Open Access in Southern European countries

Open Access in Southern European Countries Open access in sOuthern eurOpean cOuntries Open access in sOuthern eurOpean cOuntries 2010 editors: Lluís Anglada, Ernest Abadal authors: Francisca Abad, Ernest Abadal, Francis André, Lluís Anglada, Anne-Marie Badolato, Emilie Barthet, Maria Cassella, Rachel Creppy, Paola Gargiulo, Panos Georgiou, Gultekin Gurdal, Jean-François Lutz, Remedios Melero, Aynur Moral, Mariette Naud, Jean-François Nominé, Fiori Papadatou, Eloy Rodrigues, Josep-Manuel Rodríguez-Gairín, Ricardo Saraiva, Miquel Termens, Ata Turkfidani, Christine Weil-Miko editorial support: Javier Guallar © 2010, the authors published by: FECYT Pedro Texeira, 8 28020 Madrid http://www.fecyt.es collaboration: CBUC (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya) http://www.cbuc.cat Research group “Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia”, funded by Plan Nacional de I+D (CSO2008-05525-C02/SOCI) http://www.accesoabierto.net ISBN: 978-84-693-6792-6 Impreso en España – Printed in Spain All the texts published in this book are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Spain License. You may copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the works, provided you attribute it (authorship, book title, publisher) in the manner specified by the author(s) or licensor(s). The full text of the license is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ cOntents 1 presentation ........................................... 11 2 introduction ........................................... 13 3 Open access in France.................................... 15 3.1 Introduction ...................................... 15 3.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2.1 Institutional background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2.2 Historical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.3 Open access journals in France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.3.1 How the list of open access journals was compiled. . . . 23 3.3.2 Comments.................................. 25 3.4 Open archives in France.............................. 27 3.4.1 How the list of repositories was compiled . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.4.2 Comments.................................. 29 3.5 Large digitization programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.6 Conclusions....................................... 34 3.7 References ........................................ 36 4 Open access in Greece.................................... 39 4.1 Introduction ...................................... 39 4.2 Scholarly publishing in Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.2.1 Book publishing ............................. 40 4.2.2 E-books.................................... 40 4.2.3 Journals.................................... 42 4.3 OA in Greece: an overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.4 Open access journals ................................ 47 4.5 OA books......................................... 51 8 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 4.6 Repositories & digital collections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.6.1 OA institutional repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.6.2 Digital collections ............................ 53 4.7 Harvesters, registries & related inititatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.7.1 Directory of Greek digital resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.7.2 Openarchives.gr.............................. 54 4.7.3 Openaccess.gr ............................... 54 4.7.4 MICHAEL Hellas............................ 57 4.7.5 Greek digital resources in the global perspective. . . . . . 57 4.8 Publishing bodies & business models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.9 Future challenges................................... 59 4.10 Conclusions....................................... 59 4.11 Bibliography ...................................... 60 5 Open access in italy ..................................... 63 5.1 Open access in Italy: an overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.2 Italian peer-reviewed journals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.2.1 Italian OA journals ........................... 68 5.2.2 Open source software for OA journals ............. 69 5.3 OA monographs in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.4 Institutional repositories and disciplinary based repositories in Italy ........................................... 71 5.4.1 Institutional repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.4.2 Repositories content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.4.3 OA mandates in Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.4.4 Disciplinary based repositories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.5 Infrastructure and services provided by supercomputing consortia ......................................... 77 5.5.1 PLEIADI................................... 77 5.5.2 SURplus ................................... 79 5.6 Future challenges and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.7 Bibliography ...................................... 81 6 Open access in portugal .................................. 83 6.1 Introduction/Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 6.2 Evolution of open access in Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 INDEX 9 6.3 Current situation of open access journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 6.4 Current situation of open access repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6.5 Conclusions and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.6 Bibliography ...................................... 98 7 Open access in spain .................................... 101 7.1 Introduction ...................................... 101 7.2 Scientific journals................................... 103 7.3 Repositories....................................... 106 7.4 Policies........................................... 108 7.4.1 Mandates (regulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.4.2 Provision of services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7.4.3 Communication and dissemination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7.4.4 Economic incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.4.5 Institutional coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.5 Conclusions....................................... 112 7.5.1 Journals.................................... 112 7.5.2 Repositories................................. 112 7.5.3 Policies .................................... 113 7.6 References ........................................ 113 8 Open access in turkey ................................... 117 8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 8.2 Current situation of open access journals in Turkey . . . . . . . . . 119 8.3 The current situation of open access repositories in Turkey. . . . 120 8.4 The New Turkish Open Access Archive Project: the National Interuniversity Open Archive System (MITOS)............ 124 8.5 Copyright in Turkey................................. 125 8.6 Conclusions and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 8.7 References ........................................ 128 9 conclusions ........................................... 129 9.1 Journals .......................................... 129 9.2 Repositories ....................................... 131 9.3 Policies........................................... 132 9.4 The future ........................................ 134 16 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES The second and third parts respectively describe and comment on the current situation of French open access journals and open access repositories. The fourth part describes the major mass digitisation programs which are related to open access. 3.2 Background 3.2.1 Institutional background The French environment of public research It is important to shortly present the French environment of public research in France as it differs significantly from other European countries and because it has many impacts in the area of open access. At the national level three major types of institutions are involved in the research process: Universities France has 86 universities (including the three “instituts nationaux polytechniques”) which gather most researchers. Due to this aspect, French universities are often small or medium-size when compared with other countries. An important milestone in the French higher education system was the adoption in August 2007 of a law granting increased autonomy to universities in terms of budget and human resources (Loi sur les libertés et responsabilités des universités - LRU). Meanwhile, a process of consolidation was undertaken by many universities, either in the form of a PRES (Pool of Research and Higher Education) i.e. a federation of different institutions on a regional basis) or as a merger of several institutions (as in the case of the university of Strasbourg in January 2009). Grandes Écoles Grandes Écoles have been designed historically to train engineers for the civil service. In 2010 France has around 230 grandes écoles that train students in the fields of engineering, commerce or humanities and have the particularity to recruit their students through competitive examinations. While some of the grandes écoles do not have a research structure of their own, research is OPEN ACCESS IN FRANCE 17 a significant part or their activities (e.g. Ecole Polytechnique, Ecole Normale Supérieure). Research organisations Unlike universities and grandes écoles, research organisations have no teaching departments and focus on research. With the exception of CNRS which works in many subject areas, most organisations have a chosen field like computer sciences (INRIA), life sciences (INSERM), marine sciences (IFREMER), etc. They vary in size a great deal, with CNRS being the biggest one with ten institutes, some 20,000 scientists and bringing together 48,000 researchers in units jointly run with universities and other research organisations. It is interesting in terms of scholarly communication ecology to stress that some of these institutions also play the role of publishers either through a university press (e.g. the universities of Lyon, Rennes or Strasbourg) or as a standard publisher (like Quae, for instance). This distinction in three separate sets looks somewhat blurred when one takes the research structure level into account. It is very common for a single laboratory to belong both to one university or more and to a research organisation, and possibly also to a grande école. The human resources and funding of the laboratory come from these different sources, but the research work is conducted in joint teams. In this case the laboratory is called a “joint research unit” (Unité Mixte de Recherche - UMR). One should finally mention the three public bodies central to the consolidation of the French academic research at national level. The main institution is of course the Ministry of Higher Education and Research which defines the French research strategy and relies on two nationwide agencies for: Table 3.1. Number of researchers by institution type and subject (2005) research operator Life sciences Material sciences humanities all fields Universities and grandes écoles 16,010 (56 %) 20,628 (49.4 %) 21,252 (76.8 %) 57,890 (59.1 %) Research organisations 12,581 (44 %) 21,129 (50.6 %) 6,420 (23.2 %) 40,130 (40.9 %) total 28,591 41,757 27,672 98,020 Source: Les compétences scientifiques et techniques de la France, OST, 2008, p. 73 18 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES • Funding with the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche - National Research Agency). • Assessment with the AERES (Agence d’Evaluation de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur - Research and Higher Education Assessment Agency). publication activity of affiliated researchers in France The two series of figures below compile the number of publications by researchers affiliated to French institutions. A few points should be kept in mind about the data in these tables: • Figures were extracted from the Scopus database and are therefore closely linked to the scope of this database where both Humanities and Social Sciences and French-language journals are underrepresented. • The document types taken into account are articles and conference papers only. It is important to mention this characteristic, because one can find a wider variety of document types in open archives (book chapters, research reports, posters, electronic theses and dissertations). Table 3.2 shows the annual number of articles and conference papers published by researchers affiliated to French research institutions and referenced in the Scopus database from 2003 to 2009. Table 3.2. Total of publications from institutions affiliated in France 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 total 54,194 56,115 60,824 64,168 67,911 71,085 68,843 427,821 Table 3.3 shows the number of articles, conference papers and papers in press published by researchers affiliated to French research institutions and sorted by subjects. The subjects used here are those of the Scopus database which do not represent the distribution of the number of publications very clearly in terms of research institution type. It would also be worthwhile analyzing this distribution. Some publications titles are indexed with several subject headings, which is why the number of publications by subject is greater than the total number of publications by year. OPEN ACCESS IN FRANCE 19 Table 3.3. Number of publications by subject 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Medicine 12,165 10,767 12,033 12,552 13,734 15,307 16,588 Physics and Astronomy 10,061 11,144 11,459 9,677 12,567 13,875 14,855 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 9,146 8,714 8,916 8,964 10,981 11,861 11,096 Engineering 6,566 9,525 10,501 11,023 10,227 9,975 10,345 Chemistry 5,528 5,150 5,546 6,139 6,634 8,904 9,065 Materials Science 5,340 5,300 5,215 5,981 6,266 7,720 8,525 Mathematics 4,176 4,402 4,411 5,339 5,806 7,000 8,075 Computer Science 3,330 3,268 3,839 5,114 5,804 6,946 7,533 Agricultural and Biological Sciences 4,101 4,095 4,319 4,839 5,128 5,565 5,870 Earth and Planetary Sciences 4,005 3,881 4,200 4,773 4,918 5,226 4,635 Immunology and Microbiology 2,724 2,580 2,829 2,906 2,961 2,986 3,098 Chemical Engineering 1,926 2,101 2,112 2,572 2,620 2,881 2,671 Neuroscience 2,020 1,888 1,915 2,039 2,202 2,192 2,204 Pharmacology and Toxicology 1,787 1,535 1,724 1,749 1,985 2,163 2,010 Environmental Science 2,023 2,027 2,240 2,587 1,919 2,014 2,006 Social Sciences 1,192 1,129 1,284 1,608 1,753 1,820 1,894 Energy 616 645 730 923 1,244 1,377 1,670 Psychology 654 697 757 823 959 1,062 1,135 Health Professions 711 680 750 741 848 865 884 Economics, Econometrics and Finance 382 456 508 572 677 796 877 Decision Sciences 311 310 341 478 615 778 838 Multidisciplinary 393 387 509 488 527 554 735 Veterinary 430 459 468 443 491 509 627 Business, Management and Accounting 245 230 254 324 487 508 522 Arts and Humanities 323 344 408 434 435 489 469 Nursing 127 100 250 291 311 459 345 Dentistry 75 69 116 97 141 165 130 20 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 3.2.2 Historical background research organisations In November 2000, prior to the various statements related to the open access movement, CNRS created the Centre for Direct Scientific Communication (CCSD). The Centre developed the HAL platform which is used by many research organisations to build their institutional repository. The initial idea was to create an open archive similar to arXiv but open to all disciplines. The French institutions began to express their strong commitment in October 2003 when CNRS and Inserm were the first in the country to sign the Berlin Declaration on open access to Knowledge in the Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences. Other French research organisations signed the Declaration in the following years, the first university to sign the Declaration in 2006 being the University of Lyon 2. This commitment to open access brought about the setting up of archives (generally linked to the national platform HAL) by several other institutions: Institut Français d’exploitation de la mer (Ifremer) with Archimer, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (Inra) with Prodinra archive, the Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) and Horizon / Pleins Textes, to name a few. All these archives are visible through the repositories access service established under the european project DRIVER. Following an international conference held in Paris in January 2003 “open access to Scientific and Technical Information: State of the Art and Future Trends”, Inist-CNRS launched a website (openaccess.inist.fr) aiming at raising awareness on OA issues amongst the scientific and information professional communities. The second road (gold road) advocated by the Budapest initiative is also being explored by the research organisations, particularly in the life sciences area. Thus the Department of Life Sciences of CNRS and Inserm supported both BioMedCentral and PLoS initiatives. In the field of humanities and social sciences, CNRS and the Ministry of Higher Education and Research have supported since 2000 the Revues.org project, promoting open access scientific publishing. This service, operated today by the Centre pour l’Edition Electronique Ouverte (CLEO) gives access to more than 240 electronic publications and represents a successful collabo- OPEN ACCESS IN FRANCE 21 ration between CNRS and higher education institutions and research (EHESS, University of Provence and Avignon). This success relies on the software platform Lodel developed by the CLEO. The launch in 2003 of the Persée digitisation program by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research was also an important milestone in the French open access landscape (see page 32). Since 2006, CNRS is also involved in the SCOAP3 initiative –led by CERN– through the IN2P3 institute dedicated to research in nuclear physics and particle physics. universities The University of Lyon 2 is typical of the involvement of universities in open access. It was one of the first universities to develop an archive, it was also involved very early in a project of online theses called Cyberthèses and was the first university to sign the Berlin declaration in 2006. In 2008, the Presses Universitaires de Lyon became a partner in the OAPEN European project which aims to publish books in humanities and social sciences as “a model of print and digital publishing in open access.” During this period, several academic institutions developed local archive of electronic theses: INP Toulouse, University of Strasbourg, Paris Tech grandes écoles, University of Lille 1, INSA Lyon, etc. Some of these local archives are now linked to the national archive HAL. To manage the production of scientific and learning materials more efficiently, universities launched some software development projects: document management software (ORI-OAI for example) or GRAAL, more oriented towards research activities management. These platforms are designed to be connected to HAL as well. In the area of electronic publishing in open access, the University of Nice launched in 2004 a service of online electronic journals called Revel, based on the already mentioned Lodel software. This was also the time when the Couperin consortium published a manifesto calling for promoting “open and alternative publishing”, of which Revel appears as the first example. After having set up of a large working group on open archives (2007-2008), Couperin has been continuing to work on open access issues both along the green road with its involvement in the EU-funded OpenAIRE project (2009-2012) and along the golden road of open access through a partnership with DOAJ (2010). 