NDT spatial data integration for monumental buildings: technical information management for the Royal Alcazar of Seville

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rbri20 Building Research & Information ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rbri20 NDT spatial data integration for monumental buildings: technical information management for the Royal Alcazar of Seville Francisco M. Hidalgo-Sánchez, Marta Torres-González, Emilio J. Mascort- Albea, Jacinto Canivell, Rocío Romero-Hernández & J. J. Martín-del-Río To cite this article: Francisco M. Hidalgo-Sánchez, Marta Torres-González, Emilio J. Mascort- Albea, Jacinto Canivell, Rocío Romero-Hernández & J. J. Martín-del-Río (2023): NDT spatial data integration for monumental buildings: technical information management for the Royal Alcazar of Seville, Building Research & Information, DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2022.2162476 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2022.2162476 View supplementary material Published online: 02 Feb 2023. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 169 View related articles View Crossmark data NDT spatial data integration for monumental buildings: technical information management for the Royal Alcazar of Seville Francisco M. Hidalgo-Sánchez a , Marta Torres-González a,b , Emilio J. Mascort-Albea c , Jacinto Canivell a , Rocío Romero-Hernández c and J. J. Martín-del-Río a a Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas II, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Edificación, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; b Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources, IST, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; c Departamento de Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain ABSTRACT Non-destructive testing (NDT) for the diagnosis of heritage buildings has proved to be one of the most sustainable approaches in the field of preventive conservation. Nevertheless, the comprehensive management of NDT information is complex, often resulting in a poorly optimized use of the data. This contribution aims to propose a method for integrating NDT data in a standardized way into simplified digital information models, produced using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This method is applied to the plasterwork located in the Courtyard of the Maidens, which are elements with an enormous historic-artistic value in the Royal Alcazar of Seville (Spain), a significant UNESCO monument. For this purpose, a multi-scale web GIS-based model has integrated the NDT information from the plasterworks, such as ambient conditions, damage mapping, C-Shore Hardness, Superficial Humidity, Infrared thermography (IRT), Digital Image Processing (DIP) and Ground Penetration Radar (GPR). The combined georeferencing of the data from the various measurements and their simultaneous visualization has enabled the detection of vulnerable areas in the complex. The results are easily accessible for managers, and additionally show the analytical potential of the research approach, thereby allowing a quick diagnosis and hierarchization of tasks. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 8 September 2022 Accepted 18 December 2022 KEYWORDS Geographic information systems (GIS); standardization; Mudejar architecture; preventive conservation; architectural heritage; non-destructive testing Introduction The preservation of historic buildings with a pronounced heritage character constitutes a major challenge. It must therefore be approached from different perspectives (Lobovikov-Katz et al., 2018). Today, the integration of all such disciplines finds a fundamental partner in digitization, and its use is highly encouraged at the governmental level (European Commission, 2019, 2021). In particular, 2D–3D digital information models are proving to be useful tools for heritage conservation (Xiao et al., 2018). State of art There are many contributions in this field, with a preeminence of methodologies based on the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM), particularly Historical BIM (HBIM) on an architectural heritage scale (Sumeyye Sena Bastem & Cekmis, 2022; Yang et al., 2020). Alternatively, the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the field of heritage conservation (Ferreira-Lopes, 2018) was limited to the study of larger-scale contextual factors (Agapiou et al., 2015), and there is a growing trend towards taking advantage of the benefits of HBIM-GIS workflows (Chenaux et al., 2019; Colucci et al., 2020; Ramírez Eudave & Miguel Ferreira, 2021). Nevertheless, in recent years, the implementation of GIS on a detailed architectural scale in the field of heritage is gaining a foothold (Campanaro et al., 2016; Ivan Apollonio et al., 2018). The