The Science of Tooling – Design Framework for Digital Tools in Support of Socio-Spatial City Analysis

ScienceDi ec A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com P ocedia Compu e Science 207 (2022) 1462–1471 1877-0509 © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he 26 h In e na ional Con e ence on Knowledge-Based and In elligen In o ma ion & Enginee ing Sys ems (KES 2022) 10.1016/j.p ocs.2022.09.203 10.1016/j.p ocs.2022.09.203 1877-0509 © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he 26 h In e na ional Con e ence on Knowledge-Based and In elligen In o ma ion & Enginee ing Sys ems (KES 2022) A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com ScienceDi ec P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2022) 000–000 www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia 1877-0509 © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o KES In e na ional 26 h In e na ional Con e ence on Knowledge-Based and In elligen In o ma ion & Enginee ing Sys ems (KES 2022) The Science o Tooling – Design F amewo k o Digi al Tools in Suppo o Socio-Spa ial Ci y Analysis Jö g Raine Noenniga* aHa enci y Uni e si y, Digi al Ci y Science, Henning-Vosche au-Pla z 1, Hambu g 20457, Ge many Abs ac In he con ex o he digi al ans o ma ion o ci ies, he applica ion o da a-d i en ools has become a common p ac ice in u ban s udies and me opoli an esea ch. Beyond hei app op ia e u ilisa ion, hei a ge ed design poses challenges as well. Unlike es ablished p ac ices in he enginee ing and design domains, he e a e only ew p ocesses es ablished ha suppo he a ge ed c ea ion o analy ical o syn he ic ins umen s o he p ocessing o u ban da a. The e o e he pape ou lines a amewo k o a design science o digi al ools ha add ess he socio-spa ial complexi ies o u ban sys ems. I does so by discussing ou key aspec s whose in es iga ion and in eg a ion is equisi e o de ising ins umen s applicable o u ban esea ch, planning, and decision making. The ou lined me hodology p o ides a sys ema ic app oach o he design o digi al ci y ools as well as an educa ional bluep in o enable nex -gene a ion digi al ci y scien is s o unde s and he s uc u e o such ins umen s as well as hei implica ions o p ac ical wo k. The consolida ion o digi al ooling hus o ms a cen al componen in da a-d i en u ban planning and analysis i.e. Digi al Ci y Science. © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o KES In e na ional Keywo ds: Digi al Ci y, So wa e De elopmen , Design Science, Use In e ac ion, U ban Da a * Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +49 157 7210 3960 E-mail add ess: joe g.noennig@hcu-hambu g.de A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com ScienceDi ec P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2022) 000–000 www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia 1877-0509 © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o KES In e na ional 26 h In e na ional Con e ence on Knowledge-Based and In elligen In o ma ion & Enginee ing Sys ems (KES 2022) The Science o Tooling – Design F amewo k o Digi al Tools in Suppo o Socio-Spa ial Ci y Analysis Jö g Raine Noenniga* aHa enci y Uni e si y, Digi al Ci y Science, Henning-Vosche au-Pla z 1, Hambu g 20457, Ge many Abs ac In he con ex o he digi al ans o ma ion o ci ies, he applica ion o da a-d i en ools has become a common p ac ice in u ban s udies and me opoli an esea ch. Beyond hei app op ia e u ilisa ion, hei a ge ed design poses challenges as well. Unlike es ablished p ac ices in he enginee ing and design domains, he e a e only ew p ocesses es ablished ha suppo he a ge ed c ea ion o analy ical o syn he ic ins umen s o he p ocessing o u ban da a. The e o e he pape ou lines a amewo k o a design science o digi al ools ha add ess he socio-spa ial complexi ies o u ban sys ems. I does so by discussing ou key aspec s whose in es iga ion and in eg a ion is equisi e o de ising ins umen s applicable o u ban esea ch, planning, and decision making. The ou lined me hodology p o ides a sys ema ic app oach o he design o digi al ci y ools as well as an educa ional bluep in o enable nex -gene a ion digi al ci y scien is s o unde s and he s uc u e o such ins umen s as well as hei implica ions o p ac ical wo k. The consolida ion o digi al ooling hus o ms a cen al componen in da a-d i en u ban planning and analysis i.e. Digi al Ci y Science. © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o KES In e na ional Keywo ds: Digi al Ci y, So wa e De elopmen , Design Science, Use In e ac ion, U ban Da a * Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +49 157 7210 3960 E-mail add ess: joe g.noennig@hcu-hambu g.de Jö g Raine Noennig e al. / P ocedia Compu e Science 207 (2022) 1462–1471 1463 A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com ScienceDi ec P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2022) 