Smart materials in architecture for actuator and sensor applications: A review

Re iew A icle Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 2022, Vol. 33(3) 379–399 ÓThe Au ho (s) 2021 A icle euse guidelines: sagepub.com/jou nals-pe missions DOI: 10.1177/1045389X211027954 jou nals.sagepub.com/home/jim Sma ma e ials in a chi ec u e o ac ua o and senso applica ions: A e iew Ma in Sobczyk 1 , Sebas ian Wiesenhu ¨ e 2 , Jo ¨ g Raine Noennig 2 and Thomas Wallme spe ge 1 Abs ac Se e e challenges such as deple ion o na u al esou ces, na u al ca as ophes, ex eme wea he condi ions, o o e po- pula ion equi e in elligen solu ions especially in a chi ec u e. Buil en i onmen s ha a e concei ed om sma ma e i- als based on ac ua o and senso unc ionali y p o ide a p omising app oach in o de o add ess his demand. The p esen pape e iews sma ma e ials-based echnologies which a e cu en ly applied o de eloped o applica ion in ci il s uc u es, ocusing on sma ma e ial applica ions o ac ua ion o sensing. A e gi ing a de ini ion and ca ego iza- ion o sma ma e ials, applica ions o he in es iga ed ma e ials (i.e. shape memo y ma e ials, elec o- and magne os- ic i e ma e ials, piezoelec ic ma e ials, ionic polyme -me al composi es, dielec ical elas ome s, polyelec oly e gels as well as magne o- and elec o heological luids) a e p esen ed o he ields o a chi ec u e and ci il enginee ing. While some ma e ials a e al eady highly ad an ageous in he applica ion con ex , o he s s ill need u he esea ch in o de o become applicable in eal-wo ld cons uc ions. None heless his e iew indica es hei la ge inno a ion po en ial which should be consolida ed by sys ema ic esea ch e o s in he nea u u e. Keywo ds Sma ma e ials, a chi ec u e, senso s, ac ua o s, design, ci il enginee ing 1. In oduc ion Since mankind has u ned om nomadism o se le- men li e, he cons uc ion o pe manen buildings has e ol ed as a p o ec i e measu e agains ex eme cli- ma es, na u al disas e s, human and animal h ea , and o he en i onmen al impac s. Ye , he design o houses changed cons an ly in eac ion o di e en en i onmen- al and social needs. Fo example, houses on s il s eme ged as p o ec i e measu e agains loods. Demanding s one and b ick buildings we e ca ied ou o ensu e longe i y o cons uc ions. Today mankind aces challenges like he deple ion o na u al esou ces, ex eme wea he condi ions and na u al disas e s, bu also ho ough demog aphic and socie al changes like u ban o e popula ion ha di ec ly impac how people li e in houses and ci ies. These challenges equi e in el- ligen solu ions. Fo his, an adequa e key esponse s a egy may be he implemen a ion o sma ma e ials in o buil cons uc ions. Sma ma e ials a e ma e ials which can sense en i onmen al changes o ac upon hem. A la ge a ie y o hese ma e ials a e al eady well-known and applied in a mul i ude o ields includ- ing ae ospace, au omo i e, heal hca e, consume goods, elec onic de ices, ci il enginee ing, e c. In oducing sma ma e ials as an in eg al pa o ci il s uc u es as ac i e o sensible cons uc ion elemen s opens up a wide ange o possibili ies. In he con ex o building cons uc ion, a ious sma ma e ial echnolo- gies a e al eady a ailable and commonly used, o example, piezoelec ic ansduce s o s uc u al heal h managemen . O he s a e s ill in he s a e o undamen- al esea ch like sel -ac ua ing acxade elemen s u ilizing shape memo y alloys. The aim o he p esen pape is o p o ide a comp e- hensi e e iew o ele an echnologies and app oaches 1 P o essu u¨ Mechanik Mul i unk ionale S uk u en, Ins i u u¨ Fes ko ¨ pe mechanik, Technische Uni e si a ¨ D esden, D esden, Ge many 2 Wissensa chi ek u - Labo a o y o Knowledge A chi ec u e, Ins i u u¨ Geba ¨udeleh e und En we en, Technische Uni e si a ¨ D esden, D esden, Ge many Co esponding au ho : Thomas Wallme spe ge , P o essu u¨ Mechanik Mul i unk ionale S uk u en, Ins i u u¨ Fes ko ¨ pe mechanik, Technische Uni e si a ¨ D esden, Geo ge-Ba ¨h -S aße 3c, 01069 D esden, Ge many. Email: Thomas.Wallme spe ge @ u-d esden.de comp ising sma ma e ials in ac ua o ic and senso ic applica ions in a chi ec u e and ci il enginee ing. A schema ic explana ion o sma ma e ials in ega d o de ining senso ic and ac ua o ic con igu a ions is gi en in Figu e 1. In he ollowing chap e s, a de ini ion o sma a chi ec u e and sma ma e ials is p oposed i s . The ea e , a ca ego iza ion o he mos a icula e sma ma e ials is gi en. In o de o e iew he s a e-o - he-a o sma ma e ials in a chi ec u e and ci il engi- nee ing, espec i e applica ions a e p esen ed o each conside ed sma ma e ial. The concluding sec ion highligh s majo ends in his ield and iden i ies whi e spo s o be u he in es iga ed. 2. Sma a chi ec u e The ancien discipline o a chi ec u e which designs and builds cons uc ions especially o he accommo- da ion o human ac i i ies has ecei ed signi ican concep ual ex ension in he pas ew yea s by he new a ibu e ‘‘sma .’’ Seman ically connec ed o no ions like con ex awa eness, en i onmen al sensi i i y, s uc u al esponsi eness and adap i i y, ac i e build- ing, he comp ehensi e e m ‘‘Sma A chi ec u e’’ indica es a new le el in design and cons uc ion ela ed o in elligen in o ma ion, and communica ion echnologies (Cla k e al., 1998; Janocha, 2007; Sobek and Teu el, 2001). A second main d i e o he apid e olu ion o sma solu ions in he cons uc ion sec o is he neces- si y o eac o inc easingly ola ile condi ions in he physical and social en i onmen (Kasa da e al., 2007). Clima e change poses new demands in ega ds o build- ing physics and acili y managemen . Resou ce e i- ciency and sus ainabili y ha e eme ged as new a ge c i e ia in (i) design, (ii) cons uc ion, and (iii) acili y ope a ions o e he pas decades, implying a close mon- i o ing o ene gy and ma e ial consump ion (Che y e al., 2008). Socie al and demog aphic changes in u n dic a e new li e and wo k pa e ns, new demands o usage and occupancy, on which cons uc o s, eal es a e de elope s, and ope a o s need o espond wi h lexible and adap able buil s uc u es (F ohlich and K au , 2006). The key bene i o sma o cybe ne ic sys ems a ises om hei capaci y o p o ide app op ia e communica- ion and eedback s uc u es which a e able (a) o sense as -changing condi ions o he spa ial en i onmen s and (b) o igge and con ol hei adequa e esponse (Klein and Kae e , 2008). This has esul ed in key appli- ca ions, o example, o ene gy moni o ing and clima e con ol, home su eillance and secu i y, p oduc ion au oma ion and logis ics, e c. The sma ness o he majo i y o he es ablished solu ions, howe e , un olds on he le el o echnical appliances. Concei ed and p oduced independen ly o he buildings’ design and usage p og am, sma componen s a e me ely a ached o applied as ( e o) i ings o he basic spa ial and s uc u al componen s (Akyu ¨ ek, 2018). Few solu ions exis in a chi ec u e and ci il engi- nee ing which unde s and sma ness as an inhe en , in eg a ed p ope y o physical s uc u es and compo- nen s. This pape he e o e pu s ocus on solu ions and app oaches ha go beyond he appliance le el. I exclu- si ely uses he e m sma a chi ec u e o building s uc u es o componen s in which sma ness is deeply implemen ed on he ma e ial s uc u e le el, ha is, ma e ials ha ing ei he ac ua o ic o senso ic elemen s which enable he ac i e and as con ol o a chi ec u al key a ge pa ame e s such as shape, isual appea ance, o load bea ing capaci ies. 2.1. Sma ma e ials De ining sma ma e ials is challenging. The e exis a a ie y o de ini ions on sma ma e ials in he a ailable li e a u e, which a e ambiguous and some imes con a- dic i e. Despi e di e ences in de ail, he e is a gene al consen in he scien i ic communi y ha sma ma e i- als a e ma e ials o de i ed p oduc s ha a e able o e e sibly change hei physical o chemical p ope ies in eac ion o an ex e nal s imulus (Adding on and Schodek, 2005; Leo, 2007; Mohamed, 2017; Ri e , 2007; Sobczyk and Wallme spe ge , 2016; Vazquez e al., 2019). A p oblem wi h his de ini ion is he ac ha i applies o almos e e y exis ing ma e ial: S eel e e sibly changes i s dimension o wa e will e e sible change i s densi y in esponse o ex e nal empe a u e change, ye hese ma e ials a e no conside ed as sma ma e ials. So he de ini ion o sma ma e ials should only apply o non-con en ional p og ammable ma e ials wi h ou s anding ma e ial p ope ies. Fo (a) (b) Figu e 1. (a) A sma ma e ial in a senso ic con igu a ion will change i s non-mechanical p ope ies (e.g. chemical o pyhsical p ope ies) in esponse o a mechanical load and (b) in an ac ua o ic con igu a ion, he sma ma e ial will de o m in esponse o a non-mechanical s imulus (e.g. empe a u e change o ligh exposu e). 