Coverage of the elections of April, 1975 in the Diário de Notícias and the Jornal Novo: a case study

Como ci a es e a ículo: LIMA, Helena y LUIS, Ri a (2018): “Co e age o he elec ions o Ap il, 1975 in he Diá io de No ícias and he Jo nal No o: a case s udy”, en Re is a In e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, nº 11, pp. 23-40. 23 COVERAGE OF THE ELECTIONS OF APRIL, 1975 IN THE DIÁRIO DE NOTÍCIAS AND THE JORNAL NOVO: A STUDY CASE Cobe u a de las elecciones de ab il de 1975 en el Diá io de No ícias y el Jo nal No o: un caso de es udio DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RiHC.2018.i11.03 Recibido: 07/10/2018 Acep ado: 10/12/2018 Publicado: 15/12/2018 Helena Lima ORCID h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-3023-6412 Uni e sidade do Opo o, hllima@le as.up.p Ri a Luis ORCID Uni e sidade NOVA de Lisboa, [email p o ec ed].p Helena Lima y Ri a Luis Re is a in e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, Nº11, Vol.1, año 2018, pp. 23-40 24 Abs ac : The Po uguese Re olu ion o Ap il 1974 ended 48 yea s o dic a o ship. The poli ical e olu ion ha ollowed he coup ga e ise o a e olu iona y p ocess, he On- Going Re olu iona y Pe iod, which gained momen um, a e Ma ch 11, 1975, opening " he pa h o socialism". As a side e ec , he s a e became he owne o almos all he p ess. The i s democ a ic elec ions ook place on Ap il 25, 1975. Fo he i s ime in almos 50 yea s, he p ess had he oppo uni y o do he co e in an en i onmen o eedom o exp ession. Howe e , he media we e no immune o he e olu iona y p ocess and he newspape s we e a ec ed by he s uggle o con ol o he in o ma ion. The pu pose o his s udy is a i s app oach in o de o unde s and he news p ocess and s a egies o co e he elec o al campaign in he p ess. The me hodology will ely on a compa a i e analysis o he jou nalis o ma s in Diá io de No ícas and Jo nal No o, chosen o de di e ence o each jou nalis ic o ma and almos opposi e edi o ial s a us. Keywo ds: Democ a ic Elec ions, P ess Co e age, Elec ion Campaign, Diá io de No ícias, Jo nal No o Resumen: La Re olución po uguesa de ab il de 1974 puso in a 48 años de dic adu a. La e olución polí ica del golpe mili a dio paso a un p oceso e oluciona io, P oceso Re oluciona io en Cu so, que cob ó impulso, después del 11 de ma zo de 1975, ab iendo así "el camino al socialismo". Como e ec o cola e al, el Es ado se con i ió en el p opie a io de casi oda la p ensa, que pe enecía pa cial o o almen e a emp esas banca ias y g upos económicos. Las p ime as elecciones democ á icas u ie on luga el 25 de ab il de 1975 y la p ensa u o la opo unidad de cub i es e momen o his ó ico en un ambien e de libe ad de exp esión. El p opósi o de es e es udio es un p ime abo daje pa a comp ende el p oceso de no icias y las es a egias pa a cub i la campaña elec o al en la p ensa. La me odología se basa á en un análisis compa a i o de los o ma os pe iodís icos en Diá io de No ícias y Jo nal No o, jus amen e escogidos po la di e encia de dimensión y capacidad no iciosa y su es a u o edi o ial casi opues o. Palab as cla e: Elecciones Democ á icas, Cobe u a de P ensa, Campaña Elec o al, Diá io de No ícias, Jo nal No o 1. His o ical con ex s and de elopmen s and e ec s on he news media On Ap il 25 1974 a coup d’e a pu an end o 48 yea s o au ho i a ian ule in Po ugal. Coming om he lowe anks o he mili a y, he Cap ains Mo emen , la e MFA (Mo emen o he A med Fo ces), his was a coup uelled by 13 yea s o colonial wa and he belie ha only a democ a iza ion o he egime would be able o pu an end o i (Sánchez, 1993). Disobeying mili a y o de s and coming massi ely o he s ee s, Co e age o he elec ions o Ap il, 1975 in he Diá io de No ícias and he Jo nal No o: a case s udy Re is a in e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, Nº11, Vol.1, año 2018, pp. 23-40 25 he Po uguese people’s esponse, om he i s momen s o he coup, soon u ned i in o a e olu iona y p ocess (Rosas, 2004) whe