000–000 www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia 1877-0509 © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o KES In e na ional 26 h In e na ional Con e ence on Knowledge-Based and In elligen In o ma ion & Enginee ing Sys ems (KES 2022) The Science o Tooling – Design F amewo k o Digi al Tools in Suppo o Socio-Spa ial Ci y Analysis Jö g Raine Noenniga* aHa enci y Uni e si y, Digi al Ci y Science, Henning-Vosche au-Pla z 1, Hambu g 20457, Ge many Abs ac In he con ex o he digi al ans o ma ion o ci ies, he applica ion o da a-d i en ools has become a common p ac ice in u ban s udies and me opoli an esea ch. Beyond hei app op ia e u ilisa ion, hei a ge ed design poses challenges as well. Unlike es ablished p ac ices in he enginee ing and design domains, he e a e only ew p ocesses es ablished ha suppo he a ge ed c ea ion o analy ical o syn he ic ins umen s o he p ocessing o u ban da a. The e o e he pape ou lines a amewo k o a design science o digi al ools ha add ess he socio-spa ial complexi ies o u ban sys ems. I does so by discussing ou key aspec s whose in es iga ion and in eg a ion is equisi e o de ising ins umen s applicable o u ban esea ch, planning, and decision making. The ou lined me hodology p o ides a sys ema ic app oach o he design o digi al ci y ools as well as an educa ional bluep in o enable nex -gene a ion digi al ci y scien is s o unde s and he s uc u e o such ins umen s as well as hei implica ions o p ac ical wo k. The consolida ion o digi al ooling hus o ms a cen al componen in da a-d i en u ban planning and analysis i.e. Digi al Ci y Science. © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o KES In e na ional Keywo ds: Digi al Ci y, So wa e De elopmen , Design Science, Use In e ac ion, U ban Da a * Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +49 157 7210 3960 E-mail add ess: joe g.noennig@hcu-hambu g.de A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com ScienceDi ec P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2022) 000–000 www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia 1877-0509 © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o KES In e na ional 26 h In e na ional Con e ence on Knowledge-Based and In elligen In o ma ion & Enginee ing Sys ems (KES 2022) The Science o Tooling – Design F amewo k o Digi al Tools in Suppo o Socio-Spa ial Ci y Analysis Jö g Raine Noenniga* aHa enci y Uni e si y, Digi al Ci y Science, Henning-Vosche au-Pla z 1, Hambu g 20457, Ge many Abs ac In he con ex o he digi al ans o ma ion o ci ies, he applica ion o da a-d i en ools has become a common p ac ice in u ban s udies and me opoli an esea ch. Beyond hei app op ia e u ilisa ion, hei a ge ed design poses challenges as well. Unlike es ablished p ac ices in he enginee ing and design domains, he e a e only ew p ocesses es ablished ha suppo he a ge ed c ea ion o analy ical o syn he ic ins umen s o he p ocessing o u ban da a. The e o e he pape ou lines a amewo k o a design science o digi al ools ha add ess he socio-spa ial complexi ies o u ban sys ems. I does so by discussing ou key aspec s whose in es iga ion and in eg a ion is equisi e o de ising ins umen s applicable o u ban esea ch, planning, and decision making. The ou lined me hodology p o ides a sys ema ic app oach o he design o digi al ci y ools as well as an educa ional bluep in o enable nex -gene a ion digi al ci y scien is s o unde s and he s uc u e o such ins umen s as well as hei implica ions o p ac ical wo k. The consolida ion o digi al ooling hus o ms a cen al componen in da a-d i en u ban planning and analysis i.e. Digi al Ci y Science. © 2022 The Au ho s. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o KES In e na ional Keywo ds: Digi al Ci y, So wa e De elopmen , Design Science, Use In e ac ion, U ban Da a * Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +49 157 7210 3960 E-mail add ess: joe g.noennig@hcu-hambu g.de 2 Ra ael Milani Medei os / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2022) 000–000 1. In oduc ion: Digi al Ci y Science To unde s and complex u ban phenomena such as social ac i i y un olding in u ban spaces o sus ainable de elopmen o human se lemen s, ad anced scien i ic heo ies and models a e necessa y. Acknowledging his demand, app oaches summa ized as “ci y science” ha e been es ablished since he 1970s ha desc ibe u ban sys ems by way o ma hema ical and communica ion models [1], [2], [3]. The digi al ans o ma ion o u ban en i onmen s o e he ecen decades has ueled his scien i ic s eam in u ban s udies [4]. I enabled he de elopmen o ci y models ha ely on he ga he ing and in e p e a ion o la ge amoun s o digi al da a ep esen ing spa ial s uc u es and en i onmen s. In he wake o his e olu ion, new scien i ic challenges eme ged. Compu a ional models and p ocesses needed o be es