[SHULHQFLDGHODHQIHUPHGDGPHQWDO$SOLFDQGRXQDPHWRGRORJtDGH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FXDOLWDWLYD SDUWLFLSDWLYD VH XVDQ ODV IRWRJUDItDVFUHDGDVSRUORV SDUWLFLSDQWHVSDUDGRFXPHQWDU\H[SOLFDUVXHVWDGR8QGLVHxRFXDVLH[SHULPHQWDOFRQ JUXSRFRQWUROVLQWUDWDPLHQWR/RVSULPHURVUHVXOWDGRVVXJLHUHQTXHXQSUR\HFWRGH IRWRJUDItD SDUWLFLSDWLYD RIUHFH XQ REMHWLYR ~WLO D SDUWLU GHO FXDO H[DPLQDU ODV H[SHULHQFLDV GH YLYLU FRQ OD HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO (O VXIULPLHQWR HO HVWLJPD \ OD SpUGLGDGHODLGHQWLGDGDSDUHFHQHQHOFHQWURGHHVWDSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODH[SHULHQFLD 3DODEUDVFODYH )RWRJUDIt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
,QWURGXFFLyQ (Q(VSDxDHOQ~PHURGHSHUVRQDVFRQGLVFDSDFLGDGDOFDQ]DORVPLOORQHVORTXH VXSRQH HO GH OD SREODFLyQ ,1( 'H HQWUH HOODV OD GLVFDSDFLGDG LQWHOHFWXDOVXSRQHHOGHODVGLVFDSDFLGDGHVDIHFWDQGRDOGHODSREODFLyQHQ QXHVWURSDtV'XUDQWHPXFKRVDxRVODVSHUVRQDVFRQGLVFDSDFLGDGLQWHOHFWXDOSDUHFHQ KDEHU RFXSDGR XQ VHJXQGR SODQR HQ OD WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV TXH FRQFLHUQHQ DO GHVDUUROORGHVXSURSLDFDOLGDGGHYLGD6LQHPEDUJRODFDOLGDGGHYLGDHVLPSRUWDQWH SDUDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDV\GHEHVHUHQWHQGLGDGHIRUPDVLPLODULQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGH ODSUHVHQFLDGHDOJ~QWLSRGHGLVFDSDFLGDG0LUyQ$ORQVR6HUUDQR\6iHQ] 3RU HVWRV PRWLYRV D SDUWLU GH OD GpFDGD GH ORV GHO VLJOR SDVDGR VXUJH XQ PRYLPLHQWR GH UHQRYDFLyQ \ UHYLVLyQ GH ODV SUiFWLFDV TXH KDVWD HO PRPHQWR VH VHJXtDQFRQHVWDSREODFLyQ'LFKDWHQGHQFLDTXHGXUDKDVWD QXHVWURVGtDV KDVLGR EDXWL]DGDSRUPXFKRVDXWRUHVFRPROD³HUDGHODDXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ´'HFL\5\DQ 9HUGXJR6HOLJPDQ\&VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L5\DQ\'HFL HQWHQGLpQGRVHSRUDXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQODFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGLVSRVLFLRQDOGHODSHUVRQDTXH RWRUJD D OD PLVPD OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH GHVHPSHxDU XQ URO DFWLYR HQODWRPDGH GHFLVLRQHV UHODWLYDV D VX SURSLD FDOLGDG GH YLGD OLEUH GH LQIOXHQFLDV H[WHUQDV TXH SXGLHUDQLQWHUYHQLUHQVXSURSyVLWR:HKPH\HU(OSULQFLSDOREMHWLYRGHHVWH PRYLPLHQWR HV HO GH IDFXOWDUOHV SDUD TXH SXHGDQ SDUWLFLSDU WRPDU GHFLVLRQHV \ GHVDUUROODUXQPD\RUFRQWUROVREUHVXVYLGDV\VXDSUHQGL]DMHFRQREMHWRGHFRQVHJXLU VXLQWHJUDFLyQVRFLDO\XQDPD\RUFDOLGDGGHYLGD$FRPSDxDQGR\IXQGDPHQWDQGR HVWD HUD VH SURGXMR XQ FDPELR GH SDUDGLJPD HQ OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH GLVFDSDFLGDG &UHVSR &DPSR \ 9HUGXJR /XFNDVVRQ HW DO 2UJDQL]DFLyQ 0XQGLDOGHOD6DOXG9HUGXJRHQODFXDOHQOXJDUGHFRQVLGHUDU ODGLVFDSDFLGDGH[FOXVLYDPHQWHXQSUREOHPDWUDVWRUQRRGpILFLWVHSODQWHDHQWHQGHUD ODSHUVRQDFRQGLVFDSDFLGDGHQVXFRQWH[WR\GHDFXHUGRFRQODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVTXHDOOt VXFHGHQ (OGHVDUUROORGHODDXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQHQODSREODFLyQTXHQRVRFXSDHVXQDVSHFWR FRPSOHMR'LYHUVDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVDPRGRGHHMHPSORKDQGHPRVWUDGRTXHHQHO FDVRGHODVSHUVRQDVDGXOWDVFRQGLVFDSDFLGDGLQWHOHFWXDOVXHOHQVHUORVFXLGDGRUHV\ ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV TXLHQHV GHFLGHQ TXp DFWLYLGDGHV SXHGHQ UHDOL]DU HVWDV SHUVRQDV GXUDQWHVXWLHPSROLEUH%URZQ+DZNLQV=LMOVWUD\9ODVNDPS$ YHFHVODIDPLOLDXRWURVVLVWHPDVVRFLDOHVIDYRUHFHQXQDDXVHQFLDGHHOHFFLyQ\VXHOHQ SULYDUDODVSHUVRQDVGHH[SHULHQFLDVYLWDOHVDJUDGDEOHV\VDWLVIDFWRULDVTXHRWRUJXHQ VHQWLGRDVXH[LVWHQFLDDVtFRPRSURGXFLUFRQVHFXHQFLDVPRWLYDFLRQDOHVFRJQLWLYDV\ HPRFLRQDOHVQHJDWLYDV%DGtD\/RQJR(OPDQWHQLPLHQWRSURORQJDGRGHHVWD VLWXDFLyQ SXHGH FRQGXFLU D VHQWLPLHQWRV GH LQGHIHQVLyQ HQ OD SHUVRQD HVWLJPDWL]DFLyQHWFORTXHGDOXJDUDGLILFXOWDGHVHQHODSUHQGL]DMH\UHGXFFLyQHQVX QLYHOGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ\H[SORUDFLyQGHOHQWRUQR6HOLJPDQ $QWH HVWD VLWXDFLyQ VH KD SURGXFLGR XQ LQFUHPHQWR GH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV RULHQWDGDV DO GHVDUUROOR GH HVWRV REMHWLYRV %DUTXtQ *DUFtD *DUFtD /ySH]\0DUtQ)($36)($363pUH]\&DEH]DV3RQFH 9LYHG%HWVDEp\'tD](QUHODFLyQDSURSXHVWDVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQLGHDGDV SDUD SHUVRQDV FRQ GLVFDSDFLGDG LQWHOHFWXDO GHVWDFD SRU XQ ODGR ODV TXH SUHWHQGHQ GRWDUOHV GH XQ PHGLR GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ TXH PHMRUH VX FRPSHWHQFLD JHQHUDO \ OHV SURSRUFLRQHXQD SRGHURVD KHUUDPLHQWDGHUHODFLyQ LQWHUSHUVRQDO 7DPDULW \ 391