e he mili a y became also engaged agen s (Palacios, 2003), alongside wi h poli ical pa ies and g ass oo mo emen s (San os, 1990; Be meo, 1986; Du án, 1997; Ramos Pin o, 2013) de o ed o ques ions conce ning housing, land e o m, wo ke s o women’s igh s, among o he s. On an ins i u ional le el, hough, he mili a y would main ain hei p esence un il 1982, when he Re olu ion Council, ins i u ionalized a e he ailed coun e - e olu iona y coup o Ma ch 11 1975, headed by he o me P esiden o he Republic, Gene al Spínola, was ex inc by a Cons i u ional e ision (Rezola, 2007). Bu in he a e ma h o he coup a Jun a de Sal ação Nacional (Na ional Sal a ion Jun a) was appoin ed and un il he elec ion o Má io Soa es as P esiden o he Republic in 1986, his o ice was hold by a mili a y cad e: Gene al Cos a Gomes was appoin ed a e he dismissal Gene al Spínola, in la e Sep embe 1974. The e olu ion o he p ocess implied he aliena ion o Spínola, who was in ol ed in se e al a emp ed coun e - coups, and he eme gence o he MFA as a p eponde an poli ical subjec . Cos a Gomes became he in e im P esiden o he Republic du ing he oubled imes ha ollowed and, e en ually, Gene al Ramalho Eanes became he i s democ a ic p esiden elec ed, in July 1976. Also a mili a y cad e we e he p ime-minis e s o he i s six p o isional go e nmen s - Palma Ca los, Vasco Gonçal es, Pinhei o de Aze edo – un il he i s cons i u ional elec ions on Ap il 25 1976, when Má io Soa es became he i s ci ilian elec ed p ime-minis e . In wha conce ns o he ealm o he media, he ans o ma ion b ough by he e olu iona y p ocess was signi ican . The e we e impo an al e a ions in legisla ion, owne ship s uc u e o media en e p ises and poli ical s anding wi hin he same en e p ises. Fi s ly, because he e olu iona y p ocess ended wi h a censo ship sys em ha was had de eloped and pe ec ed du ing he Es ado No o ( he New S a e: he denomina ion o he dic a o ship acco ding o Salaza ’s poli ical ision ha began in 1930 and was consolida ed by he 1933 Cons i u ional Law). The e usal o some newspape s o p esen hei daily issue o he censo ship o ice was ollowed by legisla i e ac ion in o de o egula e p ess eedom (c . The P ess law o 1975) ha despi e some a emp s o egula ion o he news low (c . he “Ad hoc Commission o he media”, he “Jesuíno P ojec ” o “Mili a y sec e s Law”) disman led he p e iously exis en censo ship sys em. The eedom o he p ess gene a ed a sense o news p ac ice, d i en o ac uali y. The a mosphe e o new poli ical e en s ga e way o he econ igu a ion o he jou nalis ic agenda, ma ked by a a ie y o sou ces (Lima, 2014). The newspape s and pa icula ly he adio and TV became a na u al means o announcing a acks on he e olu ion, unde mining o he de ea o “ he enemies” and o he kinds o “ h ea s”, whe he eal o imagina y. The na ionaliza ion o he banks and insu ance companies ha ensued Helena Lima y Ri a Luis Re is a in e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, Nº11, Vol.1, año 2018, pp. 23-40 26 he ailed coun e - e olu iona y coup in Ma ch 1975 changed he owne ship s uc u e o Po uguese newspape s comple ely: he g ea majo i y o hem owned, o ally o pa ially, by banks, we e na ionalized wi h he s a us o “in e ened”. Excep ions o his p ocess we e Lisbon’s daily República and Po o’s P imei o de Janei o (Cab e a, 2006; Lima, 2014). Amid his p ocess, he ole o he media was equen ly concep ualized as p imo dial a poli ical ool, which ga e ise o se e al cases o con lic in news ou le s such as adio Renascença o newspape s like República (Mesqui a, 1994a; Ribei o 2002; San os, 2005). The p eponde ance o he mili a y by Ap il 1975, when people in Po ugal we e called, o he i s ime in 48 yea s, o eely elec , wi h uni e sal su age, a Cons i u ional Assembly aimed a p oducing a Cons i u ion ha would eplace he Es ado No o. The elec ions we e a cen al poli ical ma e , gi en ha a pac had been signed be ween mos Poli ical pa ies and he MFA (Pac o MFA- Pa idos) eins a ing