ablished ha no only ansla e he complex quali ies o u ban en i onmen s and hei mechanisms o de elopmen in o nume ical ep esen a ion bu also gene a e new insigh s and in elligence o u ban planne s, designe s, and de elope s. To add ess such challenges in Ci y Science – which can also be seen as a byp oduc o he swi e olu ion o digi al (“sma ”) echnologies in he u ban con ex – and o in es iga e he p inciples o u ban da a p ocessing wi h digi al ools, Digi al Ci y Science was es ablished as a dedica ed ield o esea ch [5]. I ´s speci ic app oach may be b oken down in o h ee le els o esea ch and s udy: 1) Models and P inciples: Digi al Ci y Science seeks a undamen al unde s anding o how new digi al echnologies – such as en i onmen al sensing o eal- ime a ic moni o ing – ela e o exis ing socio-ma e ial u ban sys ems, and how he p oduc ion o as u ban da a may change he na u e o u ban p oduc ion and managemen . The comp ehensi e analysis o u ban da a, o example, may lead o models ha p o ide insigh s abou u u e de elopmen ajec o ies, hus enabling an icipa o y assessmen s o po en ial u ban u u es [6]. In es iga ions wi h such heo e ical impulse may be e med “Fundamen al Digi al Ci y Science”. 2) Tools and Applica ions: A second s eam o in es iga ion wi hin Digi al Ci y Science conce ns i sel wi h he p ac ical applica ion o digi al ins umen s and me hods. E ec i e means and p ocedu es need o be es ablished in o de o gene a e bene i s and added alue om he g owing s ock o u ban da a – o he u ban communi ies as well as o he p o essional p ac i ione s in planning and design. Digi al ools, o example, allow a signi ican ly g ea e ou each in pa icipa o y planning and mul i-s akeholde collabo a ion – hus ushe ing in new pa adigms in co-c ea ion and co-design [7]. These alue- and use -o ien ed in es iga ions o m an “Applied Digi al Ci y Science”. 3) Digi al Tooling: A hi d “ins umen al” aspec o Digi al Ci y Science ocusses on he c ea ion o new ools ha enable he a o emen ioned scien i ic in es iga ions. Unde s anding he undamen al p inciples and p ocesses o digi al ci ies on he one hand, and acknowledging use demands and applica ion po en ials on he o he , sys ema ic knowledge needs o be es ablished abou he concep ion, design, and implemen a ion o digi al ools ha a e capable o exploi ing u ban da a [8], [9]. Ta ge ing digi al ools o p ocessing digi al da a gene a ed in digi al ci ies, his explici ooling app oach may be e med “Ins umen al Digi al Ci y Science”. The p esen a icle ocusses on he hi d aspec . The in es iga ion o u ban complexi y and sus ainabili y – no alone o digi al ci ies – inc easingly elies on he a ailabili y and applica ion o digi al ools. Thei me hodical c ea ion, howe e , is s ill a highly un ecognized and unde ined issue. Resea ch labs like he Digi al Ci y Science g oup a Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g (HCU) ha e hus in es ed la ge e o s in he sys ema ic de elopmen o da a-d i en ools in suppo o u ban analysis, planning and de elopmen . A cen al aim he e is o es ablish a kind o design science ha p o ides a me hodical basis o c ea ing digi al ins umen s ha can be e g asp essen ial socio-spa ial quali ies e.g. he sus ainabili y o s uc u es, he i ali y o public spaces, o he li abili y o neighbou hoods. 2. Fou Key Aspec s o Tooling While he applica ion o he digi al ci y science ools may span o e a la ge a ie y o ields – om anspo a ion planning ac oss eal es a e managemen o u ban clima e analysis o pa icipa o y design [9], [10], [11] – hei o e all p ocess o design can be schema ized and a ionalized o a la ge deg ee. The ooling p ac ice as i is ca ied ou by 1464 Jö g Raine Noennig e al. / P ocedia Compu e Science 207 (2022) 1462–1471 Noennig / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3 Digi al Ci y Science @ HCU usually combines ou key aspec s and con e ges hem wi hin a c ea i e p ocess o concep ual and echnical de elopmen in o cohe en echnical solu ions. These ou aspec s, howe e , equi e ca e ul in es iga ion as indi idual as well as combined ac o s, be o e an in eg a ion in o a p oduc i e ool can be a emp ed (Fig. 1) • Use Requi emen s – he a ie y o needs and challenges om he use side which need o be comp ehensi ely eco ded, s uc u ed and de ined; • Solu ion Types – he in en o y o exis ing so wa e “modules” o oolboxes ha can be used, de eloped and combined o he en isioned u u e ool; • In e ac ion Le el – he a ie y o in e ac ions ha a use ca ies ou – o expe iences – in he u iliza ion o he en isioned u u e ool; • Da a P o ision – he comp ehensi e analysis o da a a ailabili y and accessibili y unde speci ic aspec s such as da a o ma s, quali y, quan i y e c. Fig. 1. In eg a ing ou aspec s o he design o digi al ci y science ools (Sou ce: HCU Digi al Ci y Science) Th ough he in eg a ion and coo dina ion o hese ou aspec s, e ec i e digi