powerful capacity to manage spatial databases of different formats provided by GIS allows the analysis and web-publication of technical parameters, monitoring and damage diagnosis, among other activities (Campiani et al., 2019; Iandelli et al., 2021). These qualities are particularly useful in the field of preventive conservation, considered the most efficient approach for protecting heritage sites (Kutasi & Vidovszky, 2010; van Balen & Vandesande, 2013). The effective implementation of preventive conservation measures requires the use of standardized procedures for the documentation, management, consultation and updating. Recent examples, such as © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group CONTACT Emilio J. Mascort-Albea [email protected] Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2022.2162476. BUILDING RESEARCH & INFORMATION https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2022.2162476 the European Heritage Care project (Sánchez-Aparicio et al., 2020), take advantage of these possibilities by proposing holistic procedures to increase knowledge of built heritage between the participants involved (both expert and non-expert users). Likewise, other contributions with a specific ontological-based approach to optimize the information management processes have also become relevant (Zalamea Patino et al., 2018). Its implementation in digital information models establishes a powerful framework for the components of the managed data (Acierno et al., 2017; Messaoudi et al., 2018). It should be borne in mind that the accuracy provided by the new digital tools and the 3D models generally require the availability of human, material and economic resources. When this circumstance is unfeasible, it is considered necessary to propose automatic (Swaileh et al., 2022) and semi-automatic procedures (Hidalgo-Sánchez et al., 2022). Consequently, this research assumes such an approach, and relies on the knowledge structures proposed and validated in previously cited investigations. Concerning the field of preventive heritage conservation, the use of Non-Destructive Tests (NDT) has proven to be a necessary resource for the protection of cultural heritage, ranging from decay diagnosis to monitoring (Tejedor et al., 2022). Procedures, such as Damage Mapping (Sánchez-Aparicio et al., 2018), measurement of C-Shore Hardness (Blasco López & Alejandre Sánchez, 2013) and Superficial Humidity (Battini & Vecchiattini, 2018), Infrared Thermography (IRT) (Moropoulou et al., 2018), Digital Image Processing (DIP) (Galantucci & Fatiguso, 2019), Ground- Penetrating Radar (GPR) (Ortega-Ramírez et al., 2021) and monitoring of ambient conditions (Merello et al., 2013), provide reliable means of assessing damage to heritage assets. Moreover, these methods function without compromising their structural condition and help to identify hidden targets that are invisible on the surface (Biscarini et al., 2020; Diz-Mellado et al., 2021). Once the data has been acquired through NDT surveys, a management programme for future interventions can be defined (Kilic, 2015). The contributions made to date in the implementation of information from NDT in GIS environments for heritage are mainly focused on damage mapping (Canciani et al., 2013; Günay, 2012; Kukela & Seglins, 2013; Stefani et al., 2014), and fail to take full advantage of the analytical capabilities of GIS tools. Certain recent examples, such as the Chisel (F. Soler et al., 2013) or Agata software (Francisco Soler et al., 2017), represent an advance in the possibilities of analysis, but they lack the versatility currently offered by cloud-based applications to generate an efficient collaborative work environment. Likewise, the construction of an active database that includes the time variable as a fundamental parameter for the control of risks and damage has yet to be sufficiently developed. Contributions, such as that of López González (2015), have striven to include this variable with interesting results that demonstrate the usefulness of this type of approach, but have found limitations in the information processing capacity of the GIS tools used. It should also be noted that practically all these proposals use clouds of points obtained through laser scanning or photogrammetry, which serve as a reference for 3D modelling. Hence, the importance of 2D–3D modelling capable of adjusting to the purposes pursued. Research hypotheses and objectives The objective of this research is to generate a procedure to integrate different NDT data into a GIS database that is both two- and three-dimensional. This data can also be shared with different levels of openness on a GIS cloud platform, ranging from open data for public dissemination purposes to restricted use for internal information management. In particular, the