Correlations between flow and transverse momentum in Xe + Xe and Pb + Pb collisions at the LHC with the ATLAS detector: A probe of the heavy-ion initial state and nuclear deformation

PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) Correlations between flow and transverse momentum in Xe +Xe and Pb +Pb collisions at the LHC with the ATLAS detector: A probe of the heavy-ion initial state and nuclear deformation G. Aad et al.∗ (ATLAS Collaboration) (Received 3 May 2022; accepted 29 August 2022; published 15 May 2023) The correlations between flow harmonics vnfor n=2, 3, and 4 and mean transverse momentum [pT]in 129Xe +129Xe and 208Pb+208Pb collisions at √s=5.44 and 5.02 TeV, respectively, are measured using charged particles with the ATLAS detector. The correlations are potentially sensitive to the shape and size of the initial geometry, nuclear deformation, and initial momentum anisotropy. The effects from nonflow and centrality fluctuations are minimized, respectively, via a subevent cumulant method and an event-activity selection based on particle production at very forward rapidity. The vn-[pT] correlations show strong dependencies on centrality, harmonic number n,pT, and pseudorapidity range. Current models qualitatively describe the overall centralityand system-dependent trends but fail to quantitatively reproduce all features of the data. In central collisions, where models generally show good agreement, the v2-[pT] correlations are sensitive to the triaxiality of the quadruple deformation. Comparison of the model with the Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe data confirms that the 129Xe nucleus is a highly deformed triaxial ellipsoid that has neither a prolate nor oblate shape. This provides strong evidence for a triaxial deformation of the 129Xe nucleus from high-energy heavy-ion collisions. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.107.054910 I. INTRODUCTION Heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce quarkgluon plasma (QGP), whose space-time evolution is well described by relativistic viscous hydrodynamics [1–3]. Driven by the large pressure gradients, the QGP expands rapidly in the transverse plane, and converts the spatial anisotropy in the initial state into momentum anisotropy in the final state. The collective expansion in each event is quantified by Fourier expansions of particle distributions in azimuth given by dN/dφ=(N/2π)[1 +2∞ n=1vncos n(φ−n)], where vnand nrepresent the amplitude and phase of the nth-order azimuthal flow vector, Vn=vneinn.TheVnare determined by the hydrodynamic response to the initial spatial anisotropy, characterized by eccentricity vectors En=εneinn [4,5]. Model calculations show that the Vnvalues are approximately proportional to Enfor n=2 and 3, as well as for n=4 in central collisions [4,6,7]. The measurements of vnand n [8–14] have placed important constraints on the properties of the medium and on the initial-state density fluctuations [5–7,15–17] in high-energy nuclear collisions. In addition to generating anisotropic flow, the hydrodynamic response to the fluctuations in the overall size of the ∗Full author list given at the end of the article. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. overlap region also leads to fluctuations in the “radial flow,” reflected by the average transverse momentum of particles in each event, [pT].1In particular, events with similar total energy but smaller transverse size in the initial state are expected to have a stronger radial expansion and therefore a larger [pT][18,19]. Furthermore, correlations between the Enand the size in the initial state are expected to generate dynamical correlations between vnand [pT] in the final state. A Pearson coefficient has been proposed to study these correlations [20], ρn=v2 nδpT v4 n−v2 n2√δpTδpT ,(1) where δpT=pT−[pT], the “ ” denotes averaging over all particle pairs or triplets for events with comparable particle multiplicity, and the “” denotes an averaging over events. Due to centrality dependence of collision geometry and nucleon fluctuations, the ρnis expected to be positive in central and mid-central collisions and negative in the peripheral collisions [21]. In the presence of initial momentum anisotropy, the ρncould turn into positive in the most peripheral region [22]. The root-mean-square size of the nucleon also influences the behavior of ρnin peripheral collisions, 1ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the center of the detector and the zaxis along the beam pipe. The xaxis points from the IP to the center of the LHC ring, and the yaxis points upward. Cylindrical coordinates (r,φ) are used in the transverse plane, φbeing the azimuthal angle around the beam pipe. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle θas η=−ln tan(θ/2). 2469-9985/2023/107(5)/054910(28) 054910-1 ©2023 CERN, for the ATLAS Collaboration G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) e.g., a larger nucleon size would decrease the value of ρn [23]. ATLAS published a measurement of ρnfor n=2, 3, and4inPb+Pb collisions at √sNN =5.02 TeV [24], which was followed by a similar measurement from ALICE [25]in Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe collisions. The results show positive correlations for all harmonics, except in the peripheral region, where ρ2is negative. These behaviors have been qualitatively reproduced by recent initial-state model and hydrodynamic model calculations [21,26]. Recent studies show that the vn,[pT], and vn-[pT] correlations in central collisions are also sensitive to the shape of atomic nuclei [27–32]. Most nuclei are more or less deformed into an ellipsoidal shape, for which the nuclear surface of the nucleon distribution can be described by [33] R(θ,φ)=R0(1+β[cos γY2,0+sin γY2,2]),(2) where R0is the nuclear radius, Yl,mare spherical harmonics, and βand γare quadrupole deformation parameters. The parameter βis the magnitude of the deformation, with typical values of 0.1–0.4 [34], while the angle γ, in the range 0 ⩽ γ⩽60◦, describes the length imbalance of the three semiaxes r1,r2,r3of the ellipsoid, also known as triaxiality. The values γ=0◦,γ=60◦, and γ=30◦correspond to the prolate (r1=r2<r3), oblate (r1<r2=r3), and maximum triaxiality (2r2=r1+r3) cases. Traditionally, the shapes of nuclei are inferred from low-energy spectroscopic measurements, which determine the shape parameters (β,γ) for even-even nuclei such as 208Pb [35]. The shape of odd-mass nuclei such as 129Xe can only be calculated using nuclear structure models that have been tuned to describe the even-even nuclei data. In this sense, flow measurements in high-energy heavy-ion collisions serve as a new tool to probe the nuclear shape, in particular for odd-mass nuclei. Recent model studies show that the v2and ρ2follow a simple parametric form [29,32,36], v2 2≈a+bβ2,ρ 2≈a+bcos(3γ)β3.(3) The parameters aand arepresent values for collisions of spherical nuclei. They are the smallest in central collisions, whereas the parameters band bare nearly independent of centrality. Therefore, the impact of nuclear deformation is expected to be largest in central collisions. A large quadruple deformation for 129Xe of βXe ≈0.16–0.2 was extracted from the enhanced ratio v2,Xe/v2,Pb in central collisions [37–39]. The measurement of ρ2here can then be used to further constrain the triaxiality of 129Xe. This paper studies the centrality and system-size dependences of ρnin 129Xe +129Xe and 208Pb +208Pb collisions to shed light on the effects of initial-state geometry and nuclear deformation. The measurements are performed in several ranges of pTand ηto quantify the influence of final-state effects [21]. The ρnvalues are also influenced by nonflow effects from resonance decays and jets, which can be suppressed using the “subevent method” [40,41], where the correlations are constructed by using particles from different subevents separated in η. The previous ALICE measurement of ρ2in Xe +Xe collisions [25] was performed in wide centrality ranges with limited statistical precision. The larger acceptance of the ATLAS detector and a factor of 10 more Xe +Xe events enable more precise measurements of ρ2in finer centrality ranges. A comparison of results in Xe +Xe and Pb +Pb collisions and model predictions then provides insight into the nuclear deformation and the nature of the initial sources responsible for harmonic flow and radial flow. This paper also explores the issue of “centrality fluctuations,” which refers to the fact that an experimental centrality definition based on the final-state particle multiplicity in an η range is subject to smearing due to fluctuations in the particle production process. Such centrality fluctuations, also known as volume fluctuations [42,43], have been shown to affect flow fluctuations [44,45] and ρnvalues [21,30,46]. This analysis explores the influence of centrality fluctuations on ρnusing two reference event-activity estimators: the total transverse energy ETin the forward pseudorapidity range 3.2<|η|< 4.9 and the number of reconstructed charged particles, Nrec ch . in the mid-rapidity range |η|<2.5. Previous measurements of flow fluctuations show that EThas better centrality resolution than Nrec ch [45]. This conclusion was also reached by model investigations of the forward-backward multiplicity correlation in Pb +Pb collisions [47,48]. Therefore, the default results are obtained using ET, while those based on Nrec ch give a sense of the extent of centrality fluctuations. The paper is organized as follows. Sections II and III describe details of the detector, event, and track selections. Section IV introduces the observables and subevent methods used in this analysis. The correlation analysis and systematic uncertainties are described in Secs. Vand VI, respectively. Section VII presents the results of ρnin the two collision systems, and discusses the role of nonflow and centrality fluctuations. Section VIII compares the results with model predictions. A summary is given in Sec. IX. II. ATLAS DETECTOR AND TRIGGER