al ci y ins umen s can be designed, p o o yped and implemen ed. On such p emise, Digi al Ci y Science a HCU has al eady de ised a se ies o ools ha ound applica ion in local u ban de elopmen (coope a ion p ojec wi h Ha enCi y GmbH Hambu g and MIT “G asb ook Ci yScope”), in Eu opean mig a ion managemen (Ho izon2020 p ojec “MICADO Mig an In eg a ion Dashboa ds and Cockpi s”) o in in e na ional de elopmen aid (GIZ coope a ion p ojec “TOSCA Toolki o Open and Sus ainable Ci y Planning and Analysis”), among o he s. To ou line de ailed p ocedu es as how o b ing abo e men ioned ou aspec s in o a speci ic ool de elopmen p ocess exceeds he scope o his pape . The ollowing chap e s, ins ead, will ocus on he u he explana ion o he single aspec s, ac oss which a ious pa hs lead o success ul in eg a ion and consolida ion. Impo an ly, hese p ocedu es commonly do no ollow a s ic linea sequence, bu un old in ci cula and i e a i e pa hways, hus paying a en ion o all aspec s mo e o less synch onously ac oss all de elopmen phases. Jö g Raine Noennig e al. / P ocedia Compu e Science 207 (2022) 1462–1471 1465 Noennig / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3 Digi al Ci y Science @ HCU usually combines ou key aspec s and con e ges hem wi hin a c ea i e p ocess o concep ual and echnical de elopmen in o cohe en echnical solu ions. These ou aspec s, howe e , equi e ca e ul in es iga ion as indi idual as well as combined ac o s, be o e an in eg a ion in o a p oduc i e ool can be a emp ed (Fig. 1) • Use Requi emen s – he a ie y o needs and challenges om he use side which need o be comp ehensi ely eco ded, s uc u ed and de ined; • Solu ion Types – he in en o y o exis ing so wa e “modules” o oolboxes ha can be used, de eloped and combined o he en isioned u u e ool; • In e ac ion Le el – he a ie y o in e ac ions ha a use ca ies ou – o expe iences – in he u iliza ion o he en isioned u u e ool; • Da a P o ision – he comp ehensi e analysis o da a a ailabili y and accessibili y unde speci ic aspec s such as da a o ma s, quali y, quan i y e c. Fig. 1. In eg a ing ou aspec s o he design o digi al ci y science ools (Sou ce: HCU Digi al Ci y Science) Th ough he in eg a ion and coo dina ion o hese ou aspec s, e ec i e digi al ci y ins umen s can be designed, p o o yped and implemen ed. On such p emise, Digi al Ci y Science a HCU has al eady de ised a se ies o ools ha ound applica ion in local u ban de elopmen (coope a ion p ojec wi h Ha enCi y GmbH Hambu g and MIT “G asb ook Ci yScope”), in Eu opean mig a ion managemen (Ho izon2020 p ojec “MICADO Mig an In eg a ion Dashboa ds and Cockpi s”) o in in e na ional de elopmen aid (GIZ coope a ion p ojec “TOSCA Toolki o Open and Sus ainable Ci y Planning and Analysis”), among o he s. To ou line de ailed p ocedu es as how o b ing abo e men ioned ou aspec s in o a speci ic ool de elopmen p ocess exceeds he scope o his pape . The ollowing chap e s, ins ead, will ocus on he u he explana ion o he single aspec s, ac oss which a ious pa hs lead o success ul in eg a ion and consolida ion. Impo an ly, hese p ocedu es commonly do no ollow a s ic linea sequence, bu un old in ci cula and i e a i e pa hways, hus paying a en ion o all aspec s mo e o less synch onously ac oss all de elopmen phases. 4 Ra ael Milani Medei os / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2022) 000–000 3. Use Requi emen s: De ining Use Cases and Applica ion Scena ios The capaci y o digi al ci y ools o accommoda e, ep esen , and add ess socio-spa ial quali ies – especially human ac o s on he collec i e as well as on he indi idual le el – depends on he p ecise de ini ion o use equi emen s. Use and a ge g oups anging om ci il socie y o ganisa ions o municipal o indus ial co po a ions, om esea ch and de elopmen ac o s o poli ical and adminis a i e decision-make s aise e y di e en demands and expec a ions owa ds he ools hey in end o use la e on. These demands need o be acknowledged and accommoda ed by he ool design p ocess, as hey s ongly de e mine he echnical, unc ional, and isual design o he ools hemsel es. Commonly being he s a ing poin o a ooling p ocess, a well-s uc u ed and sys ema ic equi emen analysis is a key equisi e o de i ing all demanded unc ionali ies and o an e en ually success ul ool. F om an applica ion poin o iew, wo clea -cu scena ios can be dis inguished which ma k he diame ically opposed ou e edges o a b oad ange o usage con ex s. F om hese wo ex emes, speci ic demands and equi emen s can be in e ed which o m a basis o he sys ema ic concep ion o he en isioned ools om a use pe spec i e (Fig.2). Fig. 2 Applica ion con ex s o Digi al Ci y Science ools – wo ex eme scena ios (Sou ce: HCU Digi al Ci y Science) The i s scena io “Enabling Ci izen Pa icipa ion” aims o he b oades possible in ol emen o a ious use s and s akeholde g oups in pa icipa o y p ocesses