The Revaluation of Uninhabited Popular Patrimony under Environmental and Sustainability Parameters

sustainability Article The Revaluation of Uninhabited Popular Patrimony under Environmental and Sustainability Parameters Begoña Blandón1,* , Luís Palmero 2and Giacomo di Ruocco 3 1Architectural Construction Department 1, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain 2Architectural Construction Department, University Politècnica of València, 46022 València, Spain; [email protected].es 3Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universitat degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; [email protected] *Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 June 2020; Accepted: 10 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020   Abstract: Abandoning rural areas requires promoting their repopulation. In Europe, wealth and life in these enclaves are valued. However, the current state of these houses does not meet actual needs and requires interventions to actualize current standards. Therefore, decisions in the design and execution of the works will generate a volume of construction and demolition waste (CDW), which must be managed sustainably out of respect towards its origin, the architecture, and the surrounding environment. This paper examines the prevention and management of CDW, providing control strategies and actions to monitor and plan them from the rehabilitation project itself. Some of the interventions carried out in recent years on this type of housing have been analyzed and the existing management protocols within the European Union have been reviewed, specifying their application in Mediterranean popular housing. As a result, we herein show a representative case that observes the existing reality regarding the destination of generated CDW and delves into their possibilities for use. We present these findings in order to reduce the energy cost resulting from manufacturing new materials and meeting the established sustainability and energy efficiency parameters. Keywords: disinvestment; popular housing; rehabilitation works; sustainable construction; waste management; circular economy 1. Introduction The year 2020 began by recognizing the end of an era. More specifically, this era was marked by important scientific and technological advances, such as the expansion of communications, interesting archaeological, astronomical, or biological findings that tackled challenges in medicine, biotechnology, or nanotechnology. Moreover, new discoveries supported technological progress in the information age. Likewise, this era made room for relevant decisions regarding greater social awareness on aspects as diverse as gender equality, quality of life for the elderly, or environmental deterioration and its consequences. However, the year 2020 will be remembered most for the international health and economic emergency caused by COVID-19. However, there may be an opportunity in which new habits with concern for the future of human health now take center stage. It is obvious that our social, labor, and habitat habits require reviewing (with environmental criteria), especially with regard to certain models of architecture, urban planning, environment, and city-life [1]. For years, the growth of large European cities has caused depopulation in rural areas. Although the origin of this important demographic imbalance is located in the middle of last century, when cities housed factories and needed abundant and unspecialized labor, these areas today still have the lowest population densities in the entire continent, and the rural exodus continues to grow. Likewise, in Asia, Sustainability 2020,12, 5629; doi:10.3390/su12145629 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020,12, 5629 2 of 18 cities have grown exponentially in the face of attractive city living. Opportunities across the Asian continent are better compared to the isolated and resource-poor rural environments of Europe. As will be seen in many cases, perhaps life is not as hopeful as promised. As a novelty, during the pandemic, rural areas have been able to defend themselves during different stages of this pandemic and this favors possible future changes in population dynamics. On the other hand, rural areas have a significant proportion of the population aged 65 years or older. The continued decline in birth rates and the increase in elderly life expectancy distorts the population pyramids. (Europe has 20% of its population above the age quoted and there is no generational replacement.) Italy, for example, has the highest median age in Europe [ 2 ]. Considering that in the next 50 years demographic forecasts will triple these figures, the level of depopulation to which these municipalities are subjected has not yet ceased and its consequences are aggravated [3]. With this concern, Spain can serve as an example of high depopulation [ 4 ]. As in other European Union countries like France or Italy, 40% of the municipalities are classified as having a severe risk of depopulation. The growth with which abandonment develops in these zones is one of the essential lines of study in order to enact possible solutions in the next decade [ 5 ]. In recent years, initiatives have emerged that seek to revitalize rural environments at the economic, demographic, and social level [ 6 ]. In 2017, Spain confronted the demographic challenge as state policy. Thus, in 2018, the 2018/2021 state housing plan [7] launched aid to rehabilitate housing for general interventions and promoted energy efficiency in rural areas, bringing its offer closer to young people and those aged over 65. In 2019, general guidelines were established as the 2030 Agenda and National Strategy, which constructed a plan to fight against depopulation in rural areas [8]. At present, administrations are implementing improvement policies in infrastructures and transport systems, betting on new lines and models of production and trade, defending sustainable agriculture and livestock, or rural tourism. Thus, technological advances are being considered that could make field work more efficient, present work alternatives in the case of an economic crisis, improve telecommunications (which