22 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Since 2008 Couperin has been operating a website dedicated to open archiving (www.couperin.org/archivesouvertes), to foster the development of open archives in higher education institutions. Funding agencies The main French funding body, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) stated that “all publications produced during funded projects have to be deposited by researchers in the HAL open archive system with which it will collaborate”. For the ANR, HAL contributes “to strengthen the visibility and attractiveness of French research” and simplifies “monitoring and evaluation to avoid multiple entries of information and making records easily accessible to all researchers involved in various stages of these processes”. HAL is now seen as the centralised archive on behalf of the ANR. publishers The publishers’ national union (SNE) took positions based on the recognition of their role in the promotion of research, pointing up the cost of the publishing process. They stressed the importance of considering open access according to scientific disciplines, and the need to build the dissemination of scientific and technical information process on a viable and sustainable economic model. The SNE also agreed in 2010 to work with other open access stakeholders on the establishment of a “French Romeo database” that would offer information on the publishers’ policies towards depositing in open repositories. Beyond the “moving wall” model tested by some publishers, or the “authorpays” model set up by some research institutes which fund the publication of articles of their researchers in open access journals, their concern is that the implementation of open access to scientific publications, may put the economic viability of their industry at risk. towards a national policy In order to coordinate the political achievements and to support the open access movement, the major research institutions, the CPU (Conférence des présidents d’universités) and the CGE (Conférence des grandes écoles), signed in July 2006 a Memorandum of understanding for “a coordinated approach on a national level to open archiving of scientific output” (see Annex 11.1.3). OPEN ACCESS IN FRANCE 23 This memorandum stated that the signatories wished to acquire the necessary means to identify, disseminate, develop, promote and monitor the scientific output of their researchers and faculty within their research units and laboratories and, where applicable, of affiliated research teams. Joining forces to acquire a common platform for archiving scientific findings seemed at that time the best way to maximize the chances to achieve this goal. Signed for a period of two years, this agreement has not been renewed. Nevertheless, it paved the way to the development of many institutional repositories in connection with the HAL platform, which was to be inevitably necessarily tailored to the needs of different organisations (especially so, by linking HAL-Inserm and PubMedCentral repositories and interconnecting the universities’ local systems). However, this agreement did not lead to a common statement - not even at each institution level - for the implementation of depositing in an archive or supporting open access journals. France has not yet implemented any mandates regarding article deposits. Some research institutions merely have filing requirements, while some agencies, universities or disciplinary entities enforce more or less effective incentive policies (INRIA, HSS, etc.). The Berlin7 conference held in Paris in December 2009 gave the opportunity for the major stakeholders to reassert their willingness to cooperate. Moreover the open archiving issue is part of a ministry program to establish a large digital library for scientists and researchers in state-run institutions. 3.3 open access journals In France 3.3.1 How the list of open access journals was compiled Sources used: this list of 167 open access journals (see Annex 11.1.1) has been established from four different sources: • The Directory of open access Journals (DOAJ) where an important part of the listed titles is missing in the database. • Ulrich’s periodical directory database for double-checking. • The website of Revues.org (a large platform in humanities and social sciences, see page 8 of this report for a more detailed presentation). 24 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES • The website of I-Revues (dissemination platform operated by INIST-CNRS, see page 22 for more details). • Some publishers’ websites (EDP Sciences in particular). Selection criteria: only full open access journals have been listed, i.e. journals with no embargo period, the latest issues of which are freely available online. Six of them only are referenced in the Thomson Journal of Citation Report. They are indicated by an asterisk. Only journals published in France or by French research institutions, publishers or societies have been taken into account. The list does therefore not include open access titles that are run by international structures such as the European Transport Research Review (ETTR) launched by the European Conference of Transport Research Institutes (ECTRI) in which the French organisation INRETS plays an important role. Figure 3.1. Revues.org OPEN ACCESS IN FRANCE 25 3.3.2 Comments Full open access journals Three major types of journals publishers among the ones represented in the list can be identified: public research institutions (universities, laboratories, etc.), scholarly societies or associations (including the 15 I-Revues journals) and “traditional” commercial publishers. In order to point out the importance of the Revues.org platform (which hosts journals from both public research institutions and scholarly societies), this fourth category has been taken into account in the table below. Table 3.4. Publishers of OA journals type of publisher number of journals percentage Commercial publisher 11 6.5 % Public research institution 33 19.5 % Revues.org platform 86 51 % Scholarly society 38 23 % total 167 100 % Three major comments can be made: – Publisher type and business model: the major role of Revues.org in terms of online dissemination of French Humanities and Social Sciences journals clearly appears in this table. As previously mentioned, Revues.org is funded by public research institutions and hosts a very large part of publicly funded journals. This means that if one adds the Revues.org titles and the public research institutions’ journals, it appears that more than 70 % of French open access journals rely mostly on public funding. Two conclusions can be drawn: – The “author-pay” model that is very often associated to open access journals is clearly hardly used for the financial sustainability of French open access journals. Such a conclusion concurs with the one made on a global scale by Peter Suber in his open access newsletter (April 2009). He referred to studies showing that between 67 % and 83 % of open access journals do not charge any fee (either on the author or the reader side) and rely on other subsidies. 32 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES funded publications in open archives systems and in HAL in particular. Only the CNRS Humanities and Social Sciences department adopted a stronger policy mandating systematic deposit of publications in HAL-SHS. Regarding institutional policies, some research institutions strongly encourage their researchers to deposit their publications, as in the case of INRIA, INSU and the ISAE grande école. – The involvement of French research institutions in European projects can also be a powerful way of fostering open repositories. Here are two examples: • Three French universities (Sciences Po, Paris Dauphine and Toulouse 1) are members of NEEO, a network of universities in the field of Economics which leads the Economists Online project. In this context these three universities had to set up an open archive to contribute to the project. • When the European Commission decided to mandate deposits of funded publications for 20 % of the FP7 budget, the OpenAIRE project set up plans to establish a European-wide infrastructure designed to help researchers in complying with this European mandate. This could be a very interesting opportunity and leverage for the promotion of open access and open archives in French higher education and research institutions. 3.5 large dIgItIzatIon programs persée Persée, a large digitisation program of scientific journals in Humanities, was launched in 2003 by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research. In March 2010 Persée gives access to 89 journals. The printed collections of these journals are entirely digitised and published online and are selected by an editorial board, thereby guaranteeing the scientific coherence of the collection. Persée is mainly run at the University of Lyon 2 and since 2008 at the University of Paris Descartes. One of the goals of Persée, beyond digitising the printed journal collections and giving online access to them, is to provide tools and services enabling enhanced browsing of the documents such as full-text searches, thus offering the same type of technological features as electronic journals from commercial publishers. OPEN ACCESS IN FRANCE 33 The main goal of Persée project is to widely disseminate the French scientific output in Humanities on the internet (also note that Persée has an OAIPMH compliant repository). Considered as a part of the French heritage, these collections can be freely accessed by anyone often back to the first issues of the journals. As to recent publication years, all of the journals hosted on the Persée portal imposed an embargo period (2-5 years) during which issues are not freely available online in order to maintain paper subscriptions at a sufficient level. Figure 3.3. Persée numdam A second example of large digitisation projects is the Numdam platform specialised in the online dissemination of French mathematical research journals. Operated by the MathDoc unit in Grenoble, Numdam gives access to 30 journals and 29 seminars. Numdam is an initiative which shares common features with Persée: • Journal collections are very often digitised starting from the first issue. This aspect is very important as backfiles are quite important for researchers in Mathematics as well as in Humanities and Social Sciences. 34 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES • The latest issues are not available. Numdam has digitised journals issues up to 2000. After this date, articles can be accessed through a subscription system. • Numdam is expected to maximize the visibility of the digitised content through good practices (persistent URLs) and an OAI-PMH repository. Numdam differs from Persée in its origin in that this project emerged from the French community of mathematicians which is very active in the field of academic publications and scientific information and technology. Gallica Launched in 1997, Gallica is the digital library of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF). As opposed to Persée or Numdam, its main focus is not on academic journals but on a large variety of document types (books, press titles, maps, recordings, etc.) that are useful for researchers and others. A vast majority of Gallica’s content is non-copyrighted material and hence freely accessible online through a web 2.0 search interface. From 1997 to 2007 digitisation followed a roadmap planning to digitize 5 to 6,000 documents per annum. In 2008 a major change in policy occurred and led to a new workplan aiming to digitize 100,000 per annum in coordination with other european partners involved in the Europeana project. In 2010, Gallica is the largest French digital library (offering also metadata harvesting through an OAI-PMH compliant repository) with more than 1,000,000 documents online. 3.6 conclusIons The development of open access in France is already a long story full of twists, alliances, statements not always followed by achievements, full of aborted projects but also widely acclaimed successes. This report reflects this diversity and richness, without claiming to be exhaustive. The movement towards open access unquestionably finds a rational and convergent support from higher education and research institutions, which is to be reflected into common general principles applicable to all researchers, but also allowing for adjustments to the specificities of individual disciplines. OPEN ACCESS IN FRANCE 35 The availability of the national scientific output centrally through the HAL platform is complementary to the legitimate ambition of academic institutions to make their scientific results (and educational materials) public. This complementarity should be expressed fully and sustainably. This implies to revitalize the dynamics of national cooperation for both open archives and open access journals. The French open access policy should constitute a credible part of a sustainable infrastructure for scientific and technical information by: • Supporting researchers in the dissemination process of their research outputs. • Encouraging deposits in open archives. • Raising long-term funding and hiring permanent staff. These are the current challenges we are facing. Fig. 3.4. Couperin.org: Les archives ouvertes 36 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 3.7 reFerences Ametist (2008). Numéro spécial archives ouvertes, n° 2, mars 2008. (http:// Maquettewicri.loria.fr/fr.artist/index.php5?title=AMETIST_numéro_2). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. André, Francis; Charnay, Daniel (2006). “Support of open archives at national level: the HAL experience”. Proceedings of ISTISAN 07/12 Istituto superiore di Sanitá: Institutional archives for research, experiences and projects in open access, Rome (Italy). (http://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00187260/en/). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. André, Francis; Foulonneau, Muriel; Badolato, Anne-Marie; Charnay, Daniel (2007). “The repository jigsaw”. Research Information, April-May 2007. (http://www.researchinformation.info/features/feature.php?feature_ id=128). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Couperin (2010). Les archives ouvertes pour les établissements d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche. 2007-2010. (http://www.couperin.org/archivesou vertes/). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Creppy, Rachel (2007). “Archives ouvertes, archives institutionnelles et protocole français”, BBF, 2007, n° 6, p. 42-45. (http://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf2007-06-0042-008). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Filliatreau, Ghislaine (dir.) (2008). Indicateurs de sciences et de technologies: edition 2008: Rapport de l’Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques. Paris: Economica; OST, 2008. (http://www.obs-ost.fr/fr/le-savoir-faire/etudes-en-ligne/tra-vaux2008/rapport-biennal-edition-2008.html#c700). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. France. Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (2009). L’état de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche en France, 35 indicateurs. n° 3, décembre 2009. (http://media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/ file/Evaluation_statistiques/50/1/Etat_de_l_enseignement_superieur_et_ de_la_recherche_137501.pdf). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. France. Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (2009). Rapport sur les politiques nationales de recherche et de formations supérieures: annexe au projet de loi de finances pour 2009. (http://www.performance-publique.gouv. fr/farandole/2009/pap/pdf/Jaune2009recherche_formationsuperieures. pdf). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. HAL: Hyper Articles en Ligne. (http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/). [Accessed: 5/06/ 2010]. OPEN ACCESS IN FRANCE 37 Libre accès à l’information scientifique et technique. INIST-CNRS. (http://openac cess.inist.fr/). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Revues.org. (http://www.revues.org). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. 4 Open access in Greece Panos Georgiou, Fiori Papadatou Georgiou, Panos; Papadatou, Fiori (2010). “Open access in Greece”. In: Open access in Southern European countries. Lluís Anglada, Ernest Abadal (eds). Madrid: FECYT, p. 39-62. 4.1 IntroductIon This report deals with the current status of scholarly communication and open access in Greece and in particular focuses on e-publications and related content available in digital format on the web. Greek scientific and research community has always been “productive” in terms of publications of all kinds of types and formats: articles, monographs, book chapters, conference papers etc. Since the establishment of the modern Greek state, about 150 years ago, several hundreds journals and magazines have been publishing the work of the Greek authors, researchers and scientists. However, these published works represents only a small proportion of the total research output of the country, as the majority of these works was, and still is, being published in international journals. This landscape remained rather unchanged until the end of ‘90s and the beginnings of 2000, when the improved telecommunication infrastructure and the considerable EC and national funding for related projects, escalated the process: new publications, adoption of peer review processes, new ejournals, online versions of printed titles, massive digitization of journals archives etc. Although this evolutionary process took quite a long time to shape, this report states that during the last years the progress concerning scholarly communication and open access in the digital environment is accelerated. This report has facilitated data and information from: Directory of Greek Digital Resources (http://www.lis.upatras.gr/Libworld/gr_resources_EL.php) 40 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES which has been developed and is operated by the Library & Information Center of the University of Patras (http://www.lis.upatras.gr/index_EL.php) (see paragraph 4.7.1), National Book Center of Greece (EKEBI) (http://www. ekebi.gr/frontoffice/portal.asp?cpage=NODE&cnode=138), Open archives (http://en.openarchives.gr/), OAI harvester (see paragraph 4.7.2), ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus and Ulrich’s Web. 4.2 scholarly puBlIshIng In greece Scholarly publishing in Greece, as the following data shows, deals mainly with printed formats. Nevertheless, although still rather insignificant, there is an increasing activity in e-book market and publishing, while on the other hand we notice a more clear and significant progress in journals e-publishing initiatives. 4.2.1 Book publishing According to the National Book Center of Greece (EKEBI) data (see table 4.1) the Greek book market is still on a complete print environment. By scientific terms and criteria it is obviously oriented to Humanities and Literature, as titles in Natural & Applied Sciences represent a small proportion of the total production and actually seem to have a declining tendency. 4.2.2 E-books Until November 2009, only three (3) Greek publishers and vendors have been reported to have developed online services for access to Greek books. Within the next 5 months there has been a significant increase of this kind of activity, as 16 publishers and retailers in total have already involved in this business. A detailed view of current e-books market in Greece is presented in Annex 11.3.1 (e-books market in Greece). Beyond these cases all other initiatives concern digitized old historical books as part of wider digital collections with multiple types of material (see paragraph 4.5 below). OPEN ACCESS IN GREECE 41 Table 4.1. Book titles production per year, subject and language subject 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 humanities5 2,037 2,126 2,278 2,349 2,469 2,554 2,420 Greek books 1,548 1,542 1,632 1,737 1,698 1,772 1,695 Translated books 489 584 646 612 771 782 725 natural & applied sciences6 593 667 639 635 631 614 696 Greek books 351 454 401 417 358 315 345 Translated books 242 213 238 218 273 299 351 Literature 1,720 1,784 1,795 1,947 2,035 2,157 2,117 Greek books 942 990 958 1,095 1,093 1,150 1,263 Translated books 778 794 837 852 942 1,007 854 Children books 1,479 1,490 1,723 1,826 2,117 1,799 2,088 Greek books 553 556 614 558 668 669 662 Translated books 926 934 1,109 1,268 1,449 1,130 1,426 school & educational books 907 644 628 487 822 807 713 Greek books 879 629 610 464 816 794 700 Translated books 28 15 18 23 6 13 13 art 420 455 576 547 702 759 671 Greek books 292 276 355 336 364 400 312 Translated books 128 179 221 211 338 359 359 Other7 737 910 1,022 949 1,006 1,225 1,050 Greek books 417 418 579 488 528 685 577 Translated books 320 492 443 461 478 540 473 total 7,893 8,076 8,661 8,740 9,782 9,915 9,755 Greek books 4,982 4,865 5,149 5,095 5,525 5,785 5,554 translated books 2,911 3,211 3,512 3,645 4,257 4,130 4,201 Source: National Book Center of Greece (EKEBI), 2008 5 Includes law, political & economical sciences, education. 