spatial database proposed has the following properties: active (allowing the constant updating of information); adaptive (including information of a different nature and format coming from tests and inspections); normalized (taking into account the terminological, thematic and spatial components involved in the heritage discipline from a technical perspective); geo-referenced (using simplified 2D–3D digital information models as a graphic base); and interactive (allowing the consultation and exchange of information between different agents). The implementation of this workflow is tested on a case study of Spanish architectural heritage: the Courtyard of the Maidens of the Royal Alcazar of Seville (RAS). Although the spatial database considers the RAS in a multi-scale manner, in this contribution it has been studied in depth the plasterwork of the Courtyard. These decorative elements are of great historicalartistic relevance, and it is necessary to monitor and control them over time in order to facilitate their preventive conservation, minimize the potential risks and guarantee their preservation. This information constitutes an essential part of the geo-referenced database proposed by the research. Linking the spatial features representing the architectural elements to the corresponding documentary and alphanumeric information offers the possibility of conducting powerful statistical analyses in a graphical and dynamic way. Thus, the spatial component has proved to be extremely useful 2F.M. HIDALGO-SÁNCHEZ ET AL. to deal in a comprehensive manner with the complexity inherent in such a varied volume of information. By taking the aforementioned aspects into account, this document is structured as follows: a brief description of the case study; the methodological approach corresponding to the proposed procedure; and the discussion of the results. Finally, the main conclusions drawn during the research itself are laid out. Case study The RAS is a palatine complex whose construction began in the 11th century (Tabales Rodríguez et al., 2017), in which the Palace of Pedro I (1356–1366) stands out (Almagro Gorbea, 2007). The cultural and architectural importance of the monument was clear in 1987, when the UNESCO declared the entire complex of the RAS a World Heritage Site (UNESCO World Heritage Committee, 1987). Over the last decade, the managers of the RAS have been working on the development of the Restoration Management Plan, the Preventive Conservation Plan and its own management system (García, 2020; Muñoz García & Atanasio Guisado, 2015; Rodríguez Rodríguez, 2019). This research should serve as a useful complement to address the needs of the monument, especially in the field of digitization and its application to the conservation of the complex. In particular, the Courtyard of the Maidens (14th century) constitutes one of the most representative spaces of the Palace of Pedro I (Figure 1). This space has undergone major modifications in its morphology since its construction (Tabales Rodríguez, 2005), whereby elements of its original configuration have been recovered in recent years (Almagro Gorbea, 2005). Its plasterwork decorations present the worst state of conservation of all those existing in the RAS (Serrano Rodríguez, 2019), and have been the target of multiple conservation actions. This is mainly due to three reasons: (i) the effect of environmental conditions, especially the presence of humidity, which influences the expansion and/or oxidation of embedded metallic elements; (ii) the numerous interventions that have been carried out throughout history in this area without following current restoration criteria; (iii) the anthropogenic factor, given that some of the plasterwork is at a lower level, thereby enabling its accessibility and possible manipulation (Troitiño Vinuesa et al., 2020). In this regard, plasterwork located in the Courtyard usually presents anomalies of a different nature. On the one hand, there are structural and constructive anomalies, which imply a risk to its durability (e.g. lack of adhesion, cracks, fissures and detachments). On the other hand, there exist aesthetic and visual anomalies (e.g. disintegration of the material, efflorescence and cryptoflorescence, oxidation, colour changes, biological colonization and biodeterioration, and dirt accumulated on the surface). Hence, the preventive conservation and maintenance of the plasterwork, and the programme of actions for its preservation were recently undertaken (Campos de Alvear, 2020b). Furthermore, experts in the field of restoration continue to gather information through careful organoleptic inspections and NDT. From among the work carried out in recent years, the following in Table 1 have been considered for this research. This work proposes georeferencing the plasterwork