he la e ’s ole in Po uguese socie y independen ly o he elec o al p ocess esul s. Ou side o he pac emained pa ies like he Mona chis Popula Pa y (PPM), despi e ha ing been p esen a he able o nego ia ions, and le is pa ies ha none heless would un in he elec ions: MES, UDP, FEC (m-l), PUP and LCI. Thus, he elec ions we e cen al in he poli ical p ocess and a majo subjec o he p ess. Acco ding o CNE ( he Na ional Elec o al Commi ee), 14 poli ical o ganiza ions we e p esen in he poles. This commi ee would publish all he o ing numbe s on Diá io da República ( he o icial bulle in) in May 19, 1975, and, acco ding o i , he mos ele an esul s we e he Socialis Pa y (PS) wi h 38%, he Social Democ a Pa y (PPD) wi h 26%, he Communis Pa y (PCP) wi h 12%, he Democ a ic Social Cen e (CDS) wi h 8%, he Popula Democ a ic Mo emen - Democ a ic Elec o al Commi ee (MDP- CDE) 4%, he Democ a ic Popula Union (UDP) and he Associa ion o he De ence o Macau’s In e es s (ADIM), bo h wi h less han 1%, bu ha managed o elec one ep esen a i e each. These pa liamen ep esen a i es would o e he Cons i u ional Law o 1976, only wi h he excep ion o he CDS. The esul s we e seen by some as a su p ise, gi en he low pe cen age o he Communis Pa y and adical le -wing o ganiza ions. The news aming o hese esul s depended on he poli ical pe spec i e. The ollowing examples a e om he newspape s analysed in his s udy. Diá io de No ícias headline enhanced he ic o y o he le -wing endency: “The socialis way con i med” and “The Alliance People –MFA was he winne ”, while Jo nal No o’s headline was “Vic o y o he p og essi e o ces”, bu also “Elec ions – The People in o es” and he in e iew o Má io Soa es: “The esul s will change he go e nmen ”. The e alua ion o he esul s could ei he s ess a ic o y o he Le o , a i hme ically speaking, he majo i y o social democ acy ep esen ed by he PS and PSD, in a mo e cen e o ien ed Co e age o he elec ions o Ap il, 1975 in he Diá io de No ícias and he Jo nal No o: a case s udy Re is a in e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, Nº11, Vol.1, año 2018, pp. 23-40 27 pe spec i e. Ei he way, he ollowing pe iod would be a igh o he legi imacy o he elec o al esul s. 2. Case s udy: he elec ions o 1975 in he Diá io de No ícias and he Jo nal No o, a compa a i e app oach. The analysis o he elec ions o 1975 in Diá io de No ícias and Jo nal No o ies o ackle a compa a i e analysis o wo edi o ial o ma s, bu also seeks o unde s and how wo newspape s wi h di e en , almos opposi e cha ac e is ics, ea ed his jou nalis ic e en o maximum newswo hiness. The elec ions o Ap il 25, 1975 we e he i s o allow he democ a ic o e a e he down all o he dic a o ship ha had been in place o 48 yea s, du ing which he media we e con olled by a e y s ic censo ship appa a us. Thus, he i s ee elec ions dese ed a p ominen place in he pages o he Po uguese p ess, and conside ing he news hie a chy, hey became a op subjec in he co e s’ headlines. In his sense, his s udy app oaches jou nalis ic p ocedu es and ca ego izes and quan i ies he news in o de o unde s and he e ec s o composi ion, hie a chy o news and jou nalis ic gen es used o con ey he edi o ial s a egies o Diá io de No ícias and Jo nal No o. The jou nalis ic gen es complemen ed by he sou ces p esen in he news may p o ide a deepe unde s anding o each newspape on an o ganiza ional le el, bu , e en ually, he hypo hesis o di e en edi o ial s ands. In 1975, Diá io de No ícias was he la ges Po uguese newspape . I had been launched by Edua do Coelho and Quin ino An unes, in 1864 and his cen ennial daily was he i s example o a news p ojec in Po ugal and quickly became an example o success. I las ed o mo e han a cen u y and i s daily p in ed edi ion was ended in 2018. I s g owing impo ance was ecognized by he Es ado No o dic a o ship and his newspape became s a e-owned and i s edi o ial s a was ca e ully con olled by a ai h ul edi o ial boa d, en us ed by he poli ical egime. Despi e he