6 Includes medicine. 7 Travel guide, maps, gastronomy, practical guides etc. 48 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Table 4.5. Online full text publication by types & subjects subject Online full text titles publication types e-Journals Journals in print & web Journal digital archives total peer review total peer review total peer review total peer review total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa Agriculture 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Applied Sciences & Technology 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 0 1 1 1 1 Biology 7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 Earth Sciences 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 Economics 8 6 8 6 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 Education 5 5 4 4 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 Environmental Sciences 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 History 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 Law 18 0 4 0 18 0 4 0 Literature 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 5 Mathematics 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 Medicine 43 33 39 31 12 12 12 12 15 11 14 11 16 10 13 8 Social Sciences 10 8 8 7 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 7 7 6 6 Sports & Recreation 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 Theology 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 Veterinary Sciences 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 total 118 84 89 73 29 28 28 28 47 22 31 21 42 34 30 24 OPEN ACCESS IN GREECE 49 publication type e-journals print & web archives total publishing body types academics total total 11 3 3 17 Oa 11 3 2 16 peer review total 11 3 3 17 Oa 11 3 2 16 national – Government total total – 1 3 4 Oa – 1 3 4 peer review total – 1 3 4 Oa – 1 3 4 private total total 4 22 11 37 Oa 3 5 10 18 peer review total 3 7 2 12 Oa 3 4 2 9 research total total 4 4 3 11 Oa 4 3 2 9 peer review total 4 4 3 11 Oa 4 3 2 9 societies total total 10 17 22 49 Oa 10 10 17 37 peer review total 10 16 19 45 Oa 10 10 15 35 29 47 42 118 Table 4.6. Online full text publication types & publishing body types 50 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Table 4.7. Online full text journals subjects & publishing bodies types subject publishing body types academics national – Government private research societies total peer review total peer review total peer review total peer review total peer review total total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa total Oa Agriculture 1 0 1 App. Sciences & Technology 4 4 4 4 0 1 1 1 1 5 Biology 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 7 Earth Sciences 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 3 Economics 6 5 6 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Education 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 Environ, Sciences 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 History 0 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 4 Law 17 0 3 1 1 18 Literature 5 5 1 1 1 1 6 Mathematics 0 1 1 1 Medicine 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 36 27 33 26 43 Social Sciences 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 10 Sports & Recreation 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 Theology 1 1 1 Veterinary Sciences 0 1 1 1 total 17 16 17 16 4 4 4 4 37 18 12 9 11 9 11 9 49 37 45 35 118 OPEN ACCESS IN GREECE 51 • still no compliance with open standards and technologies: OAI-PMH, metadata schemas, standardized software (like OJS), etc.; • poor services for the users: search and retrieval, browsing by various fields, quality of the digital items; • unspecified business models, which are essential for the viability of the publication; • unspecified short or long term preservation policies and practices. 4.5 oa Books As far as private bodies are concerned, only two cases are reported that provide total or partial OA to the content of their current publications: • eBookShop platform - (http://www.e-bookshop.gr/) (partially). • John S. Latsis Public benefit Foundation - Electronic Library (http://www. latsis-foundation.org/ldlib/books.aspx?cat=1) (totally). Other OA books initiatives mainly concern project oriented initiatives of public, academic, research and non for profit institutions. Furthermore in most of these cases OA book content is part of a wider digital collection that often hosts other material as well (See annex 11.2.3. OA digital collections with books). Figure 4.3. OA journals publishing bodies OA Journals Publishing Bodies 16; 19% 4; 5% 18; 21% 9; 11% 37; 44% Academics National – Government Private Research Societies 52 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 4.6 reposItorIes & dIgItal collectIons 4.6.1 OA institutional repositories Usually an institutional repository (IR), is defined as such, by content criteria. A pure IR, if we could say so, would host, manage, preserve and provide access to the whole research output of the institution, namely: PhD and related postgraduate theses and dissertations, reports, data sets, and most important specific versions of institution’s staff publications. Since the software platforms widely used for these purposes (Dspace, Invenio, Fedora, Eprints, etc.), could also handle more types of content, it is more common these days for an IR to host different kinds of collections with different types of content. In most cases these collections consist of journals archives, the institution’s historical archives, and all kinds of special collections that the institution may have in its possession. Taking all these into account you can hardly distinguish a pure IR anymore. This is also the case for the Greek IRs. In most of the cases the IR platforms are being used to host and handle multiple types of collections: grey literature, archives, journal archives, multimedia collections etc. Although this is not an essential issue, is certainly an issue when it comes to specific search and retrieval needs of the end user: along with the research output of the institution’s faculty on e.g. water treatment, one might get also a picture of the Minister of Environmental affairs visiting the waste water treatment plant of the institution! In any case formal OAI IRs are growing rapidly among academic institutions as 17 out of the total 33 academic institutions run their own OAI IRs while two more run a non OAI-PMH compliant IR, based on custom/ commercial applications and finally two more keep operating their “IR” on an obsolete Dienst platform. Concerning the rest of the academic institutions, some are already in a transition phase to a new OAI IR, some are rather newly established institutions and they hardly have any data/content at all, and some are very small ones with limited resources to develop and maintain such a service. See a detailed view of Greek IRs in annex table 11.2.4 Greek institucional repositories. Another significant issue is the absence of Research centers IRs in the relevant list where only Helios, the IR of the National Hellenic Research Foundation is OPEN ACCESS IN GREECE 53 listed. Out of a total of another 14 research centers nationally, there is no reported activity on management and preservation of their research output. 4.6.2 Digital collections Along with online journals and IRs there was significant progress during the last years concerning the overall digital resources development in Greece, mainly thanks to EU and National funding projects. According to current data of the Directory of Greek Digital Resources (see paragraph 4.7.1) there are more than 200 active resources, including e-journals, journals archives and IRs. Taking into consideration the previous argument on the IR definition (see paragraph 4.6.1), among these registered resources there is a significant number of OAI compliant digital collections (Annex 11.2.5. OAI-PMH compliant Digital Collections) with about 187,000 additional documents. Thus the total number of documents in all OAI digital collections rises up to 462,000. Furthermore the Directory of Greek digital resources records a considerable number of non OAI-PMH compliant digital collections, with unfortunately no current data on number of documents of each collection. A comprehensive list of these resources is presented on annex 11.2.6 Non OAI-PMH digital collections. 4.7 harvesters, regIstrIes & related InItIatIves 4.7.1 Directory of Greek digital resources The Directory is an initiative of the Library & Information Center of the University of Patras, and runs in a pilot version since February 2008 at: (http:// www.lis.upatras.gr/Libworld/gr_resources_EL.php). The directory aims to be the unique access point of useful information to all scholarly and related Greek digital resources available on the web • by continuous monitoring and record of all resources: content, access policies, etc.; 54 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES • by recording and analysing all basic functional information and parameters for each resource: services, technologies, standards, protocols, business models, etc. The directory collects data from the following types of resource: • Bibliographical databases. Library catalogs, bibliographies, journal articles. • Digital collections. journals archives, books, texts & articles collections, images & multimedia collections. • Institutional repositories. Grey literature, Publications, Educational material, Archives. • E-journals (fully e-published). • Experimental & Research data collections. 4.7.2 Openarchives.gr Openarchives.gr is a “private” OAI harvester. It is the first and currently the only Greek harvester, collecting data from 41 resources in Greece and Cyprus. 4.7.3 Openaccess.gr Openaccess.gr is an online platform, operated by the Greek National Documentation Centre (NDC), providing information on: Figura 4.4. Directory of Greek digital resources OPEN ACCESS IN GREECE 55 Figura 4.5. Openarchives.gr Figura 4.6. Openaccess.gr 56 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Table 4.8. Greek OAI-PMH digital collections in international harvesters & registries (April 2010) no collection Oai ster Base scientific commons rOar Open DOar europeana DriVer 1 Anaktisi Institutional Repository of TEI of Western Macedonia x x x 2 Anemi Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies x 3 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Document Server x x x x x x 4 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Repository x x 5 Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece x 6 Computational Systems and Software Engineering Laboratory - University of Macedonia x 7 Dexameni - University of Patras x x x 8 DSpace at NTUA x x x 9 Educational Repository at the University of Patras x x x x 10 Elocus - Institutional Repository of the University of Crete Library x x 11 ESTIA - Harokopio University of Athens x x 12 Eureka! Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki x x x x x 13 Helios (National Hellenic Research Foundation) x x x x x 14 Institute for Byzantine Research: Byzantina Symmeikta x 15 Kosmopolis - University of Patras x x x x x 16 Ktisis - Institutional Repository of the Technological University of Cyprus x x 17 Nemertes - University of Patras x x x x x 18 Pandektis - Major digital collections of Greek history and culture x x 19 Pandemos x 20 Pleias - University of Patras x x x 21 Psepheda - Digital Library & Institutional Repository University of Macedonia x x x x x 22 University of Piraeus Library x total 10 13 7 16 12 1 3 OPEN ACCESS IN GREECE 57 • Open access issues and latest trends. • Open access infrastructure currently being developed by NDC. Within this activities’ framework, NDC has recently (April 2010) launched a blog on open access (http://www.openaccess.gr/blog/). The blog aims to promote the dialogue on open access, the adoption of open access policies in research organizations and the effective dissemination of research performed in Greece. 4.7.4 MICHAEL Hellas MICHAEL Hellas is the Greek portal of the MICHAEL European project. It is actually a directory of digital collections from museums, archives, libraries and other cultural institutions from across Greece. It focuses almost exclusively to cultural content and currently provides information for 116 digital collections. 4.7.5 Greek digital resources in the global perspective Like many others around the world, we strongly believe that one of the key issues for the success of the various OA initiatives is to get the full benefits that OA offers from a political as well as from a technological point of view. Figura 4.7. MICHAEL Hellas 64 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES the Sciences and Humanities. This is the first institutional action on the part of Italian university rectors to support OA. This event helped foster the awareness of open access issues and has boosted interest in open archives and related technologies for a more effective dissemination of scholarly content. Since the Messina Declaration 74 out of 80 Italian universities have signed the Berlin Declaration.13 By signing this Declaration these universities have committed themselves to achieve the goals set by the University of Southampton at the Berlin 3 open access Conference: a) to implement a policy to require their researchers to deposit a copy of all their published articles in an open access repository, b) to encourage their researchers to publish their research articles in open access journals where a suitable journal exists and provide the support to enable that to happen. Following the Messina Declaration in 2006 the Conference of Italian Universities Rectors (CRUI) decided to create a working group on OA as part of the CRUI Library Committee. This decision was a significant step in promoting and supporting OA in Italian universities both in political and practical terms. Subsequently the activities of the CRUI OA Working Group led to the publication of the Linee guida per il deposito delle tesi di dottorato negli archivi aperti, October 2007 (Guidelines on depositing doctoral dissertations in open access repositories). Evidence of the impact of these guidelines has been the wide adoption of thesis mandates among Italian universities (see 5.4.3). Later, in April 2009, the CRUI OA Working Group also published the following three guidelines: – Raccomandazioni su open access e la valutazione dei prodotti della ricerca scientifica (Recommendations on OA and research evaluation) (http://www.crui. it/HomePage.aspx?ref=1782). – Riviste ad accesso aperto: linee guida (Guidelines for OA journals) (http:// www.crui.it/HomePage.aspx?ref=1789). – Linee guida per gli archivi istituzionali (Guidelines for institutional repositories) (http://www.crui.it/HomePage.aspx?ref=1781). 13 Signatories of the Berlin Declaration can be found at (http://oa.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/signatories.html). OPEN ACCESS IN ITALY 65 The recommendations on OA and research evaluation seek to link the development of IRs with the research assessment process. Hence in Italy some IRs have been implemented with the function of CRIS (see paragraph 5.4.1). The CRUI guidelines recommend OAI-PMH compliant CRIS, possibly by adopting an open source software, encourage the depositing of full text research outputs, and suggest a minimum set of metadata to be adopted. The Guidelines for OA journals foster the transition of scholarly journals from toll access (TA) business models to OA business models for those journals which are publicly funded, recommend the adoption of open source software for their publication (e.g. Open Journal System or Hyperjournal) (see 5.2.2), as well as foster the experimentation in OA journals of new peer review forms, i.e. soft peer review, social peer review. The goal of the Guidelines for institutional repositories is to give repository managers suggestions on how to implement IRs: from the technical, organizational and legal challenges, policies to support action’s repository, promotion and advocacy issues, to the economic viability of a repository. To foster further OA advancements in Italy a very interesting bottom-up initiative was launched on 9 April 2008: the Italian wiki on open access (http://wiki. openarchives.it/index.php/Pagina_principale). The wiki is managed by a group of Italian experts on open access. Only member of the wiki working group can Fig. 5.1. Home page of the Italian wiki on open access 66 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES insert news and update pages. The aim of the wiki is to offer a one stop shop to the main concepts of the OA movement, to foster sharing knowledge of Italian projects and best practices, to promote OA initiatives in Italy. The wiki TOCs include: OA definitions, history of the movement, the green road and the Italian mandates (see 5.4.3), the gold road and OA journal business models, the OA and the intellectual property rights, FAQ on OA and OA resources in the different disciplines. The wiki working group also maintains a rich bibliography of articles in Italian or translated in Italian on open access (http://wiki.openarchives.it/index.php/Bibliografia_in_lingua_italiana). The wiki has become very popular in Italy since its publication on the web. The conjoint advocacy action of the CRUI OA working group, of the wiki OA working group, of the entire community of Italian academic librarians community devoted to OA and faculty early adopters yielded a considerable number of initiatives this year alone: (http://wiki.openarchives.it/index.php/ Open_access_Week_-_2009) hosted by Italian universities during the OA week (19-23 October 2009), culminating in the first Italian open access conference day (http://host.uniroma3.it/biblioteche/page.php?page=Programma) on 23th October in Rome. The OA conference day was hosted by the University of Roma Tre, organized in collaboration with CASPUR, an Italian interuniversity supercomputing consortia, and AIDA, the Associazione italiana of Documentazione Avanzata. Apart from promotion and advocacy current projects in favour of open access in Italy embrace: a. OA journals and monographs; b. Infrastructure and services provided by supercomputing consortia; c. Institutional repositories and disciplinary based repositories. 5.2 ItalIan peer-revIewed journals According to Ulrich’s periodicals directory 334 active peer-reviewed scholarly journals were published in Italy in 2009. 