ela ed o u ban de elopmen . He e i is impo an o p o ide in o ma ion and ac i i ies as low- h eshold and inclusi e as possible, hence la ge amoun s o in o ma ion should no be p esen ed o p ocessed. Ins ead o a - eaching decision making, he ocus is a he on in o ma ion p o ision, social exchange and in e ac ion and an engaging mul ila e al communica ion p ocess [9], [10]. Thus he ooling p ocess would a ge ea u es and p ocedu es ha – based on gaming app oaches e.g. – c ea e special expe iences o e en en e ainmen . The opposi e scena io “Suppo ing Expe Decision Making” add esses high-le el decision make s in go e nmen s, adminis a ions o en e p ises who a e in cha ge o complex asks bea ing a - eaching social, economic, poli ical e c. consequences. He e, he applica ion con ex is usually de e mined by small s a egy g oups and counselling o ma s in which in e y limi ed ime ex ensi e in o ma ion mus be p esen ed and diges ed in o de o p epa e a eliable decision-making [12], [13]. Be ween hese wo ex emes, a ange o u he applica ion scena ios can be ei he in e pola ing o combining aspec s om he edge cases. By such ope a ions, a "DNA o usage” can be de ined o a a ie y o ools and new use cases explo ed (e.g. in e ac i e planning campaigns wi h child en, collabo a i e esou ce alloca ion by execu i e boa ds, co-design wo kshops in he u ban neighbou hoods, e c.) To de e mine he a ge applica ions scena io, and o consolida e he espec i e demands in a s uc u ed manne , o ma s like use case empla es o use s s o ies ha e been p o en e y use ul. While use case empla es comp ehensi ely desc ibe he ope a ional con ex , expec ed bene i s and added alue in ega ds o he en isioned ool, use s o ies b eak down he equi emen s in o de ailed and p ecise de ini ions o he conc e e ea u es and unc ionali ies. Commonly hese ac i i ies a e being ca ied ou in co-c ea i e wo kshop sessions and by way o collabo a i e ools (Ji a, T ello, Mi o e c), using p e-s uc u ed ables and manuals (Fig. 3) 1466 Jö g Raine Noennig e al. / P ocedia Compu e Science 207 (2022) 1462–1471 Noennig / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5 Fig. 3 Requi emen wo kshop (le ); p es uc u ed Use Cases empla e; (Sou ce: HCU Digi al Ci y Science) 4. Solu ion Types: A Classi ica ion o Tools While he de ini ion o use equi emen s is a gene a i e ask which is highly use -speci ic and con ex -depending, he implemen a ion o echnical solu ions in con as o en allows he usage o exis ing ins umen s o es ablished oolboxes. Especially in he open sou ce so wa e wo ld, a as a ie y o componen solu ions p esen s i sel o u he usage, de elopmen and ecombina ion. Modula app oaches a e well es ablished in he so wa e design and enginee ing sphe e, hence a s uc u ed desc ip ion o he a ailable “modules” can b ings subs an ial gains in de elopmen speed, e icacy, and eliabili y o he en isioned u u e ool. In es iga ions by Digi al Ci y Science @ HCU ha e lead o a classi ica ion which di e en ia es he mul iplici y o ools – exis ing ones as well as ools s ill unde de elopmen o jus in concep ual s age – in o ou g oups in acco dance o hei deg ee o echnical and scien i ic complexi y. The dis inc ion also e lec s he le el o insigh s and in elligence ha a e possible wi h he ools, assuming ha ools o highe complexi y a e basically capable o gene a ing knowledge o highe aluable han simple ins umen s. "Visualise s" a e ools ha enable knowledge gains p ima ily by p esen ing a ailable da a in a mo e accessible isual o ma . The g aphic ansla ion o e.g. nume ical da a in o diag ams, maps o dashboa ds makes abs ac and incomp ehensible in o ma ion mo e unde s andable and accessible. A map display, o example, can easily con ey he densi y and dis ibu ion o cul u al acili ies in a ci y a a glance. Visualise s a e he e o e pa icula ly sui able o applica ion scena ios whe e non-p o essionals a e con on ed wi h p o essional in o ma ion e.g. wi h socio-spa ial indica o s. In pa icipa o y p ocesses, o example, adequa e in o ma ion design is key o ensu ing low h esholds and commi men by non-p o essional ci izens. Commonly, appealing da a isualiza ion can be implemen ed wi hou g ea e o – hus Visualise s a e quick winning ools. "Finde s" possess a highe concep ual and echnical complexi y han isualize solu ions. Being basically sea ch engines (be e : "answe engines"), hey a e ailo ed o gi en asks o speci ic ques ions. To clea ly o mula ed que ies, hey espond wi h clea ly o mula ed, unambiguous esul s. One well known example a e na iga ion and ou ing sys ems ha speci y he sho es ou es o a elling imes om X o Y. While he algo i hmic p ocesses unning in he backg ound may al eady be complex, Finde s a e commonly easy o use and hus applicable also o b oad public use. As genuine ins umen s o esea ch and in es iga ion, "Analyse s" p o ide knowledge abou complex ela ionships