SRU RWUR ODGR OD HQVHxDQ]D GH FyGLJRV DOWHUQDWLYRV FRPR HO SURFHGLPLHQWR GH FRPXQLFDFLyQWRWDO6FKDHIIHU0XVLO\.ROOLQ]DV/DILQDOLGDGGHHVWHWLSRGH SURFHGLPLHQWRVHVIRPHQWDUODHVSRQWDQHLGDGRIUHFLHQGRXQFyGLJRSDUDH[SUHVDUORV SURSLRV GHVHRV \ DQKHORV \ HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ UHSHUWRULR GH GHVWUH]DV TXH OH SRVLELOLWHQLQWHUDFFLRQDUFRQVXHQWRUQR3pUH]HWDO (OSURIXQGRJUDGRGHGLVFDSDFLGDGDVRFLDGDDODHQIHUPHGDGPHQWDO\ODLPSRUWDQWH IDOWDGHUHFXUVRVGHVDOXGPHQWDOVXJLHUHQODQHFHVLGDGGHLGHQWLILFDUPHWRGRORJtDV LQQRYDGRUDVGLVHxDGDVSDUDLOXPLQDUHOVLJQLILFDGRGHOSUREOHPDFRQPiVGHWDOOH6H QHFHVLWDQQXHYRVPpWRGRVTXHWHQJDQHOSRWHQFLDOGHFUHDUFDPELRVGHSXQWRVGHYLVWD VREUH OD PDUJLQDFLyQ GH OD HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO \ OD HYLWDFLyQ GHOD LQFOXVLyQ \ OD MXVWLFLDVRFLDOHVSDFLRVSDUDFUHDUFDPELRVHQODVSROtWLFDVGHVDOXGPHQWDOEDVDGRVHQ SULQFLSLRV KXPDQLVWDV \ PRUDOHV 'H HVWH PRGR D SDUWLU GHO HPSOHR GH HVWUDWHJLDV DOWHUQDWLYDV \ SDUWLFLSDWLYDV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ FRPR OD IRWRJUDItD SDUWLFLSDWLYD H LQFUHPHQWDQGR ODV RSRUWXQLGDGHV SDUD OD WRPD GH HOHFFLRQHV SURPRFLRQDPRV OD DXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ \ OD PHMRUDUD GH OD FDOLGDG GH YLGD GH ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ GLVFDSDFLGDGLQWHOHFWXDO([SORUDQGRHOXVRGHODIRWRJUDItDSDUWLFLSDWLYDFRPRXQD PHWRGRORJtDLQQRYDGRUDSDUDODFRPXQLFDFLyQ\ODFRPSUHQVLyQGHORVDVSHFWRVGHOD H[SHULHQFLDGHODHQIHUPHGDGPHQWDOVHSUHVHQWDHVWHLQIRUPH $QWHFHGHQWHV *UDQSDUWHGHOVXIULPLHQWRGHODVSHUVRQDVFRQXQWUDVWRUQRPHQWDOWLHQHVXRULJHQHQ HO SURFHVR GH HVWLJPDWL]DFLyQ TXH FRQ IUHFXHQFLD DFRPSDxD D HVWD FRQGLFLyQ 6H WUDWD GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH UHDFFLRQHV VRFLDOHV QHJDWLYDV TXH OLPLWDQ HO ELHQHVWDU DGDSWDFLyQ H LQWHJUDFLyQ VRFLDO GH TXLHQHV SDGHFHQ XQD HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO HVSHFLDOPHQWHGHFDUiFWHUJUDYH\FUyQLFRDIHFWDQGRWDPELpQDVXVIDPLOLDUHV\D ORVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHODVDOXGPHQWDO0XxR]3pUH]6DQWRV&UHVSR\*XLOOpQ (Q~OWLPDLQVWDQFLDHODFFHVR\XVRGHORVVHUYLFLRVVHYHQLQIOXHQFLDGRVSRUODIDOWD GH HQWHQGLPLHQWR JOREDO DFHUFD GH OD YHUGDGHUD QDWXUDOH]D GH GLFKR WUDVWRUQR &URFNHU 0DMRU \ 6WHHOH KDQ VHxDODGR TXH ORV LQGLYLGXRV HVWLJPDWL]DGRV SRVHHQDOJ~QDWULEXWRRFDUDFWHUtVWLFD TXH FRQOOHYD XQD LGHQWLGDGVRFLDOODFXDOHV GHYDOXDGDHQXQFRQWH[WRVRFLDOSDUWLFXODU &RPSDUWLPRV FRQ 2WWDWL %RGHQKDXVHQ \ 1HZPDQ TXH HO HVWLJPD VH PDQLILHVWD HQ WUHV QLYHOHV GHO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VRFLDO HVWHUHRWLSRV SUHMXLFLRV \ GLVFULPLQDFLyQ/RVHVWHUHRWLSRVVRQFUHHQFLDVDSUHQGLGDVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQHODFXHUGR JHQHUDOL]DGR VREUH OR TXH FDUDFWHUL]D D XQ GHWHUPLQDGR JUXSR (Q HO FDVR GH OD HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO ORV HVWHUHRWLSRV PiV KDELWXDOHV VH UHILHUHQ D OD SHOLJURVLGDG YLROHQFLD LPSUHGHFLELOLGDG \ GHELOLGDG GH FDUiFWHU DGHPiV GH OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG VREUH OD HQIHUPHGDG \ OD LQFRPSHWHQFLD SDUD WDUHDV EiVLFDV FRPR HO DXWRFXLGDGR &UHVSR0XxR]3pUH]6DQWRV\*XLOOpQ&XDQGRDODSOLFDUHVWRVHVWHUHRWLSRV XQD SHUVRQD H[SHULPHQWD PLHGR GHVFRQILDQ]D X RWUDV UHDFFLRQHV HPRFLRQDOHV QHJDWLYDV VH HVWiQ SRQLHQGR HQ PDUFKD ODV DFWLWXGHV \ YDORUHV TXH FRQVWUX\HQ \ FRQVWLWX\HQORVSUHMXLFLRV7RGRHOORSXHGHFRQGXFLUDXQDGLVFULPLQDFLyQHIHFWLYD HVWRHVDFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVGHUHFKD]RTXHFRORTXHQDODVSHUVRQDVFRQXQWUDVWRUQR PHQWDOHQVLWXDFLyQGHGHVYHQWDMDVRFLDO(QGHILQLWLYDORVHVWHUHRWLSRVSUHMXLFLRV\ GLVFULPLQDFLRQHV DVRFLDGDV D OD HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO SXHGHQ SULYDU D TXLHQHV OD SDGHFHQ GH RSRUWXQLGDGHV HVHQFLDOHV SDUD HO ORJUR GH VXV REMHWLYRV YLWDOHV 392