97 of these are indexed in the Journal Citation Reports. According to the Web of Science in Italy in 2008 41,736 articles were published by researchers affiliated to Italian institutions. According to Scopus OPEN ACCESS IN ITALY 67 in the same year 46,000 articles were published by researchers affiliated to Italian institutions. It should be kept in mind that italian-language journals are underrepresented both in WOS and Scopus. Table 5.1. Articles published by researchers affiliated to Italian institutions by year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 total (Wos) 41,736 34,675 33,794 33,371 29,177 29,892 27,304 26,719 total (scopus) 46,000 43,811 40,649 35,731 33,218 33,170 30,143 31,255 Updated: 04/08/2010 In Italy the need for a solid infrastructure for producing, promoting, and disseminating Italian culture electronically is strongly perceived. Most of the scholarly publishing in Italy is managed by medium size commercial publishers and small publishing houses, both of which are financially supported by universities; therefore moving to the electronic version or even taking a further step and embrace open access should not be too difficult. For various reasons the situation is at standstill, or to be more precise, is very slow to change. A project called District Architecture for Networked Editions (DAFNE) was launched by the Universities of Padua, Florence, and Bologna, and the Central National Library of Florence, together with Casalini Libri and other partners, to build an infrastructure for e-publishing. The project unfortunately ended in 2002. This infrastructure is currently used by the University of Padua to test the peer reviewing process using Zope, an open source CMS software. Few Italian universities run e-presses (University of Florence, University of Lecce, University of Bologna, Polytechnic of Milan and a few others) and mainly do so in cooperation with commercial publishers. Some of their journals and monographs are available open access (see paragraph 5.2.1 and 5.3). In most universities electronic publishing is not centrally coordinated. Often single departments take the initiative to publish a journal electronically and make it available on the web. Therefore there is an unmanaged presence of scholarly journals freely accessible on the web. Most of these journals cannot be considered OA according to the “standard definition” as they are not compliant with OAI-PMH standards 68 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES or to any other standard, peer reviewing is not always performed, generally authors do not retain copyright, the rights being transferred to the publisher and, furthermore, the technological infrastructure and technical quality of the journals are not exceptionally high. However, there are some signs of change and new OA journals, compliant to OAI-PMH and to the BOAI definition of open access have begun to emerge in the last years. 5.2.1 Italian OA journals According to the Directory of open access Journals (DOAJ) 131 OA peerreviewed journals are published in Italy (http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=f indJournals&hybrid=&query=italy). Unfortunately not all the Italian open access journals are registered in DOAJ. In some cases this may be because, as mentioned, a journal does not fulfil all the necessary requirements to be strictly defined OA. This is the case of the successful journal Hystrix: the Italian journal of mammalogy (http://www.italian-journal-of-mammalogy. it/) which adopts a one year content embargo. In other cases it might be a publisher’s choice i.e. the case of the two social sciences OA journals published by Il Mulino (Bologna): Aedon (http://www.aedon.mulino.it/) and Sociologica (http://www.sociologica.mulino.it/main). The great majority of Italian OA journals is published by universities, academic departments, university presses or with the contribution of university funds. Among the university presses the Firenze University Press publishes 12 OA journals, followed by the University of Lecce, Coordinamento SIBA, that publishes 8 titles, and by the University of Milan (6 titles). Among the publishers PAGEPress (Pavia) publishes 15 OA journals all in the medical field. The great majority of Italian OA journals belong to Humanities (strictly 51 titles). The remaining journals are in Agriculture, Biomedicine, Civil Engineering, Computer Science, Diplomatics, Forestry, Ethnology, Ecology, Earth Science, Law, Mathematics, Physics, Psychology, and Social Sciences. The dominance of OA journals in the Humanities is not surprising. In Italy many journals in Humanities are published by universities rather than by for-profit publishers. Doubtless the adoption of the OA model is OPEN ACCESS IN ITALY 69 an easier choice for the universities as all costs are covered by public funds. Moreover the open access model is very attractive for humanists since it provides broader dissemination and fosters the internationalisation of research outputs in Humanities. Almost all OA Italian journals are multilingual. A fair number of them have an international editorial board i.e. Acta Otorihnolaryngologica italica, The African Physical review, Artifara, Basic and Applied Myology, Biblica, Capsula Eburnea, Cromhos, Erasmus Law and Economics Review, eSamizdat, Ethnorema, Etica & Politica/ Ethics & Politics, European Diversity and Autonomy Papers, The European Journal of Comparative Economics, European Journal of Legal Studies, European Journal of Histochemistry, European Papers on the new Welfare, Haematologica, Heart International, Gastroenterology Insights, Idee, iForest, Ignaziana, Infectious Disease Reports, Information Philosophica, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, International Journal of Speleology, InTRAlinea, Invertebrate Survival Journal, Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, The Italian Journal of Pediatrics, Italian Labour Law e-journal, JCOM, JLIS.it, JOP, Journal of Formalized Reasoning, Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, M@ gm@, Montesquieu.it, Music & Anthropology, Neuropsychological Trends, Nephrology reviews, Note di Matematica, Orthopedic Reviews, Pediatric Reports, Philomusica on-line, PsychNology Journal, PoS, Psychofenia, Rare Tumors, Rheumatology Reports, Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica, Segni e comprensione, Snippets, Storicamente, TeMA, Transitional Waters Bullettin, Transitional Waters Monographs, Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony. 28 journals have applied creative commons licenses. The most used software for publishing an OA journal in Italy is Open Journal System. 5.2.2 Open source software for OA journals In 2004 the Dipartimento di Scienza della Politica (Department of Political Science) of the University of Pisa developed in collaboration with public and private sponsors an open source software which handles the complete journal publishing process and it is fully compliant to OAI-PMH. This software is called “Hyperjournal” (http://association.hjournal.org/ index_en.html). 70 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES In 2005 the HyperJournal Association was founded as a no-profit organization, whose goals are to promote, care for and help the circulation of scientific, artistic and cultural heritage, supporting the free use of the intellectual production. 5.3 oa monographs In Italy In Italy the number of scholarly OA monographs is slowly increasing. Some university presses, faithful to their mission of supporting academic research and teaching, publish OA monographs. The ESE Salento University Publishing of the University of Lecce has published 240 OA e-books to date. The Firenze University Press (FUP) has a catalogue of 460 monographs. 120 of these titles are OA (http://www.fupress.com/openaccess.asp). The FUP is also an active partner of the European project Open Access Publishing in European Networks (OAPEN) (http://www.oapen.org/). Edizioni PLUS of the University of Pisa authorizes OA e-publishing in author website (about 60 OA e-books). The University Presses of Bolzano and Trieste publish OA books with POD. The UniTN Eprints repository of the University of Trento has recently signed an agreement with the Department of Social Sciences of the same university. All monographs published in print by faculty of the Department are also deposited in OA in the UniTN repository So far there are 47 OA monographs in the repository (http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/view/department/scienzeg.html). A handful of for profit Italian publishers are also experimenting OA publishing models for monographs in combination or not with print on demand. CLUEB in Bologna has many OA books and is partner in SHARE-TEC. The Polimetrica publisher’s catalogue includes more than 50 OA monographs. In 2008 Polimetrica also launched a very interesting project : Libri Gratuiti in Ateneo/Free Books at your University (http://www.polimetrica.com/?p=p_ 24&iPage=4). The publisher set a proposal to Italian Rectors and faculty to publish OA scholarly books with the formula print on demand: each scholarly book will be published in two editions: a printed edition, available on the market, and an electronic edition, freely available through the web. OPEN ACCESS IN ITALY 71 Each electronic edition is covered by copyright, which stipulates how these works may be used. In 2010 Polimetrica is also going to launch a new Project: Open Textbooks whose goal is to develop a web Portal to publish e-textbooks in OA + POD. The LED edizioni (http://www.ledizioni.it/) is also adopting a OA + POD model in 2010 for publishing scholarly monographs. 5.4 InstItutIonal reposItorIes and dIscIplInary Based reposItorIes In Italy 5.4.1 Institutional repositories Since 2001 the implementation of digital OA repositories in Italy has steadily increased. Generally speaking, in each university it is the library that usually takes the initiative to select, evaluate and install the institutional repository with the support of the ICT group. Therefore any attempts to gain the Rector’s or the Senate’s approval, institutional repository planning, policy strategies, metadata creation, selection of a classification scheme, training, promotion, copyright help-desk are all handled by the library in cooperation with researchers, early adopters and IT staff. The different types of digital content deposited include refereed e-pre-print/ post print articles, conference proceedings, teaching material, doctoral theses, working papers, technical notes and, in some cases, digital objects related to cultural events held by the universities (recordings of lectio magistralis, of the rector’s academic year opening lecture, lectures given by, etc.). To date in Italy 59 repositories have been implemented 55 are listed in OpenDOAR as operational repositories, 4 more repositories (i.e. the Eprints repository of the University of Ferrara, the repository of the University of Macerata, the repository of the University Parthenope of Naples, the repository of the University of Palermo) have been very recently implemented and are not yet registered in OpenDOAR. 42 out of the 59 are university institutional archives. Out of the 42 archives 3 repositories are implemented by individual university departments (i.e. the Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, University of Catania, Catania, the 72 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio, Università Cà Foscari, Venice, and the Dipartimento di Matematica, Polithecnic of Milan, Milan). Some universities (Bologna, Milan, Padua, Pisa, and Trento) have implemented more than one repository. 14 The National Research Center covers 107 institutes all over Italy. It maintains a centralised archive PUMA (http://puma.isti.cnr.it//index.php?langver=) while the institutes manage their own local repositories. The remaining repositories belong to different typologies of research centres: the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) = the Italian National Health Institute, the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) = National Research Center,14 the Istituto Nazionale of Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) = the National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology, the Istituto Italiano di Medicina Sociale (IIMS) = Italian Social Health Institute, the Scuola Superiore della Pubblica Amministrazione Locale (SSPAL) = The Higher School of Public Local Administration, the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, and a handful of other research centres. Figure 5.2. Italian repositories growth (source: OpenDOAR) OPEN ACCESS IN ITALY 73 Among the main Italian research centres ISS, INGV, CNR, and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)= the National Institute of Nuclear Physics all have implemented an open access repository to date. The INFN IR dates back to 1954 and it has been recently made available in electronic format (http://www.lnf.infn.it/sis/preprint). The INFN researchers work in the context of nuclear and high-energy physics, where the free circulation of preprints is standard procedure since well before the WWW was invented at CERN. In the high-energy physics community, scientific papers are submitted to arXiv, the well-known international repository. The INFN has signed the Berlin Declaration, and joined very early the SCOAP3 consortium, the new OA financing model for high energy physics journals (http://scoap3. org/). The SCOAP3 consortium aims to define a new financial model where the principles of OA meet the commercial needs of the free market of publishers, as well as the imperative necessity of rigorous peer-review. The INFN and the SCOAP3 consortium have been key players in the full support to OA given by all experiments at the LHC accelerator (CERN, Geneva Switzerland), whose copious production of OA scientific papers will dominate the scenario of high-energy physics in the next decade: “We strongly encourage the usage of electronic publishing methods for our publications and support the principle of open access publishing, which includes granting free access of our publications to all. Furthermore, we encourage all collaboration members to publish in easily accessible journals, following the open access paradigm”. The European University Institute, the American University of Rome and the FAO also maintain archives located in Italy, though strictly speaking they are not Italian institutions. A very interesting case study is the repository of the Gruppo Frattura italiano (http://www.gruppofrattura.it/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1). It serves both as a repository, but also as a platform to publish the OA journal: Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale (see paragraph 4.1). In the near future we will probably see more cases of “mixed repositories”, where the differences between repositories and journals blur, reinforcing the idea that self-archiving and the publication in OA journals are complementary strategies to open access. Two institutional repositories are planned to be launched over the next months, e.g. at the University of Piemonte Orientale and at the Istituto Agrario San Michele all’Adige. 80 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES To date the SURPlus software has been implemented by fourteen universities, 13 in Italy plus the Hong Kong University. Four Italian universities out of the 14 (University of Milan, Milan Bicocca University, University of Palermo, University of Tor Vergata, Rome) have adopted the complete SURPlus software suite. 5.6 Future challenges and conclusIons In Italy the future of the open access movement should be closely connected to a national funded planning strategy. However, such a strategy is totally lacking at the moment. Hence, this renders the long term sustainability of what are mainly voluntary driven OA initiatives (i. e. PLEIADI) somewhat uncertain. As previously written a very significant step both in political and practical terms in promoting and supporting OA in Italian universities was the decision by CRUI to create the OA working group in 2007. The four guidelines published to date by the CRUI OA working group, notably the Guidelines on depositing doctoral dissertations in open access repositories, are having a practical impact on the successful development of the Italian universities’ repositories. As far as the research output dissemination is concerned the most effective strategy in Italy is certainly the connection between the repositories and the current Research Information System, both at institutional and national levels. All OA initiatives and strategies to be supported will need a strong position statement and a collaborative programme from Italian policy makers, i.e. from the ministries potentially involved in the OA action: the Ministry for the Research and the University System (MIUR), the Environmental and Cultural Ministry (MiBAC), the Ministry for the Public Administration and Innovation, and the Health Ministry (MS). The statement should reinforce the idea of the importance of open access for the economic and social development of the country, for the competitiveness of its entrepreneurship and for the citizens well-being. In combination with such a position statement an open access funding strategy is absolutely necessary in Italy in order to foster the participation of Italian repositories’ infrastructure in european research projects. OPEN ACCESS IN ITALY 81 acknowledgements: the authors wish to acknowledge Mary Joan Crowley for her kind collaboration in the preparation of the english version of this report. 5.7 BIBlIography Bianco, Stefano (2010). “La libera diffusione della scienza nell’era dell’LHC: l’INFN e l’open access”. In: Proceedings “Comunicare fisica 2010”, Frascati, Italy, 12-16 April 2010. (http://agenda.infn.it/conferenceDisplay.py?confId= 1538). [Accessed: 15/07/2010]. Caso, Roberto (ed.) (2009). “Pubblicazioni scientifiche, diritti d’autore e open access, Atti del Convegno tenuto presso la Facoltà di Giurisprudenza di Trento il 20 giugno 2008”. (Quaderni del Dipartimento Scienze giuridiche; 79). Trento: Università degli Studi. (http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/ archive/00001589/). [Accessed: 15/07/2010]. Cassella, Maria (2008). “L’open access nelle scienze umane”. Biblioteche oggi, n. 10, p. 40-49. (http://www.bibliotecheoggi.it/content/20081004001.pdf). [Accessed: 15/07/2010]. De Paoli, Nilde, Mornati, Susanna (2009). “SURPlus OA: il repository istituzionale a servizio della ricerca”. Bollettino del CILEA, n. 113, p. 16-19. (http:// bollettino.cilea.it/viewarticle.php?id=763). [Accessed: 15/07/2010]. De Robbio, Antonella (2007). “Analisi citazionale e indicatori bibliometrici nel modello open access”. Bollettino AIB, n. 3, p. 257-288. (http://eprints.rclis.org/ archive/00011999/02/valutazione-23gennaio2008.pdf). [Accessed: 15/07/ 2010]. Di Cesare, Rosa et al. (2009). “Per un Institutional repository del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche: indagine sulle esperienze “Open access” nelle strutture scientifiche dell’Ente”. IRPPS Working paper, no. 27. Roma: Istituto di ricerche sulla popolazione e le politiche sociali. (http://www. irpps.cnr.it/sito/download/wp27_09.pdf). [Accessed: 15/07/2010]. Gargiulo, Paola et al. (2005). “PLEIADI: a portal solution for scholarly literature”. In: ELPUB Proceedings, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium, 8-10 June, 2005. (http:// eprints.rclis.org/4442/1/Pleiadi_ELPUB2005_paper.pdf). [Accessed: 15/ 07/2010]. Guerrini, Mauro (2009). “Nuovi strumenti per la valutazione della ricerca scientifica. Il movimento dell’open access e gli archivi istituzionali”. Biblioteche 82 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES oggi, n. 8, p. 7-17. (http://www.bibliotecheoggi.it/content/20090800701. pdf). [Accessed: 15/07/2010]. Mornati, Susanna (ed.) (2008). “Open access in Italia”. AIDAinformazioni, n. 3-4. (http://www.aidainformazioni.it/2008/342008monografia.html). [Acce-ssed: 15/07/2010]. Tammaro, Anna Maria – De Gregori, Teresa (2004). “Ruolo e funzionalità dei depositi istituzionali”. Biblioteche oggi, n. 10, p. 7-19 (http://www.bibliotecheoggi.it/2004/20041000701.pdf). [Accessed: 15/07/2010]. 6 Open access in pOrtuGaL Ricardo Saraiva, Eloy Rodrigues Saraiva, Ricardo; Rodrigues, Eloy (2010). “Open access in Portugal”. In: Open access in Southern European countries. Lluís Anglada, Ernest Abadal (eds). Madrid: FECYT, p. 83-99. 6.1 IntroductIon/Background In the terms of one of the most important declarations of the open access (OA) movement, the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI), “An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the willingness of scientists and scholars to publish the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the internet. The public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds. Removing access barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education (…)”.16 According to BOAI, OA can be achieved by two complementary ways or means. The first one, usually called “gold OA”, is open access journals that do not use subscription or access fees and copyright to restrict access to the articles they publish. The second one, usually called “green OA”, is self-archiving a copy of journal articles in open access repositories. In brief, open access advocates the free dissemination on the Internet of scholarly literature, allowing anyone to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search or reference the full text of documents. 