Urban transformations and tourist impact of events. The Holy Week in Seville

European Public & Social Innovation Review ISSN 2529-9824 Research Article Urban transformations and tourist impact of events. The Holy Week in Seville Transformaciones urbanas e impacto turístico de los eventos. La Semana Santa en Sevilla Daniel Barrera-Fernández: University of Seville, Spain. [email protected] Marco Hernández-Escampa: University of Seville, Spain. [email protected]s Antonia Balbuena-Vázquez: University of Valladolid, Spain. [email protected] Antonio Lluelma-Izquierdo: University of Seville, Spain. [email protected] Date of Reception: 02/05/2024 Acceptance Date: 16/07/2024 Publication Date: 01/08/2024 How to cite the article: Barrera-Fernández, D., Hernández-Escampa, M., Balbuena-Vázquez, A., & LluelmaIzquierdo, A. (2025). Urban and tourist impact of events. The Holy Week in Seville. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 10, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-444 Abstract: Introduction: Events can have a deep and long-term impact in urban transformations, due to the effects in the urban landscape and the reinforcement of urban services. In addition, tourist perceptions of urban destinations are significantly affected by their experience of events. Methodology: The objective is to analyse the impact of the Holy Week in Seville in terms of urban presence and visitor perceptions. A mixed methodology is applied involving questionnaires to visitors, spatial analysis of reinforced urban services, routes and movement of attendees, registration of related activities, and analysis of public policy documents. Results: There is a relatively low visit to heritage sites and tourist attractions during Holy Week, mainly because most tourists repeat the visit to the event. Attendees show a great satisfaction with all aspects related to the event in general, especially those who live in the city and who come from abroad. Discussion: The key aspects to improve are mobility and the visit to other resources apart from the event. Conclusions: The Holy Week is an important event in terms of the number of visitors, economic impact, and civic pride, and improving the quality of urban services is the key to ensuring tourists and residents satisfaction. 2 Keywords: Urbanism; events; festivals; tourism; historic city; public policy; services; urban landscape. Resumen: Introducción: Los eventos pueden causar un impacto profundo en transformaciones urbanísticas, debido a los efectos en el paisaje urbano y al refuerzo de los servicios urbanos. Además, impactan en la percepción de los turistas sobre los destinos urbanos. Metodología: El objetivo es analizar el impacto de la Semana Santa de Sevilla en cuanto a presencia urbana y percepción de los visitantes. La metodología incluye cuestionarios a visitantes, análisis espacial de servicios urbanos reforzados, recorridos y movimiento de asistentes, registro de actividades relacionadas y análisis de documentos de políticas públicas. Resultados: Existe una visita relativamente baja a sitios patrimoniales y atractivos turísticos durante la Semana Santa, principalmente porque la mayoría de los turistas repiten visita al evento. Los asistentes muestran una gran satisfacción con todos los aspectos relacionados con el evento en general, especialmente los que viven en la ciudad y los que vienen del extranjero. Discusión: Los aspectos clave a mejorar son la movilidad y la visita a otros recursos. Conclusiones: La Semana Santa es muy importante en términos de número de visitantes, impacto económico y orgullo cívico, y mejorar y mantener la calidad de los servicios urbanos es clave para garantizar la satisfacción de turistas y residentes. Palabras clave: Urbanismo; eventos; festivales; turismo; ciudad histórica; política pública; servicios; paisaje urbano 1. Introduction Events play a relevant role in many cities nowadays. They can range from small local festivals to large-scale international sports competitions, expositions, and religious celebrations, among others. They can be hosted just once or take place on a regular basis, normally annually. Events can contribute in many ways to the cities hosting them, both positively and negatively. The objectives of this research are to analyse the urban impact of the Holy Week, one of the major annual events in Seville (Andalusia, Spain). The aspects analysed are visitor perceptions of the event, internal and external mobility, visit to other heritage resources and tourist attractions, reinforced services, changes in public landscape, and diversity of related activities. 