The TOSCA Case: How Open-Source Spatial and Digital Decision Support Tools Help Urban Agglomerations to Leapfrog Towards Smart Sustainable Cities

DOI: 10.4018/IJEPR.319370 In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 This a icle published as an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/) which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and p oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he au ho o he o iginal wo k and o iginal publica ion sou ce a e p ope ly c edi ed. *Co esponding Au ho 1 The TOSCA Case: How Open-Sou ce Spa ial and Digi al Decision Suppo Tools Help U ban Agglome a ions o Leap og Towa ds Sma Sus ainable Ci ies Ma ia Molei o, Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g, Ge many* h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-7655-1309 A jama Mukhe jee, Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g, Ge many Joe g Raine Noennig, Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g, Ge many h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1681-7635 ABSTRACT Conside ing he apid pace o global u baniza ion especially in eme ging economies o he global Sou h, his a icle add esses go e nance app oaches o he sus ainable de elopmen o ci ies which seek o ans o m in o sma ci ies. I ocuses on leap ogging as a go e nance concep o ci ies h i ing owa ds sus ainable de elopmen and desc ibes he ole o open sou ce digi al ools as accele a o s o his ansi ion. On such p emises, he Toolki o Open and Sus ainable Ci y Planning and Analysis (TOSCA) will be p esen ed as a case s udy. The pape p o ides an o e iew o i s concep ualiza ion and implemen a ion in wo pilo s egions. An o e iew o he gains and di icul ies om he empi ical p ocess is discussed, concluding wi h lea nings and challenges o u he implemen a ion in o he egions, and o he sus ainable inco po a ion o open-sou ce digi al ools in u ban and egional go e nance. KEywORDS Decision-Making, Digi al Tools, GIS, Global Sou h, Go e nance, Leap ogging, Planning, Spa ial Da a 1. INTRODUCTION To unde s and he complexi ies o be aced in he coming yea s in he ealms o u ban and egional go e nance - especially in de eloping na ions o he Global Sou h - he challenging pace o he wo ld’s popula ion g ow h needs o be acknowledged. Acco ding o he UN, an unp eceden ed and exponen ial shi o he wo ld popula ion om u al o u ban dwelle s has aken place since he 1950s. This endency is expec ed o accele a e. Es ima es hold ha by 2050 app oxima ely 90% o his d ama ic inc ease o he wo ld’s u ban popula ion will be accoun ed o in he egions o Asia and A ica (UN, 2018). E ec i e measu es a e equi ed o mi iga e he e ec s o he imminen u ban sp awls ha occu especially in apidly de eloping egions and eme ging economies ac oss he globe. In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 2 These key ac s shed ligh on he u gen need o e ise he p ocesses adop ed by policy make s o add ess sus ainable u baniza ion, while ecognizing he need o main ain a connec ion be ween u al and u ban de elopmen . The Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) a e an example o globalized means o mi iga ion o he long- e m impac s o apid u ban g ow h. Fo example, SDG 16, ela ed o Peace, Jus ice and S ong Ins i u ions, a ge s anspa ency in go e nance in o de o es ablish secu i y and consolida ed de elopmen in socie y (UN, 2022). The achie emen o such goals will depend on how e ec i ely hese measu es can be implemen ed ac oss he di e en scales o egula o s and ins i u ions, and whe he hey can each he mos local le els o go e nance. To ha e a deepe iew in o g ound-b eaking socie al de elopmen s, he concep o leap ogging is a highly ele an app oach. Coined almos ou decades back (Fudenbe g e al.,1983), he e m was amed wi hin he scope o indus ial o ganiza ion, add essing he po en ial s eamlining o ma ke and economic g ow h. Howe e , o e ecen yea s, ‘Leap ogging’ has been u he adop ed o o he ealms o de elopmen e.g., echnological p og ess, wi h ema kable examples in de eloping egions. In A ica, o example, he apid ake-up o mobile echnology allowed he popula