16 Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002). (http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml). [Accessed: 31/05/2010]. 84 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES As in many other countries, open access initiatives in Portugal are relatively new (see section Evolution of open access in Portugal), with the first initiatives dating from 2003, but only getting general attention after 2006. On top of the factors that are common to most countries, the slow uptake of the open access agenda in Portugal can also be explained by the particular conditions and situation of portuguese research and publications. In fact, Portugal hadn’t a strong scientific tradition and infrastructure before the end of the last millennium. The number of researchers and the number of publications, especially in international peer-reviewed journals, was very small until recently. Just as an illustration, the number of Portuguese articles per year referenced on ISI databases was under 1,000 until 1990 and only after 2003 the number is bigger than 5,000 (see table 6.1). The structural setback of the Portuguese science and the significant efforts made by Portugal to modernize its scientific system and higher education since the mid-1990s can also be confirmed by the growth rate in the number of publications since 2000, which was one of the biggest of the European Union (see figure 6.1). ncr 1981-2008 total 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008** [1] publications in non classified journals 13 12 2 4 5 4 6 1 4 9 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 73 Exact Sciences 343 415 427 521 575 600 713 870 925 1,184 1,279 1,489 1,482 1,827 1,943 2,086 2,341 2,134 2,191 23,347 Natural Sciences 192 205 256 286 322 401 402 552 630 725 742 900 999 1,060 1,221 1,379 1,725 1,936 1,965 15,894 Engineering & Technology Sciences 148 148 199 185 229 306 353 385 477 547 621 638 818 775 1,115 1,013 1,403 1,158 1,250 11,767 Ciências Médicas e da Saúde 205 214 286 315 388 494 462 558 602 809 782 762 1,064 1,143 1,285 1,447 1,837 2,051 2,110 16,814 Agriculture Sciences 26 20 36 33 63 73 89 94 132 122 147 167 200 222 212 236 332 367 389 2,959 Social Sciences 30 27 53 48 48 63 90 53 75 86 166 122 131 148 185 227 289 326 340 2,507 Humanities 9 23 18 18 35 18 27 22 22 40 50 33 35 29 30 33 42 56 51 588 [2] publications in multidisciplinary journals 5 4 1 6 5 7 10 3 17 4 5 4 21 16 12 13 32 18 34 214 publications total [1] + [2] 970 1,068 1,277 1,415 1,669 1,966 2,152 2,538 2,883 3,525 3,792 4,115 4,748 5,221 6,005 6,435 8,002 8,051 8,331 74,163 Source: GPEARI - Gabinete de Planeamento, Estratégia, Avaliação e Relações Internacionais / Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior * Finding done by the method of fractional counting from: Thomson Reuters, National Citation Report for Portugal 1981/2008 ** Provisional figures Table 6.1. Number* of Portuguese scientific publications by scientific area OPEN ACCESS IN PORTUGAL 85 ncr 1981-2008 total 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008** [1] publications in non classified journals 13 12 2 4 5 4 6 1 4 9 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 73 Exact Sciences 343 415 427 521 575 600 713 870 925 1,184 1,279 1,489 1,482 1,827 1,943 2,086 2,341 2,134 2,191 23,347 Natural Sciences 192 205 256 286 322 401 402 552 630 725 742 900 999 1,060 1,221 1,379 1,725 1,936 1,965 15,894 Engineering & Technology Sciences 148 148 199 185 229 306 353 385 477 547 621 638 818 775 1,115 1,013 1,403 1,158 1,250 11,767 Ciências Médicas e da Saúde 205 214 286 315 388 494 462 558 602 809 782 762 1,064 1,143 1,285 1,447 1,837 2,051 2,110 16,814 Agriculture Sciences 26 20 36 33 63 73 89 94 132 122 147 167 200 222 212 236 332 367 389 2,959 Social Sciences 30 27 53 48 48 63 90 53 75 86 166 122 131 148 185 227 289 326 340 2,507 Humanities 9 23 18 18 35 18 27 22 22 40 50 33 35 29 30 33 42 56 51 588 [2] publications in multidisciplinary journals 5 4 1 6 5 7 10 3 17 4 5 4 21 16 12 13 32 18 34 214 publications total [1] + [2] 970 1,068 1,277 1,415 1,669 1,966 2,152 2,538 2,883 3,525 3,792 4,115 4,748 5,221 6,005 6,435 8,002 8,051 8,331 74,163 Source: GPEARI - Gabinete de Planeamento, Estratégia, Avaliação e Relações Internacionais / Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior * Finding done by the method of fractional counting from: Thomson Reuters, National Citation Report for Portugal 1981/2008 ** Provisional figures Table 6.1. Number* of Portuguese scientific publications by scientific area Figure 6.1. Number of publications growth rate, by European Union countries and per million of inhabitants, between 2000 and 2008 (Source GPEARI) 86 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES On the other hand, library collections, especially journal collections, were very scarce and insufficient (the average number of subscribed journals on academic libraries was around 1,000 in 2003). The creation of the national journal subscription consortium B-on - Online Knowledge Library,17 in 2004, dramatically improved the accessibility of scientific journals in Portugal, and eased the access problem to Portuguese libraries and researchers. Finally, despite the fact that several hundred scientific related publications were published in Portugal in the last decades, there is no really strong tradition of scholarly journals. Most of the publications are connected with scientific societies, many of them have no periodicity, or have severe problems complying with announced periodicity, and some have no real peer-review process. So, if the criteria of periodicity and peer-review are strictly applied, the number of Portuguese scholarly journals published in the last two decades will be probably under 100. All this contextual background (limited dimension of research and research output, small number of scholarly journals and increased access to scientific literature after 2004) must be taken into account on the analysis of the Portuguese situation. 6.2 evolutIon oF open access In portugal In Portugal, the development of open access has been mostly carried out by the universities, who have taken different initiatives to further promote access to research information. The first Portuguese open access initiatives were initiated by the University of Minho with the creation of RepositóriUM,18 its institutional repository which was publicly presented in November 2003. One year later, in November 2004, as a symbolic act to celebrate the university’s institutional repository first anniversary, the rector of University of Minho formally signed the Berlin Declaration.19 At the same time, a world pioneering institutional self-archiving policy was established (December 2004) and was implemented in January 2005. Some months later, University of Minho organized the 1st Open Access Conference 17 B-on: http://www.b-on.pt 18 RepositóriUM: http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt 19 Signatories of Berlin Declaration: http://oa.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/signatories.html OPEN ACCESS IN PORTUGAL 87 (May 2005) held in Portugal with the contribution of some of the most prominent protagonists and representatives of various organizations related with open access worldwide. Also in 2005, the first Portuguese initiative concerning open access publication was set up, with the availability of the portal from the Portuguese section of the Scielo project20 (March 2005). The Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) is an electronic virtual library covering selected scientific journals collections from Latin America, Spain and Portugal. The library is an integral part of a project being developed by FAPESP - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, in partnership with BIREME - The Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information.21 The SciELO Portugal22 collection results from the efforts of GPEARI - Gabinete de Planeamento, Estratégia, Avaliação e Relações Internacionais (former 20 More information about the SciELO project available on the WWW at: http://www.scielo.org 21 More information about BIREME - The Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information available on the WWW at: http://www.bireme.br/bvs/I/ihome.htm 22 SciELO Portugal: http://www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt Figure 6.2. RepositóriUM 88 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES OCES)23 and the MCTES - Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior24 to promote quality Portuguese scientific journals and disseminate worldwide the Portuguese scientific publication. Until the last quarter of 2006, the only two Portuguese open access initiatives remained RepositóriUM and SciELO Portugal. But the situation started to change on the last months of that year, with the emergence of new repositories, the dissemination of an open access declaration issued by CRUP - Conference of Rectors of the Portuguese Universities25 (November 2006), and the organization by the University of Minho of a very successful 2nd Open Access Conference (November 2006) with the contribution of some of the most prominent protagonists and representatives of various organizations from Portugal and other countries like Brazil, Spain, United Kingdom, Hungary, Holland, Armenia, Mozambique and Japan. During the 2nd Open Access Conference, as the result of the debate and contributions presented in the pre-conference Workshop: “Acesso Livre em Países Lusófonos: Iniciativas e Perspectivas”, aiming to promote open access and the creation of new repositories and within the Portuguese speaking scientific community it was produced and submitted to public subscription a commitment named: “Compromisso do Minho: Compromisso Sobre Acesso Livre à Informação Científica em Países em Lusófonos”. In the subsequent months several other Portuguese universities started the installation and creation of open access repositories, but most of them were not publicly presented or were made available with a very small number of documents. At that time, following its declaration endorsing open access, CRUP established a working group on open access and developed efforts to involve representatives of governmental agencies in the discussions and additionally CRUP’s president signed the Berlin Declaration (January 2007). The purpose was to promote OA at each Portuguese university, helping the establishment of institutional repositories and the definition of open access self-archiving policies in all of them, as well the creation of a national aggregator for Portuguese repositories. During 2007, a CRUP representative (from Minho University) was also 23 GPEARI - Gabinete de Planeamento, Estratégia, Avaliação e Relações Internacionais: http://www.gpeari. mctes.pt 24 MCTES - Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior: http://www.mctes.pt 25 CRUP - Conference of Rectors of the portuguese Universities: http://www.crup.pt OPEN ACCESS IN PORTUGAL 89 actively involved in the European Universities Association (EUA) open access working group, contributing for the definition and final writing of EUA Open Access Recommendations.26 Earlier 2008, CRUP addressed to the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) by resending the CRUP’s Declaration on open access and stating its support to the recommendations from the European University Association (EUA) Working Group on Open Access. In March 2008, UMIC - Knowledge Society Agency27 developed some contacts with FCCN - National Foundation for Scientific Computation28 and University of Minho, setting the foundations for a project to build a national aggregator for Portuguese repositories and also promote, help and hosting the establishment of new institutional repositories. That project was named RCAAP (Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal = Portugal Open Access Science Repository) and started in July 2008 as an initiative promoted by the UMIC, in collaboration with the FCCN, offering an advanced service on the Portuguese Network of Science and Education (Rede de Ciência e Educação)29. The University of Minho was responsible for the scientific and technical work on the project. The first phase of RCAAP, from July to December 2008 produced, as planned, three significant deliverables for a short period of time: – RCAAP Portal:30 aiming to collect, aggregate and index open access scientific contents from Portuguese institutional repositories, forming a single entry point for searching, discovery and recall of thousands of scientific and scholarly publications. – SARI (ASP service for institutional repositories): allowing institutions to create and completely “brand” their repositories as desired. – Project support website:31 website with information about the RCAAP project, as well several pertinent documentation for different types of audiences (researchers, repository managers, general public). 26 EUA Open Access Recommendations available on the WWW at: http://www.eua.be/index.php?id=396 27 UMIC – Knowledge Society Agency: http://www.infosociety.gov.pt 28 FCCN – National Foundation for Scientific Computation: http://www.fccn.pt 29 More information about the Portuguese Network of Science and Education available on the WWW at: http:// www.english.umic.pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=187 30 RCAAP Portal: http://www.rcaap.pt 31 Project support website: http://projecto.rcaap.pt/index.php?lang=en 96 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES In the Portuguese IR’s community there has been a strong commitment to comply with the DRIVER Guidelines,41 endorsed both by the University of Minho (a DRIVER partner) and by the RCAAP initiative. The institutional teams and repositories managers have the overall responsibility for the content of the local repositories since the quality assessment of the archived data is very important. The RCAAP Portal also requires quality metadata and has therefore developed its own OAI-PMH harvester and validator tool,42 which daily harvests and validates metadata accordingly to the DRIVER guidelines to ensure the quality of the local repositories. Data differing from the metadata standard are normalized by the repository managers which are contacted with suggestions for corrections. Data coming in from many different sources can then be presented uniformly to the user. RCAAP project support website presently provides information about publishers’ policies for self-archiving and refers to the Sherpa/RoMEO database. It has been a libraries’ task to produce instructions, guidelines and templates for agreements regarding self-archiving, yet the available information about Portuguese journals/editors spectrum is scarce or inexistent; many Portuguese journals don’t have formal policies or have it only for the printed version. For this reason, in the context of RCAAP, a project lead by Faculty of Sciences and Technology - New University of Lisbon was engaged with the collaboration of other Portuguese institutions to foster the identification and provide wider information about Portuguese publishers’ policies towards open access. For what has been seen until now, the main driving factor for engaging with the development and maintenance of IR’s in Portugal has been the increasing awareness of the open access movement and the need to showcase the institutional research outputs. On the contrary, the main inhibitors are the low level of awareness on open access in some scientific areas and institutions and the doubts or fears with regard to the copyright situation for published research output. 41 Portuguese version of the DRIVER Guidelines available at: http://www.driver-support.eu/documents/ DRIV22ER_Guidelines_v2_Final__PT.pdf 42 RCAAP validator tool URL: http://validador.rcaap.pt OPEN ACCESS IN PORTUGAL 97 6.5 conclusIons and recommendatIons The universe of Portuguese scientific publication is relatively small, but has been growing consistently in the last two decades. Although there isn’t any comprehensive and reliable data on the Portuguese scientific output, we estimate that the number of journal articles published yearly by Portuguese researchers is around 20,000. From those, more than 1/3 are published in ISI referenced international journals and less than 2/3 in other non-ISI referenced international journals or Portuguese journals. As revealed in this study, the number of Portuguese scientific journals is low, many are still published in printed form, and consequently the number of OA journals is also low. Most of Portuguese journals are from social sciences and humanities, and on some of those areas Portuguese journals and conference proceedings are the main venue for publishing research results. On the contrary, in most of science and technology areas (and even in some social sciences like economy), a big percentage of the Portuguese scientific output is published in international journals. Anyway, in almost all the areas (from humanities to science), there is a growing trend for internationalization of research and research publication. Concerning institutional repositories, there was a significant progress on the last years. Since 2007 several institutional repositories were created in Portugal. After CRUP’s declaration on open access, and the creation of CRUP’s OA working group, the leaderships on most of the Portuguese universities have take action on this matter. At present time almost all Portuguese universities with significant research output have already or are creating their own institutional repository. The development of Portuguese repositories has been very diverse, from institution to institution. In general, the percentage of the institutional research output archived in those repositories is still relatively small (less than 10 %). The most successful repositories, like RepositóriUM, from Minho University, are associated with institutional self-archiving policies, requiring, encouraging and/or rewarding deposition of publications. From the information collected in this report, there is a clear conclusion that open access developments in Portugal have been done mainly by institutional repositories and self-archiving (green OA), with open access publishing (gold OA) being also important but less significant. Taking into consideration 98 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES the dimension and weaknesses of Portuguese journals, the growing proportion of research output published in international journals and the limited financial resources of universities and other research institutions for supporting publication fees, it’s natural that in the near future the focus for open access progress in Portugal remains repositories and self-archiving. From these conclusions, some recommendations can be suggested for the development of open access in Portugal within RCAAP project: 1. Continue to provide support for the establishment of repositories in research institutions (universities and research centers) where they don’t exist yet. 2. Provide guidance and help to the definition and implementation of OA mandates in universities and other research institutions. 3. Provide guidance and help to the definition and implementation of OA mandates for research funding organizations (public and also private), including the possibility to fund gold OA publication for funded research. 4. Reinforce dissemination and advocacy activities for open access repositories and RCAAP portal. 5. Influence B-on negotiations, to include clauses for OA publishing (when that option is available) in the journals subscribed by the consortium, at no extra cost for authors, researchers funders or the consortium itself. 6. Study, analyze and define possible scenarios for RCAAP intervention and collaboration on OA publishing (relation with SciELO, offering OA journal hosting service, etc.). 6.6 BIBlIography Moreira, João Mendes, et al. (2010). “Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal: uma ferramenta ao serviço da ciência portuguesa”. In: Congresso Nacional de Bibliotecários, Arquivistas e Documentalistas (10, Guimarães, Portugal, 2010). “Políticas de informação na sociedade em rede: actas” [CD-ROM]. [S.l.]: APBAD, 2010. Portugal. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior. Gabinete de Planeamento, Estratégia, Avaliação e Relações Internacionais. Direcção de Serviços de Informação Estatística em Ciência e Tecnologia (2009). Produção científica portuguesa, 1990 - 2008: séries estatísticas. Lisboa: GPEARI, cop. OPEN ACCESS IN PORTUGAL 99 2009, actual. Out. 2009. (http://www.gpeari.mctes.pt/archive/doc/SE2008_ 22-10-09.pdf). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Portugal. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior. Gabinete de Planeamento, Estratégia, Avaliação e Relações Internacionais. Direcção de Serviços de Informação Estatística em Ciência e Tecnologia (2009). Produção Científica Portuguesa, 1981-2008: Indicadores Bibliométricos. Lisboa: GPEARI, cop. 2009, actual. Out. 2009. (http://www.gpeari.mctes.pt/archive/ doc/Indicadoresbibliometricos_1981_2008__2__0.pdf). [Accessed: 5/06/ 2010]. Rodrigues, Eloy (2004). “Acesso livre ao conhecimento: a mudança do sistema de comunicação da ciência e os profissionais de informação”. Cadernos BAD, vol. 1 (2004), p. 24-35. (http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/ 670). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Saraiva, Ricardo; Rodrigues, Eloy (2010). “O Acesso Livre à literatura científica em Portugal: a situação actual e as perspectivas futuras”. In: Congresso Nacional de Bibliotecários, Arquivistas e Documentalistas (10, Guimarães, Portugal, 2010). “Políticas de informação na sociedade em rede: actas” [CD-ROM]. [S.l.]: APBAD, 2010. (http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/ handle/1822/10528). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. 7 Open access in spain Ernest Abadal, Lluís Anglada, Remedios Melero, Francisca Abad, Miquel Termens, Josep-Manuel Rodríguez-Gairín Abadal, Ernest; Anglada, Lluís; Melero, Remedios; Abad, Francisca; Termens, Miquel; Rodríguez-Gairín; Josep-Manuel (2010). “Open access in Spain”. In: Open access in Southern European countries. Lluís Anglada, Ernest Abadal (eds). Madrid: FECYT, p. 101-115. 7.1 IntroductIon The history of open access (OA) in Spain goes back to the beginning of 2000 and includes pioneering steps in the creation of repositories, adhesion to international initiatives and dissemination of open access through journals, conferences and specialized user groups. The first open access repository was TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa or Online Doctoral Theses), created by the Consortium of Academic Libraries of Catalonia (CBUC) in 2001 for the archiving of doctoral theses. Spain was Figure 7.1. TDX 102 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES also very active in the creation of the E-LIS thematic repository in 2003. Since 2006 the number of repositories has shown sustained growth, rising from 12 to the present 62 to 65 (62 in BuscaRepositorios, 63 in OpenDOAR, 65 in ROAR). In 2008, Recolecta –the Spanish harvester of academic information– was created by FECYT (Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology) and Rebiun (Spanish University Libraries Network). The aim of the project is to promote and coordinate an integrated network of digital repositories for open access, and the dissemination and preservation of Spanish scientific output. Also, Recolecta works on the development of services and functionalities developed on this output (statistics, evaluation, citation, etc.) and also for the interoperability of repositories (standards, protocols and international guidelines). Recolecta is the first approach on the national level to coordinate the infrastructure of Spanish repositories and its relationships with the international development of the global repository infrastructure. Two major international initiatives have marked Spain’s adoption of open access. In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of the Canary Island government was the first Spanish institution to sign the Berlin Declaration, and in 2004 the University of Barcelona became the Spanish representative and an active promoter of the Creative Commons licenses. The importance of open access as a subject of study in Spain is shown in the publication of several monographic issues of specialized journals (El profesional de la información and BiD published monographic issues in 2005 and 2008), in the holding of specific conferences (in 2005 REBIUN dedicated the Fifth Workshop to repositories, 2006 marked the beginning of the OS-REPOSITORIOS workshops, of which four have been held, and the 5th International Conference on Open Repositories took place in Madrid in July 2010), and in the creation of user groups and blogs dedicated to open access and repositories (such as the OS-REPOSITORIOS list, created in 2006, and the open access blog of the Community of Madrid). The present report is of a descriptive nature. It is divided into three sections: scientific journals, repositories and policies. It uses international information sources in addition to national ones to facilitate comparison between countries. OPEN ACCESS IN SPAIN 103 7.2 scIentIFIc journals The main sources used to obtain quantitative data on Spanish journals were the journal directory of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) covering Spain, Latindex covering Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal, and the international directories Ulrich’s and DOAJ. Other useful sources for obtaining an overview are the studies by Adelaida Román (2005) and Julia Osca et al. (2008), and the study of university scientific journals by Abadal (2007). Though wherever possible we offer data from more than one source to ensure the highest level of reliability, the quantitative data we provide must be considered approximate. In addition to the scientific journals published in Spain, which are the focus of this section, there are of course a large and increasing number of spanish authors publishing in international journals. According to the Web of Knowledge (Thomson-ISI), the number of Spanish documents published in international journals covered by Web of Science rose from around 11,000 in 1990 to around 58,000 in 2008. In SCIMAGO Journal and Country Rank the number of Spanish documents covered in 2008 was around 52,000 (http://www.scimagojr.com). Spain’s share of scientific production rose from 1.77 % in 1995 to 2.44 % in 2002 and almost 3 % in 2006, to place it in tenth position in the international ranking, according to Thomson Scientific for the period 1996-2006 (Moya, 2008, p. 57) and the ninth position for the period 2000-2010. The figures provided by Scimago Journal Rank with data from Scopus, which contains a larger number of journals, are similar. The figures on the total number of scientific journals published in Spain vary considerably according to the source: 2,014 titles in Ulrich’s, 2,281 in the CSIC directory and 2,822 in Latindex. Unlike in the leading markets (the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany), commercial publishers are responsible for less than a quarter of the titles in Spain. The remaining three quarters are published by non-profit publishers depending on universities, public research centers, scientific societies and professional associations. It should also be noted that the degree of concentration of journals in publishers is low in both the commercial and the non-profit sectors. The Social Sciences and the Humanities are the predominant subjects 104 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES covered by the journals, as shown in the following table. Biomedicine, Experimental Sciences and Technology are the most globalized fields (i.e. Spanish authors publish in international journals). Table 7.2. Thematic distribution of scientific journals area titles Biomedicine 236 (10.34 %) Social Sciences and Humanities 1,738 (76.19 %) Science and Technology 307 (13.45 %) total 2,281 Source: CSIC Table 7.1. Type of publishers of scientific journals publishers Journals percentage Universities 773 34.78 Royal academies and professional associations 535 24.07 Commercial publishers 485 21.82 Public administration 256 11.52 Other research organizations 118 5.31 CSIC 49 2.20 International organizations 6 0.27 Unknown 59 2.58 total 2,281 100.00 Source: CSIC directory One of the ways of measuring the quality rating of the journals is indicated by their presence in the WoK and Scopus. The Web of Science database includes 165 Spanish journals (January 2010) that form part of the ISI Science Citation Index, distributed as shown in table 7.3. It needs to be mentioned that, during 2009, 37 new Spanish journals were covered in the Journal Citation Report of Thomson Reuters, being 53 in 2008. This means that Spanish scientific coverage in this index rose 70 % in one year (http://www.accesowok.fecyt.es). The Scopus database (http://info.scopus.com/), produced by the Elsevier group, includes a total of 257 Spanish scientific journals. Latindex offers a selective catalogue of scientific publications according to 33 quality criteria. OPEN ACCESS IN SPAIN 105 Table 7.3. Spanish journals in the citation index Web of science database titles Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) 74 Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) 40 Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) 38 SCIE + SSCI 3 SSCI + A&HCI 9 SCIE + SSCI + A&HCI 1 total 165 Source: Rodríguez Yunta 2010 Table 7.4. Publishers of Spanish open access journals publishing organization percentage Public research centers 14.29 Private companies 8.16 Scientific societies 22.04 Universities 46.12 Other 9.39 total 100.00 Source: DOAJ According to this catalogue, 1,365 quality scientific journals, representing 42.6 % of the total, are currently published in Spain. Ulrich’s indicates that 860 Spanish journals (42.3 % of the total) are accessible online. The DOAJ directory includes a total of 293 open access digital journals published in Spain. Ulrich’s directory includes 271 open access scientific journals published in Spain (13.3 % of the total of 2,032). The organizations responsible for these journals are distributed as follows: The copyright policies and self-archiving conditions of the journals are provided by the Dulcinea database (http://www.accesoabierto.net/dulcinea/), created in 2008 with a similar structure to that established by SHERPA/ RoMEO. At present Dulcinea contains information on copyright policies and self-archiving conditions of 809 Spanish scientific journals. Self-archiving is permitted by 76.15 % of the journals, with the following options: pre-print (0.98 %), post-print (81.90 %) and pre-print i post-print (17.10 %). 112 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES – The agreement of the universities of the Community of Madrid. This led to the approval of several mandates (e.g. the Juan Carlos I University and the Carlos III University of Madrid) explained before. – The agreement of the Inter-University Council of Catalonia (CIC). Promoted by the CBUC and approved by the CIC, this agreement establishes a mandate from 2011 (the universities must specify the conditions). adhesion to declarations and manifestos The Berlin Declaration is perhaps one of the most emblematic in favour of open access. In early 2009 as many as 25 Spanish institutions –mainly universities and research centers– had signed it. 7.5 conclusIons 7.5.1 Journals The number of spanish scientific journals is high (nearly 3,000 titles). Furthermore, a large number of spanish authors publish in international journals. Commercial journal publishers are a small part of the total amount (22 %). About 40 % of the journals are digitized and 15 % are open access. It is important to increase both of these figures. Due to the type of publishers involved (75 % are non-commercial) it should not be too difficult to progress towards open access if sufficient information is provided on its advantages. 7.5.2 repositories The data presented above, and particularly the number and rate of creation of repositories, indicate that Spain is progressing in the creation of infrastructures that facilitate open access. Universities have been the major promotors of repositories: over five of the spanish public universities now have one and many are developing one. The health sector, which represents 40-50 % of all science publications, has so far been left out of this progress. No Spanish hospitals or public health organizations as yet have repositories (although there are advanced projects in Asturias and Andalucía). Furthermore, with the exception of those belonging to the CSIC, no public research organizations have repositories. OPEN ACCESS IN SPAIN 113 The content of the existing repositories must now be increased, but this will depend largely on the institutional policies that are adopted. 7.5.3 policies Few policies are in place and they are not very strict. It is good news that there will be a section on open access in the future Science Law, but it will be of little use if open access is not fostered by research evaluation agencies. There is a great deal of awareness and drive among information and documentation professionals, but as yet researchers show little awareness and initiative with regard to depositing, demanding repositories and promoting changes in the journals in which they publish or sit on expert committees. 7.6 reFerences Abadal, Ernest; Abad, Francisca; Melero, Remedios; Rodríguez Gairín, JosepManuel (2010). “Acceso abierto a la ciencia: informe 2009 y prospectiva 2010”. Anuario ThinkEPI, 2010, vol. 4, p. 285-292. Abadal, Ernest; Melero, Remedios; Abad, Francisca; Villarroya, Anna (2009). “Políticas institucionales para el fomento del acceso abierto: tipología y buenas prácticas”. Bollettino AIB, Giugno 2009 (vol. 49, no 2), p. 201-212. (http://www.aib.it/aib/boll/2009/0902201.htm). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Abadal, Ernest; Rius Alcaraz, Lluís (2008). “Revistas científicas de las universidades españolas: acciones básicas para aumentar su difusión e impacto”. Revista Española de Documentación Científica, vol. 31, no 2, p. 242-262. (http://eprints. rclis.org/13422/1/2008-abadal-rius-redc.pdf). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Anglada, Lluís (2008). “Accés obert, autoarxiu, repositoris i declaració de Barcelona = Acceso abierto, autoarchivo, repositorios y declaración de Barcelona”, BiD: textos universitaris de biblioteconomia i documentació, no 20, juny 2008. (http:// www.ub.edu/bid/20angla3.htm). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Anglada, Lluís; Reoyo, Sandra; Cambras, Joan; de la Vega, Ricard (2008). “Els dipòsits electrònics cooperatius de la Biblioteca Digital de Catalunya = Los repositorios electrónicos cooperativos de la Biblioteca Digital de Cataluña”. BiD: textos universitaris de biblioteconomia i documentació, núm. 20, juny 2008. (http://www.ub.edu/bid/20angla1.htm). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. 114 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Anglada, Lluís; Huguet i Vega, Miquel; de la Vega, Ricard (2007). “Polítiques i experiències catalanes en dipòsits cooperatius”. Coneixement i societat, no 13, p. 114-129. BuscaRepositorios. Directorio de repositorios institucionales españoles de acceso abierto. (http://www.accesoabierto.net/repositorios). Comunidad de Madrid (2008). “Resolución del presidente del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, por la que se convocan ayudas para apoyar las líneas de I + D en el programa de creación y consolidación de Grupos de Investigación del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, en la Comunidad de Madrid”. Boletín Oficial de la Comunidad de Madrid, 119, de 20 de mayo de 2008, p. 122-127. CSIC: Directorio de revistas. (http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/index.jsp). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. DOAJ: directory of open access journals. (http://www.doaj.org). [Accessed: 5/06/ 2010]. España (2010). Proyecto de Ley de la Ciencia y la Tecnología y la Innovación. (http://www.micinn.es/stfls/MICINN/Ministerio/FICHEROS/Proyecto_ de_Ley_de_la_Ciencia%20_la_Tecnologia_y_la_Innovacion.pdf). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Latindex: sistema regional de información en línea para revistas científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal. (http://www.latindex.unam. mx/). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Melero, Remedios (2008). “El paisaje de los repositorios institucionales open access en España”. BiD: textos universitaris de biblioteconomia i documentació, 20. (http://www2.ub.edu/bid/consulta_articulos.php?fichero=20meler4.htm). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Melero, Remedios; Abadal, E.; Abad, Fca.; Rodríguez-Gairín, JM. (2009). Situación de los repositorios institucionales en España: informe 2009. BarcelonaValència, marzo 2009. (http://www.accesoabierto.net/sites/default/files/In forme2009-Repositorios_0.pdf). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Minon, Marc; Chartron, Ghislaine (coord.) (2005). État des lieux compartif de l’offre de revues SHS: France, Espagne, Italie. Juin 2005. (http://hal.archivesouvertes.fr/sic_00001561/). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Moya-Anegón, F. de (ed.), Chinchilla Rodríguez, Z. (coord.) (2008). Indicadores bibliométricos de la actividad científica española 2002-2006. Madrid: FECYT. ESPAÑA 115 Rodríguez Yunta, Luis (2010). “Las revistas iberoamericanas en Web of Science y Scopus: visibilidad internacional e indicadores de calidad”. En: VII Seminario Hispano-Mexicano de Investigación en Bibliotecología y Documentación, Ciudad de México, 7-9 de abril de 2010. (http://eprints.rclis. org/18343). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Osca Lluch, María Julia et al. (2008). “Difusión y factor de impacto nacional e internacional de las revistas científicas españolas”. Anales de documentación, no. 11, pp. 145-164. (http://revistas.um.es/analesdoc/article/viewFile/24861/ 24171). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. OpenDOAR. Directory of open access repositories. (http://www.opendoar.org). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Principado de Asturias. Consejo de Gobierno (2009). Acuerdo por el que adoptan medidas para favorecer el fomento del acceso abierto a la investigación fomentada por el Principado de Asturias. (http://ria.asturias.es/RIA/bitstream/123456789/84/6/Acuerdo consejo gobierno repositorio.pdf). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Registry of open access Repositories (ROAR). (http://roar.eprints.org/). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Ulrich’s periodicals directory. (http://www.ulrichsweb.com). [Accessed: 5/06/ 2010]. Universitat Politècnica de Cayalunya (2009). Política institucional d’accés obert: accés, visibilitat, impacte i preservació de la producció científica de la UPC a Internet. Acord núm. 171/2009 del Consell de Govern pel qual es ratificar la Política Institucional d’Accés Obert: Accés, impacte i preservació de la producció acadèmica de la UPC a Internet. (http://bibliotecnica.upc.edu/ sites/bibliotecnica.upc.edu/files/arxius_site/file/open_acces/mandatcat. pdf). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. 8 Open access in turkey Ata Turkfidani, Aynur Moral, Gultekin Gurdal Turkfidani, Ata; Moral, Aynur; Gurdal, Gultekin (2010). “Open access in Turkey”. In: Open access in Southern European countries. Lluís Anglada, Ernest Abadal (eds). Madrid: FECYT, p. 117-128. 