The ATLAS detector [49] provides nearly full solidangle coverage with tracking detectors, calorimeters, and muon chambers, and is well suited for measurements of multiparticle correlations over a large pseudorapidity range. The measurements are performed using the trigger system, the inner detector (ID), the forward calorimeters (FCal), and the zero-degree calorimeters (ZDC). The ID detects charged particles within |η|<2.5 using a combination of silicon pixel detectors, silicon microstrip detectors (SCT), and a strawtubetransition-radiationtracker,allimmersedina2Taxial magnetic field. The FCal consists of three sampling layers, longitudinal in shower depth, and covers 3.2<|η|<4.9. The ZDC are positioned at ±140 m from the IP, detecting neutrons and photons with |η|>8.3. An extensive software suite [50] is used in the reconstruction and analysis of real and simulated data, in detector operations, and in the trigger and data acquisition systems of the experiment. The ATLAS trigger system [51] consists of a level-1 (L1) trigger implemented in dedicated electronics and programmable logic, and a high-level trigger (HLT) which uses software algorithms similar to those applied in the offline event reconstruction. During Xe +Xe data-taking, the minimum-bias trigger selected events with either more than 4 GeV of transverse energy recorded in the whole calorimeter system at L1 (EL1 T) or a reconstructed track with 054910-2 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FLOW AND TRANSVERSE … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) pT>0.2 GeV at the HLT. In the Pb +Pb data-taking, the minimum-bias trigger required either EL1 T>50 GeV or the presence of at least one neutron on both sides of the ZDC and a track identified by the HLT. To enhance the number of recorded events for ultracentral Pb +Pb collisions, a dedicated trigger selected on the EL1 Tand the total transverse energy in the FCal, ET, at the HLT. The combined trigger selects events with ETlarger than one of the three threshold values: 4.21, 4.37, and 4.54 TeV. The ultracentral trigger has a sharp turn-on as a function of ET, and for these thresholds the trigger is fully efficient for the 1.3%, 0.5%, and 0.1% of events in centrality percentile to be defined below, respectively. The fraction of events containing more than one inelastic interaction (pileup) is around 0.003 in Pb +Pb data and around 0.0002 in Xe +Xe data. III. EVENT AND TRACK SELECTION The analysis is based on ATLAS datasets corresponding to integrated luminosities of 3 µb−1of minimum-bias Xe +Xe data recorded at √sNN =5.44 TeV in 2017 and 22 µb−1 of minimum-bias and 470 µb−1of ultracentral Pb +Pb data recorded at √sNN =5.02 TeV in 2015. The offline event selection requires a reconstructed primary vertex with its z position satisfying |zvtx|<100 mm. For the Pb +Pb dataset, pileup events are suppressed by exploiting the expected correlation between the estimated number of neutrons in the ZDC and Nrec ch . For both the Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe datasets, a requirement is also imposed on the correlation between ET and Nrec ch to further reduce the number of background events. The events are classified into centrality intervals based on the ETin the FCal. A Glauber model [52,53]isusedto parametrize the ETdistribution and provide a correspondence between the ETdistribution and the sampling fraction of the total inelastic Pb +Pb or Xe +Xe cross section, allowing centrality percentiles to be set. This analysis is restricted to the 0–84% most central collisions, where the triggers are fully efficient and the contamination from photonuclear processes is small [54]. This centrality range corresponds to ET> 0.042 TeV in Pb +Pb collisions and ET>0.03 TeV in Xe +Xe collisions. Charged-particle tracks [55] are reconstructed from hits in the ID, and are subsequently used to construct the primary vertices. Tracks are required to have pT>0.5 GeV and |η|< 2.5inPb+Pb collisions and pT>0.3 GeV and |η|<2.5in Xe +Xe collisions. They are required to satisfy the “loose” selection criteria, which require at least one pixel hit, with the additional requirement of a hit in the first pixel layer when one is expected, and at least six SCT hits. In addition, the distances of closest approach of the track to the primary vertex in both the transverse and longitudinal directions, |d0|and |z0sin θ|, are required to be less than 1.5 mm [56]. For evaluation of systematic uncertainties, the “tight” selection criteria are used, which further require at least two pixel hits, eight SCT hits, no missing hits in the pixel or SCT layers, and |d0|and |z0sin θ| values both smaller than 1 mm. The primary particles in this analysis are defined as those with a lifetime larger than 30 picoseconds. The influence of secondary particles originating from weak decays and detector material interactions are accounted for by varying track selection criteria and efficiency correction [57]. The efficiency, (pT,η), of the track reconstruction and track selection criteria is evaluated using Pb +Pb and Xe + Xe Monte Carlo events produced with the HIJING event generator [58]. The generated particles in each event are rotated in azimuthal angle according to the procedure described in Ref. [59] to produce a harmonic flow consistent with the previous ATLAS measurements [10,56]. The response of the detector is simulated using GEANT4[60,61] and the resulting events are reconstructed with the same algorithms as applied to the data. At mid-rapidity (|η|<1), the efficiency for central Pb +Pb collisions is about 67% at 0.5 GeV and increases to 71% at higher pT, while the efficiency for central Xe +Xe collisions is about 61% at 0.3 GeV and increases to 73% at higher pT[39]. For |η|>1, the efficiency decreases to about 40–60% depending on the pTand centrality. The rate of falsely reconstructed (“fake”) tracks is also estimated and found to be significant only at pT<1 GeV in central collisions, where it ranges from 2% for |η|<1 to 8% at larger |η|. The fake rate drops rapidly for higher pTand for more peripheral collisions. The fake rate is accounted for in the tracking efficiency correction following the procedure in Ref. [62]. IV. OBSERVABLES In the experimental analysis, the measurement of ρnin Eq. (1) requires a calculation of the individual components in the numerator and denominator. For this purpose, Eq. (1)is reexpressed as ρn=covn varv2 n√ck ,covn=v2 nδpT, varv2 n=v4 n−v2 n2,ck=δpTδpT.(4) The covariance covnis a three-particle correlator, which is obtained by averaging over unique triplets in each event and then over all events in an event-activity class based on Nrec ch or ET: covn=i,j,k,i=j=kwiwjwkein(φi−φj)(pT,k−[pT]) i,j,k,i=j=kwiwjwk. In the above formula, the indices i,j, and kloop over distinct charged particles to account for all unique triplets. The particle weight wis constructed to correct for both detector nonuniformities and tracking inefficiency as explained in Sec. V. The above expression for covncan be expanded algebraically within the cumulant framework [40,41,63,64]into a polynomial function of flow vectors and momentum-scalar quantities, qn;k=iwk ieinφi iwk i , pm;k=iwk i(pT,i−[pT])m iwk i ,(5) [pT]=iwipT,i iwi , 054910-3 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) with kand mbeing integer powers. Details of this expansion can be found in Ref. [65]. In order to reduce short-range nonflow correlations from resonance decays and jets, pseudorapidity gaps are often explicitly required between the particles in each triplet. This analysis uses the standard, two-subevent, and three-subevent methods to explore the influence of nonflow correlations [40,65]. In the standard method, all charged particles within |η|<2.5 are used. In the two-subevent method, triplets are constructed by combining particles from two subevents labeled aand c, separated by a η gap in between to reduce nonflow effects: −2.5<η a<−0.75,0.75 <η c<2.5. The two particles contributing to the flow vector are chosen as one particle each from aand c, while the third particle providing the pTis taken from either aor c.Inthe three-subevent method, three nonoverlapping subevents a,b, and care chosen as −2.5<η a<−0.75,|ηb|<0.5,0.75 < ηc<2.5. The particles contributing to flow are chosen from subevents aand cwhile the third particle is taken from subevent b. In the large collision systems considered in this analysis, the nonflow effects are important only in peripheral collisions, where the statistical uncertainties of covnare also large. The covnvalues obtained from the twoand three-subevent methods agree within a few percent in mid-central and central collisions but show some differences in the peripheral region. In that region, however, only cov2has enough statistical precision to detect differences between the twoand three-subevent methods. Therefore, the final results for cov2are obtained from the three-subevent method, while the final results for cov3and cov4are obtained using triplets from both the twoand three-subevent methods, referred to as the “combinedsubevent” method. The statistical uncertainty of the measurement is obtained using a standard Poisson bootstrap method commonly employed in cumulant analyses [66,67]. Thirty pseudodatasets were generated by assigning to each event a random Poisson weight with a mean of 1, and the quantities in Eq. (4) are calculated for each pseudodataset. This method is mathematically justified when the number of events in a given event-activity class is sufficiently large. The standard deviations of the thirty values for each quantity were taken as the statistical uncertainties in the final result. To obtain the Pearson coefficient in Eq. (4), one also needs to calculate the variances ckand var(v2 n). The former, ck= i,j,i=j wiwj(pT,i−[pT])(pT,j−[pT]) i,j,i=j wiwj, is obtained using all the pairs in the full event, i.e. within |η|<2.5. The latter is calculated in terms of the two-particle cumulant cn{2}≡v2 nand four-particle cumulant cn{4}≡ v4 n−2v2 n2[68], varv2 n=cn{4}standard +cn{2}2 two-sub. The