of the 0.60 m-wide frieze that decorates the perimeter Figure 1. Ground floor of the Palace of King Pedro I showing the location of the Courtyard (a). Current state of the Courtyard (b). BUILDING RESEARCH & INFORMATION 3 of the galleries of the Courtyard at a height of 1.80 m above the level of the flooring (Figure 2). According to Pavón Maldonado (1973), this frieze corresponds to 14th-century Sevillian plasterwork, with the exception of the zones 08, 10 and 12, which are from the 19th century. The frieze under study is composed of a motif that is repeated along the perimeter of the Courtyard (Rubio Domene, 2010). It consists of medallions with heraldic emblems, bands with epigraphic motifs and geometric decorations (Figure 3). Methodology This section presents the proposed procedure for the integration of NDT data for the management of heritage buildings in GIS environments. The method is experimental and has been implemented in a case study that includes a final validation process, making it possible to generate a procedure that is defined in the following phases (Figure 4). The first phase includes detailed information on the tests carried out. Secondly, through a process of standardization according to terminological, thematic and spatial fundamentals, the information is processed and incorporated into the database (Data Processing). A protocol is subsequently established to create a geo-referenced 2D and 3D model of the case study that provides the graphical and spatial dimension to the semantic information collected (Data Modelling). Finally, the results obtained are published as open data in a GIS Cloud environment to render it available to a wide range of users (Output Data). Input data: diagnosis data collection The following NDT were considered to evaluate the state of conservation of plasterwork (Figure 5). Damage mapping Considering the in-situ inspection, a damage mapping can be drawn to show the main anomalies per zone, Table 1. Recent work in plasterwork. Identification Reference Planimetric survey Gorbea (2003) Physical–chemical characterization Calero-Castillo et al. (2016) Determination of the conductivity humidity in plasterwork Re-creation of the colour in the plasterwork using virtual palettes Coba Peña et al. (2016) Analysis of the limewash Alejandre Sánchez et al. (2021) Measurement of plaster thickness, polychrome and whitewash Measurement of the width and depth of cracks and fissures Campos de Alvear (2020a) Localization of the cavities by means of a rubber hammer or GPR Torres-González et al. (2021) C-Shore surface hardness test Detection of metallic elements and study of its corrosion Thermographic imaging Measurement of ambient conditions Photogrammetric survey Cabrera-Revuelta & Aguilar-Camacho (2022) Figure 2. Perimeter galleries of the Courtyard: Location and zoning of the study areas. 4F.M. HIDALGO-SÁNCHEZ ET AL. thereby attaining a data record. This is especially interesting when monitoring of the degradation situation (e.g. in the case of fissures and cracks, it is possible to monitor their length or weight once this information is included in the database). Scaled planimetry has been introduced in the spatial database with the representation of the alterations. Mechanical properties: C-Shore hardness and superficial humidity The measurement of mechanical properties is necessary to ascertain the inner stability of the plasterwork and its weakening. According to UNE-EN 102042 Standard, UNE-EN 16682 Standard and to the guidelines exposed by Torres-González et al. (2021), the C-Shore hardness and superficial humidity are measured by using a conductivity moisture meter and a durometer (AENOR, 2014,2018; Torres-González et al., 2021). It is highly recommended to take all the measurements at the same points to guarantee the correlation between the two sets of results. Previous work yielded C-Shore hardness values between 67 and 83 units (Torres-González et al., 2021), and the minimum values of C-Shore surface hardness for plaster coatings are set at 45 units in the case of traditional plaster (Villanueva Domínguez & García Santos, 2001), whereby values greater than 45 C-Shore units are considered to be admissible. In relation to moisture measurements, previous work stated that the slight hygroscopicity of the gypsum is relevant when plasterwork is exposed to high levels of relative humidity, namely 95%. Exposure to relative humidity below 65% is recommended to avoid the weakening of the crystalline structure of the plaster, which could lead to the proliferation of micro-organisms and biological agents (Freyer & Voigt, 2003; Ritterbach & Becker, 2020; Torres-Gon- zález et al., 2021). The values obtained from the two Figure 3. Elemental unit of the frieze under study (Z.01). Figure 4. Integrated NDT-GIS global methodological