8.1 Background Open access (OA) makes the scientific literature accessible and readable through the Internet without financial, legal and technical barriers. Documents can be saved, copied, printed and scanned. The full text is available, and the information can be transferred and used by the public for any legal purpose free of charge. In Turkey, the open access activities of universities began to increase in December 2005, after the 10th Internet in Turkey Conference held in İstanbul Bahçeşehir University. In the framework of this conference a panel on open access was organized. At the end of the meeting, it was decided to create the National Open Access Policy for the purpose of carrying out common work towards forming an institutional archive in Turkey. In early 2006, the 4th Academic Informatics Conference was held in Denizli. At this conference open access was one of the main themes. The participants were provided with general information on the definitions and uses of open access, institutional repositories (IRs) and institutional archives. In the last session called “Towards national open access“, the conference stated its adhesion to the Berlin Declaration drew up the “Open Access Declaration”. At the end of the conference, a Board of Open Access and Institutional Archive Advisors was formed as a concrete example of the Declaration. The Board comprised members from Anatolian University Libraries Consortium (ANKOS), The Turkish Library Association (TKD), the University and Research Libraries Association (ÜNAK) and the Turkish Academic Network 118 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES and Information Centre (ULAKBİM). The Board, which was formed for the purpose of helping institutions to set up open archives, also created a website with this aim. Also at the end of the same conference, ANKOS announced the formation of an open access and Institutional Repository Working Group. The group’s mission was determined as “creating awareness of open access and institutional archives among information professionals in Turkey, providing cooperation between ANKOS, information professionals and researchers with regard to the applications, and working in cooperation with the institutions working on this matter in Turkey and abroad”. The Open Access and Institutional Repository Working Group developed new channels for creating awareness of open access among academics. One of these channels is the “ANKOS Open Access and Institutional Repository” web page (http://www.ankos.gen.tr/acikerisim). In November 2009 ANKOS started an inter-university project under the name “National University Open Access Project”: all the Turkish universities produced the scientific content of various types of publications of the author’s approval in a common national archive. The goal of this project, as authors and users, is to share information to the benefit of scientific knowledge. Table 8.1. Turkish universities that support MITOS universities records added Ankara Uni. 5,125 Ataturk Uni. 586 Atılım Uni. 15 Bahçeşehir Uni. 1,887 Bilgi Uni. 0 Çukurova Uni 0 Istanbul Technical Uni. 4 Izmir Uni. 6 Izmir Institute of Technology 703 Yaşar Uni. 0 Yuzuncu Yıl Uni. 0 total 8,326 OPEN ACCESS IN TURKEY 119 MITOS, a repositories software, written by supporting objective of our country in our other academic institutions and their own open archives data base to establish long-term national qualifications in an open access system developed. On the other hand, also the data which were placed in the system have been prepared appropriately to the international standards. The entire software system is developed using local resources of institutions according to the continuous demands of these institutions and the necessary international standards. Currently 11 Turkish universities are participating in this project (the numbers of records were examined on 15/03/2010). 8.2 current sItuatIon oF open access journals In turkey Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory is a commercial database on all types of serial publications. In tables 8.2-8.4 are the results of a search for scientific journals using several search terms: “situation: active”, “periodical type: academic/scientific”. Journals with peer review are presented separately. The search was carried out on 28/03/2010. The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) covers free, full-text, peerreviewed scientific and scholarly journals in all fields and in all languages. The Table 8.2. General numbers of scientific journals published in Turkey total number % online % Oa % Jcr 417 71.94 30.21 2.64 Source: Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory Table 8.3. Number of scientific journals published in Turkey total number Online Online-Oa Jcr Jcr, online Jcr, online, Oa 417 300 126 11 10 8 not-peer reviewed 229 147 34 1 1 1 peer reviewed 188 153 92 10 9 7 Source: Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory 120 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DOAJ contains 4,847 journals and 377,300 articles, including 137 Turkish journals (28/03/2010). Table 8.4. Number of scientific journals with material in Turkish total number Online Online-Oa Jcr Jcr, online Jcr, online, Oa 287 188 64 3 2 2 Non–peer-reviewed 171 102 19 0 0 0 Peer–reviewed 116 86 45 3 2 2 Source: Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory Table 8.6. Details of Turkish journals in DOAJ total number of journals indexed in ulrich’s Open access with full text + abstracts 137 127 132 Table 8.5. Turkish journals in DOAJ 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 13 51 69 90 106 119 137 8.3 the current sItuatIon oF open access reposItorIes In turkey With the aim of creating awareness on open access, these initiatives have led to the setting up of institutional archives, especially in universities. These archives were analyzed by consulting the Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) and the Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR). In OpenDOAR we have found eight repositories and twelve in ROAR as you can see detailed in annex 11.3. The aim of ROAR is to promote the development of open access by providing timely information about the growth and status of repositories throughout the world. Turkey is registered to open access Repositories with the twelve institutions’ open access studies. The institutions use open archive system software, including MITOS and Eprints. Below we will present some comments about the most important Turkish repositories. OPEN ACCESS IN TURKEY 121 ankara university Open archive system Ankara University began its open archiving efforts in 2001 by depositing the fulltext electronic versions of printed serials containing the scientific production of academics. These materials can be consulted through a variety of access points, including author name, title, keyword and full-text indexing. Scientific publications included in international indexes and studies that have been published or accepted for publication in national and foreign journals are given priority in the archive. Ankara University’s Open Archive, which was designed to comply with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAIPMH), is registered at ROAR and OpenDOAR. Ankara University joined the MITOS National Open Archive System in early 2010 and the transfer of the materials in their archive is still continuing. ataturk university Open archive system Ataturk University Open Archive was accepted as a project in October 2007. Following the purchase and installation of equipment in February 2008 and the necessary adaptations, it became available online in May 2008. Atatürk University’s Open Archive includes articles, declarations, unprinted conference abstracts, lecture notes, theses, flyers, books, etc. The Open Archive System is compliant with the OAI standards. Publications archived in the system can be can be searched using local and foreign open archive databases. The archive is registered at ROAR and OpenDOAR. atilim university Open archive system Atilim University Open Archive began its open archiving efforts in 2006. From 2006 to 2009 the university used its own software system for this archive, but changed to the MITOS Open Archive system in June 2009. The data transformation process has been completed and this archive system is scheduled for implementation in late October. This archive system was developed in compliance with the OAI-PMH. It is registered at ROAR and OpenDOAR. The Open Archive includes articles, lecture notes, theses, declarations, research, technical and statistical reports, technical documents and audio-visual materials. Gazi university Open archive system Gazi University’s Open Archive is an initiative based on the decision taken at the senate meeting held on February 16, 2007 aimed at providing free access at 128 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES of the open archives of the 11 universities, though 14 universities are currently interested in this project. These archives will be suitable for inclusion in ROAR and OpenDOAR because of the compatibility between MİTOS and OAIPMH. The figures also show that scientific journals are slowly moving towards open access. According to Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, 34.01 % of the Turkey-based scientific journals are available in open access. These efforts show that the importance of open access in Turkish science is increasing day by day. By supporting the national projects, it will be realistic to create the Turkish National Academic Archive. 8.7 reFerences ANKOS open access and Institutional Repositories Study Group. (http://www. ankos.gen.tr/acikerisim). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. DOAJ: directory of open access journals. (http://www.doaj.org). [Accessed: 5/06/ 2010]. Gazi University Open Archive System. (http://acikarsiv.gazi.edu.tr/). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. MikroBeta/MITOS. (www.mitosweb.com). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. OpenDOAR. Directory of open access repositories. (http://www.opendoar.org). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Registry of open access Repositories (ROAR). (http://roar.eprints.org/). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Archive. (http://tez2.yok.gov.tr/). [Accessed: 5/06/2010]. Ulrich’s periodicals directory. (http://www.ulrichsweb.com). [Accessed: 5/06/ 2010]. 9 cOncLusiOns Ernest Abadal, Lluís Anglada, Remedios Melero Abadal, Ernest; Anglada, Lluís; Melero, Remedios (2010). “Conclusions”. In: Open access in Southern European countries. Lluís Anglada, Ernest Abadal (eds). Madrid: FECYT, p. 129-134. After the presentation of the national reports, we will now offer a comprehensive characterization, highlighting the common features and the differences of each country with regard to open access scientific communication. The six countries have significant differences in size, population, GDP, political organization, etc., which are also reflected in the quantitative data presented in their respective reports. Nevertheless, they share some common features in the field of scientific communication, such as a significant presence of their own languages in scientific dissemination, the predominance of publications in Social Sciences and Humanities, the low proportion of commercial publishers, and a lack of interest in standardizing publications to increase their quality and visibility. These features are focal points for establishing strategies aimed at promoting open access in the scientific communication system of each country. In this section we include some general statistical tables to provide an overview of the situation of the six countries with regard to the three elements analyzed in each national report (scientific journals, institutional repositories, and policies for promoting open access).43 The statistics were consulted in early June 2010. 9.1 journals With regard to the number of active academic journals, as shown in Table 9.1, the countries of Southern Europe have 7,248 titles (representing approximately 10.5 % of world total according to Ulrich’s directory). 43 We do not discuss the situation of digital books, because this subject was not included in all the reports. 130 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES The largest number of journals is found in Italy, followed closely by Spain and France. The three countries together have nearly 90 % of the titles. Table 9.1. Access, format and quality in academic journals France Greece italy portugal spain turkey total Active, academic 1,846 165 2,583 215 2,014 425 7,248 Online 740 52 820 72 842 319 2,845 Open access 88 24 123 44 269 135 683 Open access (DOAJ) 98 25 126 45 289 139 722 Peer-reviewed 513 60 334 33 299 208 1,447 Included in JCR 187 9 97 3 56 12 364 Included in JCR+OA 8 2 3 0 18 8 39 Included in Scopus 412 37 289 15 257 106 1,116 Included in Scopus+OA 13 4 6 3 43 30 99 Sources: Ulrich’s directory (rows 1-3, 5-7), Scopus (8-9), DOAJ (4) Online access to journal content represents 39 % of all titles of the countries surveyed. Turkey stands out over the rest, with the highest percentage of digital journals (319 titles of 425, i.e. 75 %). The proportion of open access journals is 9.4 % (683 titles of a total of 7,248, according to Ulrich’s directory). Spain has the highest number of journals in absolute numbers but Turkey and Portugal at 31 % and 20.4 %, respectively, are well above the average. The figures for France (88 journals out of 1,846) and Italy (123 journals out of 2,583) are surprisingly low, both countries having less than 5 % of titles in open access. With regard to the quality of journals, measured by presence in impact indices, only 364 (5 %) are included in the Thomson-Reuters Journal Citation Reports (JCR), although 1,116 (15.4 % of total) are included in Elsevier’s Scopus. By countries, France has by far the largest number of journals in the JCR (187 titles, 10.1 % of its total number of journals) and Scopus (412 titles, 22.2 % of the total). If we consider the figures of indexed journals, Turkey and Greece stand out with 25 % and 22.4 % of their titles in Scopus, respectively, a significantly better result than the rest (with the exception of France). There are therefore significant differences between the coverage of journals of Southern European countries offered by JCR and Scopus. CONCLUSIONS 131 Table 9.2. Language in academic journals France Greece italy portugal spain turkey Official languages 88.0 % 42.5 % 75.0 % 80.5 % 95.0 % 67.0 % English 29.0 % 75.0 % 25.5 % 30.0 % 21.0 % 70.0 % Source: Ulrich’s directory With regard to the language of the journals, in four countries (France, Italy, Portugal and Spain) the majority (over 75 %) are published in the official languages and they therefore find it difficult to make the leap towards internationalization. Greece and Turkey, however, publish three quarters of their journals in English. Finally, the country reports show that most publishers are linked to the public sector (universities, research centres, or the government), whereas only a low percentage are commercial publishers. This is a distinguishing feature in comparison with Anglo-Saxon countries, though it may help to foster open access of scientific journals. 9.2 reposItorIes The repository figures provided by the two international directories (ROAR and OpenDOAR) are very similar for the countries studied (223 and 225, respectively). There has been a considerable increase in the number of repositories in recent years, and the figure for Southern European countries is now 200 in the ROAR and OpenDOAR directories. Table 9.3 Repositories France Greece italy portugal spain turkey total OpenDOAR 54 (24.2 %) 13 (5.8 %) 53 (23.8 %) 31 (14.0 %) 63 (28.2 %) 9 (4.0 %) 223 ROAR 48 (21.3 %) 18 (8.0 %) 49 (21.8 %) 33 (14.7 %) 65 (29.0 %) 12 (5.3 %) 225 The largest number of repositories is found in Spain (about 30 % of total), followed closely by France or Italy according to the directory consulted. There are two models for managing repositories: the decentralized model, which gives universities and research centres the initiative in creating and 132 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES managing repositories; and the centralized model, which has a single, common infrastructure for the collection and dissemination of national academic content. If France did not follow the centralized model, it would probably be the leader in number of repositories. One of the main problems in all countries is the low number of articles deposited and the difficulty of establishing quick and agile circuits for archiving documents. So far it has clearly been much easier to create repositories than to fill them with documents, and this is undoubtedly one of the challenges of the future. All countries have an access service to global scientific production, either by means of repository harvesters or through a centralized system, such as HAL. These are presented in table 9.4, with the number of records they contain and the repositories they harvest. Recolecta is currently the harvester with the highest number of records. Table 9.4. Harvesters country name urL records repositories France HAL: Hyper articles en ligne http://hal.archivesouvertes.fr/ 290,917 (149,001 fulltext articles) Greece Greek digital libraries search engine http://openarchives.gr 362,521 44 Italy Pleiadi: Portale per la Letteratura scientifica Elettronica italiana su Archivi aperti e Depositi Istituzionali http://www.openarchives. it/pleiadi/ 23,879 (all full text articles) 22 Portugal RCAAP: Repositorio cientifico de acceso aberto de Portugal http://www.rcaap.pt/ 45,375 28 Spain Recolecta http://www.recolecta.net 682,848 57 Turkey MITOS http://www.mitosweb. com 16,579 10 9.3 polIcIes In this section, there is still a long road ahead. Very few actions have been taken by governments in favour of open access and they generally fail to go CONCLUSIONS 133 beyond simple declarations of intent. In all countries the actions taken so far have tended to be “bottom-up”, i.e., they have been driven by scientists and librarians, especially in a personal capacity and without clear institutional support. As regards institutional coordination, the Messina Declaration, an agreement signed in 2004 by 71 italian universities (85 % of the total), expressed their adhesion to the Berlin Declaration and their support for open access. Table 9.5. Number of signatory institutions of the Berlin Declaration universities research Other total France 11 8 2 21 Greece 3 1 - 4 Italy 74 6 3 83 Portugal 6 1 - 7 Spain 19 2 4 25 Turkey – – – 0 The above table shows the number of institutions of the countries surveyed that have signed the Berlin Declaration. Italy is at the head with 81 institutions, and at the other end Turkey has no institutions that have adhered to the Declaration. In most cases, the signatory institutions are universities. To locate the mandates we used the Juliet, Melibea and RoarMap directories. The first of these includes only policies of research funders, while the other two also include universities. RoarMap includes the obligation to deposit theses, so its results differ greatly from those of the other two directories. Table 9.6. Number of institutions with OA policies (mandates) France Greece italy portugal spain turkey Juliet 3 – 3 – 3 – Melibea 2 – 3 3 6 – RoarMap 10 1 23 4 6 1 In this section, special mention must be made of the University of Minho (Portugal), which has the oldest mandate (2005) of all the countries surveyed. 134 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Although the data from the directories do not coincide, it can be seen that four countries (Spain, Italy, Portugal and France) have institutions that have already established mandates on depositing publications by academics in institutional repositories, while the other two (Greece and Turkey) have no organizations that have established such mandates.44 9.4 the Future The writing of this report has served to achieve a good understanding of the reality of each particular country and of Southern Europe in general. Furthermore, these results were shared and discussed in person in Granada. They are reflected in the Alhambra Declaration, which expresses the interest of the participants in continuing to work together to steer scientific communication toward the open access model. We believe that the coordination of efforts is beneficial to everyone and creates positive synergies. We therefore intend to devote some of our actions to this goal in the future. 44 The policies recorded in RoarMap for Greece and Turkey refer only to doctoral theses. 