HVSHFLDOPHQWH DTXHOORV TXH WLHQHQ TXH YHU FRQ VX LQGHSHQGHQFLD HFRQyPLFD \ SHUVRQDO&RUULJDQ7KRUQLFURIWFRQVXDXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ $SDUWLUGHODPSOLRFRQMXQWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGLULJLGDVDHYDOXDUHOHVWLJPDHQWUH TXLHQHV SDGHFHQ HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO VH KD REVHUYDGR XQD WHQGHQFLD D HQFRQWUDU HOHYDGRVSRUFHQWDMHVGHSDUWLFLSDQWHVTXHFUHHQTXHVHUiQGHYDOXDGRVSRUHOKHFKRGH SDGHFHUXQWUDVWRUQRPHQWDO\DQWLFLSDQYLYHQFLDVHVWLJPDWL]DGRUDVGHUHFKD]RVRFLDO HJ/LQNHWDO/LQNHWDO0DUNRZLW]5LWVKHU\3KHODQ (VWHHVWLJPDSHUFLELGRRDQWLFLSDGRUHVXOWDHVSHFLDOPHQWHQRFLYRDQLYHOHPRFLRQDO\ FRQGXFWXDO(QFRQFUHWRVHKDREVHUYDGRTXHJXDUGDXQDFRUUHODFLyQQHJDWLYDFRQOD FDOLGDG GH YLGD 0DUNRZLW] 5RVHQILHOG \ OD DXWRHVWLPD /LQN HW DO 0DUNRZLW] PLHQWUDV TXH VH UHODFLRQD SRVLWLYDPHQWH FRQ VtQWRPDV GH GHSUHVLyQ\DQVLHGDG(UWXJUXO\8OXJ/LQNHWDO0DUNRZLW] /RVHVWXGLRVWDPELpQKDQHQFRQWUDGRDOWRVQLYHOHVGHHVWLJPDH[SHULPHQWDGR'HSOD HW DO 'LFNHUVRQ HW DO :DOK \ HVWLJPD LQWHUQDOL]DGR R DXWR HVWLJPD5LWVKHU\3KHODQTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQREVWiFXORUHDOSDUDODDVLVWHQFLD HLQWHJUDFLyQVRFLDOGHODVSHUVRQDVFRQWUDVWRUQRVPHQWDOHVJUDYHV (VHVHQFLDOGHVDUUROODU\FRPXQLFDUXQDPHMRUFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHODV SHUVRQDVTXHYLYHQFRQHQIHUPHGDGHVPHQWDOHVSDUDDERJDUSRUXQPD\RUDSR\R\ SDUWLFLSDUPiVSOHQDPHQWHHQ\FRQHVWDSREODFLyQ/DFRPSUHQVLyQGHODH[SHULHQFLD GH OD HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO GHVGH QXHYRV SXQWRV GH YLVWD SXHGH SURSRUFLRQDU D ORV SURIHVLRQDOHVQXHYDVRSRUWXQLGDGHVSDUDLQYROXFUDUDORVSDFLHQWHVODVIDPLOLDV\ORV UHVSRQVDEOHVSROtWLFRVDODDFFLyQSURPRYLHQGRXQQLYHOPiVHTXLWDWLYRHQODDWHQFLyQ D ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO < DXQTXH HVWXGLRV DQWHULRUHV +HLOHPDQQ &RIIH\$PRU\)UXWRVGH5LGJH\=LHEODQGKDQSXHVWRGHUHOLHYHOD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD SHUVSHFWLYD GHO SDFLHQWH HQ VDOXG PHQWDO VH UHFRQRFHQ HVFDVDV H[SHULHQFLDVDWUDYpVGHPpWRGRVGHIRWRJUDItDSDUWLFLSDWLYD )RWRJUDItD3DUWLFLSDWLYD /D )RWRJUDItD 3DUWLFLSDWLYD R 3KRWRYRLFH FRPR HV FRQRFLGD LQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWH GHVGHVXDSOLFDFLyQDPHGLDGRVGHODGpFDGDGHORVQRYHQWDSRU&DUROLQH:DQJ\VXV FROHJDV:DQJ:DQJ\%XUULV:DQJ<L7DR\&DURYDQR HQVXWUDEDMRFRQPXMHUHVGHXQDDOGHDUXUDOHQODSURYLQFLDGH<XQQDQHQ&KLQDVH KDYHQLGRXWLOL]DQGRVREUHWRGRSDUDKDFHUIUHQWHDXQDGLYHUVLGDGGHSUREOHPDVGH VDOXG S~EOLFD GHVDUUROOR FRPXQLWDULR \ GH MXVWLFLD VRFLDO HQWHQGLGD SRU PXFKRV DXWRUHV FRPR XQD HVWUDWHJLD SDUWLFLSDWLYD GH SURPRFLyQ GH OD VDOXG :DQJ \ 5HGZRRG-RQHV TXH DEDUFD GHVGH HQIHUPHGDGHV LQIHFFLRVDV\HSLGpPLFDV *URVVHOLQN\0\OO\NDQJDV0DPDU\0F&ULJKW\5RHDSUREOHPDVGH VDOXG FUyQLFRV $OORWH\ 5HLGSDWK .RXDPH \ &XPPLQV 2OLIIH \ %RWWRUII R YLROHQFLD SROtWLFD /\NHV %ODQFKH \ +DPEHU \ GLVFULPLQDFLyQ *UD]LDQR'HOPLVPR PRGRHOPpWRGRVHKDDSOLFDGR FRQJUXSRVGHHGDG GLYHUVRVGHVGHDGROHVFHQWHV:LOVRQHWDOKDVWDGHODWHUFHUDHGDG%DNHU :DQJ.LOOLRQ\:DQJ &RQFLVDPHQWH GHILQLGD FRPR XQ SURFHVR SRU HO FXDO OD JHQWH SXHGH LGHQWLILFDU UHSUHVHQWDU\PHMRUDUVXFRPXQLGDGDWUDYpVGHXQDWpFQLFDIRWRJUiILFDHVSHFtILFD :DQJ &DVK 3RZHUV VH FRQYLHUWH HQ XQD KHUUDPLHQWD GH 393
HPSRGHUDPLHQWRTXHSHUPLWHDODVSHUVRQDVUHIOH[LRQDUVREUHODVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVTXH OHVDIHFWDQ/XQD\TXHSRFDVVLWXDFLRQHVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQSXHGHQRIUHFHU/RV LQYHVWLJDGRUHVWDPELpQUHFRQRFHQHQOD)RWRJUDItD3DUWLFLSDWLYDXQDKHUUDPLHQWDYLWDO SDUD OD ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ 3DUWLFLSDWLYD %DVDGD HQ OD &RPXQLGDG &%35 GHELGR D VX SUHFLVLyQ HQ OD UHFRSLODFLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ *DU]LDQR LQYROXFUDQGR GH PDQHUD HTXLWDWLYD HQ WRGRV ORV DVSHFWRV GHO SURFHVR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQDODVSDUWHV LPSOLFDGDV6WUHQJHWDO &RPRXQDIRUPDGHFRQVXOWDGHODFRPXQLGDGODIRWRJUDItDSDUWLFLSDWLYDLQWHQWDWUDHU ODVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHDTXHOORVTXHFRQGXFHQVXVYLGDVGHPDQHUDGLIHUHQWHGHTXLHQHVOR KDFHQRKDFHPRVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHFRQWURODQGRORVPHGLRVSDUDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ\VX GLIXVLyQH[LVWLHQGRXQFRPSRQHQWHVRFLDO\WDPELpQSROtWLFR$GHPiVGHVXFDOLGDG HVWpWLFD XQ PHGLR DUWtVWLFR FRPR OD IRWRJUDItD VH FRQYLHUWH HQ XQD PDQHUD GH SUHJXQWDUSRUVXVSHUVSHFWLYDVHKLVWRULDVGHYLGD\SURGXFLUDUWHIDFWRVRHOHPHQWRVGH SUXHEDTXHSXHGDQSUHVHQWDUVHSRGHURVDPHQWHHQRWURVFRQWH[WRV(QHVWRVSUR\HFWRV ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV VH HVIXHU]DQ SRU VXSHUDU ODV GLYLVLRQHV WUDGLFLRQDOHV HQ OD SURGXFFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWR SDUD FRPSURPHWHUVH FRQ SUiFWLFDV \ SHUVSHFWLYDV LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUHV5DEDGiQ&RQWUHUDV/D)RWRJUDItD3DUWLFLSDWLYDYDPiV DOOiGHIDFLOLWDUGHEDWHVSDUDODHYDOXDFLyQGHODVQHFHVLGDGHVHVWiRULHQWDGD\GLULJLGD DODDFFLyQFRQODLQWHQFLyQGHSURGXFLUXQFDPELRDQLYHOGHODVSROtWLFDVVDQLWDULDV HGXFDWLYDV \R VRFLDOHV HWF :DQJ \ %XUULV GHVGH VXV LQLFLRV \D SODQWHDURQ WUHV REMHWLYRV HQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO PpWRGR UHJLVWUDU \ UHIOHMDU ORV SUREOHPDV\IRUWDOH]DVWDQWRLQGLYLGXDOHVFRPRFRPXQDOHVGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV SURPRYHUHOGLiORJRFUtWLFR\HOFRQRFLPLHQWRVREUHWHPDVUHOHYDQWHVDWUDYpVGHOD GLVFXVLyQ HQ JUXSR GH ODV IRWRJUDItDV \ KDFHU OOHJDU HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ D ORV UHVSRQVDEOHVSROtWLFRV /D )RWRJUDItD 3DUWLFLSDWLYD HV XQ PpWRGR FXDOLWDWLYR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH SURSRUFLRQDXQIRURSDUDODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVD WUDYpVGHODVLPiJHQHVSURGXFLGDV\HOGLiORJRJHQHUDGRHQFRQWH[WRVGHILQLGRVSRU ORVSURSLRVSDUWLFLSDQWHV´6WUHQJHWDO'RFXPHQWDU\UHIOH[LRQDUIHQyPHQRV LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD ORV LQWHUYLQLHQWHV /XWWUHOO 3DFNDUG $XWRUHV FRPR &ROOLHU\&ROOLHU3URVVHU5RVHHQWUHRWURV\DGHVWDFDEDQTXH GHELGR D TXH OD LPDJHQ IRWRJUiILFD HV HQWHQGLGD XQLYHUVDOPHQWH HV HVSHFLDOPHQWH DGHFXDGDSDUDLQYHVWLJDUSREODFLRQHVFXOWXUDOPHQWHGLYHUVDVRTXHWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH VHKDQSDVDGRSRUDOWRFRPRODVSHUVRQDVFRQHQIHUPHGDGPHQWDOPiVDFWXDOHQHVWH VHQWLGR .ROE DSHOD D OD FDSDFLGDG WUDQVFXOWXUDO GH ORV LQIRUPDQWHV SDUWLFLSDQWHVGHWRPDUHLQWHUSUHWDUODVLPiJHQHVORTXHSHUPLWHTXHHOWUDEDMRFRQ IRWRJUDItDVSXHGDUHDOL]DUVHFDVLHQFXDOTXLHUFRQWH[WR $XQTXHXQPpWRGRUHODWLYDPHQWHQXHYRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQODIRWRJUDItDSDUWLFLSDWLYD \DKDGHPRVWUDGRVHUXQDFWLYRYDOLRVRSDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQSDUWLFLSDWLYD:DQJHW DO5DEDGiQ\&RQWUHUDV$GHPiVGHODVIRWRJUDItDVODVQDUUDFLRQHV\VX SRWHQFLDO GLVFXUVLYR FRQWULEX\HQ D H[SUHVDU SUREOHPDV GHVHRV \ DQKHORV VREUH OD H[SHULHQFLDGHODHQIHUPHGDGPHQWDO%UXHKO/HQGH6FKZDUW]6WHUN\(OLIVRQ .HDG\$VKFURIW6LPSVRQ+DOOLJDQ:LOOLDPV3HUVHLXV(NGDKO$VEHUJ\ 6DPXHOVVRQ0HGLDQWHODFRPELQDFLyQGHIRWRJUDItD\QDUUDWLYDXQSUR\HFWR GH HVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SDUHFH UHYHODU PiV GH OR TXH SRGUtDPRV HVSHUDU FDSD] GH PHMRUDUODFDOLGDGGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQLQFRUSRUDQGRGDWRVYLVXDOHVSURGXFLGRVSRUORV 394
SDUWLFLSDQWHV \ GLVFXWLGRV FRQ HOORV HVWDEOHFLHQGR XQ HQWRUQR DGHFXDGR SDUD HO FDPELR&DUOVRQ(QJHEUHWVRQ\&KDPEHUODLQ 'LVHxDPRV\DSOLFDPRVHVWHPpWRGRSDUDHVWDEOHFHUXQDVUHODFLRQHVPiVHTXLOLEUDGDV EULQGDQGR HO SRGHU GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ D ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV FRQ OD LQWHQFLyQ GH HVWDEOHFHU XQD VLWXDFLyQ PiV pWLFD \ JHQHUDU QXHYDV IRUPDV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH TXL]iQR SXHGDQGHVDUUROODUVH GH RWUDPDQHUD8QDV SUiFWLFDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ SDUD WUDEDMDU ³FRQ´ HQ OXJDU GH WUDEDMDU ³HQ VREUH R SDUD´ ORV LQWHUYLQLHQWHV /XWWUHOO 3DFNDUG 0pWRGR (VWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYDRIUHFHXQDDOWHUQDWLYDSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHODHQIHUPHGDG PHQWDOWRPDQGRHQFXHQWDODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOSDFLHQWH\VXFRQWH[WRFXOWXUDO'DGR TXH OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD SULQFLSDO GH HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HV OD REWHQFLyQ GH UHVSXHVWDV DFHUFDGHOVLJQLILFDGR\HOVHQWLGRTXHWLHQHODHQIHUPHGDGSDUDHVWDVSHUVRQDV\VX HQWRUQRIDPLOLDUHVWHWLSRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRPSOHPHQWDORVHVWXGLRVH[SHULPHQWDOHV \FXDQWLWDWLYRVTXHSUHGRPLQDQHQHOiUHDFOtQLFD (OSURFHVRGH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FXDOLWDWLYD DWUDYpV GH OD IRWRJUDItDSDUWLFLSDWLYDVH GLIHUHQFLDGHODVRWUDVIRUPDVGHUHDOL]DULQYHVWLJDFLyQSRUHOWLSRGHGDWRVREWHQLGRV \OD IRUPDGHDQiOLVLV8WLOL]DPRVPpWRGRV HWQRJUiILFRV DSOLFDGRVHQHOWUDEDMRGH FDPSRODREVHUYDFLyQSDUWLFLSDQWH\ODUHFROHFFLyQGHGRFXPHQWRVIRWRJUDItDVDVt FRPRODVJUDEDFLRQHVHQORVSURFHVRVGLDOyJLFRV/HFRPSWH\6FKHQVXO 8QDREVHUYDFLyQSDUWLFLSDQWHHQODLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHHOREVHUYDGRU\ORVLQIRUPDQWHV GXUDQWHORVZRUNVKRSVGRQGHVHUHFRJHQGDWRVGHPRGRVLVWHPiWLFR\QRLQWUXVLYR 7D\ORU %RJGDQ (O GLDULR GH FDPSR R QRWDV GH FDPSR RSHUD FRPR HO LQVWUXPHQWR GRQGH HO REVHUYDGRU KD UHJLVWUDGR OR PiV VLJQLILFDWLYR DQDOL]DQGR OD LQWHUDFFLyQ LQGLYLGXDO \ JUXSDO DVt FRPR ORV GHWDOOHV FRQWH[WXDOHV $GHPiV GH GHVFULELUGHWDOODGDPHQWHGLFKDLQWHUDFFLyQHVWDWpFQLFDVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUSDUWLUGHOD FDOLGDG\RFDQWLGDGGHLQIRUPDFLyQRGHQVLGDGGHODLQIRUPDFLyQSDUDDQDOL]DUH