1.1. Urban impact of events Some of the main urban impacts of events are related to urban regeneration, urban landscape and reinforcement of certain urban services. Concerning urban regeneration, events often foster the revitalisation of rundown neighbourhoods thanks to investments in infrastructure, cultural facilities, and the public space; thus, improving the city's image (Smith, 2012). For example, the Olympic Games involve a complete transformation of vast urban areas, including new public transport, housing, parks and cultural and social amenities (Barrera-Fernández, 2017; Gold, & Gold, 2017). City marketing and city branding are also benefited by events, and the positive impact starts since the bidding phase (Barrera-Fernández et al., 2020). However, events can also be a leading force in fostering gentrification and the replacement of land uses (Porter, & Shaw, 2009). Furthermore, the focus on short-term improvements can leave behind long-term planning needs (Essex, & Chalkley, 2004). Events, no matter their size, also have an impact in the urban landscape, which lasts normally only during the event and the preparation phase. The improved public realm has a positive impact in the city’s perception by residents and tourists alike. Some areas change their image 3 in the long-term, especially those transformed to host major events, resulting in new vibrant and cosmopolitan neighbourhoods (Cashman, 2002). Urban design and architecture have a leading role in showcasing the values of the event and can leave a lasting legacy, influencing the transformation of other areas after the event is hosted. Sustainability, new technologies and cutting-edge designs are central aspects of these interventions (Wu, 2010). The dialogue with built heritage is a major issue in urban landscape interventions brought by events, ranging from conservation and restoration to complete loss and replacement of monuments and traditional buildings and urban spaces. Hosting events needs the reinforcement of some urban services, including mobility, health, and security, among others. Public transport is critical because of the large crowds gathering in a very limited space for a short time. Improvements in this sense are normally related to an increase in transport services or the building of new infrastructures in the case of large events (Cornelissen, 2011). Safety and security are also crucial because of the capacity of attraction of large number of attendees and the sgnificance of the event for the city’s reputation. Other services needing reinforcement include cleaning and waste management, which involve a significant planning ahead the event. These enhancements entail an extra cost for the local administration, which may divert funds from other needs (Flyvbjerg et al., 2003) and can cause an extra financial burden in the long term (Baade, & Matheson, 2016). 1.2. The Holy Week in Seville This research is focused on the Holy Week in Seville. It consists of the procession of pasos (floats) with lifelike sculptures. The processions are organised by hermandades (brotherhoods), called cofradías when they parade in Holy Week, whose members carry the floats and accompany them. Music bands join many of the processions and some of them are silent. Each procession follows a designated route from their churches to the Cathedral and back, but they all must accomplish walking through the carrera oficial (official route) between the squares of La Campana and Virgen de los Reyes and entering the Cathedral. In the sides of the official route there are seating areas reserved for title holders. This last aspect is regularly criticised because it prevents public view of the brotherhoods, it somehow entails a temporary privatisation of the public space, and it is perceived as contributing to commodification of the event (Moreno, 2013). As elsewhere, Holy Week in Seville is celebrated in the week between Palm Sunday and Easter Sunday. However, the general calendar has some special particularities in Seville. On the early morning between Maundy Thursday and Good Friday there is another set of processions called La Madrugá, being the most popular ones. Some brotherhoods parade on Friday and Saturday before Palm Sunday (Viernes de Dolores and Sábado de Pasión) out of the official route. In 2023, there was an extraordinary set of processions on Holy Saturday apart from the traditional ones to commemorate the 775th anniversary of the reestablishment of Christian worship in Seville, called Santo Entierro Grande. It was made up of 15 brotherhoods, which that year paraded twice, on their traditional day and on Saturday. Apart from processions, other activities taking place are masses, exhibitions, proclamations, music concerts, rehearsals, mudás and traslados (move of floats and sculptures to their home church or brotherhood house), pregones and proemios (speeches) and visit to temples, among others. A growing number of activities are carried out the days before Holy Week and all year round, including extraordinary processions, which makes the calendar of events to increasingly extend beyond the officially designated dates. As a result of this increase, religious activities account nowadays for half of all cultural and sports street events in the city (Macías, 2017), with an average of nearly two processions per day (Lamprea, 2023). 