380 Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 33(3) cla i ica ion we will gi e a b ie ca ego iza ion o ma e- ials which a e o en e e ed o as sma o ac i e ma e ials. 2.2. Ca ego izing sma ma e ials The e is a wide ange o ma e ials which a e conside ed sma ma e ials. These ma e ials can be ca ego ized as ma e ials (i) ha eac o a non-mechanical (e.g. elec i- cal, magne ic, o he mal) s imulus by a mechanical eply (de o ma ion o mechanical s ess) o (ii) ha gi e a non-mechanical answe on a mechanical s imu- lus. So hey can be used as (i) ac ua o s o (ii) senso s (see Figu e 1). The e also exis sma ma e ials ha (iii) eac on a non-mechanical s imulus wi h ano he non-mechanical eply. In o de o ge an o e iew o exis ing sma ma e ials a ca ego iza ion o some o he mos p omi- nen sma ma e ials is gi en in he ollowing lis : Shape-changing sma ma e ials: – The mos ic i e ma e ials * The mal expansion ma e ials * Shape memo y alloys * Shape memo y polyme s * Shape memo y oams * Shape memo y ce amics * Shape memo y hyb ids * Biological sys ems wi h shape memo y e ec – Elec os ic i e sma ma e ials * Elec os ic i e pape s * Elec os ic i e ce amics * Elec os ic i e g a elas ome s – Magne os ic i e/magne oelas ic sma ma e ials * Magne os ic i es * Magne oelas ic ma e ials * Me allic glasses – Piezoelec ic sma ma e ials * Piezoelec ic ce amics * Piezoelec ic polyme s * Piezoelec ic single-c ys als * Piezoelec ic ilms – Elec oac i e polyme s * Ionic polyme -me al composi es (IPMCs) * Conduc i e polyme s * Polyelec oly e gels * Dielec ic elas ome s (DEs) – Elec o/magne o heological luids * Elec o heological luids * Magne o heological luids Sma ma e ials wi h changing op ical p ope ies – Pho och omic sma ma e ials * Pho och omic pigmen s * Pho och omic glasses * Pho och omic plas ics – The moch omic and he mo opic sma ma e ials * The moch omic pigmen s * The moch omic glasses * The mo opic glasses * The moch omic plas ics – Elec och omic and elec oop ical sma ma e ials * Polyme s wi h elec oop ical p ope ies * Dispe sed liquid c ys als * Suspended pa icle de ices Adhesion-changing sma ma e ials – Pho oadhesi e sma ma e ials Ligh -emi ing sma ma e ials – Pho oluminescen sma ma e ials * Fluo escen ma e ials * Phospho escen ma e ials – Elec oluminescen sma ma e ials * Ligh -emi ing diodes (LED) * O ganic ligh -emi ing diodes (OLED) * Thick ilm elec oluminescence * Thin ilm elec oluminescence 3. Scope o his e iew As can be concluded om he as numbe o di e - en sma ma e ials, a comp ehensi e e iew o sma ma e ial applica ions in a chi ec u e and ci il engi- nee ing is beyond easibili y. In his e iew pape we will ocus on applica ions in he ield o a chi ec u e which include he mechanical manipula ion o a gi en s uc u e o he senso ic moni o ing o he o e all s uc u e using sma ma e ials. We will no discuss sma ma e ials wi h changing op ical p ope ies, adhesion-changing, ene gy abso p ion p ope ies, and ligh -emi ing sma ma e ials. This also excludes nanoma e ials o he mal pe o mance enhancemen , which is e iewed o example by Olia e al. (2019). We ocus on ma e ials which migh be seen as no el o inno a i e in he ield o cons uc ion and a chi ec- u e. This excludes well-known ma e ials like he mal expansion ma e ials, wood (Kim e al., 2006, 2008; Reiche e al., 2015; Ugole , 2014), o bime als. As a esul , he ma e ials o in e es a e p ima ily shape- changing and can be lis ed as Shape memo y ma e ials Elec os ic i e sma ma e ials Magne os ic i e sma ma e ials Piezoelec ic sma ma e ials Ionic polyme -me al composi es Polyelec oly e gels Dielec ic elas ome s Magne o- and elec o heological luids Sobczyk e al. 381 4. S a e-o - he-a o sma ma e ials in a chi ec u e The e a e nume ous examples o applica ions in a chi- ec u e and ci il enginee ing inco po a ing sma ma e- ials. In he pas , he la ges in es men s in sma ma e ials o a chi ec u e we e alloca ed o sma win- dows and acxades (Adding on and Schodek, 2005). Bu also en ila ion sys ems, s uc u al heal h moni o ing, and he p o ec ion agains seismic e en s a e p omising applica ions. Be o e going in o de ail wi h he applica- ion examples o sma ma e ials in a chi ec u e, he gene al cha ac e is ics o he in es iga ed sma ma e i- als a e lis ed in Table 1 and depic ed in Figu es 2 and 3. 4.1. Shape memo y ma e ials Shape memo y ma e ials a e ma e ials which a e able o eco e hei o iginal shape upon being se e ely and quasi-plas ically dis o ed, a e a sui able s imulus was applied o he ma e ial (Huang e al., 2010a). This abil- i y o eco e y is called shape memo y e ec . Also, some shape memo y alloys (SMAs) show supe elas ic p ope ies. The supe elas ic e ec desc ibes he capabil- i y o a ma e ial o eco e i s o iginal shape a e being subjec ed o la ge s ains (Ma and Cho, 2008). The shape memo y e ec in SMAs was disco e ed as ea ly as 1932 in an AuCd alloy. Bu only a e he disco e y o he shape memo y e ec in NiTi alloy, a b oade in e es in he ma e ial came up in he scien i ic communi y. Today, he e is a wide ange o shape memo y based sys ems in he o m o solid, oam, and ilm shapes. The SMAs o la ge comme cial in e es a e NiTi-based, Cu-based (CuAlNi and CuZnAl), and Fe-based (Huang e al., 2010a; Ozbulu e al., 2011). NiTi-based SMAs exhibi an excellen co osion esis- ance and a e biocompa ible (Ozbulu e al., 2011). The equency esponse o NiTi-based ac ua o s anges om 0.1–100 Hz wi h a no mal wo king s ain o 4%– 8% (Ozbulu e al., 2011; Teh and Fea he s one, 2007). O he han SMAs, he e is a huge a ie y o di e en shape memo y polyme s (Ma he e al., 2009; Rousseau, 2008). No mally, shape memo y polyme s (SMPs) a e less expensi e han shape memo y alloys (Huang e al., 2010a). In compa ison o SMAs, SMPs exhibi a smalle mass densi y (Wage maie e al., Table 1. O e iew o key cha ac e is ics o he in es iga ed sma ma e ials. Sma ma e ial Common ma e ial Young’s modulus S ain (%) F equency Re e ence Piezoelec ics PZT-5H 60–93 GPa 0:2 1 MHz Lu e al. (2020) Elec os ic i es (VDF-T FE-CTFE) 0:4 GPa 0:1 10 kHz Lu e al. (2020) G ohmann e al. (2000) Piezopolyme s PVDF 3:2 GPa 10 100 kHz Lu e al. (2020) Magne os ic i es Te enol D 25–35 GPa ’0:2 ’1 MHz Chop a and Jayan (2013) G ohmann e al. (2000) Shape memo y alloys NiTi (ma ensi e) 25–41 GPa 4–8 10 kHz Ozbulu e al. (2011) NiTi (aus eni e) 80 GPa 4–8 10 kHz Ozbulu e al. (2011) IPMCs Na ion (K+) 80–130 MPa 10 30 Hz Akle e al. (2005) Na ion (Na+) 25–40 MPa 25 30 Hz Akle e al. (2005) Flemion 15–25 MPa 40 20 Hz Bhanda i e al. (2012) Dielec ic elas ome s Silicone 10–100 MPa 100–2200 1 kHz Lu e al. (2020) Polyelec oly e gels PNIPAAm 0:3–100 kPa 100 ’1 mHz Ma zelle e al. (2003) MRF and ERF ’1 kHz G ohmann e al. (2000) Figu e 2. Classi ica ion o selec ed sma ma e ials: ac i e s ain e sus s i ness. Figu e 3. Classi ica ion o selec ed sma ma e ials: ac i e s ain e sus equency. 382 Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 33(3) 2009) and hei shape memo y e ec can be igge ed by a a ie y o s imuli o e en by mul iple s imuli such as empe a u e and humidi y (Huang e al., 2010b). Ou o he conside ed ma e ials, shape memo y ma e ials a e by a he mos p onounced sma ma e- ial in he domain o cons uc ion and a chi ec u e. Fo he a chi ec u al ield, Doumpio i e al. (2010) ha e desc ibed a p o o ype acxade o he Pi aeus Towe in A hens, G eece. Fo his he openings in he modeled acxade a e con olled using SMAs wi h an ac i a ion empe a u e o 35°C–40°C. Using his acxade, he ai low and he ligh exposu e is egula ed. The acxade is depic ed in Figu e 4(a). U ilizing ac ua- o s based on SMA sp ings and join s, Khoo e al. (2011), and Khoo (2013) manu ac u ed h ee modula p o o ype sys ems o applica ions as second skin o shading de ice. The p o o ypes, namely a en , a blind, and a cu ain, we e also showcases o he use o digi al and physical compu a ion o design a chi ec u al mo phing skins. A nume ical in es iga ion using com- pu a ional luid dynamics (CFD) in Ligna olo e al. (2011) demons a es, how SMAs o SMPs could be used o al e he su ace oughness o high- ise build- ings. This could be used o op imise he wind low and he e o e he na u al en ila ion and he hea exchange due o he wind con ec ion. A physical p o o ype o he used SMA acxade elemen s is depic ed in Figu e 4(b). Liu e al. (2018) compa e he use o SMPs and SMAs as en i onmen ally-ac ua ed hinges in olded shee sys ems. The p oposed ki igami s uc u es could Figu e 4. (a) Facxade p o o ype wi h ellip ical opening ac ua ed wi h SMA wi es. On he le , he sli s a e almos closed, on he igh hey a e opened (Doumpio i e al., 2010), 1 (b) scheme and physical p o o ype o sma composi e as an ai -bending acxade elemen , adop ed om Ligna olo e al. (2011), 2 and (c) p o o ype o an SMA-based Miu a-o igami pa e n as kine ic acxade elemen , adop ed om Albag e al. (2020). 3 The wood skin is ab ica ed wi h plywood o 1 mm hickness. 1 Published unde C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License, see h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/, no changes we e made. The o iginal ile can be downloaded om h p://pape s.cumincad.o g/cgi-bin/wo ks/pape /acadia10258. 2 Published unde C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License, see h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/, no changes we e made. The o iginal ile can be downloaded om h p:// esol e . udel .nl/uuid:be165d55-9acb-4 1a-9cc1-5685d33676 1. 