LQWHUSUHWDUODH[SHULHQFLD7D\ORU%RJGDQ3RSH&0D\V1 $MXVWH\0XHVWUD (OPXHVWUHRKDWHQLGRXQFDUiFWHUSURSRVLWLYRQRSUREDELOtVWLFRFRQHOSURSyVLWRGH QRJHQHUDOL]DUDFHUFDGHODQDWXUDOH]D\HOSURFHVRLQWHUSUHWDWLYRGHODH[SHULHQFLD8Q GLVHxR FXDVLH[SHULPHQWDO FRQ JUXSR FRQWURO VLQ WUDWDPLHQWR /D PXHVWUD HV VHOHFFLRQDGDLQWHQFLRQDOPHQWH\HVWiFRPSXHVWDSRUSHUVRQDVPD\RUHVGHHGDG FRQ GLVFDSDFLGDG LQWHOHFWXDO SHUWHQHFLHQWHV D OD UHG GH XQD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH OD FRRUGLQDGRUD )($)(6 GH &DVWLOOD ± /D 0DQFKD TXH DFXGHQ FRQ UHJXODULGDG DO FHQWUR SUHYLR FRQVHQWLPLHQWR LQIRUPDGR GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV\ DXWRUL]DFLyQ SDUD OOHYDUDFDERHVWHHVWXGLR6HGHILQLHURQSUHYLDPHQWHSRUODRUJDQL]DFLyQXQRVSHUILOHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GH XVXDULRV HODERUDGRV D SDUWLU GH OD ELRJUDItD UHYLVDGD GH OD H[SHULHQFLD GHO HTXLSR FRODERUDGRU \ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ DSRUWDGD SRU ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV /D HGDG IXH HO SULQFLSDO FULWHULR KRPRJHQHL]DGRU FULWHULRV GH KHWHURJHQHLGDG VH[R KRPEUH R PXMHU VLWXDFLyQ ODERUDO X RFXSDFLRQDO DFWLYD R SDVLYD IUHFXHQFLD DWHQFLyQ VDQLWDULD DOWD R EDMD QLYHO FXOWXUDO EDMR SHUVRQDV 395
FXDVLDQDOIDEHWDVRVLQHVWXGLRVFRQVLGHUDQGRTXHODULTXH]DGHLQIRUPDFLyQWDQWRHQ IRQGR FRPR HQ FDOLGDG HVWi VLHQGR HO DGHFXDGR SDUD H[SOLFDU \ FRPSUHQGHU HO IHQyPHQR GHO HVWXGLR 'H OR TXH VH GHVSUHQGH TXH HO Q~PHUR GH SDUWLFLSDQWHV HV PHQRVLPSRUWDQWHTXHODULTXH]DGHORVGDWRV*ODVHU6WUDXVV 5HFRJLGDGHGDWRV\DQiOLVLV /DV WpFQLFDV GH UHFRJLGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VH UHDOL]D D WUDYpV GH ZRUNVKRSV GH IRWRJUDItD SDUWLFLSDWLYD OR PiV SDUHFLGR D grupos de discusión SDUD HVWXGLDU OD LQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDGGHOJUXSRFRQVLGHUDQGRODLQWHUDFFLyQGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVFRPRXQD IXHQWHGHGDWRVPHGLDQWHSURFHVRVGLDOyJLFRVSDUDH[SORUDUDVSHFWRVPiVVRFLDOHV\ REWHQHU XQD YLVLyQ PiV FRPXQLWDULD (O LQYHVWLJDGRU HMHUFH GH PRGHUDGRU HQ ODV VHVLRQHV TXH VH GHVDUUROODURQ HQ HO FHQWUR GH DWHQFLyQ GH UHIHUHQFLD GRQGH VH RUJDQL]DQODVVHVLRQHVGHYLVLRQDGRDVtFRPRODVHPLHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHODVWHPiWLFDV /DV VHVLRQHV VRQ JUDEDGDV HQ DXGLR \ VH WUDQVFULEHQ OLWHUDOPHQWH 6H JDUDQWL]D HO DQRQLPDWRGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV\ODFRQILGHQFLDOLGDGGHORVGDWRVREWHQLGRV 'XUDQWH OD UHFRJLGD GH GDWRV VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH VH UHDOL]D OD IDVH GH FRGLILFDFLyQ 9LVLRQDGRGHODVIRWRJUDItDVSRUWRGRHOHTXLSRLQYHVWLJDGRU\OHFWXUDOLWHUDOGHODV WUDQVFULSFLRQHVLQPHGLDWDPHQWHWUDVVXUHDOL]DFLyQSDUDJHQHUDUODVSULPHUDVKLSyWHVLV SUHDQDOtWLFDV YDORUDU OD VDWXUDFLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ DSOLFDU ORV LQGLFDGRUHV GH FDOLGDGGHOSURFHVRQLYHOGHDGHFXDFLyQGHOFRQWHQLGRGHODVH[SRVLFLRQHVDORV REMHWLYRV GHO SUR\HFWR SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH WRGRV ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GHO JUXSR HQ OD H[SRVLFLyQ GH YLYHQFLDV \ FUHHQFLDV D WUDYpV GH ODV IRWRJUDItDV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV DGHFXDGDV \ UHJLVWURV FRUUHFWRV SRU SDUWH GHO LQYHVWLJDGRUPRGHUDGRU\ UHJLVWUR HVFULWR GH OD KLSyWHVLV GH WUDEDMR SDUD DVHJXUDU OD FLUFXODULGDG \ IOH[LELOLGDG GHO GLVHxR 3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH LGHQWLILFDQ XQLGDGHV GH WH[WR \ VXV GLVFXUVRV UHIHUHQWHV DJUXSiQGRVHHQFDWHJRUtDVVHJ~QORVREMHWLYRVSODQWHDGRV /DUHDOL]DFLyQGHODQiOLVLVVHHVWiSURGXFLHQGRHQSDUDOHORFRQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORV UHVXOWDGRVGHWDOPDQHUDTXHODUHODFLyQHQWUHORVGDWRVWH[WRVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGH ODV REVHUYDFLRQHV IRWRJUDItDV \ QDUUDFLRQHV GH SULPHUD PDQR GH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH YLYHQFRQODHQIHUPHGDGPHQWDO\ODHVWUDWHJLDDQDOtWLFDHLQWHUSUHWDWLYDHVGHWLSR ³GLDOyJLFR´ H[LVWLHQGR XQD UHODFLyQ VLQFUyQLFD GH UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ \ FUHDFLyQ H[SOLFDWLYDHQWUHHOODV /DLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORV GDWRV UHDOL]D HQFLQFRIDVHV0LOOHU &UDEWUHHOD GHVFULSFLyQODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHORVGDWRVODFRQH[LyQODFRUURERUDFLyQOHJLWLPDFLyQ\ ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQFRQODLQWHQFLyQGHGHVDILDUORVHVWHUHRWLSRV\UHSUHVHQWDUHOYDORU\ OD YXOQHUDELOLGDG GH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH YLYHQ FRQ HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO FUyQLFD 1\H /RV UHODWRV VRQ OHtGRV \ UHOHtGRV \ ODV IRWRJUDItDV VRQ H[DPLQDGDV HQ YDULDV RFDVLRQHV6HHVWDEOHFHQGRVWLSRVGHWDEODVSDUDFDGDXQRGHORVFDVRVXQDSDUDODV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVYLVXDOHV\ODRWUDSDUDODVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVQDUUDWLYDVSDUDFDWHJRUL]DU \YLVXDOL]DULQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV/RVHOHPHQWRVFODYHGHODVQDUUDFLRQHVVHUHJLVWUDQHQOD SULPHUD WDEOD VHJXLGR SRU ODV LPSUHVLRQHV FODYH GHO DQiOLVLV LFRQRJUiILFR GH ODV IRWRJUDItDV HQ OD VHJXQGD WDEOD 8WLOL]DPRV XQ HQIRTXH LFRQRJUiILFR GH OD DQWURSRORJtDYLVXDOSDUDDQDOL]DUODVIRWRJUDItDV&DUOVRQHWDO9DQ/HHXZHQ\ -HZLWW (VWH HQIRTXH VH FHQWUD VLVWHPiWLFDPHQWH HQ HO DQiOLVLV GH PHQRU D 396
PD\RUQLYHOGHDEVWUDFFLyQreconocimiento -FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVsimbólicas -QLYHOPiV DEVWUDFWRGHDQiOLVLViconográfico) /DVQDUUDWLYDV\ODVIRWRJUDItDVDSDUWLUGHORVHQIRTXHVLFRQRJUiILFRVVHFRPELQDQ DSOLFDQGRODVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVRSRUWXQDVHQWRGRVORVFDVRV(QFRQVRQDQFLDFRQODV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVSDUDHODQiOLVLVWHPiWLFR/HLQLQJHUORVHOHPHQWRVFODYH\ODV LPSUHVLRQHV UHJLVWUDGDV HQ WRGDV ODV WDEODV VH H[DPLQDQ SDUD UHODFLRQDUODV \ DJUXSDUODVHQSDWURQHVSDUDHODERUDUUHV~PHQHVLQWHUSUHWDWLYRV 5HVSHFWRDODVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHVpWLFDVGHOXVR\SUiFWLFDGH\FRQIRWRJUDItDV $XQTXHHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVKHPRVDVLVWLGRDXQUiSLGRFUHFLPLHQWR\UHLQWHUpVSRU ORVPpWRGRVYLVXDOHVODSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUODUHODFLyQHQWUHHOXVRGHLPiJHQHV\OD pWLFDHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYDHVWiVLHPSUHODWHQWHYpDVH5D]YL3URVVHU 3LQN:LOHV3URVVHU%DJQROL&ODUN'DYLHV+ROODQGHWDO8QD GHODVFODYHVHQpVWDGLVFXVLyQpWLFDQRVyORWLHQHTXHYHUFRQODGLYLVLyQHQWUHOR S~EOLFR\ORSULYDGRVLQRFRQHOXVRGHODVLPiJHQHV\VX³SRGHUGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ´ &XDQGRUHDOL]DPRVSUR\HFWRVGHIRWRJUDItDSDUWLFLSDWLYDH[LVWHQHQRFDVLRQHVFLHUWRV ULHVJRVTXHGHEHPRVFRQVLGHUDU\QRVyORFRQJUXSRVYXOQHUDEOHVFRPRODVSHUVRQDV FRQ HQIHUPHGDG PHQWDO (V LPSRUWDQWH PLQLPL]DU ORV ULHVJRV SDUD QR YXOQHUDU ORV GHUHFKRV GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV SUHVHUYDQGR OD LQWLPLGDG WDQWR GHHOORVFRPRGHODV IDPLOLDV HQ PXFKDV RFDVLRQHV LPSOLFDGDV 3DUD SRGHU GHOLPLWDUDOJXQDV FXHVWLRQHV pWLFDVHQHOXVR\SUiFWLFDGH\FRQIRWRJUDItDVHQHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQKHPRVDMXVWDGR ODV LQGLFDFLRQHV GH :DQJ \ 5HGZRRG-RQHV \ VX PDQLILHVWRSDUD LQYHVWLJDGRUHV TXH HPSOHHQ PpWRGRV YLVXDOHV SDUWLFLSDWLYRV ORV LQGLYLGXRV SDUWLFLSDQWHVRQRWLHQHQGHUHFKRDODSULYDFLGDGWDQWRHQHVSDFLRVSULYDGRVFRPR S~EOLFRV \ DXQTXH SXHGH VHU OHJDO IRWRJUDILDU D DOJXLHQ HQ S~EOLFR TXL]i QR VHD QHFHVDULDPHQWHpWLFRODSURWHFFLyQGHORVVXMHWRVHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRQHOXVRGHOD LPDJHQFRPRUHSUHVHQWDFLyQSRUORWDQWRHVLPSRUWDQWHSUHJXQWDUVHTXLpQHVDSDUHFHQ HQODIRWRTXpDFWLYLGDGHVHVWiQUHDOL]DQGRHWF\WDOYH]HVWRSRGUtDUHVROYHUVHFRQ HO DQRQLPDWR« SRU RWUR ODGR VXPDGR DO DQWHULRU \ TXH WLHQH TXH YHU FRQ OD LPDJHQFRPRSDUWHGHXQSURFHVRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGHEHQLGHQWLILFDU \HQWHQGHUORVFRQWH[WRVHQORVTXHKDFHIDOWDHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRSDUDIRWRJUDILDU\ FyPRHQWLHQGHQODIRWRJUDItDODVSHUVRQDVLQYROXFUDGDVGHEHPRVWHQHUHQFXHQWD\ FXLGDUODVHJXULGDGGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGHELGRDODVUHSUHVDOLDVTXHWHUFHURVSXHGDQ WRPDUKDFLDHOORVSRUVDOLUHQODVIRWRJUDItDV\ODDFWLWXGHQODTXHDSDUH]FDQORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GHEHQ SRVHHU ORV DUFKLYRV TXH SURGXFHQ SDUD HYLWDU OD H[SORWDFLyQ FRPHUFLDO \R OD DSURSLDFLyQ \ GHEHPRV WDPELpQ WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXH ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV SXHGHQ LQIOXLU LQWHQFLRQDOPHQWH R QR HQ HO WLSR GH LPiJHQHV SURGXFLGDVDWUDYpVGHODVGLUHFWULFHVTXHSURSRUFLRQDQDORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV 2WURV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV KDQ PDQLIHVWDGR SUHRFXSDFLRQHV pWLFDV DGLFLRQDOHVGHVGHOD DXWRUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ TXH UHIOHMD OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ KHJHPyQLFD GRPLQDQWH -RDQRX D OD YDOLGH] GHO FRQVHQWLPLHQWR