have made telework possible during the period of coronavirus confinement), or, simply, the approach to a more natural life [ 9 ]. In the incoming decade, a new repopulation phenomenon is to be expected that, fueled by the wealth of these enclaves, demands the rural world as a habitat option. Now, the rural era will take center stage. The year 2020 is a decisive time to promote actions that slow down the isolation and review living conditions in these locations. Principles of Action and Objectives Residence rehousing options are divided between new work (i.e., visual alteration of the environment that surrounds them) and the occupation of existing and currently unoccupied homes (i.e., as a consequence of the abandonment process). However, the buildings available in these places do not respond to the needs of a new population, who will be forced to adapt buildings to the regulatory requirements and European guidelines on comfort, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. From an architectural point of view, the requirements that are demanded, at a typological, constructive, or technological level, are not considered in the original home [ 10 ]. Thus, any proposal will be accompanied by essential adaptation works (punctual or comprehensive) to achieve these objectives. In this regard, the environmental impact that the construction and demolition waste (CDW) generated deserves a study on the control of its production, the promotion of prevention, or any other recovery formula according to the current legislation. In 2017, the construction industry consumed 36% of the world’s energy, which represents almost 40% of gas emissions and contributes to the current greenhouse effect and climate change. According to the Green Building Council (UKGBC) [ 11 ], more than 400 million tons of materials are used each year, 15% of fresh water and 25% of the world’s wood. Annual global demand for sand and gravel is between 40 and 50 billion tons per year. On the other hand, construction produces a quarter of global waste with materials such as cement, metals, glass, or asphalt that end up in landfills or incinerators. This exorbitant expense is far from what is dealt with in international protocols. The term sustainable Sustainability 2020,12, 5629 3 of 18 development (Brutland Report of the year 1978) is a concept that implies a very important change in the idea of guaranteeing an ecological attitude over time, within a framework that also emphasizes economic and social development. “Our Common Future” is the World Commission on Environment and Development’s report that addresses such concerns (United Nations Headquarters, August 1987). In the years after the report was published, there were other world-renowned actions such as the famous Kyoto protocol, (Japan, December 11, 1997), whose March 2005 implementation led to an emission reduction of at least 5% between 2008–2012, compared to emissions reported in 1990. This action and other subsequent ones highlight the global situation regarding gas emissions due to the release of polluting emissions into the atmosphere. The effects have manifested themselves through a progressive phenomenon of global warming, in addition to representing uncertainty about the residual availability of non-renewable resources, with all of the consequent potential environmental risks [12]. If this disproportionate level of consumption continues, the planet is headed for an energy and pollution crisis of irreparable consequences. The construction industry should be closely examined to prevent such consequences, given its material manufacturing waste propagation. The European Directive on Energy Efficiency [ 13 ] supports the revitalization of the market for the renovation of existing buildings: Member States must renovate at least 3% of their building stock through rehabilitation and, if necessary, demolition and reconstruction. Likewise, to reach the goal of zero emissions before the end of the 21st century [ 14 , 15 ], all buildings, regardless of the country in which they are built, must produce not only the energy they consume but also the energy needed to build, maintain, and dismantle them via recycling their components. Because existing rural homes lack attractive technical and comfortable conditions, we decided to study building intervention and observe the construction and demolition waste (CDW) impact on planned rehabilitation works. Thus, we propose the generated use of CDW, betting on recycling and/or reuse to incorporate materials and components back into buildings. 2. Materials and Methods There is a clear antecedent to our work: to raise awareness for partly abandoned and depopulated heritages. Different seminars and congresses, such as the “Small Towns Conference” (STC-19) held in Salerno, Italy, emphasized the habitat situation that addresses sustainable strategies for the valorization of construction and the landscape/cultural/architectural heritage in inland areas [ 16 ]. Currently, the University of Seville’s Higher Technical School of Architecture TEP 954-IN FACT (Investigation Factory) research group in coordination with professors from the Polytechnic University of Valencia’s (Spain) Higher Technical School of Building Engineering and the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Salerno ´ s, (Italy), are taking the opportunity to share and promote interventions that defend and protect the visual beauty of the rural environment. In this work, we reviewed the European Union’s existing management protocols, specifying their application in the example of popular architecture in the Mediterranean area. Our final task was to create actionable guidelines that guaranteed the sustainable quality of these interventions and to develop a monitoring guide that benefited the management and treatment of the indicated waste. This objective encompassed different stages differentiated into research phases according to their purpose and temporal state (Figure 1). 1. Phase 1: Studying risk locations. The scope of the intervention was specified by selecting locations of interest and going deeper into their architecture and recovery possibilities. 2. Phase 2: Producing CDW and studying the nature of CDW and its typology. 