ans o ma ions occu ed du ing he Ma celo Cae ano’s pe iod (1968- 1974), unde he leade ship o a new di ec o , Fe nando F agoso (Cab e a, 2006), he news oom emained da ed and li le ecep i e o inno a ion (Co eia, Bap is a, 2009). As a esul , Diá io de No icias was no well ega ded by he head o he Na ional Helena Lima y Ri a Luis Re is a in e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, Nº11, Vol.1, año 2018, pp. 23-40 28 Sal a ion Jun a and i s di ec ion boa d was soon “saneada” (pu ges we e common a e he Re olu ion and in he p ess as in many companies, he boa ds ha we e ai h ul o he dic a o ship we e expelled and some imes imp isoned) and, by June 25, had been eplaced by José Ribei o dos San os and José Ca los Vasconcelos (Gomes, 2014), a e a p ocess o enqui y o he news oom. Gomes a gues ha he main goal o his edi o ial di ec ion was o clean he collabo a ionis s wi h he o me egime ha we e a s ong ace in his newspape . This new eam was also eplaced, now by Luís de Ba os and José Sa amago, whom, acco ding o Gomes, p ac iced a “jou nalism a he se ice o he e olu ion and he MFA” (2014: 299-300). A e he peak o he PREC, he ollowing eam in cha ge o he newspape , Ví o Cunha Rego and Má io Mesqui a, would y o disman le ha edi o ial guidance, in a eb anding e o o change he pa isan pu pose in o one o a mo e plu alis na u e (2014). Diá io de No ícias, howe e , would ne e be able o shake o he c i icism o being a newspape aligned wi h he poli ical powe , as Gomes also no ices (2014). F om an edi o ial poin o iew, in he edi ion o Ap il 4, 1975, and ma ching he pe iod i his s udy case, DN would s a e ha i s pu pose was o “se e he Po uguese People and he u h, agains he enemies o he Po uguese People, and he lie” and by so, ejec ing he idea o submi o “pa icula in e es s” (Apud Gomes, 2014: 58). A e he Re olu ion o Ap il 25, 1974, he Diá io de No ícias kep he op posi ion in e ms o uns (100,000), which, acco ding o Ca aco (2012: 424) was announced in he heade om 1923/25 un il 1976: " he g ea es ci cula ion and expansion o all he Po uguese newspape s. " The DN was a b oadshee newspape and had a g ea di e si y o news. The i s page had many news and he size o he headlines was a iable, bu he e was a clea di e ence be ween he cen al subjec s o he daily agenda and smalle ones. The news migh include a pho og aph o in og aphics and, as a ule, besides he i le and lead, he e was also a ex , a con igu a ion ha was possible hanks o i s size. The inclusion o a ied and abundan news was only possible hanks o he news oom, which in Lisbon and acco ding o Gomes (2014: 85), had mo e han 60 jou nalis s, in 1975. In he elec ions’ mon h, and in a b oad pe spec i e, he Diá io de No ícias’ co e included a a ie y o subjec s. S ill, being DN a newspape o eco d, he poli ical and he in e na ional agenda we e ob ious choices, bu poli ics as an edi o ial sec ion mus be ega ded in a comp ehensi e sense. O he opics in he headlines’ co e we e he ones ela ed o he mili a y ha e en hough one wouldn’ , in gene al, conside unde Poli ics, in his pa icula case, hey migh be ega ded as such, since hey owned he poli ical powe h ough he Conselho da Re olução (Re olu ion Council). The union demons a ions and s ikes, gi en he e olu iona y momen ha was in place a he ime, we e also equen and can be amed in he same pe spec i e. Thus, he co e age o he elec ion campaign eached he i s page, bu i s place was sha ed by he o he issues on he daily line-up. Co e age o he elec ions o Ap il, 1975 in he Diá io de No ícias and he Jo nal No o: a case s udy Re is a in e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, Nº11, Vol.1, año 2018, pp. 23-40 29 In e ms o daily agenda, Jo nal No o, included he opics also add essed by Diá io de No ícias, bu he jou nalis ic app oach was conside ably di e en , gi en he dimensions and pu pose o his e ening pape . Jo nal No o was one o se e al newspape s published in he a e ma h o he e olu iona y pe iod wi h he pu