10 aLhaMBra DecLaratiOn On Open access policies for the development of Oa in southern european countries (Granada, 13th-14th May 2010) Gathered in Granada on 13th and 14th May 2010, a representative group of open access stakeholders from the Southern European countries declare that: • We recognize the great potentialities of open access for increasing the accessibility and visibility of the scientific production of Southern European countries, whose main languages are different from English. • We are aware that the feasibility of open access is strongly related to the progressive evolution towards a new paradigm of scholarly and scientific communication. • We consider that there exist difficulties for the development of open access in a moment of transition from the print era to the digital world. We recommend: 1. Implementing policies for fostering open access to scientific information. 2. Enhancing advocacy initiatives to promote open access among researchers, policy makers, etc. 3. Building sustainable alternative business models for publishing. 4. Assuring quality of open access publications. 5. Fostering repositories. We are committed to: • exploring new forms of coordination and networking between European open access stakeholders; 136 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES • making a sustained effort to implement the attached action plan to develop open access in Southern European countries. 10.1 ImplementIng polIcIes For FosterIng open access to scIentIFIc InFormatIon We recommend: institutional policies from research and academic institutions: • mandatory depositing in OA repositories; •supporting publication in OA journals and facilitating the transition to OA journals; •establishing rewards and incentives for compliance with OA policies; •considering repository-deposited material for evaluation processes and research assessment. institutional policies from research funders: •mandatory depositing in open access repositories; •reimbursing authors for publication fees, if necessary. national policies from governments: •establishing and developing open access initiatives, projects and infrastructures that foster coordination and cooperation. seLL and library consortia: •negotiating, lobbying and facilitating the establishment of new research output dissemination rights that foster open access. 10.2 enhancIng advocacy InItIatIves to promote open access Being aware that open access is not only a concern of librarians, we recommend, apart from the traditional advocacy tools that have so far appeared to be successful: POLICIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OA IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 137 • advocacy by facts and evidence of the benefits, mainly aimed at researchers and focusing on visibility, technology and usage, among other issues; • targeted advocacy for specific stakeholders by creating a brand focusing on the message that open access is the main road to future sustainable science, and as a means for attracting other stakeholders besides librarians. 10.3 BuIldIng sustaInaBle alternatIve BusIness models For puBlIshIng We recommend: • Launching a survey on current business models to document practices and economies in scholarly publishing in order to support future planning and actions. 10.4 assurIng qualIty oF open access journals and reposItorIes We recommend: Journals • guaranteeing the quality of open access journals’ content through peer review procedures (as in any other scholarly journal) and guaranteeing the editorial quality through compliance with international guidelines and standards (taking into account different disciplines); • eliminating embargo policies. repositories • advancing in repository validation and certification; • advancing in the definition of clear policies (copyright, preservation, work-flows, what is deposited and by whom); • improving interoperability. 144 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Journal name scientific field publisher Language First Oa issue publisher type CeROArt Multidisciplinary, Arts Association CeROArt French 2007 Revues.org Champ pénal Social and Public Welfare Champ pénal French, English 2004 Revues.org Chrétiens et société History Religions, Sociétés et acculturations French 1994 Revues.org Chroniques yéménites NR Centre français d’archéologie et de sciences sociales de Sanaa French 1994 Revues.org Clefs CEA Physics EDP Sciences French 2008 Private publisher Cognitextes Linguistics Association française de linguistique cognitive French 2007 Revues.org Colloques sur le Traitement du Signal et des Images - GRETSI Physics GRETSI French, English 2009 I-Revues Communicating astronomy with the public journal Astronomy International astronomical union English 2007 Scientific society Confins Geography Revues.org portuguese, English, French, Spanish 2007 Revues.org Conserveries mémorielles History IHTP French 2006 Revues.org ConTEXTES Sociology ConTEXTES French 2007 Revues.org CORELA Linguistics Cercle linguistique du centre et de l’ouest (CERLICO) French, English 2003 Scientific society Creolica Linguistics Groupe européen de recherches en langues créoles portuguese, English, French, Spanish 2003 Public institution Cultures et conflits Political Science L’Harmattan French 1990 Private publisher Current psychology letters Psychology Centre PsyCLE French 2003 Revues.org Cybergeo: European journal of geography Social Sciences Université de Paris, Institut de Géographie English, French 1996 Revues.org ANNEXES 145 Journal name scientific field publisher Language First Oa issue publisher type Déméter Music, Arts in general University of Lille French 2002 Public institution Développement durable et territoires Environmental Sciences Réseau développement durable et territoires fragiles French 2002 Revues.org Diotime - l’Agora Philosophy Editions Alcofribas Nasier & CRDP Montpellier French, English, Spanish 1999 Public institution Discours Linguistics Laboratoire LaTTice French 2007 Revues.org Discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science* Computer Science, Mathematics Discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science English 1997 Scientific society DTIP conferences Physics, Electronics, Engineering Sciences EDA Publishing Association English, French 2008 I-Revues EARSeL eProceedings Physics, Earth Sciences, Geology-Environmental Science European association of remote sensing laboratories English 2001 Scientific society EchoGeo Geography CNRS UMR 8586 French 2007 Revues.org Economie publique Economics Institut d’économie publique French, English 1998 Revues.org Electronic Design Automation Physics, Electronics, Engineering Sciences EDA Publishing Association English, French 2008 I-Revues Electronic journ@ls for history of probability and statistics Statistics EHESS English, French 2005 Public institution E-Mémoires de l’Académie nationale de chirurgie Surgery Académie nationale de chirurgie / BIUM French 2002 Public institution ENS conferences Physics, Electronics, Engineering Sciences EDA Publishing Association English, French 2008 I-Revues EPJ Web of conference Physics EDP Sciences English 2009 Private publisher 146 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Journal name scientific field publisher Language First Oa issue publisher type E-Polymers* Chemical Engineering European polymer federation French 2001 Scientific society ERCES: Online quarterly review Social Sciences, Social and Public Welfare The European and international research group on crime, ethics and social philosophy English 2004 Scientific society E-rea History, Political Science LERMA French 2003 Revues.org ESAIM Proceedings Applied mathematics EDP Sciences English 1996 Private publisher Espaces temps.net Philosophy Revues.org French, English, Spanish, German, italian 2002 Scientific society E-Spania History Séminaire d’études médiévales hispaniques de Paris-Sorbonne French, Spanish, English, italian 2006 Revues.org Ethnographiques. org Ethnology Ethnographiques.org French 2002 Scientific society Etudes caribéennes NR Université des Antilles et de la Guyane French 2005 Revues.org Etudes episteme Languages and Liter. Ecole doctorale des études anglophones French, English 2002 Public institution Etudes photographiques Multidisciplinary, Arts Societé française de photographie French 1996 Revues.org European journal of American Studies NR European Association for American Studies English 2006 Revues.org European Journal of Turkish Studies Social Sciences Association pour la recherche sur le Moyen Orient English, French, German, Turkish 2004 Revues.org Europhysics News Physics EDP Sciences English 2000 Private publisher Field actions science reports Environmental Sciences Institut Veolia Environnement English 2008 Revues.org Flaubert Languages and Literature ITEM French 2009 Revues.org Genre et histoire Sociology Association Ménmosyne French 2007 Revues.org Genre, sexualité et société Sociology IRIS-EHESS French 2009 Revues.org ANNEXES 147 Journal name scientific field publisher Language First Oa issue publisher type Geodiversitas* Earth Science, Geology Museum national d’histoire naturelle English, French 2004 Public institution Histoire @ politique History, Political Science Centre d’histoire de Sciences-Po French, English 2007 Public institution Hydroécologie appliquée Aquatic ecology EDP Sciences French, English 1989 Private publisher ILCEA Linguistics, Languages and Literature Institut des Langues et des Cultures d’Europe et d’Amérique French, English 2009 Revues.org Images re-vues Anthropology, History, Visual Arts EHESS, INHA French 2005 Public institution Impressions d’Extrême-Orient Linguistics, Languages and Literature Université de Provence - AixMarseille 1 French, English 2010 Revues.org Information sciences for decision making Media and Comminication, Computer Science Université du Sud Toulon Var French, English 1997 Public institution Information, interaction, intelligence journal Computer Science CEPADUES French, English 2001 Private publisher International journal of multicultural societies Social Sciences UNESCO English, French 1999 Public institution Journal of electrical systems Electrical and nuclear Engineering ESRGroup English 2005 Scientific society Journal of language contact: Evolution of languages, contacts and discourses Linguistics, Education, Media and Comminication Chaire IUF Dynamique du langage et contact des langues English, French 2007 Public institution Journal of physical mathematics Mathematics Ashdin publishing English 2009 Private publisher Journées de la Société Française de Sénologie et Pathologie Mammaire Medicine, Phamarcology Société française de sénologie French 2009 I-Revues 148 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Journal name scientific field publisher Language First Oa issue publisher type Knowledge and management of aquatic ecosystems Aquaculture and fisheries EDP Sciences English, French 1928 Private publisher La revolution française History institut d’histoire de la révolution française French 2009 Public institution La revue de l’IRES Social Sciences IRES French 1998 Scientific society La revue des lettres modernes: Gustave Flaubert Languages and Literature Centre Flaubert French 2001 Public institution La revue du MODULAD Statistics MODULAD French, English 1988 Scientific society La revue LISA Sociology, Anthropology Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines English, French 2003 Revues.org Lapurdum Linguistics Centre de Recherches IKERCNRS French, Basque 2008 Revues.org Les Cahiers de Psychologie Politique Social Sciences Association Française de Psychologie Politique French, Spanish 2010 I-Revues Les Cahiers du CEDIMES Social Sciences CEDIMES French, English 2010 I-Revues Les dossiers du Grihl Languages and Literature EHESS French 2007 Revues.org L’espace politique Geopolitics Université de Reims Champagne Ardennes French 2007 Revues.org Lexicometria Linguistics André Salem, Serge Fleury French, English 1997 Scientific society Lianes Sociology Lianes association French, English 2005 Scientific society Linguistica occitana Linguistics Association linguistica occitana Occitan, Catalan, English, French 2004 Scientific society Loxias Languages and Literature Centre trandisciplinaire d’épistémologie de la littérature French 2003 Public institution M@nagement Business and Management DMSP Research center English, Spanish, French 1998 Scientific society ANNEXES 149 Journal name scientific field publisher Language First Oa issue publisher type M@ppemonde Geography Maison de la géographie French 2004 Revues.org Mandenkan: Bulletin semestriel d’études linguistiques Mandé Linguistics Langage, langues et cultures d’Afrique noire (Le Llacan) French, English 2005 Public institution Mathématiques et sciences humaines Mathematics Centre d’analyse et de mathématiques sociales de l’EHESS French, English 2000 Revues.org Médiamorphoses Communication, Social Sciences Institut National de l’Audiovisuel French 2009 I-Revues Mélanges CRAPEL Education, Linguistics CRAPEL, Université de Nancy II French, English 1970 Public institution Methodos: savoirs et textes Philosophy Savoirs et textes, UMR 8519 French 2001 Revues.org Métropoles Architecture Revues.org English, French 2007 Revues.org Nuevo mundo - mundos nuevos Anthropology, History CERMA French, Spanish, portuguese, English 2001 Revues.org NOVATECH Environnemental Sciences GRAIE - Groupe de Recherche Rhône-Alpes sur les Infrastructures et l’Eau (Lyon, France) French, English 2010 I-Revues Oil & gas science and technology* Chemical Technology Institut français du pétrole English, French 1997 Private publisher Oliviana History Groupe d’anthropologie scolastique (EHESSCNRS) French 2003 Revues.org Paléo Archeology SAMRA French, English 2000 Revues.org Perspectives interdisciplinaires sur le travail et la santé Internal Medicine PISTES French 1999 Public institution Physio-Géo Geography Claude Martin French 2007 Revues.org Pratiques et organisation des soins Public Health Société française de santé publique French 2006 Public institution 150 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Journal name scientific field publisher Language First Oa issue publisher type Préhistoires méditerranéennes History Université d’Aix en Provence French 2002 Public institution Recherches en psychanalyse Psychology Université Paris VII Diderot French 2009 Revues.org Revue archéologique du centre de la France Archaeology Fédération pour l’édition de la revue archéologique du centre de la France French 2004 Revues.org Revue de géographie alpine Geography Association de géographie alpine French 2007 Revues.org Revue de la régulation: capitalisme, institutions, pouvoirs Economics Revues.org French, English 2007 Revues.org Revue de recherche en civilisation américaine Sociology Université Bordeaux IV French 2009 Revues.org Revue d’études tibétaines Anthropology CNRS French, English, Spanish, italian 2002 Public institution Revue géographique de l’Est Geography Université de Nancy 2 French, English 2004 Revues.org Revue historique des armées History Service historique de la défense French 2006 Revues.org Revue internationale de pédagogie de l’enseignement supérieur Education Association internationale de pédagogie universitaire French 2009 Revues.org Rursus Linguistics Revel French 2006 Public institution Saint Jacques Info Social Sciences, Religion Association Ferpel and LAMOP (Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris CNRS Paris I - Sorbonne) French 2010 I-Revues S.A.P.I.E.N.S. Environmental Sciences Institut Veolia Environnement English 2008 Revues.org Science et devenir de l’homme Social Sciences Association MURS French 2009 I-Revues ANNEXES 151 Journal name scientific field publisher Language First Oa issue publisher type Semen Linguistics, Languages and Literature Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté French 1993 Revues.org Séminaire lotharingien de combinatoire Mathematics Université Louis Pasteur English 1981 Public institution Sociétés et jeunesses en difficulté Sociology Ecole nationale de protection judiciaire de la jeunesse French 2006 Revues.org SociologieS Sociology Association internationale des sociologues de langue française French 2006 Revues.org Socio-logos: revue publiée par l’association française de sociologie Sociology Association française de sociologie French 2006 Revues.org South Asia multidisciplinary academic journal Social Sciences Centre d’études de l’Inde et de l’Asie du Sud English 2007 Revues.org STICEF Education, Computer Science ATIEF French 2003 Scientific society Tabularia, sources écrites de la Normandie médiévale History Université de Caen English, French 2000 Public institution Télédétection Geography Editions scientifiques GB French 1999 Scientific society Temporalités NR ADR Temporalités French 2004 Revues.org Texto ! Textes et cultures Linguistics Equipe sémantique des textes French, Spanish, English 1996 Scientific society The Arkeotek journal Archaeology Editions la Maison des sciences de l’Homme, éditions Epistèmes French, English 2007 Public institution The journal of power institution in post-soviet societies Political Science Centre d’études et de recherche sur les sociétés et les institutions post-soviétiques French, English, Russian, German 2004 Revues.org THERMINIC conferences Physics, Electronics EDA Publishing Association English, French 2008 I-Revues 152 OPEN ACCESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Journal name scientific field publisher Language First Oa issue publisher type Tic & Société Education, Computer Science Tic & Société French 2007 Revues.org Trace Languages and Literature Centre d’études mexicaines et centroaméricaines French, Spanish 2007 Revues.org Traitement automatique des langues Linguistics Association pour le traitement automatique des langues (ATALA) French, English 2006 Scientific society Trajectoires NR Centre interdisciplinaire d’études et de recherches sur l’Allemagne French 2007 Revues.org Transatlantica: Revue d’études américaines Social Sciences Association française d’études américaines French, English 2001 Revues.org Transtextes et transcultures NR Institut d’Etudes Transtextuelles et Transculturelles French, English 2006 Revues.org Travail et formation en éducation NR NR French 2008 Revues.org Trivium NR FMSH Editions Allemande 2008 Revues.org VertigO Environmental Sciences VertigO French 2000 Revues.org Water alternatives Political Science, Environmental Science Water alternatives association English 2008 Scientific society Zoosystema* Zoology Museum national d’histoire naturelle English, French 2004 Public institution ANNEXES 153 11.1.2 lIst oF French open reposItorIes repository institution subject field software Language Full text refs scholarly publications (mainly articles) - central or thematic repositories ArchiveSIC CNRS/CCSD Library and Information Science HAL French, English 1,127 NR Archives EduTice Fondation de la maison des sciences de l’Homme Computers and IT, Library and Information Science HAL French, English 1,721 NR Artxiker CNRS/CCSD Language and Literature HAL French, Basque 298 NR Hyper articles en ligne (HAL) 45 CNRS/CCSD Multidisciplinary HAL French, English 138,866 268,509 HAL-SDE CNRS/CCSD Ecology HAL French, English 4,593 11,608 HAL-SHS CNRS/CCSD Arts and Humanites HAL French 23,265 NR scholarly publications (mainly articles) - institutional repositories Productions scientifiques de l’AFSSA Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments Life Sciences HAL English, French 51 109 CemOA CEMAGREF Environmental Sciences, Engineering Cadic Integral English, French 1,081 21,710 Archive ouverte CIRAD CIRAD Environmental Sciences, Engineering HAL English, French 883 NR Articles scientifiques du CEA en libre accès Commissariat à l’énergie atomique Chemical Sciences, Engineering Science HAL English, French 2,973 10,117 Publication de l’IRSN Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire Sciences of the Universe, Life Sciences HAL English, French 69 NR Archive ouverte HAL-IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement Multidisciplinary HAL English, French 1,662 NR IRD Horizon - Plein Texte Institut de recherche pour le développement Multidisciplinary French 42,000 72,000 ArchiMer IFREMER Biology, Ecology, Geography NR French, English 6,057 NR 45 The figure 138,866 in the “Full text” column is the total amount of full text documents available in the HAL open archive, including all subject-based or institutional portals (respectively like HAL-SHS or HAL-INRIA). Among them are 16,596 electronic theses (on March 28, 2010), 41,973 articles transferred from the Journal de Physique and 7,464 INRIA research reports. This is why the number of scholarly publications amounts to 72,833 items.