4 The Holy Week in Seville is a very lively tradition nowadays; it is an expression of collective belonging which for several people implies a sense of pride and commitment that exceeds the annual event and mark their personality. Its growing popularity contrasts to the general decline in religious feelings in Andalusia and it can be explained as a reinforcement of local identity in the context of globalization (Moreno, 1997; Díaz, 2008). Apart from the religious meaning, the Holy Week in Seville implies many other sociocultural aspects. Each procession is traditionally associated to a neighbourhood or social group and the procession is a moment of showing pride and social ties. The internal organisation of the brotherhoods is a representation of class and social hierarchy in the local society. The role of women has traditionally been restricted to parading with the mantilla and in preparatory tasks (Moreno, 1999), although in recent decades women have started to participate in the parades and music bands. However, they are not yet allowed to be costaleros (float bearers). In addition, the Holy Week in Seville has traditionally served as a space for participation and expression of sexual and gender minorities, especially in historical periods when these identities were persecuted (Cáceres, & Valcuende del Río, 2014; Sánchez-López et al., 2013). Furthermore, the Holy Week is a main tourist attraction in the city, a key aspect for this research. From an events tourism point of view, the Holy Week in Seville is one of the most relevant traditional events in the local and national context in terms of number of visitors and attraction to international travellers. In its 2023 edition, average hotel occupancy rate was 80% and more than 90% between Maundy Thursday and Good Friday, which include La Madrugá. 2.5 million attendees were counted by the automatic monitoring stations, more than 500,000 in La Madrugá. Foreign visitors were mostly from UK and USA (Seville City Council, 2023d; Canovaca, 2023). The 2024 edition was exceptional because it rained most of the week, forcing to cancel most of the processions and having a negative impact in the number of visitors to the city and attendees to the event. 2. Methodology 2.1. Application of a questionnaire Among quantitave methods in event studies, the Event Experience Scale (EES) stands out to address the complexity and diversity of experiences at different kinds of events. The EES measures various dimensions of event experience, including affective engagement, cognitive engagement, social interaction, novelty and memorability. It was first established by Geus, Richards and Toepoel (2016) and implemented in events worldwide (Barrera-Fernández, & Hernández-Escampa, 2017; Coetzee, & Pourfakhimi, 2019; Marques et al., 2021). The questionnaire was specifically adapted to this case study. It was an online survey, answered by mobile phone using a QR code. The population for the study were audiences during Holy Week. Visitors were surveyed in person at the event itself, after the processions started and while they were waiting for the following ones to arrive. Pilot surveys were conducted to ensure the legibility and comprehension of the questions. It had two versions, one in English and one in Spanish. The sample was made of 219 people, in line with previous samples where EES has been applied (Al-Azzam et al., 2022; Barrera-Fernández, & Hernández-Escampa, 2019; Kajdanek, 2021; Richards, 2020). 5 Table 1. Study sample composition Frequency Percentage Gender Man 108 49.3 Woman 103 47.0 Other 5 2.3 Age 19 or less 25 11.4 Between 20 and 29 77 35.2 Between 30 and 39 49 22.4 Between 40 and 49 39 17.8 Between 50 and 59 26 11.9 Place of residence Seville 89 40.6 A town/city near Seville 35 16.0 Another place in Andalusia 34 15.5 Another place in Spain 15 6.8 Another country 43 19.6 Source: The authors. The questionnaire had three sections. Section 1 included multiple-choice questions about the visitor profile and their visit. Section 2 included the 18 original EES statements (Geus et al., 2016; Richards, 2020) asking about attitudes towards the event and measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1–totally disagree, 5–totally agree). Section 3 included questions about satisfaction with the event and local services measured with a 5-point Likert scale (1–totally unsatisfactory, 5–totally satisfactory). The relationships between variables in Section 1 were analysed applying a Pearson Chi square test. The reliability of the questions in sections 2 and 3 was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. An ANOVA analysis was performed between the variables in the three sections. 