cn{4}, being four-particle correlators, are known to be relatively insensitive to nonflow correlations but usually have poor statistical precision [63]. Therefore, they are obtained from the standard method in the full event. On the other hand, the two-particle cumulants cn{2}are more susceptible to nonflow correlations but at the same time provide better statistical precision. Therefore, the cn{2}are calculated from the two-subevent method with the ηchoices discussed above. The calculation of cn{2}and cn{4}follow the procedure used in previous analyses [40,63], i.e., they are expressed in terms of flow vectors qn;kdefined in Eq. (5). The default ηranges for the standard and subevent methods discussed above are listed in Table I. In addition to these default values, the analysis is also repeated for ηranges that are closer to mid-rapidity in order to study the impact of nonflow and longitudinal dynamics. This choice, listed in Table Ias “Alternative ηselection,” could also be useful when comparing the results of this analysis with other experiments. The charged particles used in this analysis are selected from some predefined pTranges similar to those in a previous measurement [24]. For the analysis of Pb +Pb data, two ranges, 0.5<pT<5 GeV and 0.5<pT<2 GeV, are used. For the analysis of Xe +Xe data, one additional range with a lower threshold, 0.3<pT<2 GeV is used. However, the primary results are based on the range 0.5<pT<5GeV, which has the best statistical precision. V. ANALYSIS PROCEDURE The measurement of covn,var(v2 n), and ckfollows a procedure similar to that detailed in Refs. [24,69] that consists of three steps. In the first step, these correlators are calculated in each event as the average over all combinations among particles from an ηrange and a pTrange listed in Table I.In the second step, the values obtained in each event are averaged over events with comparable multiplicity, defined as events with either similar ETvalues (|ET|<0.002 TeV) or the same Nrec ch . They are then combined in broader multiplicity ranges of the event ensemble to obtain statistically more precise results. The Pearson coefficients ρnare then obtained via Eq. (4). This event-averaging procedure is necessary to reduce the effects of centrality fluctuations for each event-activity estimator [21,44,46]. In the third step, the Nrec ch dependence is converted to a centrality percentile dependence for each observable [24]. This is accomplished by calculating the average ETfor each given Nrec ch , which is then mapped to the centrality percentile. The mapping procedure is necessary such that results obtained for ETand Nrec ch can be directly compared using a common x axis. In order to account for detector inefficiencies and nonuniformities, particle weights defined in Sec. IV are calculated as w(φ,η, pT)=d(φ,η)/(η, pT).(6) The additional weight factor d(φ,η) accounts for nonuniformities in the azimuthal acceptance of the detector as a function of ηand amounts to a 5–20% variation. To determine it, all reconstructed charged particles for a given pTselection are entered in a two-dimensional histogram N(φ,η), and the weight factor is then obtained as d(φ,η)≡N(η)/N(φ, η), where N(η)is the track density averaged over φin the given ηbin. This procedure removes most φ-dependent 054910-4 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FLOW AND TRANSVERSE … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) TABLE I. The ηand pTranges chosen for the standard and subevent methods. Method Default ηselection Alternative ηselection Standard |η|<2.5|η|<1 Two-subevent 0.75 <−ηa,η c<2.50.35 <−ηa,η c<1 Three-subevent 0.75 <−ηa,η c<2.5, |ηb|<0.50.35 <−ηa,η c<1, |ηb|<0.3 Combined-subevent average of two-subevent and three-subevent results pTselection for Xe +Xe pTselection for Pb +Pb 0.3<pT<2 GeV, 0.5<pT<5 GeV, 0.5<pT<2 GeV 0.5<pT<5 GeV, 0.5<pT<2 GeV nonuniformity from the track reconstruction [70], and the resulting flow vectors qn;kin Eq. (5) should ideally be uniformly distributed in azimuthal angle. Any residual offsets are then subtracted by an event-averaged offset qn;k−qn;kevts [13], which was implemented as an improvement over the previous measurement [24]. VI. SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTIES The systematic uncertainties in this analysis arise from track selection, reconstruction efficiency, acceptance reweighting and centrality selection, and are evaluated for each observable: covn,var(v2 n), ck, and ρn. Systematic uncertainties from many sources enter the analysis through the particle weights in Eq. (5). The uncertainties partially cancel out between the numerator and denominator in constructing ρn. The uncertainties quoted below are for the 0–50% centrality range, and they are generally comparable between Xe +Xe and Pb +Pb. In the peripheral collisions, systematic uncertainties are smaller than the statistical uncertainties; they are evaluated but not quoted below because ρnvalues are often very close to zero, and quoting the uncertainties as percentages is not very meaningful. The uncertainty contributions from different sources are described below with a focus of their impact on ρn. From previous measurements [10], the vnsignal has been shown to have a strong dependence on pTbut relatively weak dependence on η. Therefore, a pT-dependent uncertainty in the track reconstruction efficiency (η, pT) could affect the measured signal through the particle weights. The uncertainties in the track reconstruction efficiency are due to differences in the detector conditions and known differences in the material between data and simulations. The uncertainties in detector efficiency vary in the range 1–4%, depending on ηand pT[39,71]. The systematic uncertainties for each observable are evaluated by repeating the analysis with the tracking efficiency increased and decreased by its corresponding uncertainty. The resulting uncertainties in ρnare less than 2% for n=2 and 4, but increase to 6% for n=3 because the cov3values decrease towards zero in the peripheral region. The contamination from fake tracks varies with the tracking selection. To assess how the fake tracks change the results, the requirements imposed on the reconstructed tracks are varied from those in the default track selection. The loose and tight track selections discussed in Sec. III are used for this purpose. The differences are largest in the most central and peripheral collisions, where the correlation signals are smaller and the influence of fake tracks is thus higher. In Pb +Pb collisions, the differences are up to 3%, 6%, and 9% for n=2, 3, and 4, respectively. The uncertainties are smaller in Xe +Xe collisions due to lower rates of fake tracks, except in peripheral collisions for n=3 and 4. The effect of detector azimuthal nonuniformity is accounted for by the weight factor d(η, φ)inEq.(6). The effect of reweighting is studied by setting the weight to 1 and repeating the analyses with the residual offset correction still applied to the flow vectors. The unweighted results generally agree with the weighted results within 1–3%, except for peripheral Xe +Xe collisions, where the uncertainties are larger. The centrality definitions used to classify the events into centrality percentiles in the 0–84% range have a 1% uncertainty, due to an inefficiency in selecting minimum-bias collisions. The impact of this uncertainty is evaluated by varying the centrality interval definitions by ±1%, and recalculating all the observables. The impact for all observables is small in central and mid-central collisions, but becomes the dominant uncertainty in the more peripheral region. This type of uncertainty is only used when results are presented as a function of centrality percentiles. The uncertainties are 0–3% in central and mid-central collisions and increase to 2–8% in the more peripheral collisions depending on the harmonic number nand collision system. The systematic uncertainties from the different sources described above are added in quadrature to give the total systematic uncertainty for each observable. These uncertainties for ρnare summarized in Table II. The relative uncertainties are larger in central and peripheral collisions, where the values of ρnare small relative to their statistical uncertainties. VII. RESULTS The values of ck,var(v2 n), and covnare calculated and combined to obtain ρnfor each choice of pTand ηranges in Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe collisions as defined in Table I. In each case, they can be obtained with the event-averaging procedure in intervals of either ETor Nrec ch and those intervals are translated to average centrality values. The default event-averaging procedure is based on ET. As described in Sec. IV, the primary results shown are calculated for charged particles in the range 0.5<pT<5 GeV, using the three-subevent method for ρ2and the combined-subevent method for ρ3and ρ4. 054910-5 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) TABLE II. Sources of systematic uncertainty in percentage on the measured ρnvalues. Pb +Pb Xe +Xe Centrality Sources ρ2(%) ρ3(%) ρ4(%) ρ2(%) ρ3(%) ρ4(%) Efficiency 0.9 2.2 1.5 0.5 1.4 1.2 Track quality 0.5 0.6 9 0.6 4.9 0.7 0–10% φnonuniformity 0.5 <0.5 0.9 1 <0.5 2.3 Centrality <0.5 <0.5 1.