ion o ha e a b oade access o in o ma ion, a su passing he pace expec ed by he de elopmen o con en ional landline in as uc u e (Wo ld Bank G oup; China De elopmen Bank, 2017). Unde s anding his concep o leap ogging and i s adap a ion o a wide spec um o socie y and de elopmen , i s applica ion o, and impac on, he ealm o go e nance is a wo hy discussion. This a icle will con ibu e o he unde s anding o u u e challenges in he e olu ion o ci ies om he Global Sou h which seek hei pa h o ans o ma ion owa ds sma ci ies, especially h ough he adop ion o digi al ools and da a in as uc u es. The pape hus e ol es a ound he ollowing ques ions: Can he concep o leap ogging be ans e ed o he scope o go e nance o help ci ies h i e owa ds sus ainable de elopmen ? And: How can open sou ce ools accele a e his ansi ion? To add ess hese ques ions, his pape will in oduce he Toolki o Open and Sus ainable Ci y Planning and Analysis (TOSCA) as a case s udy, p o iding an o e iew o i s concep ualiza ion and de elopmen p ocess as well as i s implemen a ion in wo pilo loca ions. The objec i e is o gi e empi ical e idence o he gains and di icul ies om he pilo applica ions, in o de o be e add ess he po en ial challenges coming ahead o he success ul u u e implemen a ion in o he de eloping egions. Fu he , he a icle aims o ou line how he sus ainable inco po a ion o open-sou ce digi al ools may educe he gap be ween local au ho i ies and i s popula ion, in he ace o p ocedu e cons ain s on he side o go e nmen s. 2. BACKGROUND Se e al concep s need o be de ined o pu he p oposed ques ions in o con ex . The ollowing no ions o m he co ne s ones o a heo e ical amewo k ha no only suppo s he a ge ed applica ion o digi al solu ions in he u ban con ex bu also enables a e lec ion o hei capaci y as enable s o swi (“leap ogging”) u ban de elopmen . 2.1 U baniza ion The e is a b oad spec um o de ini ions aiming o quali y u banized a eas. As explained by Ri chie & Rose (2018) i is no possible o p esen one uni e sally ag eed concep o wha de ines an u ban a ea; i a ies pe coun y acco ding o popula ion densi y in some cases, o by le el o in as uc u e de elopmen , o name a ew pa ame e s. The Eu opean Commission, o example, seeks o a mo e gene alized de ini ion, and b eaks down his di e en ia ion acco ding o he numbe o inhabi an s and he popula ion densi y pe km2 (Pesa esi e al., 2016). When compa ing di e en pa ame e s and indexes, he exac wo ldwide popula ion in u ban con ex s a ies conside ably among en i ies such as he UN and he EC. Ne e heless, he end o g ow h is indispu able, ha ing i s la ges sha e among Asia, A ica and La in Ame ica, in o he wo ds: he de eloping egions o he global Sou h (Figu e 1). In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 3 U baniza ion p ojec ions sugges ha ci ies in such de eloping egions (especially in A ica, Eas Asia and Sou h Asia) could be he a eas ha see 96% o an o e h ee billion inc ease in u ban popula ion by 2050 (The Lance , 2017; Onodugo and Ezeadichie, 2020; UN-Habi a , 2020). De eloping egions now ha e some o he wo ld’s la ges ci ies – o 28 megaci ies in 2018, 16 a e in Asia and 4 a e in La in Ame ica. To deal wi h he cu en explosion o u baniza ion, policy-make s in hese egions expe imen wi h new o ms o u ban de elopmen . In his con ex , digi al (“sma ”) echnologies and in as uc u es in suppo o u ban de elopmen , planning, and managemen bea a high po en ial o mi iga e he e ec s o such ends. Thus, hund eds o sma ci y p ojec s a e cu en ly in p og ess wi h e.g., India and Indonesia ha ing p og ams aiming o es ablish 100 sma ci ies each (A ku, 2021). 