2.2. Spatial analysis Firstly, we mapped all the brotherhood routes, which are the core activities of the Holy Week in Seville. Secondly, we identified key policies and services created or adapted specifically for this event and having urban presence and reflected in public policy documents (Seville City Council, 2023a; 2023b; 2023c). Finally, topics were classified into four categories and represented in maps using GIS. The categories are: - Brotherhood routes. It comprised the routes followed by the brotherhoods from and to their home churches, including the ones walking the official route and entering the Cathedral from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday, the ones walking in their neighbourhoods on the previous Friday and Saturday (Viernes de Dolores and Sábado de Pasión) and the extraordinary processions on Holy Saturday 2023 (Santo Entierro Grande). - Mobility. It comprised temporary diversions and adaptations related to transport, including pedestrianised streets, pedestrian crossings, bike parking removal, diverted horse carriage routes, bus lines starting stops, tram stops, metro stations, taxi ranks, vehicle sharing and vehicle-for-hire companies parking, scooter parking, car parking, motorcycle parking, traffic control points, traffic totally or partially banned, private traffic diversion, and loading and unloading spaces. 6 - Health, safety, security, and cleaning. It comprised temporary reinforcement of these services, including evacuation routes, accessible areas or accessible seating, float bearers’ attention point, firefighting post, health emergency post, police post, drone monitored area, emergency coordination centre, temporary litter bins, baby trolley parking, lactation posts, temporary toilets, “caution, wax on the pavement” signals, and areas were portable chairs were banned. 2.3. Direct observation It was useful to confirm the unfolding of the policies mentioned above. In addition, it served to detect other urban impacts related to the event, such as decoration of balconies and enhanced gardening. They were mostly related to improvements in the urban landscape. It was developed the week before Holy Week and during the event along the official route, nearby areas, main streets, squares, home churches, and points of access to the city centre. 2.4. Registration of activities related to the event Brotherhoods and Holy Week related activities were registered and classified for one month before the start of the event, during the event, and one month later, to assess their variety and time distribution. The main source of information was Agenda Cofrade (Bortherhoods’ Calendar). 3. Results 3.1. Results of the questionnaire From the answers to Section 1 of the questionnaire, some key facts about the attendee profile and their visit were extracted. Among the 19.6% of those who came from another country, 5.5% were from France and almost the rest of the tourists came from different countries in Europe, with those who came from another country in the world being very insignificant. Among those who do not live in the city, 19.6% stayed two days in Seville, and the percentages of visitors staying 2, 1 and 0 nights were similar, between 10.0% and 13.7%. Those who decided to overnight in Seville did it in tourist apartments (19.2%), with friends or relatives (11.4%), and 10.5% in hotels. Tourists arrived preferably by plane (18.7%), car (14.2%), and train (12.8%). About half of the sample (49.8%) moved around Seville on foot only and the rest of them combined walking with public or private transport. Almost half of those surveyed, 42.9%, had previously planned the places to visit in Seville based on their own knowledge. Apart from the event itself, 12.3% of respondents visited or wanted to visit María Luisa Park and Plaza de España, 11% nothing at all, and 10% Torre Sevilla viewpoint. Outside the city, the respondents did not intend to visit other emblematic places (76.7%), such as Italica Roman ruins, Carmona, or Doñana National Park. 7 Table 2. Summary of the Section 1. Profile of the predominant visitor in the study sample I am Man (49.3%) Age Between 20 and 29 years old (35.2%) I live in Seville (40.6%) How many nights are you staying in the city 2 nights (19.6%) Where are you staying? Tourist apartment (19.2%) How did you arrive to Seville? Plane (18.7%) How do you move in Seville? Walking only (49.8%) How do you guide yourself in Seville? 42.9% own knowledge from previous visits Visit to places in Seville 12.3% María Luisa Park and Plaza de España Visit to places out of Seville Nothing (76.7%) Source: The authors. The Pearson Chi square test was carried out for variables in Section 1. A 95% confidence coefficient was used, so the significance level is 5% (0.05). As the following Asymptotics obtained for the following variables are less than 0.05, we accept the hypothesis that says that there is a relationship between the variables. From these relationships between variables, we highlight the following key facts: - 50% of men and 53.4% of women move on foot only. - 45.4% of men and 39.8% of women find their way around Seville based just on their own knowledge of previous visits. - All age groups mostly reside in Seville, highlighting the group of 40 to 49 years (56.4%) and 50 to 59 years (46.2%). - All age groups mostly move around Seville walking, highlighting those between 40-49 years (56.4%), 20-29 years (53.2%), and between 50-59 years (50%). - All age groups mostly orient themselves around Seville based just on their own knowledge of previous visits, with young people under 19 standing out (52%). - Those who live near Seville stay one