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.5 Total 2 3 10 2 6 3 Efficiency 1.2 3 0.9 1.0 3.2 0.8 Track quality 1.6 3.6 1.5 <0.5 2.3 2.5 20–30% φnonuniformity <0.5 <0.5 0.6 <0.5 1.5 <0.5 Centrality <0.5 3 1.5 <0.5 1.5 0.6 Total 2 6 3 2 4 3 Efficiency 1.3 6 0.8 <0.5 15 15 Track quality 1.9 7.5 1.1 1.2 15 0.6 40–50% φnonuniformity <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.5 7 Centrality 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.8 6 <0.5 Total 3 10 2 3 22 18 A. Dependence on method and collision systems Figure 1shows the ρnvalues obtained from the standard, two-subevent, and three-subevent methods for charged particles with 0.5<pT<5 GeV in Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe collisions. They are obtained using the event-averaging procedure based on ETand plotted as a function of centrality. Centrality [%] 0.1− 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 2 ρ 020406080 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 | < 2.5η < 5.0 GeV, | T 0.5 < p Standard Two-subevent Three-subevent HIJING Standard Two-subevent Three-subevent Centrality [%] 0.1− 0 0.1 3 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 | < 2.5η < 5.0 GeV, | T 0.5 < p Standard Two-subevent Three-subevent Centrality [%] 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 4 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 | < 2.5η < 5.0 GeV, | T 0.5 < p Standard Two-subevent Three-subevent Centrality [%] 0.1− 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 2 ρ 020406080 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμXe+Xe 5.44 TeV, 3 | < 2.5η < 5.0 GeV, | T 0.5 < p Standard Two-subevent Three-subevent Centrality [%] 0.1− 0 0.1 3 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμXe+Xe 5.44 TeV, 3 | < 2.5η < 5.0 GeV, | T 0.5 < p Standard Two-subevent Three-subevent Centrality [%] 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 4 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμXe+Xe 5.44 TeV, 3 | < 2.5η < 5.0 GeV, | T 0.5 < p Standard Two-subevent Three-subevent FIG. 1. The centrality dependence of ρnfor n=2 (left), 3 (middle), and 4 (right) in Pb +Pb (top) and Xe +Xe (bottom) collisions calculated for the standard, two-subevent, and three-subevent methods. They are calculated using the event-averaging procedure based on ET. The error bars and shaded boxes represent statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. To reduce the statistical fluctuations in the Xe +Xe data, wider centrality binning is used in the bottom row. The Pb +Pb ρ2data are also compared with HIJING calculations from Ref. [65], which includes only nonflow correlations. 054910-6 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FLOW AND TRANSVERSE … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) Centrality [%] 0 0.2 2 ρ 020406080 ATLAS -based T EΣ Three-subevent method < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p | < 2.5η| Pb+Pb 5.02 TeV Xe+Xe 5.44 TeV Centrality [%] 0 0.05 0.1 3 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ Combined-subevent method < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p | < 2.5η| Pb+Pb 5.02 TeV Xe+Xe 5.44 TeV Centrality [%] 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 4 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ Combined-subevent method < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p | < 2.5η| Pb+Pb 5.02 TeV Xe+Xe 5.44 TeV 01234 [TeV] T EΣ 0 0.2 2 ρ ATLAS Three-subevent method < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p | < 2.5η| Pb+Pb 5.02 TeV Xe+Xe 5.44 TeV 01234 [TeV] T EΣ 0 0.05 0.1 3 ρ ATLAS Combined-subevent method < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p | < 2.5η| Pb+Pb 5.02 TeV Xe+Xe 5.44 TeV 01234 [TeV] T EΣ 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 4 ρ ATLAS Combined-subevent method < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p | < 2.5η|Pb+Pb 5.02 TeV Xe+Xe 5.44 TeV FIG. 2. The centrality (top) and ET(bottom) dependences of ρnfor n=2 (left), 3 (middle), and 4 (right) in Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe collisions. They are calculated using the event-averaging procedure based on ET. The error bars and shaded boxes represent statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are close to each other in central and mid-central collisions. In peripheral collisions beyond 60% centrality, the values from the standard method are significantly larger than those obtained from the subevent methods. This is consistent with the significant nonflow correlations arising from resonance decays and jets, which give positive contributions to both vnand [pT] in the standard method. The nonflow effects in the two-subevent method, reflected by the difference from the three-subevent method, are also visible beyond 70% centrality. Smaller differences, albeit weakly dependent on centrality, are also observed between the two-subevent method and the three-subevent method in mid-central and central collisions. These differences are expected because the vnsignal, as well as the decorrelations of vnand [pT], depend on the chosen ηintervals and η, which differ between the two methods [20,72,73]. The influence of nonflow effects was investigated recently in models [65,74]. The ρ2obtained from the HIJING model, which generates only nonflow correlations, shows a similar ordering between the three methods, as seen in Fig. 1.In particular, the values of ρ2from the three-subevent method are closer to zero in the multiplicity range corresponding to the centrality range shown in Fig. 1.Theρ2signal in the peripheral region cannot be reproduced by the HIJING model, which only includes nonflow correlations. The results from the subevent methods show similar centrality dependences between the Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe: the ρ2 values reach a minimum in the peripheral collisions, increase to a positive maximum value, and then decrease in the most central collisions; the ρ3values show a mild increase towards central collisions; the ρ4values show an increase then a gradual decrease towards central collisions. In the ultracentral collision region, all the ρnshow a sharp decrease towards the most central collisions. This decrease is much clearer in the Pb +Pb system due to its superior statistical precision and better centrality resolution than in the Xe +Xe system. This sharp decrease starts at around 1.6% in centrality in Pb +Pb, which matches approximately to the location of the knee in the minimum-bias ETdistribution [45]. For events having ETvalues beyond the knee, essentially all nucleons participate in the collision. As a result, geometric fluctuations that enhance the ρnvalues are suppressed. A similar suppression of fluctuations has also been observed for other flow observables [45]. Figure 2provides a direct comparison of the Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe ρnvalues as a function of centrality (top) and ET(bottom). These two different choices for the xaxis test whether the system-size dependence of ρnscales with centrality or event multiplicity. When compared at the same centralities, the Xe +Xe ρ2values are everywhere smaller than the Pb +Pb values. However, when compared using ET, the Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe ρ2values agree for small ETvalues (ET<0.5 TeV) but differ for larger ET. When plotted as a function of ET,theρ3values in Pb +Pb and 054910-7 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) Centrality [%] 0 0.2 2 ρ 020406080 ATLAS -based T EΣ Three-subevent method -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 | < 2.5η| < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p < 2.0 GeV T 0.5 < p Centrality [%] 0.05− 0 0.05 0.1 3 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ Combined-subevent method -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 | < 2.5η| < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p < 2.0 GeV T 0.5 < p Centrality [%] 0 0.1 0.2 4 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ Combined-subevent method -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 | < 2.5η| < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p < 2.0 GeV T 0.5 < p Centrality [%] 0 0.2 2 ρ 020406080 ATLAS -based T EΣ Three-subevent method -1 bμXe+Xe 5.44 TeV, 3 | < 2.5η| < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p < 2.0 GeV T 0.5 < p < 2.0 GeV T 0.3 < p Centrality [%] 0.05− 0 0.05 0.1 3 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ Combined-subevent method -1 bμXe+Xe 5.44 TeV, 3 | < 2.5η| < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p < 2.0 GeV T 0.5 < p < 2.0 GeV T 0.3 < p Centrality [%] 0 0.1 0.2 4 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ Combined-subevent method -1 bμXe+Xe 5.44 TeV, 3 | < 2.5η| < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p < 2.0 GeV T 0.5 < p < 2.0 GeV T 0.3 < p FIG. 3. The centrality dependence of ρnfor two pTranges in Pb +Pb collisions (top) and three pTranges in Xe +Xe collisions (bottom) for n=2 (left), 3 (middle), and 4 (right). They are obtained via the event-averaging procedure based on ET. The error bars and shaded boxes represent statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. Xe +Xe collisions are similar only at low ET, while they are similar over the full range when plotted as a function of centrality. The ρ4values for the two systems are similar when plotted as a function of centrality in the 0–40% centrality range, but not when plotted as a function of ET. B. Dependence on the pTand ηranges Figure 3shows the centrality dependence of ρnin two pTranges for Pb +Pb collisions and three pTranges for Xe +Xe collisions. It is observed that the ρnvalues for 0.5< pT<2 GeV are smaller than those for 0.5<pT<5GeVin both systems, but the overall centrality dependence remains similar. In Xe +Xe collisions, the ρnvalues obtained for a lower pTrange of 0.3<pT<2 GeV are found to be close to those obtained for 0.5<pT<2 GeV. This is expected since the collective behavior of the bulk particles in the 0.5< pT<2 GeV range reflects mainly hydrodynamic response, so including more particles by further lowering the pTthreshold does not significantly change the ρn. This is an important observation for comparison with other experiments or model calculations, where different pTranges are often used. The analysis is also repeated for the ηrange closer to midrapidity, |η|<1, as listed in Table I. Figure 4compares the centrality dependence of ρnand covnfor the two ηranges. The results for covnare almost in agreement with each other, except for n=2 and 4 in peripheral collisions. In contrast, the results for ρnare systematically lower for |η|<1 than for |η|<2.5. This implies that the difference arises from the η dependence of the var(v2 n) and ckvalues used to calculate ρn via Eq. (5). The values of cov2and ρ2for centrality above 