2.2 Global Sou h and Digi al Di ide The e is ich schola ship on sma ci ies in he Global No h, howe e , esea ch on his opic is only now eme ging in ega ds o he Global Sou h (Da a, 2015; Odendaal, 2011; Shin, 2017) (Da a, 2018). S ill, he ake up o sma ci y concep s has been ex emely as in he Global Sou h. De eloping coun ies like China, India, Ko ea and Saudi A abia a e conside ed he la ges consume s o he global sma ci y ma ke (Manyika e al., 2011) (Da a, 2018). Technology as a d i e o inno a ion and accele a ed p og ess ine i ably also a ec s socie al change (Klynge, 2019). Wha upcoming challenges a e o be aced by na ions o he global Sou h in he cou se o u he echnological pene a ion, howe e , is s ill a ma e o deba e. Resea ch has shown ha digi al b eak h oughs in he las yea s ha e had s onge impac s in de eloping coun ies such as India, Thailand o Mexico han in mos de eloped na ions (Klynge, 2019). Also, he sub- Saha an A ican egion has expe ienced g ea ad ancemen in he las decades when i comes o mobile echnology pene a ion, allowing no only a mo e widesp ead communica ion, bu a s onge in luence o ICT in sec o s ela ed o go e nance and economy. Despi e such achie emen s, he eme ging digi al di ide is s ill a challenge, especially be ween u al and u ban se lemen s (The Wo ld Bank G oup, 2017). Al hough in e ne access and b oadband echnology may blu ou he digi al di ide, hei adop ion needs o be s ill e alua ed on a con ex -speci ic basis. An e ec i e way o minimize he digi al di ide, as i appea s, is he ans e o open-sou ce echnologies om he Global No h o he Global Sou h. Thei implemen a ion and deploymen , howe e , s ill equi es a Figu e 1. Sha e o people li ing in u ban a eas by egion in 2015 (Pesa esi e al., 2016) In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 4 willing and enabling local en i onmen , as well as a clea sense o cau ion in ega ds o he h ea s o echno-colonialism (Yayboke e al., 2017). 2.3 Open Sou ce Tools F ee and open-sou ce ools o e mul iple oppo uni ies o suppo u ban planning and de elopmen , especially in he ligh o g owing s eams o u ban da a ha inc easingly uel he digi iza ion o he planning p o ession. Thus, new app oaches o analyse and syn hesize complex and dynamic u ban da a become inc easingly indispensable (Yap e al, 2022). Al hough he signi icance o F ee and Open Sou ce So wa e (FOSS) has become well known o e he pas yea s, p op ie a y so wa e solu ions a e s ill h i ing (Kuma e al., 2018). This si ua ion may be a ibu ed o a lack o unde s anding o he landscape o a ailable ools and hei unc ionali ies, as well as o limi ed knowledge as o how such ools can add alue o he u ban planning p ocesses (Yap e al, 2022). The implemen a ion o FOSS in he Global Sou h in he scope o u baniza ion mus ackle se e al common challenges such as lack o knowledge on GIS, lack o accu a e and de ailed spa ial da a (Mennecke & Wes , 2001), dependence on expensi e, p op ie a y so wa e and endo lock-in, lack o awa eness o open-sou ce al e na i es, lack o echnically ained people necessa y o b ing change (Kuma e al., 2018) o dependence on ex e nal consul an s o ca ying ou GIS ela ed asks. 2.4 Leap ogging The concep o Leap ogging, coined om Economics o e ou decades ago (Fundenbe g e al., 1983) was o iginally used as a me apho o e e o ce ain compe i i e dynamics in he ma ke sec o . I e e ed o he idea o how inno a i e de elopmen models can bypass he adi ional pa hs o economic g ow h, as es ablished by he indus ialized na ions. Leap ogging can also be linked o he p edecesso heo y o he Di usion o Inno a ions om he 1960s (Roge s e al., 2019), whe e he idea o how inno a ion sp eads h ough means o communica ions is also condi ioned by addi ional de e mining ac o s like he social sys em and ime. Du ing he hi d wa e o indus ializa ion, simila concep s ela able o leap ogging ha e coincided, such as indus ial spu s, ela ed o echnology di usion (Soe e, 1985; Pé ez & Soe e, 1988) which shed ligh on he ac ha he concep is ele an o o he ields, like echnology, and e idenced i s ela ion o economic g ow h, hus accele a ing p og essi ely i s b oade applica ion in he ollowing yea s, and b inging up he concep o echnological leap ogging. Wi hin his idea, he possibili y o de eloping na ions o ca ch up in he adop ion o echnologies, known as he ad an age o he la ecome s, comes om he possibili y o de eloping na ions o su pass hei p edecesso s by shi ing away om he eplica ed pa h and seeking inno a ion in hei echnology adop ion, as hey a e no bound o he dependency o solid, in es ed in as uc u es (Lee, 2021). To b eak he pa e