3 Published unde C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License, see h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/, no changes we e made. The o iginal ile can be downloaded om h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-030-33570-019. Sobczyk e al. 383 adap o ex e nal inpu s, such as hea , ligh , and human in e ac ion. Liu e al. (2018) alida ed he use o SMPs as e e sible wo-way-hinges in p oo -o -concep p o o- ypes. Coelho and Maes (2009) p oposed a sys em o SMA ac ua ed lou e s o con olling dayligh and en- ila ion. Tashako i (2014) p oposed a modula acxade sys em ac ua ed by SMA wi es o sun- acking and p o iding ene gy h ough pho o ol aic. Loonen (2015) in es iga ed he use o s ips o shape-memo y alloy o en ila ion ha espond o ca bon dioxide concen a ion. In 2011, Lienha d e al. (2011) published a pa en ed mechanism called Flec o in Ò . This SMA-d i en shading de ice is inspi ed by he kinema ics ound in he bi d- o -pa adise lowe and combines high ensile s eng h wi h low bending s i ness in o de o ge a wide ange o con ollable mo emen . In an in es iga ion in 2014, Sha aidin (2014) designed a kine ic acxade, d i en by SMAs which allows a empe a u e-dependen shading o he housing in e io . In he Li ing Glass p o o ype o he yea 2007, Benjamin and Soo-in Yang se up a cas silicone mem- b ane in which sli s we e ac ua ed u ilizing shape- memo y alloy wi e (Flexinol). When he ca bon dioxide concen a ion in he ai is exceeding a h eshold, he SMA wi e is ac i a ed o open he s uc u e o en ila- ion (Kola e ic, 2015). Using O igami olding echniques, Pesen i e al. (2015) s udied ways o achie e a ious deployable shad- ing sys ems using SMA ac ua o s. Inco po a ing kine- ma ics and kine ic cons ain s o he digi al model, geome y, and wi e linea de o ma ion we e success- ully con olled. Felb ich e al. (2014b), Wiesenhue e e al. (2016), and Felb ich e al. (2014a) also in es i- ga ed he usage o o igami-like olding echniques o a chi ec u al needs which could easily be ex ended by he implemen a ion o SMA wi es. Wi h his app oach, he gene a ion o a a ge shape using simple igid old- ings by a ini e numbe o collabo a i e agen s was demons a ed. In o de o c ea e an adap i e shading sys em, Abdelmohsen e al. (2016) designed a kine ic building acxade using ligh weigh ma e ials d i en by SMA wi es. Wi h he adop ion o enseg i y and olding mechanisms he mechanism is able o c ea e di e en pa e ns as a eac ion o di e en le els o dayligh measu ed by op ical senso s. The concep o sel -shading is widely ound in cac i and o he plan s subjec ed o high sola exposu e in o de o lowe he mal ansmission. In he p oo -o - concep p ojec o Cli o d e al. (2017), i is shown, ha sel -shading o s uc u es like building acxades could be achie ed using sma ma e ials. Fo his, sma iles based on he mal- esponsi e SMA a e designed which a e able o w inkle and eposi ion hemsel es. In o de o c ea e adap i e s uc u es like walls, oo s, o o he kine ic s uc u es d i en by sma ma e- ials, Jun e al. (2017) c ea ed he p ojec Rememb ane. The s uc u e is based on he p inciples o ligh weigh pan og aphs (c issc ossing s icks) and enseg i y (s uc- u al in eg i y by ension), whe e he Ni inol sp ings a e ac ua ed using ol age inpu con olled by an A duino boa d. S ill in he s age o p o o ype, his p ojec ’s goal is o be applied on a chi ec u al scale. In 2018, Fo men ini and Lenci (2018) concep ua- lized a kine ic acxade consis ing on an Ni inol-ac ua ed aluminum panel. Due o he la ge o ces exe ed by he SMA, he acxade opens a empe a u es abo e an ac i- a ion empe a u e a ound 30°C. Analyzing he mechanical s ess in he SMA wi es using nume ical simula ions, abou 10 5 unc ioning cycles a e expec ed. In Wang e al. (2018), a SMA-based join mechan- ism is p esen ed, which is able o une i s s i ness. The change in s i ness is achie ed by swi ching be ween a locked and a eleased s a e. By uning he s i ness in a con olled manne , an e ec i e ib a ion con ol is pos- sible o a oid esonance condi ions, which migh ha m he s uc u e. O he esea ch in he ield o ac i e ib a- ion con ol s a egies has been published in Shahin e al. (1997), McGa in and Gue in (2002). Mo e dominan ly, a passi e ib a ion con ol o buildings using SMAs we e conduc ed, based on hei supe eleas ic e ec : Wang e al. (2020) designed sel - cen e ing supe leas ic SMA de ices o ea hquake esi- lience o buildings. Ma and Cho (2008) demons a ed he easibili y o building SMA dampe s o buildings in ea hquake scena ios. Speiche e al. (2009) de el- oped a ension/comp ession module o a seismic e o- i o building. Fo his, NiTi helical sp ings and NiTi Belle ille washe s we e adap ed. An analysis o load cases sugges ed ha Belle ille washe a e bene icial o damping, whe eas helical sp ings a e he p e e ed choice o ecen e ing and damping pu poses. The supe elas ici y o SMAs can be u ilized o he design o b acing sys ems ha a e able o minimize ea hquake damage on modula s eel buildings. Sul ana and Yousse (2018) used inc emen al dynamic analysis o in es iga e he bene i s and d awbacks o such sys- ems and ound ha hey can signi ican ly imp o e he esis ance o buildings du ing ea hquakes. Ozbulu e al. (2010) in es iga ed he po en ial o SMA b aces in all buildings, op imizing he s uc u e o minimum displacemen s and accele a ions. The esul s we e adop ed in a ull-scale shake able es . To a e al. (2007) did an expe imen al and nume ical analysis o SMAs as solid s a e dampe s o a p o o ype amily house, demons a ing ha he SMA b aces we e able o cu accele a ions by hal in an ‘‘El Cen o’’ ea hquake scena io. The used SMA-based dampe wi es a e depic ed in Figu e 5. Se e al o he s udies in es iga ed he bene i s o SMA b aces in a chi ec u e du ing 384 Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 33(3) ea hquake e en s including Shi e al. (2020), La o une e al. (2007), Au icchio e al. (2006), and Zhu and Zhang (2007). Re-cen e ing o s uc u es a e la ge de o ma ion can be achie ed by in eg a ion o shape- memo y alloys in a b acing sys em (A aki e al., 2014; Hu e al., 2013; Massah and Do a , 2014). A mul i ude o esea ch in he ield o beam-column connec ions was published in which he applica ion o supe elas ic SMA bol s we e p oposed. Ma e al. (2007) in es iga ed he bene i s o using SMA bol s e sus a- di ional connec o s. I was demons a ed, ha SMA connec o s we e able o bea highe loads wi hou dam- age, whe eas no mal connec ions showed local buck- ling, which is e y expensi e o epai in pos -disas e econs uc ion. Mo adi and Alam (2015) analyzed momen - esis ing s eel ames unde ea hquake condi ions and ound ha he amoun o plas ic de o ma ions can be signi i- can ly educed by implemen ing SMA pla es in o beam- columns connec ions. Using nume ical simula ions, i was shown, ha his me hod o e s la ge ene gy dissipa- ion capabili ies. Yu dakul e al. (2018) in es iga ed he use o SMA ba s o ein o ce beam-column join s in a e o i manne . The e o i cons uc ion was able o wi hs and quasi-s a ic cyclic loading up o 8% d i a io, whe eas he e e ence sys em exhibi ed b i le shea ailu e. DesRoches e al. (2010) and Ellingwood e al. (2010) e alua ed he seismic pe o mance o momen - esis ing s eel ames wi h supe elas ic and ma ensi ic SMAs elemen s using nume ical analysis as well as ull-scale expe imen al es ings. They demon- s a ed ha ma ensi ic SMA elemen s wi h la ge ene gy dissipa ion capabili ies we e sui ed bes o high le els o seismic ac i i y. On he o he hand i was shown, ha supe elas ic SMAs wi h sel -cen e ing cap- abili ies we e bes in o de o educe esidual de o ma- ions in he s uc u e. SMAs a e also in es iga ed as base isola ion sys ems o he p o ec ion o ci il s uc u es du ing ea h- quakes. Huang e al. (2014) and Jalali e al. (2011) used a design o base isola ion comp ising supe elas ic SMA sp ings and a linea sliding mechanism. Fo his, a phenomenological model was u ilized as well as an expe imen al wo-s o y s eel ame building. Using his app oach, he shea o ces, he maximum in e -s o y d i s and he occu ing accele a ions we e educed o 12.5% o he ones a he e e ence building wi hou base isola ion. Ozbulu and Hu lebaus (2010) in es i- ga ed a simila base isola ion de ice, bu included en i- onmen al empe a u e e ec s on he de ice and implemen ed a neu o- uzzy model cap u ing he ma e- ial p ope ies o he used SMA a he di e en es case scena ios. In o de o e alua e he p o ec ion o in e nal equipmen o o he seconda y sys ems du ing ea hquakes by di e en base isola ion s a egies, Dolce and Ca done (2003) ca ied ou shake able es s wi h base isola ion sys ems based on ubbe , s eel- hys e e ic and ecen e ing SMA dampe s. I was clea ly con i med, ha all base isola ion sys ems we e able o conside ably educe accele a ions compa ed o ixed- base s uc u es. Also i has been demons a ed, ha each isola ion sys em is bes sui ed only in speci ic e- quency anges. Shook e al. (2008) designed a hyb id base isola ion sys em comp ising o SMA wi es, mag- ne o heological dampe s, ubbe , and ic ion- pendulum bea ings in o de o add ess di e en asks du ing an ea hquake e en . Using his base isola ion s a egy, i was shown, ha base d i could be educed by 18% and main aining s uc u al in eg i y e en du - ing s ong seismic ac i i y. Dez uli and Alam (2016) in es iga ed he pe o mance o di e en SMA wi e- based ubbe bea ings o p o ec a h ee-span s eel-gi - de highway b idges om b eakdown due o seismic e en s. The inc eased s i ness o a SMA-na u al ub- be bea ing esul ed in a highe seismic accele a ion and he e o e in a mo e agile sys em. The sys em which was leas ulne able o ea hquake ela ed collapse was a bea ing sys em based on SMA high damping ubbe bea ing. Cascia i e al. (2007) p oposed a di e en design o SMA base isola ion sys ems consis - ing o wo disks, a e ical cylinde and h ee inclined aus eni e SMA ba s connec ed o a sliding sys em. Mainly due o he high p ice o SMA, hei applica- ion in a chi ec u e and cons uc ion is no widely es ablished ye . One ac ual eal-wo ld implemen a ion o SMA wi es in a ci il s uc u e is epo ed by Indi li e al. (2001): Du ing an ea hquake in 1996, he S. Gio gio Chu ch Bell-Towe in I aly was se iously dam- aged. Du ing i s ehabili a ion, SMA de ices we e applied o he s uc u e. When he nex ea hquake wi h a simila Rich e magni ude occu ed in 2000, he owe showed no damage o any kind. Fu he examples o ein o cemen o cul u al he i age si es damaged by ea hquakes a e he Basilica o S . F ancis o Assisi and he San Se a ino chu ch in I aly (C oci, 2001; Indi li and Cas ellano, 2008; Ma elli, 2008). As one o he i s cases o pos - ensioning o a conc e e s uc u e, a highway b idge in Michigan was epai ed by ein o ce- men wi h SMA ods (So oushian e al., 2001) esul ing in a educ ion o he c ack wid h by 40%. Se e al o he in es iga ions we e conduc ed o analyze he easibili y Figu e 5. SMA-based dampe wi es, ep in ed om To a e al. (2007). 