The crisis of global capitalism and the environment
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Contribución Española al 32º Congreso Internacional de Geografía. Colonia 2012 Spanish contribution to 32nd International Geographical Congress. 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Contribución Española al 32º Congreso Internacional de Geografía. Colonia 2012 Spanish contribution to 32nd International Geographical Congress. Cologne 2012 365 The Crisis of Global Ca p italism and the Environmen t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outsourcing of production costs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�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uznets formulated his famous curve in the fifties to relate the distribution of 6789:;<Z6=><=>;<6789:;<?;E;?<@7A<97?B<:9C;<C;8;7=?B<9=>;C<@D=>9CF<DF;A<>6F< curve to relate environmental degradation to the level of income. Therefore =>;C;<6F<C6I9C9DF<@==C6JD=;A<=9<>@E67I<A;F6I7;A<=>;6C<9Z7<xDK7;=F<8DCE;<Z6=>< the modern desire to relate income and environment (personal communication NC9:<r9F;<O@7D;?<e@C;A9P<F;;<@?F9<e@C;A9P<USQSR_UT_VP<N99=79=;<Q_W UX< Y6C;8=<O@=;C6@?<[7\D=<]YO[W<9C<Y6C;8=<O@=;C6@?<^;`D6C;:;7=<C;N;C<=9<:@=;C6@?F< having an economic value that are used in production and consumption @8=6E6=6;FX< n6AA;7< O@=;C6@?< a?9ZF< @C;< =>;< :@=;C6@?F< ;b=C@8=;A< @7A< :9E;A< that are not adequate for being introduced into production and consumption @8=6E6=6;F<@7A<=>@=<@C;<7;E;C<@<\@C=<9N<;8979:68<E@?D@=697X<d>;<d9=@?<O@=;C6@?< ^;`D6C;:;7=< 6F< =>;< FD:< 9N< =>;< Y6C;8=< O@=;C6@?< a?9ZF< @7A< n6AA;7< O@=;C6@?< a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`+ "H"-3# %;#+*#2!"#.(&Q2 "'2("2!#0"'2:-/3#2!"#0+';:.)2(+'#+*#0+%$# %'&# +($# ('# 2!";"# 0+:'2-(";# ('0-"%;"&# 9/# *%02+-;# +*# *(H"# %'"'3#-";)"02(H"$/3#-";:$2(',#('#%'#('0-"%;"&#.(;.%20!# 9"2 ""'#-"K:(-"."'2;#%'&#%H%($%9($(2/#('#2!"(-#2"--(2+-(";C# D!"# ;%."# !%))"'"&# (2!# .+;2# .('"-%$;3# ;+# 2!%2# 2!";"# 0+:'2-(";#,"'"-%$$/#9"0%."#'"2#(.)+-2"-;C#D+#2!"#0+:'2-(";# 2!%2# %-"#2-%&(2(+'%$$/#-"0"(H"-;#+*#-";+:-0";3#(C"C#^:-+)"3# aUE#%'&#b%)%'#c2!"#D-(%&#d+ "-3#%;#&"*('" /#S"'(0!(# V!.%"#567'&"8#<==>?<<@Bc#2!"#2-%';)+-2#+*#+($#'+ #%&&;# 2!"#J&-%,+';4#+*#U+:2!"%;2#E;(%C#D!"(-#"."-,"'0"#('#2!"# "0+'+./#!%;#."%'2#2!"#('2-+&:02(+'#+*#"'"-,/Q('2"';(H"# ('&:;2-(";# %'&# )+$$:2(+'3# !(0!# !%;# 9"0+."# 2!"# 2!(-&# $%-,";2# '"2# +($Q-"0"(H(',# %-"%# +'# %# ,$+9%$# ;0%$"# 5[%-"&+# %'&#\%$"-+3#LMMMe#[%-"&+3#<=L=?@fQ@MBC Y";)(2"#2!"#!(,!"-#,-+ 2!#-%2";#('#2!"#$%2";2#;2%,"#('#2!"# ^%;23#U+:2!"%;2#E;(%#%'&#;+."#g%2('#E."-(0%'#0+:'2-(";3# 2!"# 0+:'2-(";# +*# 2!"# D-(%&# ;2($$# 0+'0"'2-%2"&# ('# <==L3# APC>_#+*#2!"#H%$:"3#."%;:-"&#('#&+$$%-;3#+*#2!"#"1)+-2;# %'&#A>CP_#+*#(.)+-2;#+*#,++&;3#-"%0!(',#fLCP_#%'&#A>_# *+-#;"-H(0";C#Z2#;!+:$ "#'+2"!"#-%)(&#,-+ 2!#('#2!"# -"$%2(H"# "(,!2#+*#0+:'2-(";#('#U+:2!"%;2#E;(%#%'&#W!('%3# !(0!#"10""&"&#('#<==L#2!"#"1)+-2#+*#aU#,++&;#('#2!(;# /"%-?#LhCM_#%'&#L<C<_#-";)"02(H"$/3# !"'#2!";"#*(,:-";# "-"#hCM#_#%'&#LfC=_#('#LMAh#567'&"8#<==>?<<>BC N:2#2+#:'&"-;2%'!"#-"%$(2/#+*#2-%&"#,"'"-%2" /#2!"# ,$+9%$#"0+'+./3#(2#(;#'"0";;%-/#2+#;:))$"."'2#2!"#&%2%# "1)-";;"&#('#.+'"2%-/#%,,-",%2";# (2!#&%2%#"1)-";;"&# ('#)!/;(0%$#K:%'2(2(";C#D!"-"*+-"3#%#K:%-2"-#+*#A3=M<#.($$(+'# 2+''";# 2!%2# "-"# 2-%';)+-2"&# 9/# ('2"-'%2(+'%$# 2-%&"# ('# <===#-".%('"&#('# "%$2!/#0+:'2-(";#5.%('$/?#*+;;($#*:"$;3# +2!"-;#%-(;(',#*-+.#.('(',#%02(H(2(";#%'+#%#.:0!#$";;"-# VX< f;;<N99=79=;<_<97<=>;<C;AD8=6976F:<C;6I767I<67<=>;<@==C6JD=697<9N<E@?D;F<97<=>;< \@C=<9N<897E;7=697@?<;8979:68FP<<=>@=<6:\9F;F<@<IC9Z67I<@FB::;=CB<J;=Z;;7< monetary value and the physical and human costs of processes
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Contribución Española al 32º Congreso Internacional de Geografía. Colonia 2012 Spanish contribution to 32nd International Geographical Congress. 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