night (75%), those who live in another country stay two nights (53.5%), and those who come from another part of Spain, three nights (46.7%). - Those who come from another country mostly stay in tourist apartments (51.2%) and those who live elsewhere in Andalusia stay with friends or relatives (52.9%). - Those who come from another country mostly arrive to the city by plane (86%) and those who live elsewhere in Spain arrive by train (53.3%). - All tourists, regardless of where they live, move around Seville on foot. Those who live elsewhere in Spain are the ones who walk the most (73.3%), followed by those from another place in Andalusia (67.6%). - Those who live elsewhere in Spain (66.7%) ask locals to find their way around the city, and those who live near Seville (62.9%) are guided by their own knowledge. 8 Table 3. Relationships between variables in Section 1 that had a significant result Variables Pearson Chi square test Value df As. Sig. I am *I live in 127.223 15 0.001 I am * How do you move in Seville? 157.679 9 0.001 I am * How do you guide yourself in Seville? 154.03 8 0.001 Age * I live in 35.034 5 0.001 Age * How do you move in Seville 61.662 6 0.000 Age * How do you guide yourself in Seville? 22.223 5 0.003 I live in: * If you don't live in Seville, how many nights are you staying in the city 53.008 9 0.001 I live in: * If you don't live in Seville, where are you staying? 96.847 9 0.000 I live in: * How did you arrive to Seville? 100.442 12 0.002 I live in: * How do you move in Seville? 58.849 6 0.001 I live in: * How do you guide yourself in Seville? 73.080 5 0.004 Source: The authors. The reliability of the questions in sections 2 and 3 was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. The alpha scores of 0.940 and 0.821 were indicative of internal consistency. Regarding attitudes during the event, all variables have an average of 3 forward; meaning attendees had a normal to good experience. The item with the lowest result was “I was creative” and the one with the highest score was “I participated actively”. With respect to satisfaction with the event and local services, all items are above 3, meaning they were very or highly satisfied in general. The item with the lowest result was traffic and the one with the highest score was tourist information. Table 4. Cronbach’s alpha in variables in sections 2 and 3 Average Standard deviation Section 2. Attitudes toward the event I was excited 4.35 1.068 I felt a sense of adventure 3.92 1.431 I experienced intimacy 4.45 0.973 I wanted to revive this after 4.38 1.085 I got emotionally recharged 4.17 1.128 I was interpreting things for myself 4.27 1.009 I was aware of my own values 4.38 0.988 I learned something 4.31 0.725 I acquired new knowledge 4.02 1.150 I reflected on my ideas and discussed with others 4.24 0.721 I was thinking 3.85 1.440 I was active 3.98 1.178 I used my intellect 3.82 1.264 I was creative 3.43 1.577 I participated actively 4.53 0.747 9 Source: The authors. The ANOVA analysis between the variables in the three sections of the questionnaires raised relevant results, as follows: Table 5. Key results of the ANOVA analysis of the variables in the three sections of the questionnaire Less satisfied More satisfied Section 2. Attitudes toward the event Those who live elsewhere in Andalusia and those who live near Seville Those who come from another country Those who stay with family Those who stay in hotels or tourist apartments Those who arrive by bus, metro, taxi and/or car Those who arrive in Seville by plane Section 3. Satisfaction with the event and local services Those who live elsewhere in Andalusia and those who live near the city Those who live in Seville Those who stay with family and friends Those who stay in hostels or similar Those who arrive by bus, taxi and car Those who arrive by plane This event was different from others 4.51 0.748 It was out of my normal life 4.47 0.757 I thought that this event is unique 4.13 1.191 Average 4.0314 0.73823 Section 3. Satisfaction with the event and local services Schedule of parades and other activities 4.19 0.617 Street cleaning 3.43 1.214 Noise 3.64 1.417 Conservation of heritage 4.61 0.568 Tourist information 4.71 0.500 Tourist guides 4.57 0.688 Attention by service providers 4.38 0.681 Language knowledge by service providers 3.84 1.315 Signing 4.38 0.724 Healthcare 4.05 0.941 Security 4.31 0.922 Value for money 3.73 0.531 Accommodation 3.85 0.774 Gastronomic offer 3.77 0.740 Walkability 3.69 0.933 Accessibility for people with reduced mobility 3.92 0.791 Public transport 3.44 1.171 Traffic 3.29 0.824 Parking 3.65 1.023 Average 3.9646 0.46208 16 Barrera-Fernández, D., Rodríguez-González, M. A., & Hernández-Escampa, M. (2020). City rebranding, social discontent and bidding for cultural events. In V. Cuffy, F. Bakas, & W. J. Coetzee (Eds.). Events Tourism: Critical Insights and Contemporary Perspectives (pp. 184-195). Routledge. Cáceres Feria, R., & Valcuende del Río, J. M. (2014). 