1 1 Rep in ed om Enginee ing S uc u es, Vol 29(8), To a V, Isalgue A, Ma o ell F, Te iaul P and Lo ey FC, ‘‘Buil in dampe s o amily homes ia SMA: An ANSYS compu a ion scheme based on mesoscopic and mic oscopic expe imen al analyses,’’ Pages No. 1889–1902, Copy igh (2007), wi h pe mission om Else ie . Sobczyk e al. 385 and e iciency o SMA base isola ion de ices on build- ings by Qiu and Tian (2018), Huang e al. (2014), Ca done e al. (2006), and Yamashi a e al. (2004) and on b idges by Johnson e al. (2008), Ozbulu and Hu lebaus (2011), Dolce e al. (2001), and Alam e al. (2012). Albag e al. (2020) designed a dynamic shading sys em based on a Miu a-O i pa e n which is con- olled by SMA-join s in o de o ob ain a empe a u e- adap i e shell mechanism (see Figu e 4(c)). The p ojec is si ua ed in sou he n Sibe ia wi h ambien empe a- u e o –40°C+30°C, which allows a con ol o he SMA ansi ion only by na u al empe a u e a ia ion. Using human-con olled hea ing and cooling de ices, he dynamic shading de ices can also be manipula ed manually. Yoon (2021) used shape memo y polyme s (SMP) wi h a glass ansi ion a 35°C in o de o de elop shad- ing de ices by exploi ing en i onmen al empe a u e changes. Fo his, a numbe o 3D p in ing ab ica ion es s we e conduc ed ollowing a esea ch- h ough- design app oach. As a esul , basic elemen s o he mo- esponsi e building skins we e p o o yped including hinges, sp ings, i is, olding, and wis ing ele- men s. A comp ehensi e e iew on sola shadings implemen ing SMA, SMP, and SMH is gi en in Fio i o e al. (2016). Since Ni inol wi e is cos ly, i s la ge-scale applica ion is o en es ic ed by economical con- s ain s. Ano he d awback o his ma e ial is he ela- i ely low wo king equency, which is de e mined by he ime o cooling a e ac ua ion. The e o e, SMAs a e mos ly sui able o quasi-s a ic asks (Musol , 2005). Also, SMAs su e om a highe a igue com- pa ed wi h classical cons uc ion ma e ial like s eel (Wilkes e al., 2000). 4.2. Elec os ic i e sma ma e ials The elec os ic i e e ec desc ibes he de o ma ion o a dielec ic in he p esence o an elec ic ield. Elec os ic ion is he quad a ic dependency o he s ain o he elec ic ield, whe eas he linea depen- dency is desc ibed by he piezoelec ic e ec . The mos p onounced ma e ial wi h elec os ic i e e ec is he solid solu ion o lead magnesium nioba e and lead i a- na e called PMN-PT. I shows a maximum s ain in he o de o 0.1% induced by an elec ic ield. Also hey exhibi almos no hys e esis e ec . Due o he quad a ic ela ionship o he s ain o he elec ic ield, he induced s ain is always o he same di ec ion, indepen- den o on he sign o he elec ic ield. A majo d aw- back o hese ma e ials is ha a speci ic empe a u e ange needs o be p esen o he elec os ic i e e ec o be la ge. Main ad an ages o his class o ma e ial a e s abili y and he absence o ageing e ec s (Chop a and Jayan , 2013). Despi e o hei a o able p ope ies, du ing he li e - a u e e iew p ocess, no ele an applica ions o in es- iga ions o elec os ic i e ma e ials in he ield o a chi ec u e we e ound. 4.3. Magne os ic i e sma ma e ials Fe omagne ic ma e ials a e mechanically de o med, when a magne ic ield is applied on hem. This is due o he o a ion o he domains o uni o m magne ic pola - iza ion in he ma e ial. Con e sely, i he magne ic induc ion o he ma e ial is al e ed due o a mechanical de o ma ion i is called he in e se magne os ic i e o Villa i e ec . P ominen examples o magne os ic i e ma e ials a e Te enol-D, Gal enol, Al enol, Cobal e - i e, o Me glas 2605SC. Te enol-D as he mos p onounced magne os ic- i e ma e ial exhibi s a maximum s ain o 0.2% unde applica ion o a magne ic ield (Chop a and Jayan , 2013). I is widely known as a ma e ial o non-con ac o que senso s, posi ion senso s, s ess senso s, and magne ic ield senso s (Calkins e al., 2007). Magne os ic i e sma ma e ials a e equen ly he ma e ial o choice o be used as magne os ic i e ags in non-magne ic composi es o s uc u al heal h-moni- o ing. Measu emen s o he magne ic lux nea he ma e ial can be e alua ed o ga he in o ma ions on he damage occu ing in he ma e ial (Adding on and Schodek, 2005). Khazem e al. (2001) used magne os- ic i e senso s o he moni o ing o suspende opes o Geo ge Washing on B idge in New Yo k. U ilizing longi udinal guided wa es a eling along he s uc u e, de ec s, and c acks can be de ec ed by he pa ial e lec- ion o he signal. Wi h his app oach, la ge s uc u es can be moni o ed e y cos - and ime-e ec i ely. Na and Kundu (2002) p oposed a combina ion o PZT ansduce and elec omagne ic acous ic ansduce (EMAT) o non-des uc i e s uc u al heal h moni o - ing o he in e ace be ween s eel ba and conc e e. The combina ion o PZT and EMAT ci cum en s he sho - coming o EMATs, which can only ansmi ela i ely low ul asonic ene gy— he PZT ansduce is he e o e u ilized o signal gene a ion du ing he inspec ion. Also magne os ic i es could po en ially be applied o seismic ib a ion con ol. Fuji a e al. (1998) concep- ualized an ac i e ib a ion con ol sys em o buildings in Japan. Fo his, he bending momen o he columns o a ame s uc u e was con olled ia magne os ic- i e ac ua o s inside o hem. La ge-scale ib a ion es s on a h ee-s o y house wi h a mass o 1.6 we e con- duc ed wi h in o al 32 magne os ici e de ices, achie - ing 15% o ib a ion educ ion up o he hi d mode. Ohma a e al. (1997) in es iga ed he usabili y o a h ee-link a m ib a ion con ol de ice, o seismic p o- ec ion. Fo his a gian magne os ic i e ac ua o was made and es ed o i s e ec i eness in ib a ion 386 Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 33(3) con ol. I was shown, ha wo- and h ee-dimensional ib a ion we e e ec i ely supp essed in a simple sys em comp ising a mass and ou sp ings. The wo king p in- ciple o his de ice is gi en in Figu e 6. Zhou e al. (2006) in es iga ed a simila sys em showing ha o eal-wo ld usage o such ib a ion con ol sys em, he inhe en ma e ial non-linea i ies mus be conside ed in he design o he ib a ion con ol sys em. Monaco e al. (2000) ca ied ou expe imen s on damage de ec- ion using magne os ic i e ac ua o s and pe o ming a s a is ical analysis. Ha o i e al. (2001) we e able o measu e he dis ibu ion o c acks in conc e e s uc- u es h ough low equency elas ic wa es gene a ed by magne os ic i e de ices. 4.4. Piezoelec ic ma e ials The piezoelec ic e ec desc ibes he linea ela ionship be ween he s ain and he de eloped elec ic cha ge on he su ace o he ma e ial. The e ec o cha ge gene a- ion due o s ain o p essu e is called di ec e ec , which can be u ilized o senso applica ions o ene gy ha es ing (E u k and Inman, 2011). I a de o ma ion is induced on he ma e ial due o an applied elec ic ield, i is called in e se o con e se e ec , which can be used o ac ua o applica ions (Chop a and Jayan , 2013). Piezoelec ic ce amics wi h i s mos p ominen membe lead zi cona e i ana e (PZT) exhibi some cha ac e is ics which a e desi eable o applica ions in he ield o a chi ec u e and cons uc ion: Thei p ope - ies comp ise a s i ness in he ange o 65–80 GPa, an ac i e s ain o 0.1% and an ac i e equency up o 1 MHz. By using displacemen ampli ica ion mechan- isms, he s ain can be inc eased up o 10%. Poly inylidene luo ide (PVDF) is a semi-c ys alline ma e ial wi h a s ong piezoelec ic e ec and, because o i s so ness, no mally adop ed o senso applica ions. Due o hei well-known mechanical and elec ical cha ac e is ics, piezoelec ic ma e ials can be used o a a ie y o applica ions also in he ield o a chi ec u e. Using piezoelec ic wi es in eg a ed in he su ace o an elas ic building skin, a en ila ion mechanism o buildings, also called b ea hing skin was de el- oped by Bada nah and Knaack (2007). Using a dis- inc lung-like shape, ai can be ei he b ea hed in o ou , depending on he ac ua ion by he piezoelec ic wi es (see Figu e 7(c)). The a e o he esul ing ai - exchange can be con olled by he eloci y o he b ea hing mo ion. Implemen