n o pa h dependency when adop ing echnologies di e en ly han de eloped na ions, seems like a logical s ep, a oiding he ailu es commi ed by on unne na ions, such as ossil uel consump ion and ca bon emissions and, hus, con ibu ing o he achie emen o sus ainable de elopmen goals (Lee, 2021). Aside om he well-known ad an ages on he up ake o mobile communica ions echnology ac oss A ica, lea ing behind he lagging landline ne wo k dis ibu ion (The Wo ld Bank G oup, 2017), o he ele an applica ions on echnology adop ion o economic g ow h can be men ioned, bene i ing di e en sec o s o socie y, such as he in as uc u e o he ene gy sec o (Cillie s, 2021). One example is he in es men shi om asphal o oad ne wo k eco e y, o au oma ed ai anspo a ion o goods and se ices h ough he implemen a ion o d one echnology. Ano he case is he al e na i e o g een ene gy gene a ion om a mosphe ic wa e ha es ing (Ja imi & Ri a , 2020), which would elie e u al a eas om cen alized wa e sys ems and elec ici y g id supply. Fu he mo e, he widesp ead p o ision o ICT echnology has opened he possibili y o a la ge popula ion o se ices linked o economy, go e nmen , banking and educa ion, making o example in o mal business shi o o mal schemes o ma ke . (Cillie s, 2021). In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 5 Despi e exis ing success ul cases, i is impo an o s ill conside ha leap ogging h ough echnology ans e can only be achie ed when - as p e equisi es - no only he pa icula i ies o each con ex bu also he local echnical capaci ies, poli ical will and bu eauc a ic easibili y a e acknowledged (Yayboke e al., 2017). I is essen ial o ensu e o e ime ha leap ogging socie ies can ans o m om me e consume s o p oduce s o weal h, in o de o consolida e sus ained g ow h (Yayboke, 2020). Fo de eloping na ions, he economic e ec s esul ing om he use o digi al echnology is well known. Fu he explo a ion, howe e , is needed o unde s and he e icacy o digi al applica ions in he ealms o go e nance – especially he impac o open-sou ce ools on u ban planning ac i i ies and design decision-making. The challenge lies in suppo ing ins i u ions o adop new measu es and pa adigms, especially once o iginal in es men s we e done (Cillie s, 2021). The ollowing discussion o he TOSCA case wan s o shed ligh on how o accele a e his ans o ma ional pa h in ci ies o he Global Sou h. 3. CASE STUDy: THE TOSCA TOOLKIT 3.1 Concep ualiza ion and De elopmen The Toolki o Open and Sus ainable Ci y Planning and Analysis (TOSCA) is a coope a ion p ojec be ween he Digi al Ci y Science g oup a Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g and he Ge man Agency o In e na ional Coope a ion (GIZ) Gmbh since 2019. I was pilo ed in he ci ies o Bhubaneswa (India) and La acunga (Ecuado ) in 2021. In he i s pilo case, he oolki was ailo ed o he iden i ica ion o land o a o dable housing in Bhubaneswa , o aid a slum upg ada ion p og am wi hin he Sus ainable U ban De elopmen – Sma Ci ies (SUD-SC) p og am wi h GIZ India. The second pilo a ge ed he adop ion o olcanic- isk go e nance s a egies in La acunga wi hin he Sus ainable In e media e Ci ies p og am wi h GIZ Ecuado . To add ess he challenges s a ed in he p e ious sec ion, TOSCA was concep ualized as a web- based geog aphic in o ma ion sys em (GIS) digi al solu ion ha can be used by non-GIS expe s. I p o ides a scalable, low-cos and low- ech solu ion (Figu e 2) wi h an easy- o-handle use in e ace o he in e ac ion o decision-make s om di e en backg ounds, and o acili a e pa icipa o y p ocesses: • Scalable: As an open-sou ce ool, TOSCA is in ended o be used by any pe son o ins i u ion and be cus omized o i s speci ic pu pose. The ool´s sys em a chi ec u e ollows a modula design ha allows he easy inco po a ion o new analy ic modules, as demanded by he speci ic use-cases. This makes he ool highly scalable and eplicable; i can be ep oduced any numbe o imes. • Low-cos : The TOSCA so wa e is cos - ee and a ailable on he online open sou ce eposi o y Gi Hub. Online ideo u o ials suppo he di e en kinds o use s wi h guidelines and manuals, Figu e 2. TOSCA componen