LQIRUPDGR GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV .DUOVVRQ VLQ ROYLGDU OD IRWRJUDItD FRPR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD SRWHQFLDOSDUDODYLJLODQFLD 3ULQV 7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD HVWDV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV pWLFDV WUDWDPRV GH SURSRUFLRQDUWDQWDFODULGDG\SURWHFFLyQDORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVFRPRVHDSRVLEOH7RGRV ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV ILUPDQ IRUPXODULRV GH FRQVHQWLPLHQWR SDUD VX SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HO HVWXGLRLQFOX\HQGRODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQXQD³IXWXUDH[SRVLFLyQ´SDUDODFRPXQLFDFLyQ \ GLIXVLyQ S~EOLFD GH OD H[SHULHQFLD TXH HVSHUHPRV VHD SRVLEOH DGHPiV GH ODV 397
H[SOLFDFLRQHVGHUXWLQDFRQVHQWLPLHQWRLQIRUPDGRFRQILGHQFLDOLGDGDQRQLPDWR\HO GHUHFKRDDEDQGRQDUODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQFXDOTXLHUPRPHQWR /RV SDUWLFLSDQWHV \ VXV IDPLOLDUHV IXHURQ LQIRUPDGRV GHO ³FyPR VH PDQHMDUtDQ ODV IRWRJUDItDV´eVWDVQRVRQFRPSDUWLGDVSRUHOLQYHVWLJDGRUFRQWHUFHURVVyORHQWUHORV SDUWLFLSDQWHVHQORVYLVLRQDGRV/RVSDUWLFLSDQWHVSUHVHQWDQVXVHOHFFLyQGHLPiJHQHV DWUDYpVGHXQSHQGULYHXQDFRSLDGLJLWDOGHODVLPiJHQHVTXHVHSUR\HFWDDOJUXSR SDUD GHVHQFDGHQDU HO GLiORJR (VWDV FRSLDV GLJLWDOHV RUJDQL]DGDV SRU FDSHWDV WHPiWLFDV\SDUWLFLSDQWHVSHUPDQHFHHQHORUGHQDGRUGHOLQYHVWLJDGRUSURWHJLGDVFRQ FRQWUDVHxDKDVWDTXHVHFRPSOHWDHODQiOLVLVGHGDWRVSDUDVXSRVWHULRUGHVWUXFFLyQ$ SHVDU GH TXH OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH ORV GDWRV YLVXDOHV QR HV XQ REMHWLYR SULPDULR GHO HVWXGLR QR GHEHPRV SHUGHU OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH LQFOXLU ORV GDWRV YLVXDOHV HQ ORV LQIRUPHVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ3UHYLHQGRHVWRHVLPSRUWDQWHLQFRUSRUDUHQODVROLFLWXGGH FRQVHQWLPLHQWRLQIRUPDGRODSRVLELOLGDGGHLQFOXLUDOJXQDVLPiJHQHVVROLFLWDQGRHO XVRGHFLHUWDVIRWRVTXHSXHGDQUHIOHMDUWHPiWLFDVFDWHJRUtDVHWF (QWHQGHPRVTXHHVWDVLPiJHQHVGHEHQFXPSOLUXQDVHULHGHFULWHULRVWDOHVFRPR TXHQRDSDUH]FDQSHUVRQDVR TXHQRVHDQIiFLOPHQWHUHFRQRFLEOHVHQFXDGUDQGR REMHWRV\HYHQWRVVLQDOWHUDUHOVLJQLILFDGRIRWRJUiILFR1RREVWDQWHVHUHFRQRFHTXH HQODSURGXFFLyQGHLPiJHQHVHODQRQLPDWRFRPSOHWRHVDOJRLPSRVLEOH&ODUN \VLHPSUHHVWiVXMHWRDODGHOLEHUDFLyQpWLFD(QHVWHHQIRTXH\HQODSURGXFFLyQGH LPiJHQHVSRU ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHVGHEHPRVDVHJXUDU TXH QR VH UHSURGX]FDQ FRQGXFWDV LOHJDOHVWDQWRGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVFRPRGHWHUFHURV 3ULPHUDV,PSUHVLRQHVDPRGRGHUHVXOWDGRV (O DQiOLVLV LQWHUSUHWDWLYR GH ODV QDUUDWLYDV D WUDYpV GH ODV IRWRJUDItDV \ GH ODV IRWRJUDItDVHQVtQRVSURSRUFLRQDUiQGRVSURGXFWRV(OSULPHURODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHO VXIULPLHQWRHOHVWLJPD\ODSpUGLGDGHLGHQWLGDGFRPRWHPDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQOD H[SHULHQFLDGHODHQIHUPHGDGPHQWDODOTXHKDFHPRVXQDEUHYHUHIHUHQFLDHQHVWH DUWtFXORGHELGRDODVUHVWULFFLRQHVGHH[WHQVLyQ(OVHJXQGRSURGXFWRHQFRQVWUXFFLyQ VHUiXQDH[SRVLFLyQTXHLQWHJUDUiXQWRWDOGHIRWRJUDItDVMXQWRFRQODVQDUUDFLRQHV XQ IUDJPHQWR SDUD LOXVWUDU OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GHO DQiOLVLV WHPiWLFR \ HO DQiOLVLV LFRQRJUiILFRRIUHFLHQGRXQDYLVLyQ~QLFDGHODH[SHULHQFLDGHODHQIHUPHGDGPHQWDO FRQWULEX\HQGRDODFRPXQLFDFLyQVRFLDOGHODH[SHULHQFLD &DVR([WUDFWR(VWXGLR7HPDV /D LQWHJUDFLyQ GHO DQiOLVLV WHPiWLFR \ DQiOLVLV LFRQRJUiILFR HQ WRGRV ORV FDVRV FRPLHQ]DDUHYHODUHOVXIULPLHQWR\HOHVWLJPDFRPRORVGRVWHPDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQ ODH[SHULHQFLDGHODHQIHUPHGDGPHQWDO(QHOFHQWURGHHVWDVGRVH[SHULHQFLDVXQD SpUGLGDGHODLGHQWLGDGFROHFWLYDVHHVWDEOHFHFRPRWHPDXQLYHUVDO\XQLILFDGRU/D H[SHULHQFLDQHJDWLYDGHVHUGHILQLGRFRPRXQHQIHUPRPHQWDO\QRFRPRXQVHUHQVt PLVPR FRPLHQ]D D VHU XQ HOHPHQWR UHFXUUHQWH LGHQWLILFDGR HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ $SDUHFLHQGR SpUGLGD GH LGHQWLGDG TXH DEDUFD WDQWR ODV YLYHQFLDV LQWHUQDV GH VXIULPLHQWR FRPR ODV H[SHULHQFLDV H[WHUQDV GH HVWLJPDWL]DFLyQ 5HVSHFWR D ORV SDWURQHV GH HVWLJPD VH OHYDQWDQ ODV FDWHJRUtDV GH DLVODGR VRPEUtR GHVRULHQWDGR DSDUWDGRVROLWDULR \ PLHGR (Q ORV SDWURQHV GH VXIULPLHQWR ODV FDWHJRUtDVGHWUDJHGLDWULVWH]DHQIHUPHGDGRVFXULGDG\GRORU 398
