Characterization of the airtightness level in school classrooms in Mediterranean climate
Abstract
An analysis of the air tightness level is performed on a representative sample of school classrooms in Southern Spain, which allows knowing the infiltration level of these classrooms, mainly through its envelope, which can affect both energy demand and occupant's thermal confort. By using a pressurization/depressurization equipment (Blower-Door test), a characterization of 45 multipurpose classrooms have been performed in nine non-university educational institutions of the main climate zones of Southern Spain. In spite of having two doors and a high ratio between glass surface and outer surface, it is possible to see in these classrooms that there is an adequate level of airtightness, since all the n50 values obtained are lower than 9.0 ACH, with an average value around 7.0 ACH.
Full text
Abstract²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eywords²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tQJXH]$PDULOOR DQG - - 6HQGUD DUH ZLWK WKH ,QVWLWXWR 8QLYHUVLWDULR GH $UTXLWHFWXUD \ &LHQFLDV GH OD &RQVWUXFFLyQ RI WKH 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6HYLOOD 6HYLOOD 6SDLQ SKRQH ID[ HPDLO PFDPSDQR#XVHVVGRPLQ#XVHVMVHQGUD#XVHV -)HUQiQGH]$JHUD LV ZLWKWKH ,QVWLWXWRGH&LHQFLDV GH OD&RQVWUXFFLyQ (GXDUGR 7RUURMD RI WKH &RQVHMR 6XSHULRU GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV &LHQWtILFDV 0DGULG 6SDLQ SKRQH ID[ HPDLO MIHUQDQGH]DJXHUD#XVHV (GXFDWLRQDO IDFLOLWLHV UHSUHVHQW D JHRJUDSKLFDOO\ ZLGHVSUHDG W\SRORJ\ KDYLQJ D KLJK FRQVWDQW XVH E\ KLJKO\ VHQVLWLYH RFFXSDQWV DQG EHLQJ XVXDOO\ YHQWLODWHG E\ XQFRQWUROOHG LQILOWUDWLRQV DQG ZLQGRZV RSHQLQJ >@ VR WKH HQYHORSH SHUPHDELOLW\ EHFRPHV D KLJK UHOHYDQW IDFWRU IRU WKHLU ILQDO LQGRRUHQYLURQPHQWDOTXDOLW\>@>@ 7$%/(, ('8&$7,21$/,167,787,2163(5&/,0$7(=21( &OLPDWH]RQH /RFDWLRQ (GXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQ(, &ODVVURRPV XQGHUVWXG\ 7%& .RSSHQ 3URYLQFH 0XQLFLSDOLW\ A4 %6N $OPHUtD $OPHUtD (, %6N $OPHUtD $OPHUtD (, &VD +XHOYD $OMDUDTXH (, B4 &VD 6HYLOOH 'RV+HUPDQDV (, &VD 6HYLOOH 'RV+HUPDQDV (, & &VD *UDQDGD &KXUULDQD (, &VD *UDQDGD &XOODU9HJD (, &VD *UDQDGD *XDGL[ (, C4 &VD -DpQ -Dp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iQGH]$JHUD6DPXHO'RPtQJXH]$PDULOOR-XDQ-6HQGUD : World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:1, 2016 21International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(1) 2016 ISNI:0000000091950263 Open Science Index, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:1, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003395
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inneapolis Blower Door Model 4/230 V SystemZKLFKLVFRQWUROOHGE\WKHTECTITE Express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n eDa VVVn eDb VVn Dc nnnVVVVn eDbDa $OOWKHHTXDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVDUHGHILQHGLQ7DEOH,, 7$%/(,, 81,76)25'(35(6685,=$7,217(67(48$7,216 6\PERO 4XDQWLW\ 8QLW 9 'D DLUOHDNDJHUDWHDW3DZKLFKFLUFXODWHVWKURXJKWKHGRRU$ P K 9 'E DLUOHDNDJHUDWHDW3DZKLFKFLUFXODWHVWKURXJKWKHGRRU% P K 9 H DLUOHDNDJHUDWHDW3DZKLFKFLUFXODWHVWKURXJKWKH HQYHORSH P K VLQILOWUDWLRQUDWHDW3DIRUWKHWKUHHPHDVXUHPHQWV P Q LQILOWUDWLRQUDWHDW3DRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQW $&+ Q LQILOWUDWLRQUDWHDW3DRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQW $&+ Q LQILOWUDWLRQUDWHDW3DRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQW $&+ World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:1, 2016 22International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(1) 2016 ISNI:0000000091950263 Open Science Index, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:1, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003395