s In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 6 in o de o suppo he easy ake-up o he ool by go e nmen s, ins i u ions and indi iduals wi h limi ed esou ces. • Low- ech: Requi ing only basic echnical knowledge o he deploymen and se up o he ool, TOSCA ea u es an easy- o-handle use in e ace ha minimizes he con en ional complexi y o GIS sys ems. TOSCA hus becomes a powe ul da a isualiza ion ool ha also allows he con eyance o complex non-spa ial in o ma ion. Use s can upload hei own maps o inges in o ma ion om Open S ee Maps. These ea u es place TOSCA a an ad an age o many open-sou ce ools used in u ban planning. The sys em s uc u e o he TOSCA echnology p o ides he possibili y o be aken up om any loca ion whe e i is needed. I does no ha e loca ional cons ain s on using he ool as i uns on a base o Open S ee Maps and can be hos ed emo ely anywhe e wo ldwide on a web-b owse . This enables use s o ha e access o a cus om g aphic use in e ace ha is easy o unde s and in compa ison wi h o he GIS ools wi h mo e complex use in e aces add essing expe use s. Wi h a se o ideo u o ials and manuals publicly a ailable online, he ool can be aken up by planne s wi hou he need o be expe p og amme s bu a he wi h basic knowledge o p og amming. Fu he mo e, TOSCA allows adap abili y o become a cus om ool o di e se con ex s- such as a iewe , inde , analyze o simula o , depending on he complexi y o he use-case. This se s he po en ial o TOSCA o be used a di e en phases o a planning p ocess, whe he i e e s o si e analysis, planning, consul a ion o e alua ion. The ool is buil wi h open-sou ce componen s in a modula manne , allowing quick e ac o ing o he sys em a chi ec u e i necessa y. As shown in he s udy on open-sou ce so wa e o u ban planning (Yap e al., 2022), geo-spa ial analysis and mapping eme ged as p ojec s in Gi Hub wi h he highes numbe o s a s, which can be conside ed an indica o o he in e es om he GIS- ela ed communi y o con ibu e o u he echnological de elopmen . TOSCA, as an open-sou ce web GIS oolki , has he po en ial o build an ac i e open-sou ce de elope communi y a ound i o build i u he . 3.2 Technical Modules and Func ionali ies A sys ema ic desc ip ion o TOSCA needs o comp ehend wo key aspec s: 1) The unc ional modules ha ep esen he capaci ies o he oolki as a echnological p oduc , and 2) he use cases which ep esen he p ac ical applica ion capaci ies o he oolki . Func ional modules a e gene ic so wa e solu ions which a e basically con ex -agnos ic, whe eas use cases e lec how hese unc ionali ies can be adap ed and u ilized o speci ic challenges in speci ic con ex s. These wo key aspec s indica e he ad an ages ha TOSCA p o ides as an adap able and scalable ool, based on i s modula design as well as on i s cos e iciency and usabili y. The easy- o-handle unc ional modules no only b ing non-expe use s close o GIS applica ions, bu also allow he comp ehensi e isual analysis ac oss di e en laye s o socio-spa ial in o ma ion. I hus acili a es he quick comp ehension and analysis o complex u ban da a e.g., o ou lining po en ial ci y challenges and con lic s (Figu e 3). The app op ia e isualiza ion o da a subs an ially enhances he in e disciplina y and mul i-le el communica ion be ween s akeholde g oups and decision make s and enables mo e e idence-based solu ions in u ban planning and policy making. Un il now (10/2022), he ollowing unc ional modules ha e been de eloped o TOSCA: • Map Laye Analysis o isual da a explo a ion, o a) answe simple ques ions o b) es ablish an o e iew o he a ailable da a be o e analyzing hem in mo e de ail wi h o he modules. • Fea u e Que y o in es iga ing in dep h and de ail he in o ma ion con ained in each indi idual da a laye . • Dis ance and A ea Measu emen o measu ing and ou pu ing he size o sub-a eas and dis ances d awn be ween poin s o in e es on he map. In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 7 • Accessibili y Analysis o c ea ing a hea -map showing a el imes o ehicles, bikes, o pedes ians om gi en s a poin s wi hin a selec ed a ea e.g. unde disas e condi ions. • Deep A ea Que y o complex