ing s acks o piezo ac ua o s, Gaul e al. (2008) designed semi-ac i e ic ion join s as dampe s in la ge ligh weigh space uss s uc u es. In o de o op i- mize he placemen o hese join s, a nume ical model was de eloped and es ed on a 10-bay uss s uc u e. A majo app oach o s uc u al heal h moni o ing is based on he implemen a ion o piezoelec ic ma e i- als in ci il s uc u es, since hese can be used as s ain indica o s o s a ic, as well as o dynamic phenomena. Also piezoelec ic ma e ials can be used o he ga he - ing o s ain da a occu ing in he building using a se o dis ibu ed piezoelec ic s ain senso s (Chen and Xue, 2018; Fukuda and Kosaka, 2002). In s uc u al heal h moni o ing (SHM), poly inyli- dene luo ide (PVDF) is a widely used ma e ial applied in piezoelec ic ansduce s o ex e nal applica ion. A anged in a wide ma ix, hese ansduce s a e hen used o moni o impedance signals o heal h moni o - ing o he mechanical s uc u e (Song e al., 2004). A d awback o piezoelec ic ansduce s like hese is, ha empe a u e and humidi y a ia ions as well as noise e ec s a e ac o s diminishing he pe o mance o hese senso s (Chen and Xue, 2018). By he pionee ing wo k o Song e al. (2008) he SHM inside o conc e e s uc- u es wi h piezoce amic-based sma agg ega es has become possible. These a e wa e p oo ed piezoelec ic pa ches wi h lead wi es which a e moun ed in o he conc e e s uc u e. They allow he assessmen o ea ly- age conc e e s eng h, impac de ec ion as well as SHM. Due o hei small dimensions, PZT sma agg ega es ha e almos no in luence on he in eg i y o he o e all s uc u e o be moni o ed, e en i hey a e embedded in o he bulk ma e ial (Chen and Xue, 2018). A PZT sma agg ega e is depic ed in Figu e 7(a) and (b). Inside he s uc u e, measu emen s o damage a e assessed mo e accu a ely and he inclusion o he sen- so s in o he s uc u e has he ad an age o p o ec ing he senso om en i onmen al in luences (Song e al., 2007). In di e en in es iga ions i was shown, ha sma agg ega es can be used o moni o ein o ced conc e e (Song e al., 2007), ci cula ein o ced conc e e columns Figu e 6. Ac i e ib a ion con ol de ice using gian magne os ic i e ac ua o s. The de ice is capable o p oduce con ollable ic ion o ces and o ques in h ee di ec ions. Sou ce: Figu e ep in ed om Ohma a e al. (1997). 1 1 Rep in ed om Jou nal o Alloys and Compounds, 258(1–2), Ohma a K, Zaike M and Koh T, ‘‘A h ee-link a m ype using magne os ic i e ac ua o s,’’ Pages 74–78, Copy igh (1997), wi h pe mission om Else ie . Sobczyk e al. 387 eliable p oduc ion p ocess. Also a igue is an impo an issue, ha has o be add essed be o e a po en ial long- e m applica ion in ci il enginee ing becomes ealis ic. Polyelec oly e gels espond o many ex e nal s i- muli, which migh become a game change o indoo moni o ing one day. Bu o his, a lo o esea ch s ill has o be done: The syn hesis o polyelec oly e gels is s ill challenging wi h espec o ep oducibili y o he esul s. Also he size-dependence o hei esponse ime is a majo d awback, which has o be add essed in o de o use polyelec oly e gels o ac ua o ic applica ions. DEAs a e also s ill a he s age o de elopmen and he e o e he e a e no s anda d componen s a ailable o simply buy and use. Fo magne o- and elec o heological luids, an appli- ca ion in he ield o ib a ion con ol seems o be mos p omising. He e u he conside a ions on he economic ad an ages o such de ices a e equi ed. 6. Conclusion and ou look This pape e iewed key ends o he applica ion o sma ma e ials in a chi ec u e and ci il enginee ing. As has been shown, piezoelec ic echnologies a e by a he mos ma u e class o sma ma e ials used in his ield, especially o senso ic applica ions as well as in cases when as eac ion is desi ed. Shape memo y ma e ials also showed a s ong p og ess in he ecen yea s, especially when used o ac ua o echnol- ogy by which la ge displacemen s a e ealized. Magne o heological luids a e al eady being used in he ield o ci il enginee ing, especially in he ield o seis- mic and ib a ion con ol due o hei a iable s i ness. Bu also magne os ic i es a e es ablished ma e ials o senso ic applica ions especially in he ield o s uc u al heal h moni o ing and po en ially also o seismic con- ol. The pape has shown ha on he basis o ex ensi e undamen al esea ch on sma ma e ials and echnolo- gies a ious success ul applica ions could be implemen- ed in he a chi ec u al and enginee ing con ex al eady. Being on di e en le el o echnical eadiness and ma u i y, howe e , he p esen ed app oaches and solu ions indica e a s ong po en ial o an al e na i e u u e a chi ec u e whose in elligence no only esul s om e o i ing wi h in o ma ion and communica ions echnology appliances, bu om sma ness deeply embedded in he physical s uc u es o i s s uc u al componen s and ma e ials. To explo e hese a - eaching p ospec s, comp ehensi e in e - and ansdis- ciplina y esea ch e o s a e necessa y. In addi ion o u he in es iga ions o he applica ion po en ial o sma ma e ials, also new design app oaches in a chi- ec u e and ci il enginee ing become necessa y. The new iew on buil en i onmen s as ac i e, dynamic, and esponsi e s uc u es also demands inno a i e con- cep ual me hodologies ha e ec i ely b idge be ween ma e ials science on he one hand, and en i onmen al and sociological esea ch, a chi ec u al and s uc u al design on he o he . Demands and equi emen s need o be sys ema ically de i ed om conc e e challenges and applica ion scena ios (e.g. as clima e adap a ion o ligh weigh s uc u es in dese en i onmen s), o be adequa ely ansla ed in o asks o esea che s in he ield o s uc u e and ma e ials science. Vice e sa, he immense oppo uni ies a ising om he inno a i e applica ion o sma ma e ials (e.g. la ge shape ans- o ma ion wi h minimal ene gy e o ) need o be boldly explo ed in he ields o design and cons uc ion. The in e sec ion and in eg a ion o hese app oaches p omise g ea bene i s, especially o he pu pose ul design and p og aming o new beha io s o spa ial s uc u es. Buildings and spaces equipped wi h such ac i e p og ams will be mo e esponsi e and adap i e o new unc ions and uses, and mo e esilien o ola ile changes o en i onmen al and social condi ions. Decla a ion o con lic ing in e es s The au ho (s) decla ed no po en ial con lic s o in e es wi h espec o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his a icle. Funding The au ho (s) ecei ed no inancial suppo o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his a icle. ORCID iDs Jo ¨ g Raine Noennig h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1681- 7635 Thomas Wallme spe ge h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002- 4720-5260 Re e ences Abdelmohsen S, Massoud P and Elsha ei A (2016) Using en- seg i y and olding o gene a e so esponsi e a chi ec u al skins. In: P oceedings o he 34 h in e na ional con e ence on educa ion and esea ch in compu e aided a chi ec u al design in Eu ope, eCAADe 2016: Complexi y & simplici y (eds A He neoja, T O ¨s e lund and P Ma kkanen), ol. 1, Uni- e si y o Oulu, Oulu School o A chi ec u e, Oulu, Finnland, pp.529–536. Adding on DM and Schodek DL (2005) Sma Ma e ials and New Technologies: Fo he A chi ec u e and Design P o es- sions. Ox o d. A chi ec u al P ess. Akle BJ, Leo DJ, Hickne MA, e al. (2005) Co ela ion o capaci ance and ac ua ion in ionome ic polyme ansdu- ce s. Jou nal o Ma e ials Science 40(14): 3715–3724. Akyu ¨ ek BK (2018) Technological in eg a ion o he house o he u u e: Case s udy analyses o he in eg a ion le el o echnology o inno a i e housing p ojec s be ween 1920 and 2010. In: 3 h con e ence on in e disciplina y esea ch on eal es a e, G oningen, Ne he lands, 20–21 Sep embe 2018, pp.127–145. 394 Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 33(3) Alam MS, Bhuiyan MAR and Billah AHMM (2012) Seismic agili y assessmen o SMA-ba es ained mul i- span con inuous highway b idge isola ed by di e en lami- na ed ubbe bea ings in medium o s ong seismic isk zones. Bulle in o Ea hquake Enginee ing 10(6): 1885–1909. Albag O, Anishchenko M, G assi G, e al. (2020) Adap i e skins: Towa ds new ma e ial sys ems. In: Danio i B, Gia- nine o M and Della To e S (eds) Digi al T ans o ma ion o he Design, Cons uc ion and Managemen P ocesses o he Buil En i onmen . Cham: Sp inge In e na ional Pub- lishing. pp.209–219. An YK, Lim HJ, Kim MK, e al. (2014) Applica ion o local e e ence- ee damage de ec ion echniques o In si u b idges. Jou nal o S uc u al Enginee ing 140(3): 04013069. A aki Y, Maekawa N, Sh es ha KC, e al. (2014) Feasibili y o ension b aces using Cu-Al-Mn supe elas ic alloy ba s. S uc u al Con ol and Heal h Moni o ing 21(10): 1304–1315. Au icchio F, Fugazza D and Des oches R (2006) Ea hquake pe o mance o s eel ames wi h ni inol b aces. Jou nal o Ea hquake Enginee ing 10(Special Issue 1): 45–66. Bada nah L and Knaack U (2007) Bionic b ea hing skin o buildings. SB07: Sus ainable Cons uc ion, Ma e ials and P ac ices, ed. B aganca L, Pinhei o MD, Jalali S, e al. (eds). P oc. o he In . Con . IOS p ess: Ams e dam, pp. 612–619, 2007. Ba -Cohen Y (2000) Elec oac i e polyme s as a i icial mus- cles: Capabili ies, po en ials and challenges. In: Robo ics 2000, ol. 299, pp.188–196. Ame ican Socie y o Ci il Enginee s. Albuque que, New Mexico, Uni ed S a es, 27 Feb ua y - 2 Ma ch, 2000. DOI: 10.1061/40476(299)24. Bhanda i B, Lee GY and Ahn SH (2012) A e iew on IPMC ma e ial as ac ua o s and senso s: Fab ica ions, cha ac e - is ics and applica ions. In e na ional Jou nal o P ecision Enginee ing and Manu ac u ing 13(1): 141–163. Bonomo C, B une o P, Fo una L, e al. (2008) A ac ile sen- so o biomedical applica ions based on IPMCs. IEEE Senso s Jou nal 8(8): 1486–1493. B une o P, Fo una L and Giannone P (2008) IPMCs as ib a ion senso s. In: IEEE ins umen a ion and measu e- men echnology con e ence eco d. Vic o ia, BC, Canada, 12–15 May 2008, pp.2065–2069. Calkins FT, Fla au AB and Dapino MJ (2007) O e iew o magne os ic i e senso echnology. Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 18(10): 1057–1066. Ca done D, Dolce M and Ponzo FC (2006) The beha iou o SMA isola ion sys ems based on a ull-scale elease es . Jou nal o Ea hquake Enginee ing 10(6): 815–842. Ca lson JD (2001) Magne o heological luid seismic dampe . US Pa en 6(296): 088 B1. Cascia i F, Fa a elli L and Hamdaoui K (2007) Pe o mance o a base isola o wi h shape memo y alloy ba s. Ea h- quake Enginee ing and Enginee ing Vib a ion 6(4): 401–408. Cha Y and Po i i M (2014) Mechanics and elec ochemis y o ionic polyme me al composi es. Jou nal o he Mechanics and Physics o Solids 71(1): 156–178. Chen Y and Xue X (2018) Ad ances in he s uc u al heal h moni o ing o b idges using piezoelec ic ansduce s. Sen- so s (Basel, Swi ze land) 18(12): 4312. Che y M, T an D and G in e RE (2008) Ge ing o g een: Unde s anding esou ce consump ion in he home. In: P oceedings o he 10 h in e na ional con e ence on ubiqui- ous compu ing, UbiComp 2008. Po land, O egon, 21s Sep embe 2008, pp.242–251. Chew XJ, Hu k AVD and Aw KC (2009) Cha ac e isa ion o ionic polyme me allic composi es as senso s in obo ic inge join s. In e na ional Jou nal o Biomecha onics and Biomedical Robo ics 1(1): 37. Chop a I and Jayan S (2013) Sma S uc u es Theo y. New Yo k. Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. Ch is ie MD, Sun S, Deng L, e al. (2019) A a iable eso- nance magne o heological- luid-based pendulum uned mass dampe o seismic ib a ion supp ession. Mechani- cal Sys ems and Signal P ocessing 116: 530–544. Cla k RL, Saunde s WR and Gibbs GP (1998) Adap i e S uc u es. New Yo k: John Wiley Sons. Cli o d DT, Zupan RJ and B igham JC (2017) Applica ion o he dynamic cha ac e is ics o shape-memo y polyme s o clima e adap i e building acades. In: P oceedings o he 12 h con e ence o ad anced building skins, Be n, Swi ze - land, 2–3 Oc obe 2017, pp.171–178. Wilen: Ad anced Building Skins GmbH. Coelho M and Maes P (2009) Shu e s: A pe meable su ace o en i onmen al con ol and communica ion. In: P o- ceedings o he 3 d in e na ional con e ence on angible and embedded in e ac ion, TEI’09, 17–18 Feb ua y 2009, pp.13–18. New Yo k: ACM P ess. Camb idge, UK. C oci G (2001) S eng hening he Basilica o S F ancis o Assisi a e he Sep embe 1997 ea hquake. S uc u al Enginee ing In e na ional 11(3): 207–210. Culshaw B, Michie C, Ga dine P, e al. (1996) Sma s uc- u es and applica ions in ci il enginee ing. P oceedings o he IEEE 84(1): 78–86. Decke M (2013) Eme gen u u es: Nano echnology and eme gen ma e ials in a chi ec u e. In: Con e ence o ec- onics o eaching: Building echnology educa o s socie y (BTES). Newpo : Rhode Island. 2013. DesRoches R, Ta ali B and Ellingwood BR (2010) Seismic pe o mance assessmen o s eel ames wi h shape mem- o y alloy connec ions. Pa I—Analysis and seismic demands. Jou nal o Ea hquake Enginee ing 14(4): 471–486. Dez uli FH and Alam MS (2016) Seismic ulne abili y assess- men o a s eel-gi de highway b idge equipped wi h di e - en SMA wi e-based sma elas ome ic isola o s. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 25(7): 075039. Dolce M and Ca done D (2003) Seismic p o ec ion o ligh seconda y sys ems h ough di e en base isola ion sys- ems. Jou nal o Ea hquake Enginee ing 7(2): 223–250. Dolce M, Ca done D and Ma ne o R (2001) SMA ecen e - ing de ices o seismic isola ion o ci il s uc u es. In: Liu SC (ed.) Sma S uc u es and Ma e ials 2001: Sma Sys- ems o B idges, S uc u es, and Highways, ol. 4330. SPIE, pp.238–249. Newpo Beach: CA.DOI: h ps: //doi.o g/10.1117/12.434123 Doumpio i C, G eenbe g E and Ka a zas K (2010) Embedded in elligence: Ma e ial esponsi eness in acade sys ems. In: P oceedings o he 30 h annual con e ence o he associa ion o compu e aided design in a chi ec u e (ACADIA), ACADIA 10: LIFE in: o ma ion, On Responsi e Sobczyk e al. 395 In o ma ion and Va ia ions in A chi ec u e, ISBN 978-1- 4507-3471-4]. New Yo k, 21–24 Oc obe , pp. 258–262. Eh enho e A, Binde S, Ge lach G, e al. (2020) Mul isensi- i e swelling o hyd ogels o senso and ac ua o design. Ad anced Enginee ing Ma e ials 22(7): 2000004. Eh enho e A and Wallme spe ge T (2020) Shell- o ming s imulus-ac i e hyd ogel composi e memb anes: Concep and modeling. Mic omachines 11(6): 541. Ellingwood BR, Ta ali B and DesRoches R (2010) Seismic pe o mance assessmen o s eel ames wi h shape mem- o y alloy connec ions, pa II—P obabilis ic seismic demand assessmen . Jou nal o Ea hquake Enginee ing 14(5): 631–645. E u k A and Inman DJ (2011) Piezoelec ic Ene gy Ha es - ing: E u k/Piezoelec ic Ene gy Ha es ing. John Wiley & Sons, L d. The A ium: UK. Fang BK, Ju MS and Lin CCK (2007) A new app oach o de elop ionic polyme –me al composi es (IPMC) ac ua o : Fab ica ion and con ol o ac i e ca he e sys ems. Sen- so s and Ac ua o s A Physical 137(2): 321–329. Felb ich B, Lo dick D and Noennig JRETAL (2014a) Expe i- men s wi h a olding mul i-agen sys em in he design o iangle mesh s uc u es. In: 16 h in e na ional con e ence on geome y and g aphics. Innsb uck, Aus ia, 4–8 Augus 2014. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1380.7044. Felb ich B, No ¨nnig JR and Wiesenhu ¨ e S (2014b) Rigid olding in obo ic mul i-agen sys ems. P ocedia Compu e Science 35: 1342–1351. Fio i o F, Sauchelli M, A oyo D, e al. (2016) Shape mo ph- ing sola shadings: A e iew. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 55: 863–884. Fo men ini M and Lenci S (2018) An inno a i e building en elope (kine ic acxade) wi h shape memo y alloys used as ac ua o s and senso s. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 85: 220–231. F ohlich D and K au R (2003) The social con ex o home compu ing. In: Inside he Sma Home. Sp inge -Ve lag. Ha pe R, Sp inge : London, 2003, pp.127–162. Fuji a T, Nonaka H, Yang CS, e al. (1998) Ac i e ib a ion con ol o ame s uc u es wi h a sma s uc u e using magne os ic i e ac ua o s. In: Sma S uc u es and Ma e- ials 1998: Sma S uc u es and In eg a ed Sys ems, ol. 3329. SPIE, San Diego: CA, pp.584–595. Fukuda T and Kosaka T (2002) Cu e and heal h moni o ing. In: M. Schwa z (Ed) Encyclopedia o Sma Ma e ials. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Gaul L, Hu lebaus S, Wi ni ze J, e al. (2008) Enhanced damping o ligh weigh s uc u es by semi-ac i e join s. Ac a Mechanica 195(1–4): 249–261. G ohmann BA, Wallme spe ge T and K o ¨plin B (2000) Adap i e s uk u en und gekoppel e meh eldp obleme. S ahlbau 69(6): 446–454. Gu H, Moslehy Y, Sande s D, e al. (2010) Mul i- unc ional sma agg ega e-based s uc u al heal h moni o ing o ci - cula ein o ced conc e e columns subjec ed o seismic exci a ions. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 19(6): 065026. Ha o i S, Shimada T and Ma suhashib K (2001) Highly accu- a e low equency elas ic wa e measu emen using magne- os ic i e de ices. NDT & E In e na ional 34(6): 373–379. Heinzelmann, F. (2018). Design me hod o adap i e dayligh sys ems o buildings co e ed by la ge (span) oo s. Tech- nische Uni e si ei Eindho en. Henke M and Ge lach G (2016) A mul i-laye ed a iable s i ness de ice based on sma o m closu e ac ua o s. Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 27(3): 375–383. Huang B, Zhang H, Wang H, e al. (2014) Passi e base isola- ion wi h supe elas ic ni inol SMA helical sp ings. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 23(6): 065009. Huang WM, Ding Z, Wang CC, e al. (2010a) Shape memo y ma e ials. Ma e ials Today 13(7-8): 54–61. Huang WM, Yang B, Zhao Y, e al. (2010b) The mo-mois - u e esponsi e polyu e hane shape-memo y polyme and composi es: A e iew. Jou nal o Ma e ials Chemis y 20(17): 3367–3381. Hu JW, Choi DH and Kim DK (2013) Inelas ic beha io o sma ecen e ing buckling- es ained b aced ames wi h supe elas ic shape memo y alloy b acing sys ems. P oceed- ings o he Ins i u ion o Mechanical Enginee s Pa C Jou - nal o Mechanical Enginee ing Science 227(4): 806–818. Indi li M and Cas ellano MG (2008) Shape memo y alloy de ices o he s uc u al imp o emen o mason y he i- age s uc u es. In e na ional Jou nal o A chi ec u al He i- age 2(2): 93–119. Indi li M, Cas ellano MG, Clemen e P, e al. (2001) Demo-appli- ca ion o shape memo y alloy de ices: The ehabili a ion o he S. Gio gio Chu ch bell owe . In: Sma S uc u es and Ma e ials 2001: Sma Sys ems o B idges, S uc u es, and Highways, ol. 4330. SPIE. Newpo Beach: CA, pp.262–272. Jalali A, Ca done D and Na jabadi am P (2011) Sma es o - able sliding base isola ion sys em. Bulle in o Ea hquake Enginee ing 9(2): 657–673. Janocha H (2007) Adap onics and Sma S uc u es: Basics, Ma e ials, Design and Applica ions. Be lin Heidelbe g: Sp inge . Johnson EA, Ramallo JC and Spence BF (1998) In elligen base isola ion sys ems. In: Takuji Kobo i, Yu aka Inoue, Kazu o Se o, Hi okazu Iemu a, Aki a Nishi ani (Eds) The second wo ld con e ence on s uc u al con ol, Feb ua y, pp.1–10. Johnson R, Padge JE, Emmanuel Ma agakis M, e al. (2008) La ge scale es ing o ni inol shape memo y alloy de ices o e o i ing o b idges. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 17(3): 035018. Jung J, Abdelhadi M, Da hmaoui H, e al. (2005) E idence o nanos uc u es and ilamen s in HTSC om he elec- ical anspo measu emen s. Jou nal o Supe conduc i - i y 18: 693–696. Jun JW, Sil e io M, Llubia JA, e al. (2017) Rememb ane: A shape changing adap i e s uc u e, ememb ane. In: Gu ¨len Cxagdas, Mine O ¨zka , Leman F. e al. (eds) Fu u e T ajec o ies o Compu a ion in Design.17 h In e na ional Con e ence, CAAD Fu u es 2017, P oceedings / ISBN 978- 975-561–482-3] Is anbul, Tu key, 12–14 July 2017, pp. 180–198. Kasa da ME, Te penny JP, Inman D, e al. (2007) Design o adap abili y (DFAD) - a new concep o achie ing sus ainable design. In: Robo ics and Compu e -In eg a ed 396 Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 33(3) Manu ac u ing, ol. 23(6), pp. 727–734, DOI:h ps://doi. o g/10.1016/j. cim.2007.02.004. Khazem DA, Kwun H and Kim SETAL (2001) Long- ange inspec ion o suspende opes in suspension b idges using he magne os ic i e senso echnology. In: P oceedings o he 3 d in e na ional wo kshop on s uc u al heal h moni o - ing: The demands and challenges. S an o d Uni e si y, S an o d, CA, 12–14 Sep embe , 2001. pp.384–392. Khoo C (2013) Mo phing a chi ec u e wi h esponsi e ma e ial sys ems. PhD Thesis, RMIT Uni e si y. Melbou ne, Aus alia. Khoo CK, Salim F and Bu y J (2011) Designing a chi ec- u al mo phing skins wi h elas ic modula sys ems. In e - na ional Jou nal o A chi ec u al Compu ing 9(4): 397–419. Khoo CK and Shin JW (2018) Designing wi h bioma e ials o esponsi e a chi ec u e: A so esponsi e ‘‘bio-s uc- u al’’ hyd ogel skin. eCAADe36 2: 285–292. Kim J, Yun S and Lee SK (2008) Cellulose sma ma e ial: Possibili y and challenges. Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 19(3): 417–422. Kim J, Yun S and Ounaies Z (2006) Disco e y o cellulose as a sma ma e ial. Mac omolecules 39(12): 4202–4206. Klein C and Kae e G (2008) F om sma homes o sma ci - ies: Oppo uni ies and challenges om an indus ial pe - spec i e. In: Balandin S, Mol chano D, Kouche ya y Y. (eds) Nex Gene a ion Tele a ic and Wi ed/Wi eless Ad anced Ne wo king, ol. 5174. Be lin Heidelbe g: Sp inge , p.260. Kola e ic B (2015) Ac ualising (o e looked) ma e ial capaci- ies. A chi ec u al Design 85(5): 128–133. Kolodziej P and Rak J (2013) Responsi e building en elope as a ma e ial sys em o au onomous agen s. In: S ou s R, Janssen P, Rouda ski S, e al. (eds), P oceedings o he 18 h in e na ional con e ence on compu e -aided a chi- ec u al design esea ch in Asia, CAADRIA 2013, open sys- ems, Hong Kong, pp.945–954. K e ze M and Rossi D (2012) Shapeshi . Leona do 45(5): 480–481. K uusama ¨e K, Punning A, Aabloo A, e al. (2015) Sel -sen- sing ionic polyme ac ua o s: A e iew. Ac ua o s 4(1): 17–38. La o une P, McCo mick J, DesRoches R, e al. (2007) Tes - ing o supe elas ic ecen e ing p e-s ained b aces o seis- mic esis an design. Jou nal o Ea hquake Enginee ing 11(3): 383–399. Laska A, Gu H, Mo YL, e al. (2009) P og essi e collapse o a wo-s o y ein o ced conc e e ame wi h embedded sma agg ega es. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 18(7): 075001. Lee S and Kim KJ (2006) Design o IPMC ac ua o -d i en al e-less mic opump and i s low a e es ima ion a low Reynolds numbe s. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 15(4): 1103–1109. Lee SJ, Han MJ, Kim SJ, e al. (2006) A new ab ica ion me hod o IPMC ac ua o s and applica ion o a i icial inge s. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 15(5): 1217–1224. Leo DJ (2007) Enginee ing Analysis o Sma Ma e ial Sys- ems: Leo/Sma Ma e ial Sys ems. New Je sey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lienha d J, Schleiche S, Poppinga S, e al. (2011) Flec o in: A hingeless lapping mechanism inspi ed by na u e. Bioin- spi a ion & Biomime ics 6(4): 045001. Ligna olo L, Lelie eld C and Teu el P (2011) Shape mo ph- ing wind- esponsi e acade sys ems ealized wi h sma ma e ials. Technical epo , London. Uni e si y: Del Uni- e si y o Technology, Del , The Ne he lands. Liu J, Liu JCC, Egge s M, e al. (2018) Responsi e ki igami: Con ex -ac ua ed hinges in olded shee sys ems. Simula- ion Se ies 50: 166–173. Loonen R.C.G.M. (2015) Bio-inspi ed Adap i e Building Skins. In: Pacheco To gal F., Lab incha J., Diaman i M., Yu CP., Lee H. (eds) Bio echnologies and Biomime ics o Ci il Enginee ing. Sp inge , Cham. h ps://doi.o g/10.10 07/978-3-319-09287-4_5 Lu T, Ma C and Wang T (2020) Mechanics o dielec ic elas- ome s uc u es: A e iew. Ex eme Mechanics Le e s 38: 100752. Lu X, Thomas PJ and Helle ang JO (2019) A e iew o me h- ods o ib e-op ic dis ibu ed chemical sensing. Senso s (Basel, Swi ze land) 19(13): 2876. MacLean A, Mo an C, Johns one W, e al. (2001) Dis ibu- ed ibe op ic senso o liquid hyd oca bon de ec ion, In: P oc. SPIE 4328, Sma S uc u es and Ma e ials, New- po Beach: CA, ol 4328, SPIE, p. 47–53. Ma H and Cho C (2008) Feasibili y s udy on a supe elas ic SMA dampe wi h e-cen ing capabili y. Ma e ials Sci- ence and Enginee ing A 473(1–2): 290–296. Ma H, Wilkinson T and Cho C (2007) Feasibili y s udy on a sel -cen e ing beam- o-column connec ion by using he supe elas ic beha io o SMAs. Sma Ma e ials and S uc- u es 16(5): 1555–1563. Ma elli A (2008) Recen p og ess o applica ions o mode n an i-seismic sys ems in Eu ope-pa 2: Ene gy dissipa ion sys ems, shape memo y alloy de ices and shock ansmi - e s. In: The 14 h wo ld con e ence on ea hquake enginee - ing, 12–17 Oc obe 2008, Beijing, China. Massah SR and Do a H (2014) Design and analysis o eccen ically b aced s eel ames wi h e ical links using shape memo y alloys. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 23(11): 115015. Ma he PT, Luo X and Rousseau IA (2009) Shape memo y polyme esea ch. Annual Re iew o Ma e ials Resea ch 39(1): 445–471. Ma zelle TR, Geuskens G and K use N (2003) Elas ic p ope - ies o poly(n-isop opylac ylamide) and poly(ac ylamide) hyd ogels s udied by scanning o ce mic oscopy. Mac o- molecules 36(8): 2926–2931. McGa in GL and Gue in G (2002) Real- ime seismic damp- ing and equency con ol o s eel s uc u es using ni inol wi e. In: Sma S uc u es and Ma e ials 2002: Sma Sys- ems o B idges, S uc u es, and Highways, ol 4696, San Diego, Cali o nia, SPIE, pp. 176–185 Michie WC, Culshaw B, Kons an aki M, e al. (1995) Dis ib- u ed pH and wa e de ec ion using ibe -op ic senso s and hyd ogels. Jou nal o Ligh wa e Technology 13(7): 1415–1420. Ming Y, Yang Y, Fu RP, e al. (2018) IPMC senso in eg a ed sma glo e o pulse diagnosis, b aille ecogni ion, and human–compu e in e ac ion. Ad anced Ma e ials Tech- nologies 3(12): 1800257. Modle N, Winkle A, Filippa os A, e al. (2016) Simula ion and expe imen al in es iga ion o ac i e ligh weigh com- plian mechanisms wi h in eg a ed piezoce amic ac ua o s. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 25(8): 085047. Sobczyk e al. 397 Mohamed ASY (2017) Sma ma e ials inno a i e echnolo- gies in a chi ec u e: Towa ds inno a i e design pa adigm. Ene gy P ocedia 115: 139–154. Monaco E, F anco F and Lecce L (2000) Expe imen al and nume ical ac i i ies on damage de ec ion using magne os- ic i e ac ua o s and s a is ical analysis. Jou nal o In elli- gen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 11(7): 567–578. Mo adi S and Alam MS (2015) Feasibili y s udy o u ilizing supe elas ic shape memo y alloy pla es in s eel beam– column connec ions o imp o ed seismic pe o mance. Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 26(4): 463–475. Mosse’ A, Fu u es MAT and I C (2011) Ma e ializing a esponsi e in e io : Designing minimum ene gy s uc u e based on dielec ic elas ome s. In: Adap i e a chi ec u e con e ence, Ma ch, pp.1–13. Musol A (2005) Fo mgeda ¨ch nislegie ungen—Expe imen elle un e suchung und au bau on adap i en s uk u en. PhD Thesis, Technischen Uni e si a ¨ Be lin. Na WB and Kundu T (2002) A combina ion o PZT and EMAT ansduce s o in e ace inspec ion. The Jou nal o he Acous ical Socie y o Ame ica 111(5 P 1): 2128–2139. Ohma a K, Zaike M and Koh T (1997) A h ee-link a m ype ib a ion con ol de ice using magne os ic i e ac ua o s. Jou nal o Alloys and Compounds 258(1–2): 74–78. Olia H, To abi M, Bahi aei M, e al. (2019) Applica ion o nano luids in he mal pe o mance enhancemen o pa a- bolic ough sola collec o : S a e-o - he-a . Applied Sciences 9: 463. Ozbulu OE and Hu lebaus S (2010) E alua ion o he pe - o mance o a sliding- ype base isola ion sys em wi h a NiTi shape memo y alloy de ice conside ing empe a u e e ec s. Enginee ing S uc u es 32(1): 238–249. Ozbulu OE and Hu lebaus S (2011) Seismic assessmen o b idge s uc u es isola ed by a shape memo y alloy/ ub- be -based isola ion sys em. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 20(1): 015003. Ozbulu OE, Hu lebaus S and Des oches R (2011) Seismic esponse con ol using shape memo y alloys: A e iew. Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 22(14): 1531–1549. Ozbulu OE, Roschke PN, Lin PY, e al. (2010) GA-based op imum design o a shape memo y alloy de ice o seis- mic esponse mi iga ion. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 19(6): 065004–065018. Pesen i M, Mase a G, Fio i o F, e al. (2015) Kine ic sola skin: A esponsi e olding echnique. Ene gy P ocedia 70: 661–672. Poppinga S, Zoll ank C, P ucke O, e al. (2018) Towa d a new gene a ion o sma biomime ic ac ua o s o a chi ec- u e. Ad anced Ma e ials 30(19): 1703653. Qiu C and Tian L (2018) Feasibili y analysis o SMA-based damping de ices o use in seismic isola ion o low- ise ame buildings. In e na ional Jou nal o S uc u al S abi- li y and Dynamics 18(6): 1850087. Ramallo JC, Johnson EA and Spence BF (2002) ‘‘Sma ’’ base isola ion sys ems. Jou nal o Enginee ing Mechanics 128(10): 1088–1099. Reiche S, Menges A and Co ea D (2015) Me eo osensi i e a chi ec u e: Biomime ic building skins based on ma e ially embedded and hyg oscopically enabled espon- si eness. CAD Compu e Aided Design 60: 50–69. Ri e A (2007) Sma Ma e ials in A chi ek u , Innena chi ek- u und Design. De G uy e . Basel, Swi ze land. Rousseau IA (2008) Challenges o shape memo y polyme s: A e iew o he p og ess owa d o e coming SMP’s limi a- ions. Polyme Enginee ing and Science 48(11): 2075–2089. Shahin AR, Meckl PH and Jones JD (1997) Modeling o SMA endons o ac i e con ol o s uc u es. Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 8(1): 51–70. Shahinpoo M (2003) Ionic polyme –conduc o composi es as biomime ic senso s, obo ic ac ua o s and a i icial mus- cles—A e iew. Elec ochimica Ac a 48: 2343–2353. Shahinpoo M (2008) Ionic polyme ic conduc o nanocompo- si es (IPCNCs) as dis ibu ed nanosenso s and nanoac ua- o s. Bioinspi a ion Biomime ics 3(3): 035003. Shahinpoo M, Ba -Cohen Y, Simpson JO, e al. (1998) Ionic polyme -me al composi es (IPMCs) as biomime ic senso s, ac ua o s and a i icial muscles—A e iew. Sma Ma e i- als and S uc u es 7(6): R15–R30. Sha aidin K (2014) Kine ic acades: Towa ds design o en i- onmen al pe o mance. Phd hesis. RMIT Uni e si y, Melbou ne, Aus alia. Shi F, Ozbulu OE and Zhou Y (2020) In luence o shape memo y alloy b ace design pa ame e s on seismic pe o - mance o sel -cen e ing s eel ame buildings. S uc u al Con ol and Heal h Moni o ing 27(1): pp. e2462. DOI: 10.1002/ s c.2462. Shimul S (2017) Ali e by ma e ial: A s udy o dielec ic poly- me as a ma e ial wi h in insic kine ic p ope ies o a chi- ec u al applica ion. PhD Thesis, Texas Tech Uni e si y. Lubbock (Texas), US. Shook DA, Roschke PN and Ozbulu OE (2008) Supe elas ic semi-ac i e damping o a base-isola ed s uc u e. S uc- u al Con ol and Heal h Moni o ing 15(5): 746–768. Smi h SI (2017) Supe po ous in elligen hyd ogels o en i - onmen ally adap i e building skins. MRS Ad ances 2: 2481–2488. Sobczyk M and Wallme spe ge T (2016) Modeling and simula ion o he elec o-chemical beha io o chemically s imula ed polyelec oly e hyd ogel laye composi es. Jou - nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 27(13): 1725–1737. Sobczyk M and Wallme spe ge T (2018) Modeling and simu- la ion o a chemically s imula ed hyd ogel bilaye bending ac ua o . In: Al enbach H, Ca e a E, Kuliko G. (eds) Ad anced S uc u ed Ma e ials, ol. 81. Sp inge Ve lag. Sp inge , Singapo e, pp.211–226. Sobek W and Teu el P (2001) Adap i e sys ems in a chi ec- u e and s uc u al enginee ing. In: Sma S uc u es and Ma e ials 2001: Sma Sys ems o B idges, S uc u es, and High- ways, ol. 4330. SPIE. Newpo Beach: CA, pp.36–45. Song G, Gu H and Li H (2004) Applica ion o he piezoelec- ic ma e ials o heal h moni o ing in ci il enginee ing: An o e iew. In: P oceedings o he 9 h biennial ASCE ae ospace di ision in e na ional con e ence o he enginee - ing cons uc ion and ope a ions in challenging en i onmen s ea h and space, ASCE, Ame ican Socie y o Ci il Engi- nee s. League Ci y, Hous on, Texas, pp.680–687. DOI: 10.1061/40722(153)94. 398 Jou nal o In elligen Ma e ial Sys ems and S uc u es 33(3) Song G, Gu H, Mo YL, e al. (2007) Conc e e s uc u al heal h moni o ing using embedded piezoce amic ansdu- ce s. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 16(4): 959–968. Song G, Gu H and Mo YL (2008) Sma agg ega es: Mul i- unc ional senso s o conc e e s uc u es—A u o ial and a e iew. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 17(3): 033001. So oushian P, Os owa i K, Nossoni A, e al. (2001) Repai and s eng hening o conc e e s uc u es h ough applica- ion o co ec i e pos ensioning o ces wi h shape mem- o y alloys. T anspo a ion Resea ch Reco d: Jou nal o he T anspo a ion Resea ch Boa d 1770: 20–26. Speiche M, Hodgson DE, DesRoches R, e al. (2009) Shape memo y alloy ension/comp ession de ice o seismic e - o i o buildings. Jou nal o Ma e ials Enginee ing and Pe o mance 18(5–6): 746–753. Spence BF, Yang G and Ca lson JD (1998) ‘‘Sma ’’ dam- pe s o seismic p o ec ion o s uc u es: A ull-scale s udy. In: Second wo ld con e ence on s uc u al con ol. Kyo o, Japan, 28 June – 1 July 1998. Sul ana P and Yousse MA (2018) Seismic pe o mance o modula s eel ames equipped wi h shape memo y alloy b aces. Bulle in o Ea hquake Enginee ing 16(11): 5503–5527. Tashako i M (2014) Design o a compu e con olled sun- acking acade model. PhD Thesis. The Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y, S a e College, Pennsyl ania, US. Teh YH and Fea he s one R (2007) F equency esponse analysis o shape memo y alloy ac ua o s. In: In e na ional con e ence on sma ma e ials and nano echnology in enginee ing. Ha bin, China, ol. 6423. SPIE. Bellingham, Washing on, US. To a V, Isalgue A, Ma o ell F, e al. (2007) Buil in dam- pe s o amily homes ia SMA: An ANSYS compu a ion scheme based on mesoscopic and mic oscopic expe imen- al analyses. Enginee ing S uc u es 29(8): 1889–1902. Ugole BN (2014) Wood as a na u al sma ma e ial. Wood Science and Technology 48(3): 553–568. Ando `B, Baglio S, Benina o A, e al. (2013) A Seismic Senso Based on IPMC Combined Wi h Fe o luids. In: IEEE T ansac ions on Ins umen a ion and Measu emen 62(5), pp. 1292–1298. DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2012.2232473. Usman M, Sung SH, Jang DD, e al. (2009) Nume ical in es- iga ion o sma base isola ion sys em employing MR elas ome . Jou nal o Physics Con e ence Se ies 149: 012099. Vazquez E, Randall C and Dua e JP (2019) Shape-changing a chi ec u al skins: A e iew on ma e ials, design and ab- ica ion s a egies and pe o mance analysis. Jou nal o Facade Design and Enginee ing 7(2): 91–102. Wage maie W, K a z K, Heuchel M, e al. (2009) Cha ac e - iza ion me hods o shape-memo y polyme s. Ad ances in Polyme Science 226: 97–145. Wang B, Zhu S, Chen K, e al. (2020) De elopmen o supe - elas ic SMA angles as seismic- esis an sel -cen e ing de ices. Enginee ing S uc u es 218: 110836. Wang Q, Sena o e G, Kaymenaki V, e al. (2018) A ib a ion con ol s a egy using a iable s i ness join s.In: P oceed- ings o IASS Annual Symposia, IASS 2018 Bos on Sympo- sium: T ans o mables, pp. 1–8(8). Bos on, Massachuse s. Wiesenhue e S, Wilde A, Noennig JR. (2016) Swa m In elli- gence in A chi ec u al Design. In: Tan Y, Shi Y, Niu B. (eds) Ad ances in Swa m In elligence. ICSI 2016. Bali, Indonesia. Lec u e No es in Compu e Science, ol. 9712, pp. 3–13. Sp inge , Cham. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3- 319-41000-5_1 Wilkes KE, Liaw PK and Wilkes KE (2000) The a igue beha- io o shape-memo y alloys. JOM 52(10): 45–51. Winkle A, Eh enho e A, Wallme spe ge T, e al. (2020) So obo ic s uc u es by sma encapsula ion o elec onic de ices. P ocedia Manu ac u ing 52: 277–282. Yamashi a Y, Masuda A and Sone A (2004) Base isola ion sys em using shape memo y alloy wi es. In: Wang KW (ed.) Sma S uc u es and Ma e ials 2004: Damping and Isola ion, ol. 5386. SPIE. Bellingham, Washing on, p. 41–50. Yan S, Sun W, Song G, e al. (2009) Heal h moni o ing o ein o ced conc e e shea walls using sma agg ega es. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 18(4): 047001. Yeom SW and Oh IK (2009) A biomime ic jelly ish obo based on ionic polyme me al composi e ac ua o s. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 18(8): 085002. Yoon J (2021) Design- o- ab ica ion wi h he mo- esponsi e shape memo y polyme applica ions o building skins. A chi ec u al Science Re iew 64: 72–86. Yoshioka H, Ramallo JC and Spence BF (2002) ‘‘Sma ’’ base isola ion s a egies employing magne o heological dampe s. Jou nal o Enginee ing Mechanics 128(5): 540–551. Yu dakul O ¨, Tunaboyu O ¨and A sxa O ¨(2018) Re o i o non-seismically designed beam-column join s by pos - ensioned supe elas ic shape memo y alloy ba s. Bulle in o Ea hquake Enginee ing 16(11): 5279–5307. Zhou HM, Zheng XJ and Zhou YH (2006) Ac i e ib a ion con ol o nonlinea gian magne os ic i e ac ua o s. Sma Ma e ials and S uc u es 15(3): 792–798. Zhu S and Zhang Y (2007) Seismic beha iou o sel -cen ing b aced ame buildings wi h eusable hys e e ic damping b ace. Ea hquake Enginee ing S uc u al Dynamics 36(10): 1329–1346. Sobczyk e al. 399