and in e dependencies in u ban s uc u es e.g. he mic oclima in a ci y dis ic . In con as o Finde ools, Analyze s do no necessa ily ou pu clea and simple esul s. They a he elucida e he complexi ies a s ake, and p epa e new and mo e de ailed in es iga ion. As iewing de ices, Analyze s can be compa ed o X- ay appa a uses: They allow Jö g Raine Noennig e al. / P ocedia Compu e Science 207 (2022) 1462–1471 1467 Noennig / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5 Fig. 3 Requi emen wo kshop (le ); p es uc u ed Use Cases empla e; (Sou ce: HCU Digi al Ci y Science) 4. Solu ion Types: A Classi ica ion o Tools While he de ini ion o use equi emen s is a gene a i e ask which is highly use -speci ic and con ex -depending, he implemen a ion o echnical solu ions in con as o en allows he usage o exis ing ins umen s o es ablished oolboxes. Especially in he open sou ce so wa e wo ld, a as a ie y o componen solu ions p esen s i sel o u he usage, de elopmen and ecombina ion. Modula app oaches a e well es ablished in he so wa e design and enginee ing sphe e, hence a s uc u ed desc ip ion o he a ailable “modules” can b ings subs an ial gains in de elopmen speed, e icacy, and eliabili y o he en isioned u u e ool. In es iga ions by Digi al Ci y Science @ HCU ha e lead o a classi ica ion which di e en ia es he mul iplici y o ools – exis ing ones as well as ools s ill unde de elopmen o jus in concep ual s age – in o ou g oups in acco dance o hei deg ee o echnical and scien i ic complexi y. The dis inc ion also e lec s he le el o insigh s and in elligence ha a e possible wi h he ools, assuming ha ools o highe complexi y a e basically capable o gene a ing knowledge o highe aluable han simple ins umen s. "Visualise s" a e ools ha enable knowledge gains p ima ily by p esen ing a ailable da a in a mo e accessible isual o ma . The g aphic ansla ion o e.g. nume ical da a in o diag ams, maps o dashboa ds makes abs ac and incomp ehensible in o ma ion mo e unde s andable and accessible. A map display, o example, can easily con ey he densi y and dis ibu ion o cul u al acili ies in a ci y a a glance. Visualise s a e he e o e pa icula ly sui able o applica ion scena ios whe e non-p o essionals a e con on ed wi h p o essional in o ma ion e.g. wi h socio-spa ial indica o s. In pa icipa o y p ocesses, o example, adequa e in o ma ion design is key o ensu ing low h esholds and commi men by non-p o essional ci izens. Commonly, appealing da a isualiza ion can be implemen ed wi hou g ea e o – hus Visualise s a e quick winning ools. "Finde s" possess a highe concep ual and echnical complexi y han isualize solu ions. Being basically sea ch engines (be e : "answe engines"), hey a e ailo ed o gi en asks o speci ic ques ions. To clea ly o mula ed que ies, hey espond wi h clea ly o mula ed, unambiguous esul s. One well known example a e na iga ion and ou ing sys ems ha speci y he sho es ou es o a elling imes om X o Y. While he algo i hmic p ocesses unning in he backg ound may al eady be complex, Finde s a e commonly easy o use and hus applicable also o b oad public use. As genuine ins umen s o esea ch and in es iga ion, "Analyse s" p o ide knowledge abou complex ela ionships and in e dependencies in u ban s uc u es e.g. he mic oclima in a ci y dis ic . In con as o Finde ools, Analyze s do no necessa ily ou pu clea and simple esul s. They a he elucida e he complexi ies a s ake, and p epa e new and mo e de ailed in es iga ion. As iewing de ices, Analyze s can be compa ed o X- ay appa a uses: They allow 6 Ra ael Milani Medei os / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2022) 000–000 insigh in o he complex o ganism o he ci y and po en ially unco e new challenges, making hem isible o he i s ime. As p ojec ion and p edic ion ools, "Planne s" ep esen he mos complex solu ion ype in e ms o scien i ic design and da a echnology. Ex apola ing om he a ailable knowledge abou pas and cu en s a es, hey ca y ou p edic ions abou u u e phenomena o u ban sys ems e.g. by way o Wha -i -scena ios (“Wha happened o he social s uc u e i we placed in his neighbou hood a new day ca e acili y?”). This is undamen ally opposed o he opaci y o complex dynamic sys ems – as ci ies ce ainly a e. U ban u u es can be bes an icipa ed and planned wi hin na ow, de ined empo al and spa ial bounda ies. Ne e heless, p ojec ions a e possible o physical-de e minis ic p ocesses e.g. in mobili y o esou ce managemen , inso a as alida ed simula ion and scena io models exis [14]. Fig. 4 Classi ica ion o ools – acco ding o le els o complexi y / applica ion scena io The skill ul usage o his cons an ly g owing ese oi o solu ions is a cen al conce n in he o e all ooling p ocess. Many componen s o new digi al ci y ools mus no be c ea ed anew; hey a he need o be iden i ied and selec ed om pools o al eady exis ing so wa e solu ions. In