il e ing o map ea u es and elemen s on he basis o use - de ined alues. • A ea Bu e Analysis o in es iga ing poin s o in e es wi hin a speci ied bu e adius om a loca ion selec ed on he map. • Co opaxi E up ion Scena io Analysis o he speci ic isk assessmen o Ecuado ian ci y La acunga´s ag icul u al and u ban in as uc u e in he ace o olcanic e up ion. 3.3 Pilo Applica ions and Use Cases In o de o apply TOSCA success ully, speci ic use cases need o be de ined in he ea ly phases o any implemen a ion p ojec . To iden i y, cla i y and o ganize he unc ional equi emen s owa ds he oolki , complex communica ion and in e ac ion p ocesses ha e o be ca ied ou wi h local ac o s and s akeholde s e.g., collec i e b ains o ming, p oblem discussions, o s uc u ed in o ma ion collec ion. Use cases may be in ini e bu may be add essed by he abo e- men ioned unc ionali ies. In addi ion, new unc ionali ies a e con inuously being de eloped and will be u he de eloped in he u u e. Since he concep ualiza ion o TOSCA, wo pilo applica ions ha e been accomplished in India and Ecuado , om which i s use cases we e de i ed o he oolki . Small and medium ci ies play a c ucial ole in ad ancing sus ainable u ban de elopmen and, due o hei scale, a e able o p o ide basic needs mo e e ec i ely in compa ison o la ge me opoli an a eas o megaci ies (In e media y ci ies. (n.d.). UCLG). The cha ac e is ics o p oximi y and human scale o smalle u ban cen e s can be le e aged o s eng hen u ban capaci ies and p e en u ban sp awl. The ci ies o Bhubaneswa and La acunga bo h all in o his ca ego y o ci ies and p o ide unique challenges ha can be add essed by pilo ing TOSCA o he espec i e use-cases. Figu e 3. Func ional modules o TOSCA: Top le - Bu e module; Top igh - Co opaxi Module; Bo om le : Accessibili y Analysis; Bo om igh : Fea u e Que y (HCU & GIZ, n.d.) In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 8 3.3.1 Pilo Applica ion: Bhubaneswa (India) India is es ima ed o be he la ges con ibu o o new u ban dwelle s wo ldwide by 2050 (UN, 2014), hus i was impe a i e o consolida e inno a i e design policies o Bhubaneswa which can ideally be eplica ed o o he egions in he coun y. In he con ex o he ci y o Bhubaneswa – loca ed in India’s sou he n s a e o Odisha – TOSCA was eques ed o iden i y land o cons uc ion o a o dable housing o elie e he d ama ic g ow h o he slum popula ion (Anand, & Deb, 2017). The goal was o alloca e 100,000 new housing uni s in he ci y. The in ol ed ac o s we e he Commissione O ice, Bhubaneswa Municipal Co po a ion (BMC), suppo ed by he Bhubaneswa De elopmen Au ho i y (BDA) and Bhubaneswa Sma Ci y Limi ed (BSCL). The suppo o he local au ho i ies was c ucial o he success ul pilo phase in India. The physical deploymen o he ool was done in he headqua e s o he BMC while he BDA and BSCL suppo ed he pilo p ojec wi h he p o ision o eliable and a ailable geospa ial da a. 3.3.2 Pilo Applica ion: La acunga (Ecuado ) The pilo applica ion in he ci y o La acunga in Ecuado ocused on he iden i ica ion o s a egies o s eng hen olcanic isk go e nance measu es in he egion due o he p esence o he ac i e Co opaxi olcano and he g ea economic dependency o he egion due o i s ag icul u al ac i i y. The 2015 olcanic e up ion in La acunga exposed he need o he ci y o unde s and he physical, social and sys emic ulne abili ies (Gomez-Zapa a e al., 2021) aced by La acunga, especially as ano he majo e up ion isk is imminen , acco ding o expe s. O e 300,000 esiden s in he egion a e exposed o his high olcanic h ea . The main use o he oolki in his case was he Municipali y o La acunga wi h he depa men s o Planning, Ci izen Secu i y and Risk Managemen , Public Wo ks and En i onmen and he Co opaxi P e ec u e, in he scale o p o incial go e nmen . Addi ional o ganiza ions capable o gene a ing echnological inno a ion could ake pa in he pa icipa o y p ocesses, such as Cowo king La acunga and Ins i u o Co opaxi, a local esea ch cen e ocusing on he in es iga ion o en i onmen al haza ds and isks mi iga ion, among o he s. 3.3.3 Use Cases In e ms o p ac ical applica ion, he e a e wo gene al scena ios o he applica ion o TOSCA in he con ex o u ban planning and decision-making, om which speci ic use cases and usage equi emen s de i e: 1. Expe discussions and decision-making: In e ac ing wi h complex u ban da a such as legal planning amewo ks, planning in o ma ion, o in as uc u al sys ems, wi hou necessa ily ha ing expe ise in Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems (GIS). 