3HUVHLXV.,(NGDKO6$VEHUJ06DPXHOVVRQ07RWDPHDYROFDQR 3DWLHQWV ZLWK ERUGHUOLQH SHUVRQDOLW\ GLVRUGHU DQG WKHLU SHUFHSWLRQV RI VXIIHULQJ $UFKLYHVRI3V\FKLDWULF1XUVLQJ 3LQN 6 Doing visual ethnography: Images, media and representation in research/RQGRQ6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV/WG 3RQFH $ )RUPDFLyQ HQ DXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ SDUD IDPLOLDV &XDGHUQR GH EXHQDVSUiFWLFDV)($360DGULG,3$&6/ 3RSH&0D\V14XDOLWDWLYH5HVHDUFKLQ+HDOWK&DUHQGHG/RQGRQ%0- %RRNV 3URVVHU-,PDJHEDVHGUHVHDUFK $ VRXUFHERRN IRU TXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKHUV 3KLODGHOSKLD3$5RXWOHGJH)DOPHU 5LGJH' =LHEODQG6 ³7KH ROGPH FRXOG QHYHUKDYH GRQHWKDW´ +RZ SHRSOHJLYHPHDQLQJWRUHFRYHU\IROORZLQJGHSUHVVLRQ4XDOLWDWLYH+HDOWK5HVHDUFK 5LHVVPDQ&.1DUUDWLYHDQDO\VLV4XDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGVVHULHV 1HZEXU\3DUN&$6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV 5LWVKHU-%\3KHODQ-&,QWHUQDOL]HGVWLJPDSUHGLFWVHURVLRQRIPRUDOH DPRQJSV\FKLDWULFRXWSDWLHQWVPsychiatry Research, 129 5RVHQILHOG6/DEHOOLQJPHQWDO,OOQHVV7KHHIIHFWVRIUHFHLYHGVHUYLFHVDQG SHUFHLYHGVWLJPDRQOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQAmerican Sociological Review, 62 5\DQ50\'HFL(/6HOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKHRU\DQGWKHIDFLOLWDWLRQRI LQWULQVLFPRWLYDWLRQVRFLDOGHYHORSPHQWDQGZHOOEHLQJAmerican Psychologist, 55 5RVH*9LVXDOPHWKRGRORJLHV$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIYLVXDO PDWHULDOV7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6DJH 6HOLJPDQ 0 ( 3 \ &VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L 0 3RVLWLYH SV\FKRORJ\ $Q LQWURGXFWLRQAmerican Psychologist, 55 6WHYHQV&$%HLQJKHDOWK\9RLFHVRIDGROHVFHQWZRPHQZKRDUHSDUHQWLQJ -RXUQDOIRU6SHFLDOLVWVLQ3HGLDWULF1XUVLQJ 6WUHQJ-05KRGHV6'$\DOD*;(QJ($UFHUR53KLSSV6 5HDOLGDG/DWLQD/DWLQRDGROHVFHQWVWKHLUVFKRRODQGDXQLYHUVLW\XVHSKRWRYRLFHWR H[DPLQHDQGDGGUHVVWKHLQIOXHQFHRILPPLJUDWLRQ-RXUQDORI,QWHUSURIHVVLRQDO&DUH 6FKDHIIHU%0XVLO$\.ROOLQ]DV*7RWDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ6HDWWOH:$ (GXFDWLRQDO$FKLHYHPHQW6\VWHPV 6HOLJPDQ0(3,QGHIHQVLyQ%DUFHORQD'HEDWH 7DPDULW-3URSXHVWDVSDUDHOIRPHQWRGHODDXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQHQSHUVRQDV FRQ DXWLVPR \ UHWUDVR PHQWDO (Q 0 $ 9HUGXJR \ % -RUGiQ GH 8UUtHV (GV $SR\RVDXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ\FDOLGDGGHYLGD6DODPDQFD$PDU~ 405
7D\ORU6-%RJGDQ5/DREVHUYDFLyQSDUWLFLSDQWH,QWURGXFFLyQDORVPpWRGRV FXDOLWDWLYRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ%XHQRV$LUHV3DLGyV%iVLFD 7KRUQLFURIW*Shunned: Discrimination against People with Mental Illness 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 9DQ /HHXZHQ 7 -HZLWW & (GV +DQGERRN RI YLVXDO DQDO\VLV 7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV 9LYHG(%HWVDEp(\'tD]0)RUPDFLyQSDUDODLQFOXVLyQVRFLDO\ODYLGD LQGHSHQGLHQWH 6tQGURPH GH 'RZQ 9LGD $GXOWD 5HYLVWD GLJLWDO GH OD )XQGDFLyQ ,EHURDPHULFDQD'RZQ 9HUGXJR0$(OFDPELRGHSDUDGLJPDHQODFRQFHSFLyQGHOUHWUDVRPHQWDO ODQXHYDGHILQLFLyQGHOD$$05Siglo Cero 9HUGXJR 0$ $QiOLVLV GH OD GHILQLFLyQ GH GLVFDSDFLGDG LQWHOHFWXDO GH OD $VRFLDFLyQ$PHULFDQDVREUH5HWUDVR0HQWDOGHSiglo Cero :DKO 2 0HQWDO KHDOWK FRQVXPHUV H[SHULHQFH RI VWLJPD Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25 :DQJ&3UDFWLFHQRWHVSKRWRYRLFHLQYROYLQJKRPHOHVVPHQDQGZRPHQRI :DVKWHQDZ&RXQW\0LFKLJDQ+HDOWK(GXFDWLRQDQG%HKDYLRU :DQJ&DQG%XUULV0(PSRZHUPHQWWKURXJKSKRWRQRYHOODSRUWUDLWVRI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ+HDOWK(GXFDWLRQ4XDUWHUO\ :DQJ&%XUULV0$3KRWRYRLFH&RQFHSWPHWKRGRORJ\DQGXVHIRU SDUWLFLSDWRU\QHHGVDVVHVVPHQW+HDOWK(GXFDWLRQDQG%HKDYLRU :DQJ&<XDQ</DQG)HQJ0/3KRWRYRLFHDVDWRROIRUSDUWLFLSDWRU\ HYDOXDWLRQWKH FRPPXQLW\VYLHZRISURFHVVDQGLPSDFW-RXUQDORI&RQWHPSRUDU\ +HDOWK :DQJ & %XUULV 0 DQG ;LDQJ < &KLQHVH YLOODJH ZRPHQ DV YLVXDO DQWKURSRORJLVWV D SDUWLFLSDWRU\ DSSURDFK WR UHDFKLQJ SROLF\PDNHUV 6RFLDO 6FLHQFH DQG0HGLFLQH :DQJ && &DVK -/ 3RZHUV /6 :KR NQRZV WKH VWUHHWV EHWWHU WKDQ WKH KRPHOHVV" 3URPRWLQJ SHUVRQDO DQG FRPPXQLW\ DFWLRQ WKURXJK 3KRWRYRLFH Health Promotion Practice :DQJ&&5HGZRRG-RQHV<$3KRWRYRLFHHWKLFV3HUVSHFWLYHVIURP IOLQWSKRWRYRLFH+HDOWK(GXFDWLRQ%HKDYLRU :DQJ & & 0RUUHO6DPXHOV 6 +XWFKLQVRQ 3 0 %HOO / 3HVWURQN 5 0 )OLQW SKRWRYRLFH &RPPXQLW\ EXLOGLQJ DPRQJ \RXWKV DGXOWV DQG SROLF\PDNHUV$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI3XEOLF+HDOWK :DQJ & & 3LHV & $ )DPLO\ PDWHUQDO DQG FKLOG KHDOWK WKURXJK SKRWRYRLFH0DWHUQDO&KLOG+HDOWK-RXUQDO :HKPH\HU0/6HOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQDVDQHGXFDWLRQDORXWFRPH:K\LVLW 406
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