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¶$9(5$*(,1),/75$7,215$7(6 .RSSHQ FOLPDWH ]RQH &ODVVURRPV XQGHUVWXG\ $LU/HDNDJHUDWHDW 3D9 P K ,QILOWUDWLRQUDWHDW3D Q $&+ $YHUDJH 6WDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ $YHUDJH 6WDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ &VD )LJ'HSUHVVXUL]DWLRQWHVWJUDSKRIRQHRIWKH(,FODVVURRPV World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:1, 2016 23International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(1) 2016 ISNI:0000000091950263 Open Science Index, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:1, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003395
:KHQ SHUPHDELOLW\ RI WKH DOO PHDVXUHG FODVVURRPV HQYHORSHV LV DQDO\VHG LW FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW LV ORZ 'HVSLWH KDYLQJWZRDFFHVVGRRUVLQVWHDGRIRQHDQGDJOD]HGVXUIDFH RIPRUHWKDQRIWKHIDoDGHWKDWFRQWDLQVLWQ LQILOWUDWLRQ YDOXHV LQ DOO WKHVH PHDVXUHG FODVVURRPV LV $&+ ZLWK D VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRI$&+:KLFKLVOHVVWKDQ$&+WKH DYHUDJH YDOXH IRU PXOWLSXUSRVH FODVVURRPV ZLWK D VLQJOH DFFHVVGRRUDFFRUGLQJWR%6>@)LJ )LJ0XOWLSXUSRVHFODVVURRPVLQ8QLWHG.LQJGRPDDQG6RXWKHUQ6SDLQE 9 & 21&/86,216 7KHHQYHORSHSHUPHDELOLW\RIWKHQRQXQLYHUVLW\FODVVURRPV RI 6RXWKHUQ 6SDLQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FOLPDWH ]RQH FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHGDVORZ6LQFHGHVSLWHKDYLQJWZRDFFHVVGRRUVDQG DJOD]HGVXUIDFHRIPRUHWKDQRIWKHIDo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³0HDVXUHPHQWV RI DLU SHUPHDELOLW\ LQ PXOWL]RQH EXLOGLQJV´(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJVYROQRSS >@,62 7KHUPDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI EXLOGLQJV 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRI DLUSHUPHDELOLW\RIEXLOGLQJV)DQSUHVVXUL]DWLRQPHWKRG*HQHYD,62 >@0 + 6KHUPDQ 7KH 8VH RI %ORZHU 'RRU 'DWD /%/ :DVKLQJWRQ2IILFHRI%XLOGLQJ7HFKQRORJ\RIWKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI (QHUJ\ >@0$&DPSDQR6'RPtQJXH]$PDULOORDQG--6HQGUD³$QDO\VLVRI WKHUPDO HPLVVLRQV IURP UDGLDWRUV LQ FODVVURRPV LQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FOLPDWHV´3URFHGLD(QJLQHHULQJYROSS >@$&KDORXODNRXDQG,0DYURLGLV ³&RPSDULVRQRI LQGRRUDQGRXWGRRU FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI &2 DW D SXEOLF VFKRRO (YDOXDWLRQ RI DQ LQGRRU DLU TXDOLW\ PRGHO´ $WPRVSKHULF (QYLURQPHQW YRO QR SS >@2 3RXSDUG 3 %ORQGHDX 9 /RUGDFKH DQG ) $OODUG ³6WDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLVRISDUDPHWHUVLQIOXHQFLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQRXWGRRUDQG LQGRRU DLU TXDOLW\ LQ VFKRROV´ $WPRVSKHULF (QYLURQPHQW YRO QR SS >@1 7LSSD\DZRQJ 3 .KXQWRQJ & 1LWDWZLFKLW < .KXQDWRUQ DQG & 7DQWDNLWWL ³,QGRRURXWGRRU UHODWLRQVKLSV RI VL]HUHVROYHG SDUWLFOH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV LQ QDWXUDOO\ YHQWLODWHG VFKRRO HQYLURQPHQWV´ %XLOGLQJ DQG(QYLURQPHQWYROQRSS >@506)$OPHLGD93GH)UHLWDV³,QGRRUHQYLURQPHQWDOTXDOLW\RI FODVVURRPVLQ6RXWKHUQ(XURSHDQFOLPDWH´(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJVYRO SS >@&yGLJR 7pFQLFRGH OD (GLILFDFLyQ 0DGULG 0LQLVWHULR GH)RPHQWRGHO *RELHUQR GH (VSDxD $FFHVVHG $XJXVW KWWSZZZFRGLJRWHFQLFRRUJ >@³2UGHQGHGHHQHURGHGHOD&RQVHMHUtDGH(GXFDFLyQ\&LHQFLD GHOD-XQWDGH$QGDOXFtDSRUODTXHVHDSUXHEDQODV1RUPDVGHGLVHxR\ FRQVWUXFWLYDVSDUDORVHGLILFLRVGHXVRGRFHQWH´LQ%ROHWtQ2ILFLDOGHOD -XQWDGH$QGDOXFtDYRO(G6HYLOOD-XQWDGH$QGDOXFtDSS >@%6&RGHRISUDFWLFHIRUYHQWLODWLRQSULQFLSOHVDQGGHVLJQLQJ IRUQDWXUDOYHQWLODWLRQ/RQGRQ%6, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:1, 2016 24International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(1) 2016 ISNI:0000000091950263 Open Science Index, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:1, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003395