2. Mul i-s akeholde pa icipa ion and delibe a ion: E ec i ely in ol ing he b oad ci izenship in o u ban de elopmen planning p ojec s in o de o add ess hei needs and ensu e hei engagemen and pa icipa ion in he decision-making and accep ance- inding p ocesses. Being implemen ed wi h ei he scena io, he speci ic use cases o he TOSCA oolki we e ound by in e sec ing he conc e e applica ion con ex s in he pilo ci ies o Bhubaneswa and La acunga wi h he a ailable unc ional modules. The ollowing lis (Table 1) indica es he implemen ed o concep ualized use cases so a ; o he use cases - in espec o new applica ion con ex s and new unc ionali ies a e being cons an ly explo ed. 3.4 Me hodology and Implemen a ion In bo h pilo loca ions, a simila me hodology was ca ied o he i s p ac ical implemen a ion o TOSCA. While simila ac i i ies we e conside ed, special ca e was aken o main ain a sui able adap a ion o he speci ic con ex s o bo h pilo ci ies. The s ep-by-s ep guideline o he pilo ing in In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 9 India and Ecuado is ou lined below. Fo each o he 10 s eps, i p o ides a b ie explana ion o he aspec s o be conside ed, hus o ming a p o o ypical implemen a ion me hodology: 1. Iden i ica ion o Ci y and Use Case: Fundamen al aspec s o selec a pa icula use-case and ci y a e: 1) access o ele an da a sui able o he ool; 2) s ong ins i u ional capaci y and willingness o he local go e nmen o use TOSCA and in eg a e i in o wo k lows o decision-making; 3) eliable ne wo k o local pa ne s wi h owne ship, in e es and commi men ; 4) p ac ical use cases linked o exis ing p ojec s and based on he socio-economic con ex o he ci y. 2. Mobiliza ion o P ojec Suppo Team: Di e en ypes o human esou ces a e equi ed o implemen TOSCA in a sus ainable manne . These would ensu e an ex ended use o he ool a e he end-o -p ojec phase. The ollowing oles should be conside ed: a. Local non- ech suppo : Coo dina ing he p ojec implemen a ion and ensu ing commi men by local co e s akeholde s. b. Local ech suppo : Technically implemen ing he p ojec and adap ing he ool o he local con ex . Table 1. Example module analyses implemen ed in bo h pilo ci ies wi h TOSCA (Au ho s, 2022) Pilo Ci y: La acunga (Ecuado ) Pilo Ci y: Bhubaneswa (India) Module: Map Laye Analysis Show he s ee ligh s ha a e loca ed wi hin he a ea po en ially a ec ed by olcanic ash all om a Co opaxi e up ion. How many slums a e cu en ly loca ed wi hin open spaces o acan land? / Wha kind o owne ship do hese lands ha e? Module: Fea u e Que y Show he de ails o a speci ic ma ke - The ype o ma ke (e.g. wholesale), days o opening o he ma ke , s a us o he building and land a ea o he ma ke Which slums a e cu en ly occupying go e nmen -owned land? Module: Dis ance and A ea Measu emen Wha is he dis ance be ween wo s ee ligh s? Wha is he land a ea occupied by a speci ic in o mal se lemen ? Module: Accessibili y Analysis How long does i ake om di e en a eas in he ci y o one o he sa e poin s? / How is he accessibili y om di e en a eas o he ci y o he sa e poin s a ec ed by laha lows om a Co opaxi e up ion? How long does i ake o each a clus e o in o mal se lemen s om a bus s op? Module: Deep A ea Que y Which ag icul u al a eas p oducing b occoli a e po en ially a ec ed by ash all (medium impac scena io)? Fil e he map o show hose houses wi h a mon hly household income be ween 2.000 and 3.000 USD and min. 5 pe sons li ing in he household / Fil e he map o show hose a eas wi h a social ulne abili y index be ween 4 and 5 and a high popula ion densi y. Module: A ea Bu e Analysis No ye applied in his use case How many hospi als a e loca ed wi hin a 1-kilome e adius om a p oposed slum eloca ion a