he case o Digi al Ci y Science a HCU, some o hese modules a e own de elopmen s while many o he s a e d awn om hi d pa ies o om open sou ces. 5. In e ac ion Fo ma s: Linking Use s and Tools The me e p o ision and a ailabili y o digi al ools is no su icien o enable use s o an adequa e and pu pose ul applica ion. The usage p ocess i sel – ha is: he in e ac ion be ween ool and use – needs be me iculously designed oo. Depending on he speci ic solu ion and i s espec i e use s, use in e ac ion needs o be conside ed on di e en le els o complexi y which may ange om simple isual pe cep ion owa ds mul i-s ep ac ions ac oss di e en media. Fo he a ious abo e-men ioned solu ions, in e ac ion in ensi y di e s in ecogni ion o he use s and hei espec i e applica ion con ex s. These ela ionships mus be de e mined in he sense o an “in e ac ion design”; he echnical p oduc needs o be supplied wi h ins uc ions and cho eog aphies [15]. F om he esea ch and eaching p ac ice o Digi al Ci y Science a HCU, he ollowing concep ual dis inc ion in o h ee le els o in e ac ion in ensi y has been de i ed (Fig. 5). 1468 Jö g Raine Noennig e al. / P ocedia Compu e Science 207 (2022) 1462–1471 Noennig / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7 A "Moni o " is he isual display o one selec ed indica o which can be comp ehended by simply looking a i . The indica o "Dynamics o Socio-Spa ial De elopmen in Dis ic s", o example, can be adequa ely isualized (“moni o ed”) by way o a chlo ople h map [16]. A angemen s o mul iple moni o s can be e e ed o as "Dashboa ds". Va ious indica o s b ough oge he in he isual con ex o an "a ma u e" no only allows o a synop ic o e iew o complex da a, bu also o quick and e ec i e conclusions and in e ences. Th ough o e iewing di e en ye spa ially co-loca ed con en s, a cogni i e syn hesis is s imula ed ("Look he e, look he e – and you will see!”). In he case o dashboa ds design, a ge ed a en ion managemen and p ecise guidance o he gaze a e c ucial [17]. Finally, moni o s o dashboa d a angemen s which equi e mo e han isual obse a ion bu speci ic sequences o ac ion a e "Cockpi s". Cockpi s a e based on cho eog aphies o usage ("Fi s his he e, hen ha he e ... hen back again") which need o be designed as an in eg al pa o he socio- echnical sys em. When equipped wi h sequen ial guides o “p o ocols” o hei usage, Cockpi s can enable and e ec i ely suppo complex knowledge and decision- making p ocesses [8], [14], [18]. Fig. 5 Di e en le els o use in e ac ion: Moni o – Dashboa d – Cockpi (Sou ce: HCU Digi al Ci y Science) 6. Da a P o ision: Accessing and gene a ing u ban da a Wi hou a ailable and accessible da a, no digi al ool can be use ul. The exis ence and a ailabili y o da a is he basic condi ion o he design and applica ion o digi al ci y ools. A ca e ul analysis o he o e all si ua ion in espec o da a p o ision is decisi e. Technical decisions and de ini ions h oughou he ooling p ocess – such as p og am in e aces design, sys em a chi ec u e, o da a bank s uc u es – hea ily depend on he exis ence, a ailabili y, and accessibili y o da a, on eliable in o ma ion abou da a o ma s, owne ship, quan i y, quali y e c. The absence o accessible and a ailable da a ho oughly de ec s he ooling p ocess. Only i ways open up o gene a e – wi h mo e o less e o – he equisi e da a, u he design and de elopmen ac i i ies a e meaning ul. In such case, da a may be gene a ed by apping on open sou ces (e.g. Open S ee Map, anspa ency po als, Fig. 6), by pu chases om da a p o ide s, digi aliza ion campaigns o pa icipa o y ci izen science o ma s (e.g. c owd mapping). Jö g Raine Noennig e al. / P ocedia Compu e Science 207 (2022) 1462–1471 1469 Noennig / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7 A "Moni o " is he isual display o one selec ed indica o which can be comp ehended by simply looking a i . The indica o "Dynamics o Socio-Spa ial De elopmen in Dis ic s", o example, can be adequa ely isualized (“moni o ed”) by way o a chlo ople h map [16]. A angemen s o mul iple moni o s can be e e ed o as "Dashboa ds". Va ious indica o s b ough oge he in he isual con ex o an "a ma u e" no only allows o a synop ic o e iew o complex da a, bu also o quick and e ec i e conclusions and in e ences. Th ough o e iewing di e en ye spa ially co-loca ed con en s, a cogni i e syn hesis is s imula ed ("Look he e, look he e – and you will see!”). In he case o dashboa ds design, a ge ed a en ion managemen and p ecise guidance o he gaze a e c ucial [17]. Finally, moni o s o dashboa d a angemen s which equi e mo e han isual obse a ion bu speci ic sequences o ac ion a e "Cockpi s". Cockpi s a e based on cho eog aphies o usage ("Fi s his he e, hen ha he e ... hen back again") which need o be designed as an in eg al pa o he socio- echnical sys em. When equipped wi h sequen ial guides o “p o ocols” o hei