3. Phase 3: Managing CDW. Protocol for action in the rehabilitation of housing in small towns. After the data was collected, we analyzed the final destination of CDW in the cases studied. 4. Phase 4: Possibilities of taking advantage of the generated CDW. Reuse and study new recycled construction products. Currently, this work is still in the process of development. We continue to set new goals in this last phase. Sustainability 2020,12, 5629 4 of 18 Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 19 Figure 1. Outline of contents and defined stages in the research process. 2.1. Study of the Municipalities and Identification of Affected Locations The history and evolution of rural area populations throughout the 20th century facilitates the understanding of what factors have led communities to their present situation. In the cases of warfare and agricultural production crises (i.e., labor force mitigation caused by the mechanization of working mediums), massive migrations can occur, which give rise to abandonment in many locations [17]. Young people flock to cities for job opportunities. Cities grew and benefited from the post-war baby boom, leaving rural areas forgotten. In the years 1960 to 1970, population growth in rural towns paralyzed, streets were empty, and inhabitants began aging and dying. In the 1990s, the abandonment dynamics to which many municipalities in the Mediterranean area are subjected to, led to alarming statistical data. To specify the scope of the intervention, different levels of risk were identified to locate the affected municipalities according to the number of inhabitants, causes of abandonment, context, and opportunity for recovery. The study was enriched with intrinsic values (i.e., landscape, culture, Figure 1. Outline of contents and defined stages in the research process. 2.1. Study of the Municipalities and Identification of Affected Locations The history and evolution of rural area populations throughout the 20th century facilitates the understanding of what factors have led communities to their present situation. In the cases of warfare and agricultural production crises (i.e., labor force mitigation caused by the mechanization of working mediums), massive migrations can occur, which give rise to abandonment in many locations [ 17 ]. Young people flock to cities for job opportunities. Cities grew and benefited from the post-war baby boom, leaving rural areas forgotten. In the years 1960 to 1970, population growth in rural towns paralyzed, streets were empty, and inhabitants began aging and dying. In the 1990s, the abandonment dynamics to which many municipalities in the Mediterranean area are subjected to, led to alarming statistical data. Sustainability 2020,12, 5629 5 of 18 To specify the scope of the intervention, different levels of risk were identified to locate the affected municipalities according to the number of inhabitants, causes of abandonment, context, and opportunity for recovery. The study was enriched with intrinsic values (i.e., landscape, culture, gastronomy, and architecture) and other parameters, such as an area’s geography, economy, and current activation policies [18]. The scope of this study covers the following municipalities: Andalusia, Levante, and Catalonia (Spain); Occitania and the region of Provence-Alpes-C ô te d’Azur (France); and Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, Sicily, Tuscany, and Campania (Italy). All of these regions had less than 1000 inhabitants and highlighted the need for a recovery process. Currently, they have improvements in accesses, infrastructure, and services, so the need to provide a solution to the possible rehousing is immediate and requires a detailed study and an empty housing stock. 2.2. Study of the Existing Housing In an area as extensive as the one proposed, architecture and construction vary as a consequence of geographical location, topography, climatology, and the various impacts incurred to these locations over centuries. This section identifies existing homes within the canons of vernacular architecture. We can deepen our knowledge of traditional architecture and thus learn to reactivate these areas by understanding construction valorization, landscapes, and cultural heritage [19]. Similar models have been observed in the Mediterranean area. Although the origin of some populations date back to prehistory and Roman times, the buildings examined in this study are largely from the 18th and 19th centuries. However, the poor evolution of the rural house verifies that there are no outstanding innovations and thus proves that surviving constructions steeped in history deserve consideration and respect [ 20 ]. In any of the analyzed cases, housing reflects rural life, as it is not far removed from the idea of comfort many people in the developed world have today [ 21 ]. Tradition and environment tend to justify the predominance of these functions in existing housing prototypes. As a starting point, we examined each houses spaces and constructive solutions to determine their evolution and deficiencies. For data collection in the different locations, we developed a visit plan, which was not always successful. These visit plans have limited our inspection of the surrounding environment and architectural enclosures. To complete the study, the sample of dwellings was expanded to include homes with similar typological and construction characteristics (belonging to the same, or neighboring municipality). Although some of these were not abandoned, collecting data was more accessible. In this study, three types of properties were observed according to their constructive typology, their walls, and their roof coverages and claddings, allowing for a first classification summarized in Figure 2. Sustainability 2020,12, 5629 6 of 18 Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 19 Figure 2. Typology of existing houses. Classification made according to the constructive solution and family of representative materials in each case. 2.3. Proposed Interventions on Existing Housing The study of the original housing, its state of conservation, and the needs of new users, have confirmed the necessity of intervention. Since