70% are larger for |η|<1, likely due to larger residual nonflow effects associated with a smaller ηrange. C. Effects of centrality fluctuations As discussed in the introduction, due to the finite resolution of an event-activity estimator used to characterize the event centrality, the multiparticle cumulants for flow and [pT] fluctuations are sensitive to the multiplicity observable used in the event-averaging procedure. The results for ρnas a function of centrality in Pb +Pb and Xe +Xe collisions are shown in Fig. 5. Large differences between the ρ2values are observed in central collisions and in peripheral collisions: compared to results based on ET, the results based on Nrec ch are larger in central collisions (0–40% range) and smaller in peripheral collisions (beyond 50% centrality). Differences between the two event activities are also observed for ρ3and ρ4. The influence of centrality fluctuations on ρnwas recently studied in a transport model framework [30], albeit at RHIC energies of √sNN =0.2 TeV. That study found that the ρ2values based on particle multiplicity at mid-rapidity are different from those based on particle multiplicity at forward rapidity. These differences are qualitatively similar to those observed in 054910-8 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FLOW AND TRANSVERSE … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) Centrality [%] 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 2 ρ 020406080 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p Three-subevent method |<2.5η| |<1.0η| Centrality [%] 0.1− 0.05 − 0 0.05 0.1 3 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p Combined-subevent method |<2.5η| |<1.0η| Centrality [%] 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 4 ρ 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p Combined-subevent method |<2.5η| |<1.0η| Centrality [%] 0 0.05 3− 10× 2 cov 020406080 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p Three-subevent method |<2.5η| |<1.0η| Centrality [%] 0 1 2 3 6− 10× 3 cov 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p Combined-subevent method |<2.5η| |<1.0η| Centrality [%] 0 2 4 6− 10× 4 cov 0204060 ATLAS -based T EΣ -1 bμPb+Pb 5.02 TeV, 22 < 5.0 GeV T 0.5 < p Combined-subevent method |<2.5η| |<1.0η| FIG. 4. The centrality dependence of ρn(top) and covn(bottom) for n=2 (left), 3 (middle), and 4 (right) in Pb +Pb collisions compared between the two choices for the ηranges from Table I. They are calculated using the event-averaging procedure based on ET. The error bars and shaded boxes represent statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. Fig. 5.Theρ2values obtained using event activity at forward rapidities were also found to be more consistent with results obtained using the number of participating nucleons [30]. That finding reinforces the notion that the event-activity estimator in ATLAS based on EThas better centrality resolution than the estimator based on Nrec ch . Recently, it was argued that ρ2is a sensitive probe of the nature of collectivity in small collision systems and peripheral heavy-ion collisions, in particular for isolating the contribution from initial momentum anisotropy in a gluon saturation picture [26]. The hydrodynamic expansion in the final state produces a negative (positive) ρ2in peripheral (nonperipheral) collisions [21,26,46], while the initial momentum anisotropy is expected to give a large positive contribution in the most peripheral collisions [22]. Therefore, the centrality dependence of ρ2, after considering both the initial-state and final-state effects, is predicted to exhibit an increasing trend toward the most peripheral centrality [22]. However, Fig. 5shows that the trends of ρ2in peripheral collisions could still be modified by the centrality fluctuations. Figure 6compares the centrality dependence of ρ2in |η|<2.5 and |η|<1 based on ETand Nrec ch in more detail over the 60–84% centrality range. It is shown separately for the standard method and subevent methods in order to better separate the influence of nonflow effects from other effects. The successive reduction of the ρ2from the standard method in the left panel, to the two-subevent method in the middle panel, and to the three-subevent method in the right panel is a robust feature of suppression of the nonflow correlations [65]. In the right panel, where the residual nonflow is the smallest, two interesting features can be observed: (1) the ρ2values obtained for the narrow |η|<1 range are much larger than those for |η|<2.5, suggesting that the results obtained in |η|<1 still have significant nonflow contributions; (2) the differences between the ρ2values from the two event-activity estimators are large for both ηranges, reflecting the impact of centrality fluctuations. The results from this measurement do not show clear evidence for initial-state momentum anisotropy. Future more detailed studies of the behavior of ρ2in very peripheral collisions, including smaller pp and p+Pb collision systems, will be useful to disentangle the effects of nonflow, centrality fluctuations, and initial momentum anisotropy. VIII. COMPARISON WITH THEORY After the ρnobservable was proposed [20], several model predictions became available with different assumptions about the initial condition and final-state dynamics. Models that consider only the initial condition, such as Glauber or Trento models [75], rely on a linear response relation between flow and eccentricity, vn∝εn, and between [pT] and the ratio of initial energy to initial entropy, E/S[21,76]. From εnand E/S, which can be calculated for each event without running the full hydrodynamic model simulation, the authors construct 054910-9 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) F. Alonso ,89 C. Alpigiani ,137 E. Alunno Camelia,75a,75b M. Alvarez Estevez ,98 M. G. Alviggi ,71a,71b Y. Amaral Coutinho ,81b A. Ambler ,103 C. Amelung,36 C. G. Ames ,108 D. Amidei ,105 S. P. Amor Dos Santos ,129a S. Amoroso ,48 K. R. Amos ,161 C. S. Amrouche,56 V. Ananiev ,124 C. Anastopoulos ,138 N. Andari ,134 T. Andeen ,11 J. K. Anders ,19 S. Y. Andrean ,47a,47b A. Andreazza ,70a,70b S. Angelidakis ,9A. Angerami ,41,cA. V. Anisenkov ,37 A. Annovi ,73a C. Antel ,56 M. T. Anthony ,138 E. Antipov ,120 M. Antonelli ,53 D. J. A. Antrim ,17a F. Anulli ,74a M. Aoki ,82 J. A. Aparisi Pozo ,161 M. A. Aparo ,145 L. Aperio Bella ,48 C. Appelt ,18 N. Aranzabal ,36 V. Araujo Ferraz ,81a C. Arcangeletti ,53 A. T. H. Arce ,51 E. Arena ,91 J.-F. Arguin ,107 S. Argyropoulos ,54 J.-H. Arling ,48 A. J. Armbruster ,36 O. Arnaez ,154 H. Arnold ,113 Z. P. Arrubarrena Tame,108 G. Artoni ,74a,74b H. Asada ,110 K. Asai ,117 S. Asai ,152 N. A. Asbah ,61 E. M. Asimakopoulou ,159 J. Assahsah ,35d K. Assamagan ,29 R. Astalos ,28a R. J. Atkin ,33a M. Atkinson,160 N. B. Atlay ,18 H. Atmani,62b P. A. Atmasiddha ,105 K. Augsten ,131 S. Auricchio ,71a,71b A. D. Auriol ,20 V. A. Austrup ,169 G. Avner ,149 G. Avolio ,36 K. Axiotis ,56 M. K. Ayoub ,14c G. Azuelos ,107,dD. Babal ,28a H. Bachacou ,134 K. Bachas ,151,eA. Bachiu ,34 F. Backman ,47a,47b A. Badea ,61 P. Bagnaia ,74a,74b M. Bahmani ,18 A. J. Bailey ,161 V. R. Bailey ,160 J. T. Baines ,133 C. Bakalis ,10 O. K. Baker ,170 P. J. Bakker ,113 E. Bakos ,15 D. Bakshi Gupta ,8S. Balaji ,146 R. Balasubramanian ,113 E. M. Baldin ,37 P. Balek ,132 E. Ballabene ,70a,70b F. Balli ,134 L. M. Baltes ,63a W. K. Balunas ,32 J. Balz ,99 E. Banas ,85 M. Bandieramonte ,128 A. Bandyopadhyay ,24 S. Bansal ,24 L. Barak ,150 E. L. Barberio ,104 D. Barberis ,57b,57a M. Barbero ,101 G. Barbour,95 K. N. Barends ,33a T. Barillari ,109 M-S. Barisits ,36 J. Barkeloo ,122 T. Barklow ,142 R. M. Barnett ,17a P. Baron ,121 D. A. Baron Moreno ,100 A. Baroncelli ,62a G. Barone ,29 A. J. Barr ,125 L. Barranco Navarro ,47a,47b F. Barreiro ,98 J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa ,14a U. Barron ,150 M. G. Barros Teixeira ,129a S. Barsov ,37 F. Bartels ,63a R. Bartoldus ,142 A. E. Barton ,90 P. Bartos ,28a A. Basalaev ,48 A. Basan ,99 M. Baselga ,49 I. Bashta ,76a,76b A. Bassalat ,66,fM. J. Basso ,154 C. R. Basson ,100 R. L. Bates ,59 S. Batlamous,35e J. R. Batley ,32 B. Batool ,140 M. Battaglia ,135 M. Bauce ,74a,74b P. Bauer ,24 A. Bayirli ,21a J. B. Beacham ,51 T. Beau ,126 P. H. Beauchemin ,157 F. Becherer ,54 P. Bechtle ,24 H. P. Beck ,19,gK. Becker ,165 C. Becot ,48 A. J. Beddall ,21d V. A. Bednyakov ,38 C. P. Bee ,144 L. J. Beemster,15 T. A. Beermann ,36 M. Begalli ,81b,81d M. Begel ,29 A. Behera ,144 J. K. Behr ,48 C. Beirao Da Cruz E Silva ,36 J. F. Beirer ,55,36 F. Beisiegel ,24 M. Belfkir ,115b G. Bella ,150 L. Bellagamba ,23b A. Bellerive ,34 P. Bellos ,20 K. Beloborodov ,37 K. Belotskiy ,37 N. L. Belyaev ,37 D. Benchekroun ,35a F. Bendebba ,35a Y. Benhammou ,150 D. P. Benjamin ,29 M. Benoit ,29 J. R. Bensinger ,26 S. Bentvelsen ,113 L. Beresford ,36 M. Beretta ,53 D. Berge ,18 E. Bergeaas Kuutmann ,159 N. Berger ,4B. Bergmann ,131 J. Beringer ,17a S. Berlendis ,7G. Bernardi ,5C. Bernius ,142 F. U. Bernlochner ,24 T. Berry ,94 P. Berta ,132 A. Berthold ,50 I. A. Bertram ,90 O. Bessidskaia Bylund ,169 S. Bethke ,109 A. Betti ,44 A. J. Bevan ,93 M. Bhamjee ,33c S. Bhatta ,144 D. S. Bhattacharya ,164 P. Bhattarai,26 V. S. Bhopatkar ,6R. Bi,128 R. Bi,29,sR. M. Bianchi ,128 O. Biebel ,108 R. Bielski ,122 N. V. Biesuz ,73a,73b M. Biglietti ,76a T. R. V. Billoud ,131 M. Bindi ,55 A. Bingul ,21b C. Bini ,74a,74b S. Biondi ,23b,23a A. Biondini ,91 C. J. Birch-sykes ,100 G. A. Bird ,20,133 M. Birman ,167 T. Bisanz ,36 D. Biswas ,168,h A. Bitadze ,100 K. Bjørke ,124 I. Bloch ,48 C. Blocker ,26 A. Blue ,59 U. Blumenschein ,93 J. Blumenthal ,99 G. J. Bobbink ,113 V. S. Bobrovnikov ,37 M. Boehler ,54 D. Bogavac ,36 A. G. Bogdanchikov ,37 C. Bohm ,47a V. Boisvert ,94 P. Bokan ,48 T. Bold ,84a M. Bomben ,5M. Bona ,93 M. Boonekamp ,134 C. D. Booth ,94 A. G. Borbély ,59 H. M. Borecka-Bielska ,107 L. S. Borgna ,95 G. Borissov ,90 D. Bortoletto ,125 D. Boscherini ,23b M. Bosman ,13 J. D. Bossio Sola ,36 K. Bouaouda ,35a J. Boudreau ,128 