usage, Cockpi s can enable and e ec i ely suppo complex knowledge and decision- making p ocesses [8], [14], [18]. Fig. 5 Di e en le els o use in e ac ion: Moni o – Dashboa d – Cockpi (Sou ce: HCU Digi al Ci y Science) 6. Da a P o ision: Accessing and gene a ing u ban da a Wi hou a ailable and accessible da a, no digi al ool can be use ul. The exis ence and a ailabili y o da a is he basic condi ion o he design and applica ion o digi al ci y ools. A ca e ul analysis o he o e all si ua ion in espec o da a p o ision is decisi e. Technical decisions and de ini ions h oughou he ooling p ocess – such as p og am in e aces design, sys em a chi ec u e, o da a bank s uc u es – hea ily depend on he exis ence, a ailabili y, and accessibili y o da a, on eliable in o ma ion abou da a o ma s, owne ship, quan i y, quali y e c. The absence o accessible and a ailable da a ho oughly de ec s he ooling p ocess. Only i ways open up o gene a e – wi h mo e o less e o – he equisi e da a, u he design and de elopmen ac i i ies a e meaning ul. In such case, da a may be gene a ed by apping on open sou ces (e.g. Open S ee Map, anspa ency po als, Fig. 6), by pu chases om da a p o ide s, digi aliza ion campaigns o pa icipa o y ci izen science o ma s (e.g. c owd mapping). 8 Ra ael Milani Medei os / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2022) 000–000 Fig. 6 Open da a sou ce: Da a expo ia WMS om Hambu g Geoda a po al (www.geopo al-hambu g.de) The ac ha use ul da a a e exis ing does no necessa ily imply hei a ailabili y and accessibili y. Da a owne ship, licensing and con ac ual ac o s impose cons ains on da a-d i en digi al ools – hese aspec s need o be in es iga ed and cla i ied ea ly on in he ooling p ocess, o a oid w ong assump ions o la e dilemmas in he implemen a ion phase. In he case ha da a a e a ailable, s ill hei echnical access e.g. ia applica ion p og amming in e aces (API), web se ices e c. needs o be cla i ied. The me e a ailabili y o da a (e.g. in inaccessible local eposi o ies) does no necessa ily imply ha hey can be e ec i ely accessed and p ocessed. Building up addi ional da a in as uc u es may become necessa y o ensu e he e ec i e ans e , p ocessing, and alo iza ion o he equi ed da a. The en isioned ool hus needs o embed wi hin a sui able and e ec i e IT a chi ec u e. The es ablishmen o espec i e in as uc u es and pipelines is a ma e o da a enginee ing, which shall no be add essed in his p esen pape , howe e . 4. Conclusions and ou look The pape has indica ed ou main aspec s o be conside ed in he design o da a-d i en ools: Use Requi emen s, Solu ions Typology, In e ac ion Le el, and Da a P o ision. The in eg al comp ehension o hese concep ual componen s is key o he c ea ion o new digi al ins umen s o u ban analysis, planning and decision-making. A sys ema ic desc ip ion o he quali ies ha de i e om he linkage o hese componen s enables a a ge ed ooling p ocess, ailo ed o he speci ic pu poses and asks, use s and applica ion con ex s. Be o e all, he jux aposi ion o solu ion ypologies (“Visualise ” … “Planne ”) and in e ac ion le els (“Moni o ” … “Cockpi ”) p o ides a concep ual ma ix ha summa ises he basic design ea u es and applica ion po en ials o digi al ci y science ools (Fig. 7). This classi ica ion sys em no only p o ides o p ecise desc ip ion o digi al ci y ools (“Planning cockpi o bicycle mobili y”, “Analysis Dashboa d o Ai Quali y”, o “Visual Moni o o Vo e Tu nou in U ban Dis ic s” e c.) – i also de ines impo an bounda y condi ions o hei design and implemen a ion p ocess e.g. de elopmen e o , scope o necessa y es ing, le el o he suppo o he p oduc i e sys em. In addi ion o suppo ing he esea ch and de elopmen wo k, i wan s o p o ide a me hodical basis o educa ion and aining oo. Wi h such basis, s uden s may no only use digi al ools mo e consciously in hei u u e p ac ice, bu also lea n o design hem in acco dance o hei asks and needs. The capaci y o design and de elop digi al ools in esponse o he complex challenges o sus ainable u ban de elopmen becomes inc easingly impo an . 1470 Jö g Raine Noennig e al. / P ocedia Compu e Science 207 (2022) 1462–1471 Noennig / P ocedia Compu e Science 00 (2019) 000–000 9 Fig. 7 Ma ix o Solu ion Typology and In e ac ion Le el, indica ing basic ea u es and applicabili y o ools Re e ences [1] Ba y, M. (1976) U ban Modelling. Algo i hms, Calib a ions, P edic ions. Camb idge Uni e si y P ess [2] Hillie , B., Hanson, J. (1984) The Social Logic o Space. Camb idge Uni e si y P ess [3] Hillie , B. (1988) Space is he Machine. Camb idge Uni e si y P ess [4] Mi chell, W. (1996) Ci y o Bi s. Space, Place, and he In obahn (1996) MIT P ess [5] Schwegmann, R.; Zieme , G.; Noennig, J. R. (eds.) Digi al Ci y Science. 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Sp inge , Cham h ps://link.sp inge .com/chap e /10.1007%2F978-3-030-38028-1_7