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Eurasian Geography and Economics, 51(5), 619-631. https://bit.ly/3VwPtiQ 18 AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS, FINANCING AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Author’s contributions: Conceptualization: Barrera-Fernández, Daniel and Hernández-Escampa, Marco. Software: Balbuena-Vázquez, Antonia and Lluelma-Izquierdo, Antonio. Validation: Balbuena-Vázquez, Antonia and Lluelma-Izquierdo, Antonio. Formal analysis: Balbuena-Vázquez, Antonia and Lluelma-Izquierdo, Antonio. Data curation: Balbuena-Vázquez, Antonia and LluelmaIzquierdo, Antonio. Writing-Preparation of the original manuscript: Barrera-Fernández, Daniel and Hernández-Escampa, Marco. Writing-Revision and Edition: Barrera-Fernández, Daniel, Hernández-Escampa, Marco, Balbuena-Vázquez, Antonia and Lluelma-Izquierdo, Antonio. Visualization: Barrera-Fernández, Daniel. Supervision: Barrera-Fernández, Daniel. Project administration: Barrera-Fernández, Daniel. All authors have read and accepted the published version of the manuscript: Barrera-Fernández, Daniel, Hernández-Escampa, Marco, Balbuena-Vázquez, Antonia and Lluelma-Izquierdo, Antonio. Funding: This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments: This text is born within the framework of the European Commission project CA18126, “Writing Urban Places. New Narratives of the European City”, and the ATLAS Event Experience Project. AUTHORS: Daniel Barrera-Fernández: University of Seville. Daniel Barrera-Fernández is an Architect and has a Master's Degree in Architecture and Historical Heritage from the University of Seville. He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Malaga, his doctoral thesis got the Extraordinary Doctorate Award. He is a Professor at the University of Seville, previously he was a Professor at the Autonomous University of Oaxaca "Benito Juárez" and at the University of Guanajuato. His lines of research are the study, management and conservation of heritage, urban planning in historic cities, cultural and urban tourism and sustainable mobility. He is coordinator for Latin America of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education and Research (ATLAS). [email protected] H Index: 11 Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-5370 Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56940829600 Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=BeFUlj8AAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel-Barrera-Fernandez Academia.edu: https://compoliticas.academia.edu/DanielBarreraFern%C3%A1ndez 19 Marco Hernández-Escampa University of Seville. Marco Hernández-Escampa is an Architect from the National Autonomous University of Mexico and he has a master’s degree in Architectural Sciences from the Autonomous University of the State of Morelos. He has two doctoral degrees, the first in Engineering and Applied Sciences from the Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, the second in Anthropology from the College of Morelos. He is a Professor at the University of Seville, previously he was a Professor at the Autonomous University of Oaxaca "Benito Juárez" and at the University of Guanajuato. His line of research is the study, management and conservation of heritage. He has carried out projects in coordination with the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) on UNESCO World Heritage sites. [email protected] H Index: 10 Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-410X Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=33867564700 Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=2OiOUu8AAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco-Hernandez-Escampa Academia.edu: https://auabjo.academia.edu/MarcoHern%C3%A1ndezEscampa Antonia Balbuena-Vázquez University of Valladolid. Antonia Balbuena-Vazquez, BA in Anthropology from the University of Granada, (Spain), Ph.D. in Tourism from the University of Malaga. Her main field of study is the resident attitude towards tourism. She has several international publications related to tourism and social impacts. She is a Professor at the University of Valladolid. [email protected] H Index: 9 Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2640-9635 Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56429686800 Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com.mx/citations?user=tr63shcAAAAJ&hl=es ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonia-Balbuena-Vazquez Academia.edu: https://independent.academia.edu/AntoniaBalbuenaV%C3%A1zquez Antonio Lluelma-Izquierdo University of Seville. Antonio Lluelma-Izquierdo has a Double Degree in Geography and Territory Management and History from the University of Seville. His final thesis was about the urban transformations in Seville due to the ecclesiastical confiscation of the 19th Century. During his studies, he has made some research in different lines, but the most important ones were about religious issues and urban tourism in Seville. With one of these works, he took part in the 2nd edition of Open House Seville architecture festival, presenting the visit called “Sevilla Desacralizada”. [email protected]