E. V. Bouhova-Thacker ,90 D. Boumediene ,40 R. Bouquet ,5A. Boveia ,118 J. Boyd ,36 D. Boye ,29 I. R. Boyko ,38 J. Bracinik ,20 N. Brahimi ,62d,62c G. Brandt ,169 O. Brandt ,32 F. Braren ,48 B. Brau ,102 J. E. Brau ,122 W. D. Breaden Madden,59 K. Brendlinger ,48 R. Brener ,167 L. Brenner ,36 R. Brenner ,159 S. Bressler ,167 B. Brickwedde ,99 D. Britton ,59 D. Britzger ,109 I. Brock ,24 G. Brooijmans ,41 W. K. Brooks ,136f E. Brost ,29 P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom ,85 B. Brüers ,48 D. Bruncko ,28b,i A. Bruni ,23b G. Bruni ,23b M. Bruschi ,23b N. Bruscino ,74a,74b L. Bryngemark ,142 T. Buanes ,16 Q. Buat ,137 P. Buchholz ,140 A. G. Buckley ,59 I. A. Budagov ,38,iM. K. Bugge ,124 O. Bulekov ,37 B. A. Bullard ,61 S. Burdin ,91 C. D. Burgard ,48 A. M. Burger ,40 B. Burghgrave ,8J. T. P. Burr ,32 C. D. Burton ,11 J. C. Burzynski ,141 E. L. Busch ,41 V. Büscher ,99 P. J. Bussey ,59 J. M. Butler ,25 C. M. Buttar ,59 J. M. Butterworth ,95 W. Buttinger ,133 C. J. Buxo Vazquez,106 A. R. Buzykaev ,37 G. Cabras ,23b S. Cabrera Urbán ,161 D. Caforio ,58 H. Cai ,128 Y. Cai ,14a,14d V. M. M. Cairo ,36 O. Cakir ,3a N. Calace ,36 P. Calafiura ,17a G. Calderini ,126 P. Calfayan ,67 G. Callea ,59 L. P. Caloba,81b D. Calvet ,40 S. Calvet ,40 T. P. Calvet ,101 M. Calvetti ,73a,73b R. Camacho Toro ,126 S. Camarda ,36 D. Camarero Munoz ,98 P. Camarri ,75a,75b M. T. Camerlingo ,76a,76b D. Cameron ,124 C. Camincher ,163 M. Campanelli ,95 A. Camplani ,42 V. Canale ,71a,71b A. Canesse ,103 M. Cano Bret ,79 J. Cantero ,161 Y. Cao ,160 F. Capocasa ,26 M. Capua ,43b,43a A. Carbone ,70a,70b R. Cardarelli ,75a J. C. J. Cardenas ,8F. Cardillo ,161 T. Carli ,36 G. Carlino ,71a B. T. Carlson ,128,jE. M. Carlson ,163,155a L. Carminati ,70a,70b M. Carnesale ,74a,74b S. Caron ,112 E. Carquin ,136f S. Carrá ,70a,70b G. Carratta ,23b,23a F. Carrio Argos ,33g J. W. S. Carter ,154 T. M. Carter ,52 M. P. Casado ,13,kA. F. Casha,154 E. G. Castiglia ,170 F. L. Castillo ,63a L. Castillo Garcia ,13 V. Castillo Gimenez ,161 N. F. Castro ,129a,129e A. Catinaccio ,36 J. R. Catmore ,124 V. Cavaliere ,29 N. Cavalli ,23b,23a V. Cavasinni ,73a,73b E. Celebi ,21a F. Celli ,125 M. S. Centonze ,69a,69b K. Cerny ,121 A. S. Cerqueira ,81a A. Cerri ,145 L. Cerrito ,75a,75b F. Cerutti ,17a A. Cervelli ,23b S. A. Cetin ,21d Z. Chadi ,35a D. Chakraborty ,114 M. Chala ,129f J. Chan ,168 054910-16 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FLOW AND TRANSVERSE … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) W. S. Chan ,113 W. Y. Chan ,152 J. D. Chapman ,32 B. Chargeishvili ,148b D. G. Charlton ,20 T. P. Charman ,93 M. Chatterjee ,19 S. Chekanov ,6S. V. Chekulaev ,155a G. A. Chelkov ,38,lA. Chen ,105 B. Chen ,150 B. Chen ,163 C. Chen,62a H. Chen ,14c H. Chen ,29 J. Chen ,62c J. Chen ,26 S. Chen ,152 S. J. Chen ,14c X. Chen ,62c X. Chen ,14b,m Y. Chen ,62a C. L. Cheng ,168 H. C. Cheng ,64a A. Cheplakov ,38 E. Cheremushkina ,48 E. Cherepanova ,113 R. Cherkaoui El Moursli ,35e E. Cheu ,7K. Cheung ,65 L. Chevalier ,134 V. Chiarella ,53 G. Chiarelli ,73a G. Chiodini ,69a A. S. Chisholm ,20 A. Chitan ,27b Y. H. Chiu ,163 M. V. Chizhov ,38 K. Choi ,11 A. R. Chomont ,74a,74b Y. Chou ,102 E. Y. S. Chow ,113 T. Chowdhury ,33g L. D. Christopher ,33g K. L. Chu,64a M. C. Chu ,64a X. Chu ,14a,14d J. Chudoba ,130 J. J. Chwastowski ,85 D. Cieri ,109 K. M. Ciesla ,84a V. Cindro ,92 A. Ciocio ,17a F. Cirotto ,71a,71b Z. H. Citron ,167,nM. Citterio ,70a D. A. Ciubotaru,27b B. M. Ciungu ,154 A. Clark ,56 P. J. Clark ,52 J. M. Clavijo Columbie ,48 S. E. Clawson ,100 C. Clement ,47a,47b J. Clercx ,48 L. Clissa ,23b,23a Y. Coadou ,101 M. Cobal ,68a,68c A. Coccaro ,57b R. F. Coelho Barrue ,129a R. Coelho Lopes De Sa ,102 S. Coelli ,70a H. Cohen ,150 A. E. C. Coimbra ,70a,70b B. Cole ,41 J. Collot ,60 P. Conde Muiño ,129a,129g S. H. Connell ,33c I. A. Connelly ,59 E. I. Conroy ,125 F. Conventi ,71a,oH. G. Cooke ,20 A. M. Cooper-Sarkar ,125 F. Cormier ,162 L. D. Corpe ,36 M. Corradi ,74a,74b E. E. Corrigan ,97 F. Corriveau ,103,pA. Cortes-Gonzalez ,18 M. J. Costa ,161 F. Costanza ,4 D. Costanzo ,138 B. M. Cote ,118 G. Cowan ,94 J. W. Cowley ,32 K. Cranmer ,116 S. Crépé-Renaudin ,60 F. Crescioli ,126 M. Cristinziani ,140 M. Cristoforetti ,77a,77b,qV. Croft ,157 G. Crosetti ,43b,43a A. Cueto ,36 T. Cuhadar Donszelmann ,158 H. Cui ,14a,14d Z. Cui ,7A. R. Cukierman ,142 W. R. Cunningham ,59 F. Curcio ,43b,43a P. Czodrowski ,36 M. M. Czurylo ,63b M. J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa ,62a J. V. Da Fonseca Pinto ,81b C. Da Via ,100 W. Dabrowski ,84a T. Dado ,49 S. Dahbi ,33g T. Dai ,105 C. Dallapiccola ,102 M. Dam ,42 G. D’amen ,29 V. D’Amico ,76a,76b J. Damp ,99 J. R. Dandoy ,127 M. F. Daneri ,30 M. Danninger ,141 V. Dao ,36 G. Darbo ,57b S. Darmora ,6S. J. Das ,29 A. Dattagupta ,122 S. D’Auria ,70a,70b C. David ,155b T. Davidek ,132 D. R. Davis ,51 B. Davis-Purcell ,34 I. Dawson ,93 K. De ,8R. De Asmundis ,71a M. De Beurs ,113 S. De Castro ,23b,23a N. De Groot ,112 P. de Jong ,113 H. De la Torre ,106 A. De Maria ,14c A. De Salvo ,74a U. De Sanctis ,75a,75b M. De Santis ,75a,75b A. De Santo ,145 J.B.DeVivieDeRegie ,60 D. V. Dedovich,38 J. Degens ,113 A. M. Deiana ,44 F. Del Corso ,23b,23a J. Del Peso ,98 F. Del Rio ,63a F. Deliot ,134 C. M. Delitzsch ,49 M. Della Pietra ,71a,71b D. Della Volpe ,56 A. Dell’Acqua ,36 L. Dell’Asta ,70a,70b M. Delmastro ,4P. A. Delsart ,60 S. Demers ,170 M. Demichev ,38 S. P. Denisov ,37 L. D’Eramo ,114 D. Derendarz ,85 F. Derue ,126 P. Dervan ,91 K. Desch ,24 K. Dette ,154 C. Deutsch ,24 P. O. Deviveiros ,36 F. A. Di Bello ,74a,74b A. Di Ciaccio ,75a,75b L. Di Ciaccio ,4 A. Di Domenico ,74a,74b C. Di Donato ,71a,71b A. Di Girolamo ,36 G. Di Gregorio ,73a,73b A. Di Luca ,77a,77b B. Di Micco ,76a,76b R. Di Nardo ,76a,76b C. Diaconu ,101 F. A. Dias ,113 T. Dias Do Vale ,141 M. A. Diaz ,136a,136b F. G. Diaz Capriles ,24 M. Didenko ,161 E. B. Diehl ,105 L. Diehl ,54 S. Díez Cornell ,48 C. Diez Pardos ,140 C. Dimitriadi ,24,159 A. Dimitrievska ,17a W. Ding ,14b J. Dingfelder ,24 I-M. Dinu ,27b S. J. Dittmeier ,63b F. Dittus ,36 F. Djama ,101 T. Djobava ,148b J. I. Djuvsland ,16 D. Dodsworth ,26 C. Doglioni ,100,97 J. Dolejsi ,132 Z. Dolezal ,132 M. Donadelli ,81c B. Dong ,62c J. Donini ,40 A. D’Onofrio ,14c M. D’Onofrio ,91 J. Dopke ,133 A. Doria ,71a M. T. Dova ,89 A. T. Doyle ,59 M. A. Draguet ,125 E. Drechsler ,141 E. Dreyer ,167 I. Drivas-koulouris ,10 A. S. Drobac ,157 D. Du ,62a T. A. du Pree ,113 F. Dubinin ,37 M. Dubovsky ,28a E. Duchovni ,167 G. Duckeck ,108 O. A. Ducu ,36 D. Duda ,109 A. Dudarev ,36 M. D’uffizi ,100 L. Duflot ,66 M. Dührssen ,36 C. Dülsen ,169 A. E. Dumitriu ,27b M. Dunford ,63a S. Dungs ,49 K. Dunne ,47a,47b A. Duperrin ,101 H. Duran Yildiz ,3a M. Düren ,58 A. Durglishvili ,148b B. L. Dwyer ,114 G. I. Dyckes ,17a M. Dyndal ,84a S. Dysch ,100 B. S. Dziedzic ,85 Z. O. Earnshaw ,145 B. Eckerova ,28a M. G. Eggleston,51 E. Egidio Purcino De Souza ,81b L. F. Ehrke ,56 G. Eigen ,16 K. Einsweiler ,17a T. Ekelof ,159 P. A. Ekman ,97 Y. El Ghazali ,35b H. El Jarrari ,35e,147 A. El Moussaouy ,35a V. Ellajosyula ,159 M. Ellert ,159 F. Ellinghaus ,169 A. A. Elliot ,93 N. Ellis ,36 J. Elmsheuser ,29 M. Elsing ,36 D. Emeliyanov ,133 A. Emerman ,41 Y. Enari ,152 I. Ene ,17a S. Epari ,13 J. Erdmann ,49 A. Ereditato ,19 P. A. Erland ,85 M. Errenst ,169 M. Escalier ,66 C. Escobar ,161 E. Etzion ,150 G. Evans ,129a H. Evans ,67 M. O. Evans ,145 A. Ezhilov ,37 S. Ezzarqtouni ,35a F. Fabbri ,59 L. Fabbri ,23b,23a G. Facini ,95 V. Fadeyev ,135 R. M. Fakhrutdinov ,37 S. Falciano ,74a P. J. Falke ,24 S. Falke ,36 J. Faltova ,132 Y. Fan ,14a Y. Fang ,14a,14d G. Fanourakis ,46 M. Fanti ,70a,70b M. Faraj ,68a,68b A. Farbin ,8A. Farilla ,76a T. Farooque ,106 S. M. Farrington ,52 F. Fassi ,35e D. Fassouliotis ,9M. Faucci Giannelli ,75a,75b W. J. Fawcett ,32 L. Fayard ,66 O. L. Fedin ,37,l G. Fedotov ,37 M. Feickert ,160 L. Feligioni ,101 A. Fell ,138 D. E. Fellers ,122 C. Feng ,62b M. Feng ,14b M. J. Fenton ,158 A. B. Fenyuk,37 L. Ferencz ,48 S. W. Ferguson ,45 J. A. Fernandez Pretel ,54 J. Ferrando ,48 A. Ferrari ,159 P. Ferrari ,113 R. Ferrari ,72a D. Ferrere ,56 C. Ferretti ,105 F. Fiedler ,99 A. Filipˇ ciˇ c ,92 E. K. Filmer ,1 F. Filthaut ,112 M. C. N. Fiolhais ,129a,129c,rL. Fiorini ,161 F. Fischer ,140 W. C. Fisher ,106 T. Fitschen ,20,66 I. Fleck ,140 P. Fleischmann ,105 T. Flick ,169 L. Flores ,127 M. Flores ,33d L. R. Flores Castillo ,64a F. M. Follega ,77a,77b N. Fomin ,16 J. H. Foo ,154 B. C. Forland,67 A. Formica ,134 A. C. Forti ,100 E. Fortin ,101 A. W. Fortman ,61 M. G. Foti ,17a L. Fountas ,9D. Fournier ,66 H. Fox ,90 P. Francavilla ,73a,73b S. Francescato ,61 M. Franchini ,23b,23a S. Franchino ,63a D. Francis,36 L. Franco ,112 L. Franconi ,19 M. Franklin ,61 G. Frattari ,26 A. C. Freegard ,93 P. M. Freeman,20 W. S. Freund ,81b N. Fritzsche ,50 A. Froch ,54 D. Froidevaux ,36 J. A. Frost ,125 Y. Fu ,62a M. Fujimoto ,117 E. Fullana Torregrosa ,161,iJ. Fuster ,161 A. Gabrielli ,23b,23a A. Gabrielli ,36 P. Gadow ,48 054910-17 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) G. Gagliardi ,57b,57a L. G. Gagnon ,17a G. E. Gallardo ,125 E. J. Gallas ,125 B. J. Gallop ,133 R. Gamboa Goni ,93 K. K. Gan ,118 S. Ganguly ,152 J. Gao ,62a Y. Gao ,52 F. M. Garay Walls ,136a,136b B. Garcia,29,sC. García ,161 J. E. García Navarro ,161 J. A. García Pascual ,14a M. Garcia-Sciveres ,17a R. W. Gardner ,39 D. Garg ,79 R. B. Garg ,142 S. Gargiulo ,54 C. A. Garner,154 V. Garonne ,29 S. J. Gasiorowski ,137 P. Gaspar ,81b G. Gaudio ,72a V. Gautam,13 P. Gauzzi ,74a,74b I. L. Gavrilenko ,37 A. Gavrilyuk ,37 C. Gay ,162 G. Gaycken ,48 E. N. Gazis ,10 A. A. Geanta ,27b C. M. Gee ,135 J. Geisen ,97 M. Geisen ,99 C. Gemme ,57b M. H. Genest ,60 S. Gentile ,74a,74b S. George ,94 W. F. George ,20 T. Geralis ,46 L. O. Gerlach,55 P. Gessinger-Befurt ,36 M. Ghasemi Bostanabad ,163 M. Ghneimat ,140 A. Ghosal ,140 A. Ghosh ,158 A. Ghosh ,7B. Giacobbe ,23b S. Giagu ,74a,74b N. Giangiacomi ,154 P. Giannetti ,73a A. Giannini ,62a S. M. Gibson ,94 M. Gignac ,135 D. T. Gil ,84b A. K. Gilbert ,84a B. J. Gilbert ,41 D. Gillberg ,34 G. Gilles ,113 N. E. K. Gillwald ,48 L. Ginabat ,126 D. M. Gingrich ,2,dM. P. Giordani ,68a,68c P. F. Giraud ,134 G. Giugliarelli ,68a,68c D. Giugni ,70a F. Giuli ,36 I. Gkialas ,9,tL. K. Gladilin ,37 C. Glasman ,98 G. R. Gledhill ,122 M. Glisic,122 I. Gnesi ,43b,uY. Go ,29,sM. Goblirsch-Kolb ,26 D. Godin,107 S. Goldfarb ,104 T. Golling ,56 M. G. D. Gololo,33g D. Golubkov ,37 J. P. Gombas ,106 A. Gomes ,129a,129b G. Gomes Da Silva ,140 A. J. Gomez Delegido ,161 R. Goncalves Gama ,55 R. Gonçalo ,129a,129c G. Gonella ,122 L. Gonella ,20 A. Gongadze ,38 F. Gonnella ,20 J. L. Gonski ,41 S. González de la Hoz ,161 S. Gonzalez Fernandez ,13 R. Gonzalez Lopez ,91 C. Gonzalez Renteria ,17a R. Gonzalez Suarez ,159 S. Gonzalez-Sevilla ,56 G. R. Gonzalvo Rodriguez ,161 R. Y. González Andana ,52 L. Goossens ,36 N. A. Gorasia ,20 P. A. Gorbounov ,37 B. Gorini ,36 E. Gorini ,69a,69b A. Gorišek ,92 A. T. Goshaw ,51 M. I. Gostkin ,38 C. A. Gottardo ,112 M. Gouighri ,35b V. Goumarre ,48 A. G. Goussiou ,137 N. Govender ,33c C. Goy ,4I. Grabowska-Bold ,84a K. Graham ,34 E. Gramstad ,124 S. Grancagnolo ,18 M. Grandi ,145 V. Gratchev,37 P. M. Gravila ,27f F. G. Gravili ,69a,69b H. M. Gray ,17a M. Greco ,69a,69b C. Grefe ,24 I. M. Gregor ,48 P. Grenier ,142 C. Grieco ,13 A. A. Grillo ,135 K. Grimm ,31,v S. Grinstein ,13,wJ.