process. BUILDING RESEARCH & INFORMATION 5 tests have been entered into the spatial database as alphanumeric information, whereby values between 1 and 100 C-Shore hardness and 1–100% of moisture content are considered. Infrared thermography (IRT) This technique allows the detection of discontinuities, possible non-visible detachments in claddings, and the presence of moisture by representing apparent surface temperatures (Adamopoulos et al., 2020; Costanzo et al., 2015; Grinzato, 2012; Tormo Esteve, 2016). The thermographs obtained from the plasterwork are linked with their corresponding element in the geo-referenced model as searchable images, detailing the date and exact time of capture. Digital image processing (DIP) In several aspects, photogrammetry has proved to be a potential tool in its application to historic plasterwork. Firstly, it favours the dissemination of models and Figure 5. NDTs carried out in friezes with detailed information. 6F.M. HIDALGO-SÁNCHEZ ET AL. geometries of great historic-artistic value, allowing reconstructions of the original designs and of the polychrome finished in the different periods (Ávila Rodríguez, 2019; Norin et al., 2019). Furthermore, it quantifies the disturbances present (e.g. slumps, cracks, loss of mass and/or colour) and allows them to be tracked by superimposing clouds of points taken on different dates. Finally, it helps digital registration of areas that are difficult to access, thereby saving money and time, since the models can be consulted from the virtual database. The proposed spatial database includes web links to view high-resolution photogrammetric surveys of the friezes in an online repository. Ground penetration radar (GPR) GPR is a NDT that uses UHF (ultra-high frequency) electromagnetic waves designed to detect non-visible properties following the principle of wave reflection in dielectric discontinuities. Its functionality has been proven useful regarding plasterwork (Torres-González et al., 2021), revealing the presence of metal fixings and voids. The radargrams obtained are included as a graphical input data in the spatial database. Monitoring of ambient conditions Environmental parameters exert a direct influence on the preservation of plasterworks. The presence of water constitutes one of the most negative factors for its conservation, and therefore monitoring the parameters of temperature and relative humidity through sensors or thermohygrometers is advisable in order to take the appropriate palliative measures (Torres-González et al., 2021). The data included have been taken by two sensors located at the north and south corners of the Courtyard, at a height of 3.00 m, from October 2020 to March 2022, with data collected hourly. This data is included in the spatial database and used in analysis and graphs to monitor the evolution of these parameters within the GIS environment. As can be observed, each of these inspections and tests use different tools and materials, and deliver results in different formats (i.e. numerical, statistical or graphical virtual results). These considerations are taken into account for their subsequent inclusion in the spatial database. Data processing: spatial database standardization The spatial database must be built on the basis of an elaborate process of standardization of the information included therein, by addressing its terminological, thematic and spatial components. This section includes the conceptualization of this standardization process and its specific development for this case of study. Terminological standardization A glossary of architectural, constructive and spatial components allows the definition of a terminological standardization for the subsequent completion of the database. This contribution is focused on the initial typological definition of the architectural components, based on the specialized thesaurus of the Andalusian Historical Heritage (Junta de Andalucía, 1998). It is used for the different primary elements, sub-elements and components included in the glossary (Table S2 – Online supplementary material). Each of the features defined is given a specific code, which becomes part of the global coding that each feature receives according to the established spatial standardization. Figure 6 exemplifies the terminological definition of the elements located in the perimeter galleries of the Courtyard. Thematical standardization The objective of the thematic standardization is to define and categorize the different fields that comprise the database. The design of these categories aims to provide a multidisciplinary approach capable of including attributes that are not always considered when dealing with the physical conservation of a heritage asset. According to the standardization criteria, the database is organized into