ea chosen o ehabili a e slum dwelle s? Module: Co opaxi E up ion Scena io Analysis Which speci ic e acua ion ou es a e po en ially a ec ed by la a lows and wha a e hei a ibu es (e.g. ID, leng h)? / Which p oduc i e in as uc u e is loca ed in a eas po en ially a ec ed by laha lows (high isk) and wha a e i s a ibu es (e.g. ID, a ea size, ype)? / No applicable o his use case In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch Volume 12 • Issue 1 16 Ma ía Molei o g adua ed as an a chi ec om he Simón Bolí a Uni e si y (Venezuela). She has been associa e di ec o a an a chi ec u e s udio, isi ing ins uc o a uni e si y le el, as well as membe o an NGO dedica ed o he dissemina ion o Venezuelan a chi ec u e. In 2021 she comple ed he Mas e s udies om he REAP P og amme a Ha enci y Uni e si y (HCU) Hambu g, wi h a ocus on sus ainable u ban de elopmen in he ields o mobili y and wa e managemen , o de eloping and de eloped egions, and he impac o digi al planning ools o mic oclima e assessmen . Since No embe 2021 she wo ks as a esea ch associa e a Digi al Ci y Science, a HCU, and p ojec coo dina o o TOSCA in Pales ine and Ecuado , an open sou ce GIS oolki , o s akeholde s suppo in decision-making p ocesses. A jama Mukhe jee s udied A chi ec u e in Piloo Mody College o A chi ec u e in India and wo ked in se e al a chi ec u al i ms and as an u ban planne in an a o dable housing p ojec . She ecei ed he Mas e in U ban Planning and Policy Design in he double deg ee p og am be ween Poli ecnico di Milano and Ha enci y Uni e si y (HCU) Hambu g in 2021 ocusing on applica ion o digi al ools o imp o e pa icipa ion in u ban planning p ocesses in he Indian con ex . A jama is a esea ch associa e a Digi al Ci y Science a HCU whe e she is p ojec coo dina o o TOSCA India, an open sou ce GIS oolki aimed a os e ing in eg a ed u ban de elopmen in India and Ecuado . Jö g Raine Noennig is P o esso o Digi al Ci y Science a he Ha enci y Uni e si y (HCU) Hambu g and also di ec s he WISSENSARCHITEKTUR Labo a o y o Knowledge A chi ec u e a TU D esden. F om 1992 o 1998, he s udied a chi ec u e a Bauhaus Uni e si ä Weima , Poly ech K akow and Waseda Uni e si y Tokyo. Be ween 1998 and 2001 he p ac iced as a chi ec in Tokyo. F om 2001 he was Resea ch Associa e a TU D esden, whe e he was appoin ed Junio P o esso o Knowledge A chi ec u e (2009-2015). He wo ked a di e en Uni e si ies ou side Ge many, such as he Uni e si a degli S udi dell l’Aquila, I aly, he ISEN Toulon, F ance, TU Wo onesch, Russia and he Toyo Uni e si ä Tokyo. Jö g Raine Noennig published se e al books and mo e han a hund ed scien i ic a icles and essays, and was awa ded wi h he G and P ix o he Eu opean Associa ion o A chi ec u al Educa ion (EAAE). Pesa esi, M., Melchio i, M., Si agusa, A., & Kempe , T. (2016). A las o he Human Plane 2016. 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Wo ld Ci ies Repo 2020: The Value o Sus ainable U baniza ion. Nai obi: Uni ed Na ions Human Se lemen s P og amme (UN-Habi a ). Uni ed Na ions (Ed.). (2014). Wo ld u baniza ion p ospec s, he 2014 e ision: highligh s. Uni ed Na ions. (2018). Wo ld U baniza ion P ospec s: The 2018 Re ision. UN. h ps://popula ion.un.o g/wup/ Publica ions/Files/WUP2018-KeyFac s.pd Uni ed Na ions. (2022). Goal 16 | Depa men o Economic and Social A ai s. h ps://sdgs.un.o g/goals/goal16 Wo ld Bank G oup, & he China De elopmen Bank. (2017). Leap ogging: The Key o A ica’s De elopmen ? Wo ld Bank. h ps://openknowledge.wo ldbank.o g/handle/10986/28440. Yap, W., Janssen, P., & Biljecki, F. (2022, Sep embe ). F ee and open sou ce u banism: So wa e o u ban planning p ac ice. Compu e s, En i onmen and U ban Sys ems, 96, 101825. doi:10.1016/j.compen u bsys.2022.101825 Yayboke, E. 2020. The Need o a Leap og S a egy. Cen e o S a egic and In e na ional Issues. h ps://www. csis.o g/analysis/need-leap og-s a egy Yayboke, E., Neale , E.& C.F. Rice (2017). Ha nessing he Da a Re olu ion o Achie e he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals: Enabling F ogs o Leap. CSIS Repo s. Cen e o S a egic & In e na ional S udies. ISBN 9781442280304.