pose o coun e ac he dominan and pa icula ly ac i e ea u e o he p ess unde s a e in e en ion, in which poli ical o ganiza ions and edi o ial boa ds impinged a adicalized le -wing edi o ial o ien a ion (Lima, 2014). Thus, newspape s such as O Jo nal, Jo nal No o, Tempo e Lu a sough o e en he e ec s o he e olu iona y mood and, in u n, o p esen an al e na i e edi o ial s and. Jo nal No o was launched on Ap il 17 by A u Po ela Filho, whom in he i s edi o ial poin ed ou he newspape mission: "Jou nalism o ac ion, in e en ion, cla i ica ion, he Jo nal No o e uses iolence, sec a ianism, seg ega ion. We know why we igh and also wha we igh agains , bu we know he bes way o igh is he compe en and calm pa icipa ion in he building o ou u u e." This daily a owed i sel as a socialis , bu in a mode a e pe spec i e. The p ojec o Jo nal No o, aiming o con adic he end o s a e-owned p ess, came om a g oup in cha ge o he mos powe ul associa ion o employe s a he ime, CIP, he Po uguese Indus ial Con ede a ion, who, acco ding o João Figuei a (2007), had a poli ical a he han a comme cial goal o his newspape . This idea s ems om he ac ha CIP closed a en able newspape when, poli ically, i was conside ed ha he e was no longe need o i , in he a e ma h o he cool down o he e olu iona y p ojec (Figuei a, 2007:217). Since Jo nal No o began i s edi ion in mid-Ap il, he co e age o he elec o al campaign was necessa ily smalle han in Diá io de No ícias. Howe e , he di e ences be ween he wo newspape s don’ esul only om he empo al gap. The Jo nal No o was an e ening pape , ha was published un il 1979. I was in a abloid in size and had a low numbe o pages, which limi ed he p in ing space and consequen ly he numbe o news. The news oom was much smalle han he DN’s (less han 20 jou nalis s), which accen ua es he dispa i y in e ms o news co e age. Also, in a global ision, Jo nal No o p esen ed, in Ap il o 1975, la ge-scale news a icles wi h less hema ic a ie y, in ela ion o Diá io de No ícias. Gi en his b ie cha ac e iza ion, he quan i a i e analysis ha ollows, somehow mi o s he di e en jou nalis ic o ma s and he o ganiza ional capaci y o each o hese newspape s. In spi e o he di e ences in ime in e al, he g ids con empla e all he news o he mon h o Ap il un il he publishing o he esul s o he elec ions, in o de o be e unde s and he composi ion e ec s o each newspape . The sample comp ehends a o al o 486 news, whe e all he ypes conside ed in he ca ego iza ion we e included, e en i no all o hem a e pa o adi ional jou nalis ic gen es. This ecollec ion enables he de ec ion o p ocesses o agenda-building and p iming, in he Helena Lima y Ri a Luis Re is a in e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, Nº11, Vol.1, año 2018, pp. 23-40 30 sense ha public opinion may in luenced by he way news a e amed in an e alua ion le el h ough enhancing o de alua ion mechanisms, bu also by e ec s o epe i ion (Scheu ele, 2000; Shoemake , Reese, 2014). In addi ion, he second le el o analysis conside s he sou ces in he news, namely he ins i u ional sou ces and sub-ca ego ies iden i ied in he wo newspape s. A ha ime Po ugal was going h ough a e y pola ized poli ical momen and all he pa ies and o ganiza ions sough o be p esen in he p ess (Mesqui a, 1996a), bu o he poli ical ac o s aimed also o be in he news. Ins i u ional powe was di ided and he Mili a y had he s onge oice. The ela ion be ween jou nalis s and sou ces was o e whelming, gi en he amoun o o ganiza ions and indi iduali ies ha ied o in luence he public agenda and ha ega ded he newspape as means o p opaganda. In his ype o co e age, he a ibu ion is no e y ele an (Menche , 2000), since mos o he decla a ions we e made on he eco d, mos ly due o a gene al mood o poli ical deba e and public decla a ions. W i en communiqués we e also equen , bu du ing he campaign, and he e alua ion o he esul s, he commen s we e mo e o en used by poli ical pa ies and o he o ganiza ions. The e o e, we conside