four major categories of information: (A) Identification, (B) Documentation, (C) Diagnosis and (D) Intervention. These categories are detailed according to specific blocks and sections (Table S3 –Online supplementary material). Focusing on the purpose of the contribution, the ‘C.1. Conservation’block, within the ‘(C) Diagnosis’category has been defined (Figure 7). In particular, a detailed configuration of the NDT content from the ‘C.1.3. Active follow-up’section has been generated. Nineteen fields have been configured to introduce contents from the sources and formats frequently used in this type of work, which facilitates systematized technical evaluation. Likewise, these attributes have been designed to optimize database management, enabling both the establishment of filters and spatial queries based on the defined fields and their content. The information fields are shown by their original coded field name, used to generate the database, followed by their ‘alias’in parentheses, which is the display name of the field. The code used responds to the following criteria, whereby the field ‘DG_COFU_MOTG_X’is taken as an example (Table 2). BUILDING RESEARCH & INFORMATION 7 Spatial normalization and feature coding Spatial standardization provides a set of basic graphical units of geo-referenced information, enabling the elements to be defined from the urban scale to the architectural detail. The different levels of detail are made up of Units of Logical Analysis (ULA), which gradually vary the precision of the information provided. Four levels of detail are established (ULA-0 to ULA-3), from the less to the most level of detail (Figure 8). A correlation is established between the different levels of detail, linking the architectural components to the areas in which they are located. Thus, the definition of zones established in ULA-1 is taken into consideration to identify the architectural components of ULA-2 and ULA-3. .ULA-0. Monument (_SERA). This represents the architectural complex as a whole. An identification is made by the acronym of the municipality where it is located, ‘Seville, SE’, and of the case study itself, Figure 6. Identification of elements based on the established terminological standardization. Figure 7. Thematic structure of the proposed database contents. 8F.M. HIDALGO-SÁNCHEZ ET AL. Figure 13. Technical sheets integrated into the GIS model database. BUILDING RESEARCH & INFORMATION 15 specific charts that enable relations between the measured parameters to be established. To this end, this data (in CSV format) has been introduced into the GIS model as a data table. Additionally, the charts are exported and included as part of the technical datasheet information linked to the ‘3D Point’ features representing the sensors in the GIS model (see Figure 13). The Relative Humidity (RH) parameter shows the largest oscillations between the two measurement points (Figure 15). RH values above 65% are considered dangerous, and those above 95% are considered critical. The distribution charts show an annual average RH value of 59.45% for the sunny points and 63.63% for the shaded points. However, there is a high percentage of hours exceeding the recommended 65% RH and, specifically, in the shaded area, 95% RH is exceeded in certain periods. This data may exert considerable influence on the state of conservation of the plasterwork, in addition to the factors mentioned above. Nevertheless, to establish an accurate correlation, in-depth analyses must be carried out, which falls outside the scope of this research. However, this first interpretation derived from the GIS model is useful as a guide to these more specific studies. Figure 14. Spatial queries of mechanical properties: (a) C-Shore Hardness and (b) Superficial Humidity. 16 F.M. HIDALGO-SÁNCHEZ ET AL. Geographic web services In keeping with the objectives of this research, these results obtained should be shared online to facilitate their access and management by the agents involved in the preventive conservation process. The contents published, depending on their nature and state of development, can be considered as either open or closed data. The geographic web services provided are derived from the set of attribute services generated. These information layers are used as content in web services of editable and searchable 2D maps and 3D scenes, which are integrated into the web application. These services have been developed particularly for the thematic information category ‘(C) Diagnosis’. Each category has its own geographic web services, accessible from the same GIS Cloud portal. This enables specialists in one area to work with detailed information, with the possibility of consulting information from other categories. It also facilitates the process of selecting the geographic services