-F. Grivaz ,66 E. Gross ,167 J. Grosse-Knetter ,55 C. Grud,105 A. Grummer ,111 J. C. Grundy ,125 L. Guan ,105 W. Guan ,168 C. Gubbels ,162 J. G. R. Guerrero Rojas ,161 G. Guerrieri ,68a,68c F. Guescini ,109 R. Gugel ,99 J. A. M. Guhit ,105 A. Guida ,48 T. Guillemin ,4E. Guilloton ,165,133 S. Guindon ,36 F. Guo ,14a,14d J. Guo ,62c L. Guo ,66 Y. Guo ,105 R. Gupta ,48 S. Gurbuz ,24 S. S. Gurdasani ,54 G. Gustavino ,36 M. Guth ,56 P. Gutierrez ,119 L. F. Gutierrez Zagazeta ,127 C. Gutschow ,95 C. Guyot ,134 C. Gwenlan ,125 C. B. Gwilliam ,91 E. S. Haaland ,124 A. Haas ,116 M. Habedank ,48 C. Haber ,17a H. K. Hadavand ,8A. Hadef ,99 S. Hadzic ,109 M. Haleem ,164 J. Haley ,120 J. J. Hall ,138 G. D. Hallewell ,101 L. Halser ,19 K. Hamano ,163 H. Hamdaoui ,35e M. Hamer ,24 G. N. Hamity ,52 J. Han ,62b K. Han ,62a L. Han ,14c L. Han ,62a S. Han ,17a Y. F. Han ,154 K. Hanagaki ,82 M. Hance ,135 D. A. Hangal ,41,cM. D. Hank ,39 R. Hankache ,100 J. B. Hansen ,42 J. D. Hansen ,42 P. H. Hansen ,42 K. Hara ,156 D. Harada ,56 T. Harenberg ,169 S. Harkusha ,37 Y. T. Harris ,125 P. F. Harrison,165 N. M. Hartman ,142 N. M. Hartmann ,108 Y. Hasegawa ,139 A. Hasib ,52 S. Haug ,19 R. Hauser ,106 M. Havranek ,131 C. M. Hawkes ,20 R. J. Hawkings ,36 S. Hayashida ,110 D. Hayden ,106 C. Hayes ,105 R. L. Hayes ,162 C. P. Hays ,125 J. M. Hays ,93 H. S. Hayward ,91 F. He ,62a Y. He ,153 Y. He ,126 M. P. Heath ,52 V. Hedberg ,97 A. L. Heggelund ,124 N. D. Hehir ,93 C. Heidegger ,54 K. K. Heidegger ,54 W. D. Heidorn ,80 J. Heilman ,34 S. Heim ,48 T. Heim ,17a J. G. Heinlein ,127 J. J. Heinrich ,122 L. Heinrich ,36 J. Hejbal ,130 L. Helary ,48 A. Held ,116 S. Hellesund ,124 C. M. Helling ,162 S. Hellman ,47a,47b C. Helsens ,36 R. C. W. Henderson,90 L. Henkelmann ,32 A. M. Henriques Correia,36 H. Herde ,142 Y. Hernández Jiménez ,144 H. Herr,99 M. G. Herrmann ,108 T. Herrmann ,50 G. Herten ,54 R. Hertenberger ,108 L. Hervas ,36 N. P. Hessey ,155a H. Hibi ,83 E. Higón-Rodriguez ,161 S. J. Hillier ,20 I. Hinchliffe ,17a F. Hinterkeuser ,24 M. Hirose ,123 S. Hirose ,156 D. Hirschbuehl ,169 T. G. Hitchings ,100 B. Hiti ,92 J. Hobbs ,144 R. Hobincu ,27e N. Hod ,167 M. C. Hodgkinson ,138 B. H. Hodkinson ,32 A. Hoecker ,36 J. Hofer ,48 D. Hohn ,54 T. Holm ,24 M. Holzbock ,109 L. B.A. H. Hommels ,32 B. P. Honan ,100 J. Hong ,62c T. M. Hong ,128 Y. Hong ,55 J. C. Honig ,54 A. Hönle ,109 B. H. Hooberman ,160 W. H. Hopkins ,6Y. Horii ,110 S. Hou ,147 A. S. Howard ,92 J. Howarth ,59 J. Hoya ,89 M. Hrabovsky ,121 A. Hrynevich ,37 T. Hryn’ova ,4P. J. Hsu ,65 S.-C. Hsu ,137 Q. Hu ,41,cY. F. Hu ,14a,14d,xD. P. Huang ,95 S. Huang ,64b X. Huang ,14c Y. Huang ,62a Y. Huang ,14a Z. Huang ,100 Z. Hubacek ,131 M. Huebner ,24 F. Huegging ,24 T. B. Huffman ,125 M. Huhtinen ,36 S. K. Huiberts ,16 R. Hulsken ,103 N. Huseynov ,12,lJ. Huston ,106 J. Huth ,61 R. Hyneman ,142 S. Hyrych ,28a G. Iacobucci ,56 G. Iakovidis ,29 I. Ibragimov ,140 L. Iconomidou-Fayard ,66 P. Iengo ,71a,71b R. Iguchi ,152 T. Iizawa ,56 Y. Ikegami ,82 A. Ilg ,19 N. Ilic ,154 H. Imam ,35a T. Ingebretsen Carlson ,47a,47b G. Introzzi ,72a,72b M. Iodice ,76a V. Ippolito ,74a,74b M. Ishino ,152 W. Islam ,168 C. Issever ,18,48 S. Istin ,21a,yH. Ito ,166 J. M. Iturbe Ponce ,64a R. Iuppa ,77a,77b A. Ivina ,167 J. M. Izen ,45 V. Izzo ,71a P. Jacka ,130,131 P. Jackson ,1R. M. Jacobs ,48 B. P. Jaeger ,141 C. S. Jagfeld ,108 G. Jäkel ,169 K. Jakobs ,54 T. Jakoubek ,167 J. Jamieson ,59 K. W. Janas ,84a G. Jarlskog ,97 A. E. Jaspan ,91 T. Jav ˚ urek ,36 M. Javurkova ,102 F. Jeanneau ,134 L. Jeanty ,122 J. Jejelava ,148a,zP. Jenni ,54,aa C. E. Jessiman ,34 S. Jézéquel ,4J. Jia ,144 X. Jia ,61 X. Jia ,14a,14d Z. Jia ,14c Y. Jiang,62a S. Jiggins ,52 J. Jimenez Pena ,109 S. Jin ,14c A. Jinaru ,27b O. Jinnouchi ,153 H. Jivan ,33g P. Johansson ,138 K. A. Johns ,7 C. A. Johnson ,67 D. M. Jones ,32 E. Jones ,165 P. Jones ,32 R. W. L. Jones ,90 T. J. Jones ,91 J. Jovicevic ,15 X. Ju ,17a J. J. Junggeburth ,36 A. Juste Rozas ,13,wS. Kabana ,136e A. Kaczmarska ,85 M. Kado ,74a,74b H. Kagan ,118 M. Kagan ,142 A. Kahn,41 A. Kahn ,127 C. Kahra ,99 T. Kaji ,166 E. Kajomovitz ,149 N. Kakati ,167 C. W. Kalderon ,29 054910-18 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FLOW AND TRANSVERSE … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) A. Kamenshchikov ,154 N. J. Kang ,135 Y. Kano ,110 D. Kar ,33g K. Karava ,125 M. J. Kareem ,155b E. Karentzos ,54 I. Karkanias ,151 S. N. Karpov ,38 Z. M. Karpova ,38 V. Kartvelishvili ,90 A. N. Karyukhin ,37 E. Kasimi ,151 C. Kato ,62d J. Katzy ,48 S. Kaur ,34 K. Kawade ,139 K. Kawagoe ,88 T. Kawaguchi ,110 T. Kawamoto ,134 G. Kawamura,55 E. F. Kay ,163 F. I. Kaya ,157 S. Kazakos ,13 V. F. Kazanin ,37 Y. Ke ,144 J. M. Keaveney ,33a R. Keeler ,163 G. V. Kehris ,61 J. S. Keller ,34 A. S. Kelly,95 D. Kelsey ,145 J. J. Kempster ,20 J. Kendrick ,20 K. E. Kennedy ,41 O. Kepka ,130 B. P. Kerridge ,165 S. Kersten ,169 B. P. Kerševan ,92 L. Keszeghova ,28a S. Ketabchi Haghighat ,154 M. Khandoga ,126 A. Khanov ,120 A. G. Kharlamov ,37 T. Kharlamova ,37 E. E. Khoda ,137 T. J. Khoo ,18 G. Khoriauli ,164 J. Khubua ,148b Y. A. R. Khwaira ,66 M. Kiehn ,36 A. Kilgallon ,122 D. W. Kim ,47a,47b E. 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Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi ,72a,72b C. Kourkoumelis ,9E. Kourlitis ,6O. Kovanda ,145 R. Kowalewski ,163 W. Kozanecki ,134 A. S. Kozhin ,37 V. A. Kramarenko ,37 G. Kramberger ,92 P. Kramer ,99 M. W. Krasny ,126 A. Krasznahorkay ,36 J. A. Kremer ,99 T. Kresse ,50 J. Kretzschmar ,91 K. Kreul ,18 P. Krieger ,154 F. Krieter ,108 S. Krishnamurthy ,102 A. Krishnan ,63b M. Krivos ,132 K. Krizka ,17a K. Kroeninger ,49 H. Kroha ,109 J. Kroll ,130 J. Kroll ,127 K. S. Krowpman ,106 U. Kruchonak ,38 H. Krüger ,24 N. Krumnack,80 M. C. Kruse ,51 J. A. Krzysiak ,85 A. Kubota ,153 O. Kuchinskaia ,37 S. Kuday ,3a D. Kuechler ,48 J. T. Kuechler ,48 S. Kuehn ,36 T. Kuhl ,48 V. Kukhtin ,38 Y. Kulchitsky ,37,lS. Kuleshov ,136d,136b M. Kumar ,33g N. Kumari ,101 M. Kuna ,60 A. Kupco ,130 T. Kupfer,49 A. Kupich ,37 O. Kuprash ,54 H. Kurashige ,83 L. L. Kurchaninov ,155a Y. A. Kurochkin ,37 A. Kurova ,37 E. S. Kuwertz ,36 M. Kuze ,153 A. K. Kvam ,102 J. Kvita ,121 T. Kwan ,103 K. W. Kwok ,64a C. Lacasta ,161 F. 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Lohwasser ,138 M. Lokajicek ,130 J. D. Long ,160 I. Longarini ,74a,74b L. Longo ,69a,69b R. Longo ,160 I. Lopez Paz ,36 A. Lopez Solis ,48 J. Lorenz ,108 N. Lorenzo Martinez ,4A. M. Lory ,108 A. Lösle ,54 X. Lou ,47a,47b X. Lou ,14a,14d A. Lounis ,66 J. Love ,6P. A. Love ,90 J. J. Lozano Bahilo ,161 G. Lu ,14a,14d M. Lu ,79 S. Lu ,127 Y. J. Lu ,65 H. J. Lubatti ,137 C. Luci ,74a,74b F. L. Lucio Alves ,14c A. Lucotte ,60 F. Luehring ,67 I. Luise ,144 O. Lukianchuk ,66 O. Lundberg ,143 B. Lund-Jensen ,143 N. A. Luongo ,122 M. S. Lutz ,150 D. Lynn ,29 H. Lyons,91 R. Lysak ,130 E. Lytken ,97 F. Lyu ,14a V. Lyubushkin ,38 T. Lyubushkina ,38 H. Ma ,29 L. L. Ma ,62b Y. Ma ,95 D. M. Mac Donell ,163 G. Maccarrone ,53 J. C. MacDonald ,138 R. Madar ,40 W. F. Mader ,50 J. Maeda ,83 T. Maeno ,29 M. Maerker ,50 V. Magerl ,54 J. Magro ,68a,68c H. Maguire ,138 D. J. Mahon ,41 C. Maidantchik ,81b A. Maio ,129a,129b,129d K. Maj ,84a O. Majersky ,28a S. Majewski ,122 N. Makovec ,66 V. Maksimovic ,15 B. 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Rezaei Estabragh ,169 O. L. Rezanova ,37 P. Reznicek ,132 E. Ricci ,77a,77b R. Richter ,109 S. Richter ,47a,47b E. Richter-Was ,84b M. Ridel ,126 P. Rieck ,116 P. Riedler ,36 M. Rijssenbeek ,144 A. Rimoldi ,72a,72b M. Rimoldi ,48 L. Rinaldi ,23b,23a T. T. Rinn ,29 M. P. Rinnagel ,108 G. Ripellino ,143 I. Riu ,13 P. Rivadeneira ,48 J. C. Rivera Vergara ,163 F. Rizatdinova ,120 E. Rizvi ,93 C. Rizzi ,56 B. A. Roberts ,165 B. R. Roberts ,17a S. H. Robertson ,103,pM. Robin ,48 D. Robinson ,32 C. M. Robles Gajardo,136f M. Robles Manzano ,99 A. Robson ,59 A. Rocchi ,75a,75b C. Roda ,73a,73b S. Rodriguez Bosca ,63a Y. Rodriguez Garcia ,22a A. Rodriguez Rodriguez ,54 A. M. Rodríguez Vera ,155b S. Roe,36 J. T. Roemer ,158 A. R. Roepe-Gier ,119 J. Roggel ,169 O. Røhne ,124 R. A. Rojas ,163 B. Roland ,54 C. P. A. Roland ,67 J. Roloff ,29 A. Romaniouk ,37 E. Romano ,72a,72b M. Romano ,23b A. C. Romero Hernandez ,160 N. Rompotis ,91 L. Roos ,126 S. Rosati ,74a B. J. Rosser ,39 E. Rossi ,4E. Rossi ,71a,71b L. P. Rossi ,57b L. Rossini ,48 R. Rosten ,118 M. Rotaru ,27b B. Rottler ,54 D. Rousseau ,66 D. Rousso ,32 G. Rovelli ,72a,72b A. Roy ,160 A. Rozanov ,101 Y. Rozen ,149 X. Ruan ,33g A. Rubio Jimenez ,161 A. J. Ruby ,91 T. A. Ruggeri ,1F. Rühr ,54 A. Ruiz-Martinez ,161 A. Rummler ,36 Z. Rurikova ,54 N. A. Rusakovich ,38 H. L. Russell ,163 J. P. Rutherfoord ,7E. M. Rüttinger ,138 K. Rybacki,90 M. Rybar ,132 E. B. Rye ,124 A. Ryzhov ,37 J. A. Sabater Iglesias ,56 P. Sabatini ,161 L. Sabetta ,74a,74b H.F-W. Sadrozinski ,135 F. Safai Tehrani ,74a B. Safarzadeh Samani ,145 M. Safdari ,142 S. Saha ,103 M. Sahinsoy ,109 M. Saimpert ,134 M. Saito ,152 T. Saito ,152 D. Salamani ,36 G. Salamanna ,76a,76b A. Salnikov ,142 J. Salt ,161 A. Salvador Salas ,13 D. Salvatore ,43b,43a F. Salvatore ,145 A. Salzburger ,36 D. Sammel ,54 D. Sampsonidis ,151 D. Sampsonidou ,62d,62c J. Sánchez ,161 A. Sanchez Pineda ,4V. Sanchez Sebastian ,161 H. Sandaker ,124 C. O. Sander ,48 J. A. 