ins i u ional and non-ins i u ional sou ces and he concep o p ima y and seconda y sou ces, being he dis inc ion gi en by ela ion o his news e en . We also conside specialized sou ces in he sense ha hey b ing a deepe unde s anding on he ma e . Las bu no he leas , he anonymous sou ce is also aken in conside a ion and is ega ded in cases when he jou nalis ag ees o p o ec he iden i y o he spokespe son (San os, 2006). Conside ing he subjec o he Po uguese elec ions o 1975, a mo e disc imina ed ypi ica ion o sou ces is as ollows: Go e nmen , Poli ical pa ies/ o ganiza ions, Mili a y, O he ins i u ions, Specialized sou ces, O he news media, Agency, Anonymous sou ces and Seconda y sou ces. The news co e age in Diá io de No ícias and Jo nal No o p esen many di e ences bu also some common elemen s. The able below shows how he ca ego ies in Diá io de No ícias, aking in conside a ion all he news and di e en i ems ga he ed in Ap il o 1975. In his da a, all he news, ela ed news and jou nalism gen es, and all he en ances conside ed ela ed o he co e age we e included in a o al o 404 i ems. Co e age o he elec ions o Ap il, 1975 in he Diá io de No ícias and he Jo nal No o: a case s udy Re is a in e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, Nº11, Vol.1, año 2018, pp. 23-40 31 G aph 1 – The elec ion co e age by Diá io de No ícias The global numbe s show ha he ca ego ies B ie News (156) and News (140) we e p edominan , ollowed by he Pho os (60), which con i ms a e y ac / ela ed app oach by Diá io de No ícias. The ca ego ies News Repo / Fea u e (1) and In e iew (1) had small signi icance. They a e no mally used in he co e age o impo an news subjec s, whe e he e ec o composi ion is e y impo an , namely o gi e he eade s a b oade pe cep ion and deepe means o in e p e a ion on p ominen news co e age. S ill, his daily p esen ed i e edi o ials on he elec ions and h ee Opinion columns. Ano he ea u e o he composi ion e ec , he Ch onicle is absen , howe e he e was a special column ha add essed he in e p e a ion o he elec o al esul s. This newspape didn’ conside he newswo hiness o In e na ional ela ed news. Helena Lima y Ri a Luis Re is a in e nacional de His o ia de la Comunicación, Nº11, Vol.1, año 2018, pp. 23-40 38 news. Howe e , he ele ance was no con i med by e ec s o composi ion, conside ing he low numbe o explana o y a icles. Jo nal No o showed a lowe numbe o news, bu he a icles had a he a bigge dimension and he explana o y s a egy was mo e ob ious. In e ms o he news hie a chy, conside ing he subjec s in he co e s, i is also possible o assess e ec s o p iming in he wo newspape s. They p esen he same numbe o headlines abou he elec ions. Howe e , his ca ego y gains mo e ele ance in Jo nal No o, conside ing i s i s day o publica ion. Acco dingly, he p iming s a egy migh be conside ed mo e e iden in his newspape . The las le el o analysis a e sou ces men ioned in he news, which may gi e elemen s o a be e unde s anding in he agenda-building. Once again, he e is a simila i y in he newspape s, conside ing ha he highe alues a e coinciden : Poli ical pa ies and o ganiza ions a e, by a , he mos ele an . O he ca ego ies a e also coinciden bu Agency s ands as mo e impo an o Diá io de No ícias. The ca ego y Mili a y, no ably, has mo e ele ance in Jo nal No o, which migh be explained by he p esence o hese sou ces in o he news in Diá io de No ícias, bu his pa ame e was no include in his s udy case. On he o he hand, his daily p esen s a g ea e a ie y o sou ces, no necessa ily seen as key oices in he elec ion p ocess. Ano he common and ele an idea ha s ands ou in he compa ison o hese wo newspape s is ha he e is a coinciden s a egy o e e ence o he sou ce, gi ing he news he e e en ial o alida ion. Bibliog aphy BERMEO, N. (1986): The Re olu ion wi hin he Re olu ion, Wo ke s Con ol in Ru al Po ugal, P ince on, P ince on Uni e si y P ess BORGES SANTOS, P. 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