shared as open GIS data, without compromising those reserved for internal use. Attribute web services The attribute services or layers are those that make up the web content derived from this research. They include the GIS features defined for each ULA and their associated data. This data is published in ArcGIS Online as hosted layers with 2D vector geometry (Feature layer) and Multipatch 3D geometry (Scene Layer). Furthermore, attribute services have also been published including the base geometry of the model (in italics in Table 4), providing architectural context Figure 15. Line and distribution charts created based on monitoring info from sensors located on sunny and shadow points of the Courtyard. Table 4. Geographic services published online. ULA Attribute web services (Layers) Number of GIS features Web maps and web scenes Web Map Application (WMA) ULA0 C_ULA0_SERA_2D 1 C_SERA_2D C_Diagnosis_SERA C_ULA0_SERA_LOD2_3D C_SERA_3D ULA1 C_ULA1_SERA_2D 27 C_SERA_2D C_ULA1_SERA_LOD2_3D C_SERA_3D ULA2 C_ULA2_SERA_2D_Plasterwork 4 C_SERA_2D C_ULA2_SERA_LOD4_3D_Plasterwork C_SERA_3D ULA3 C_ULA3_SERA_2D_Plasterwork 13 C_SERA_2D C_ULA3_SERA_3D_Plasterwork C_SERA_3D C_ULA3_SERA_2D_Sensors 2 C_SERA_2D C_ULA3_SERA_3D_Sensors C_SERA_3D ULA2 and ULA3 BASE_BLUEPRINT_2D –C_SERA_2D and C_SERA_3D BASE_MODEL_LOD4_3D –C_SERA_3D Total 12 47 2 1 BUILDING RESEARCH & INFORMATION 17 to the rest of the GIS features. All the layers have the same geographic projection system: WGS84. Web maps and web scenes It has been demonstrated that the transversal nature of the proposed database allows the development of thematic cartographies based on spatial queries with different needs. These mappings can be replicated using the information hosted on the cloud-based platform. This in turn enables the various agents not only to interactively illustrate the elements and attributes of the database, but also to share analyses, thereby reaching a degree of detail unusual for this type of platform. For the case of this research, two web cartographies have been created, a 2D web map (C_SERA_2D) and a 3D web scene (C_SERA_3D), corresponding to the local GIS model (Figure 16). Figure 16(a) illustrates the possibility of performing the same spatial analyses as those carried out in the local GIS model on the plasterwork. Figure 16(b) Figure 16. Spatial query on the web map (a). Entry of NDT data via the web scene (b). 18 F.M. HIDALGO-SÁNCHEZ ET AL. shows the inclusion of NDT data, in the form of thermographic images, in the attribute table of one of the pieces of plasterwork from the web scene. Web mapping application Finally, a web mapping application (WMA) has been developed within the ArcGIS Online platform. For this, the tool ‘ArcGIS Configurable Apps’from ESRI has been employed. The procedure initially consisted of choosing the available pre-configured template that best suited the content and intended purpose. Then, the template has been customized by adding complementary functionalities (e.g. section box, synchronization of views and pop-up windows, measurement tools, basemaps options, etc.). ThepurposeofthisWMAiseminentlyforvisualization and interactive consultation of model information. Unlike the map and scene above, it is not possibletoedittheattributeservicesorperform spatial analysis directly in the WMA. However, any changes made to the map and the web scene within it are automatically reflected in the WMA. As an example of this workflow, Figure 17 shows the NDT data entered in the previous subsection, already updated in the WMA. In this respect, both services are complementary. Maps and web scenes are useful tools for technicians who carry out tests and fill in information. On the other hand, WMAs are more useful for quick consultation of information and dissemination of results. Conclusions The research has been focused on the study of plasterwork located in the Courtyard of the Maidens of the RAS. Several NDTs have been carried out on these specific components and their results have been introduced on the GIS model built while following the fundamentals of the spatial database proposed. The implementation of this database proves that it is aflexible methodology capable to adapt to new scenarios, whose basic principles can be replicated in different types of case studies and specific components and materials. Its thematic content structure, developed for diagnosis data in this paper, enables the inclusion of results from any type of NDT method, since it is extensive to both SDT and DT methods. This, together with its availability as online content hosted on a GIS Cloud platform, provides easy access and updating of the information, and promotes collaboration between technicians from different areas. Likewise, by including specificfields that consider the temporal variable, comparisons