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Zwalinski 36 (ATLAS Collaboration) 1Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 2Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 3aDepartment of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye 3bDivision of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Türkiye 4LAPP, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France 5APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France 6High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA 7Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA 8Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA 9Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 10Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece 11Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 12Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan 13Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain 14aInstitute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 14bPhysics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 14cDepartment of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China 14dUniversity of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China 15Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 16Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 17aPhysics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA 17bUniversity of California, Berkeley, California, USA 18Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany 19Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 20School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 21aDepartment of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Türkiye 21bDepartment of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye 21cDepartment of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye 21dIstinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Türkiye 22aFacultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia 22bDepartamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia 23aDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia A. Righi, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 23bINFN Sezione di Bologna, Italy 24Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany 054910-23 G. AAD et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) 25Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 26Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA 27aTransilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania 27bHoria Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania 27cDepartment of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania 27dPhysics Department, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 27eUniversity Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania 27fWest University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania 28aFaculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 28bDepartment of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic 29Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA 30Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, y CONICET, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina 31California State University, California, USA 32Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 33aDepartment of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa 33biThemba Labs, Western Cape, South Africa 33cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 33dNational Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman (Philippines), South Africa 33eUniversity of South Africa, Department of Physics, Pretoria, South Africa 33fUniversity of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa 33gSchool of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 34Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 35aFaculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies - Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco 35bFaculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco 35cFaculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech, Morocco 35dLPMR, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, Oujda, Morocco 35eFaculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco 35fInstitute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco 36CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 37Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN 38Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN 39Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA 40LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France 41Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, New York, USA 42Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 43aDipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy 43bINFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy 44Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA 45Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA 46National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece 47aDepartment of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden 47bOskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden 48Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany 49Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany 50Institut für Kernund Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany 51Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 52SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 53INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 54Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany 55II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 56Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland 57aDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy 57bINFN Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy 58II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany 59SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom 60LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France 61Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 054910-24 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FLOW AND TRANSVERSE … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 107, 054910 (2023) 62aDepartment of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China 62bInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China 62cSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC, Shanghai, China 62dTsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai, China 63aKirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 63bPhysikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 64aDepartment of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China 64bDepartment of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 64cDepartment of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 65Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 66IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405 Orsay, France 67Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA 68aINFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy 68bICTP, Trieste, Italy 68cDipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy 69aINFN Sezione di Lecce, Italy 69bDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy 70aINFN Sezione di Milano, Italy 70bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy 71aINFN Sezione di Napoli, Italy 71bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy 72aINFN Sezione di Pavia, Italy 72bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 73aINFN Sezione di Pisa, Italy 73bDipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 74aINFN Sezione di Roma, Italy 74bDipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy 75aINFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy 75bDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy 76aINFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Italy 76bDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy 77aINFN-TIFPA, Italy 77bUniversità degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy 78Department of Astro and Particle Physics, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria 79University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA 80Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA 81aDepartamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil 81bUniversidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 81cInstituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 81dRio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 82KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan 83Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan 84aFaculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland 84bMarian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland 85Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland 86Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 87Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan 88Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan 89Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina 90Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom 91Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom 92Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 93School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom 94Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom 95Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom 054910-25