can be made of the results of the various tests carried out by different and independent technicians over a given chronological period. GIS tools provide the capacity to make preliminary diagnoses in an agile manner with the data collected, Figure 17. Consultation of NDT data associated with the GIS feature of one of the pieces of plasterwork using the web application (WMA). BUILDING RESEARCH & INFORMATION 19 which is highly useful as a basis for later studies of a more detailed nature. These initial diagnoses also help to prioritize restoration and maintenance interventions by the comparative analysis of the data corresponding to each ULA, facilitating decision-making and the establishment of action guidelines. These characteristics, reinforced by their multi-scale and interdisciplinary nature, render the spatial database proposed as an optimal digital tool for predictive maintenance, preventive conservation and dissemination of architectural values. Finally, the difficulties encountered in relation to the 3D geometric modelling of GIS features deserve mention, especially those with complex geometry. Although semi-automatic modelling procedures have been applied to optimize the process, the modelling capabilities of current GIS tools remain limited at the architectural scale, in comparison with other CAD or BIM tools. As future work, it would be possible to evaluate the aforementioned replicability of this protocol in different heritage contexts, to evolve its systematics according to the results obtained. In this regard, it is considered that its integration in current preventive conservation plans can complement their existing tools, by providing a field of experimentation for the methodology. Moreover, in terms of analytical and information management possibilities, interesting lines of research are opened related to the temporal dimension (4D). A prime example is given by the real-time monitoring of technical parameters linked to the GIS model, which would enable a completely updated follow-up of the conditions of the study elements, as well as providing a greater volume of data. In this way, the results of different NDTs could be more accurately correlated carrying out spatial and statistical analyses by using Big Data or Artificial Intelligence tools. To conclude, the extensive creation of different geographic services allows the development of open GIS- based tools with different purposes. Collaborating with local SDIs for the inclusion in its public repositories could generate an interesting feedback process. Moreover, this strategy aligns the fundamentals of UN 2030 SDGs, in terms of digitization for the promotion of smart and sustainable cities. Note 1. Five levels of detail (LOD) are distinguished by the CityGML standard (Gröger & Plümer, 2012) for the representation of buildings in GIS environment, from LOD0 to LOD4. According to this, LOD2 present buildings as prisms in which the geometry of their roofs has been defined, whereas LOD4, the highest, includes the indoor elements of the building for its complete definition. Acknowledgements This publication and research activity is part of the R + D + i project (Ref. US-1263780), financed by the Regional Government of Andalusia (Regional Ministry of Economy and Knowledge) and the R + D + I project (Ref. PGC2018- 093470-B-I00) financed by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Government of Spain. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the University of Seville via a pre-doctoral contract granted to Francisco M. Hidalgo-Sánchez (VIPPIT-2020-IV.3). The authors wish to acknowledge the IUACC ‘Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción’for its support in carrying out this research. The authors also thank the Board of Trustees of the Royal Alcazar of Seville for their collaboration in granting access for the inspection and measurement of environmental parameters. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Funding This work was supported by Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía [grant number US-1263780]; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades [grant number PGC2018-093470-B-I00]; Universidad de Sevilla [grant number VIPPIT-2020-IV.3]. Geolocation information The geographical coordinates are: 37.362511829239324 (Latitude), -5.986857053806982 (Longitude). ORCID Francisco M. Hidalgo-Sánchez http://orcid.org/0000-0001- 5310-1567 Marta Torres-González http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2118- 8431 Emilio J. Mascort-Albea http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5737- 9969 Jacinto Canivell http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7636-102X Rocío Romero-Hernández http://orcid.org/0000-0002- 3468-4055 J.J. 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