we did not use normative criterion (perhaps because these homes did not exist in their origins), the need for a formal study can hence be observed [22]. During the time period investigate in this study, the paradigm of environmental sustainability was hardly taken into account, which was an inevitable requirement when intervening in this type of construction. Knowledge of traditional architecture guided the search for sustainable strategies to guarantee respect for future interventions. We herein combined its technical adaptation and the value of the existing buildings. From a construction point of view, the study of materials, products, techniques used, and plastic solutions allowed us to understand the evolution and responses over the years in comparison with their current state and nature of the CDW. Likewise, progressive location abandonment and their consequent lack of maintenance accelerated deterioration, causing defects and injuries that affected stability, habitability, and decoration. As can be extracted from Figure 3, the criteria followed in the Catalog of Constructive Rehabilitation Solutions [23] made it possible to decide which intervention was necessary. In this respect, the vertical supporting elements were scarce; thermal deficiencies detected in the surrounding elements of the property should be improved in 56% of the cases analyzed. However, solutions should be transferred and the original element was hardly affected). In 70% of houses, it was necessary to review the stability of the horizontal structure and roof. Moreover, it was necessary to guarantee the tightness of the roof in 68% of the cases. The intervention proposals included pavement revision and of interior patio conditioning in 76% of cases. When Figure 2. Typology of existing houses. Classification made according to the constructive solution and family of representative materials in each case. 2.3. Proposed Interventions on Existing Housing The study of the original housing, its state of conservation, and the needs of new users, have confirmed the necessity of intervention. Since we did not use normative criterion (perhaps because these homes did not exist in their origins), the need for a formal study can hence be observed [ 22 ]. During the time period investigate in this study, the paradigm of environmental sustainability was hardly taken into account, which was an inevitable requirement when intervening in this type of construction. Knowledge of traditional architecture guided the search for sustainable strategies to guarantee respect for future interventions. We herein combined its technical adaptation and the value of the existing buildings. From a construction point of view, the study of materials, products, techniques used, and plastic solutions allowed us to understand the evolution and responses over the years in comparison with their current state and nature of the CDW. Likewise, progressive location abandonment and their consequent lack of maintenance accelerated deterioration, causing defects and injuries that affected stability, habitability, and decoration. As can be extracted from Figure 3, the criteria followed in the Catalog of Constructive Rehabilitation Solutions [ 23 ] made it possible to decide which intervention was necessary. In this respect, the vertical supporting elements were scarce; thermal deficiencies detected in the surrounding elements of the property should be improved in 56% of the cases analyzed. However, solutions should be transferred and the original element was hardly affected). In 70% of houses, it was necessary to review the stability of the horizontal structure and roof. Moreover, it was necessary to guarantee the tightness of the roof in 68% of the cases. The intervention proposals included pavement revision and of interior patio conditioning in 76% of cases. When renovating the vertical cladding (interiors and exteriors), we needed to replace the carpentry and replace the majority Sustainability 2020,12, 5629 7 of 18 of the facilities. The layout of the interior spaces and routes were affected by 50%. In this regard , the intervention measures were grouped into three levels according to economic, technical, and social character and criteria [ 24 ]: basic level (i.e., elementary actions that affect installations and vertical finishes), medium level (i.e., redistribution of interior spaces, pavements, and thermal comfort), and intense level (i.e., action planned on structural elements, their renewal or reinforcement). In the required interventions, cleaning and sanitation of walls and leveling of floors were included. Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 19 renovating the vertical cladding (interiors and exteriors), we needed to replace the carpentry and replace the majority of the facilities. The layout of the interior spaces and routes were affected by 50%. In this regard, the intervention measures were grouped into three levels according to economic, technical, and social character and criteria [24]: basic level (i.e., elementary actions that affect installations and vertical finishes), medium level (i.e., redistribution of interior spaces, pavements, and thermal comfort), and intense level (i.e., action planned on structural elements, their renewal or reinforcement). In the required interventions, cleaning and sanitation of walls and leveling of floors were included. Figure 3. Description of the original state of the houses and the character of the interventions. The reflected identification codes corresponded to the geographical location (country, province, or region and municipality of the locations). The type of dwelling (a, b, c) is recognized from the classification shown in Figure 2. The selected dwelling will be the protagonist of the application and results described in Point 3. In order to adapt the house to the required technical and comfort needs, the proposed interventions contemplated sustainable strategies that improved habitability, indoor air quality, and energy efficiency [25]. Passive thermal conditioning was sought whenever possible as an energy saving functionary. As part of prevention, the choice of materials and products with low environmental impact in their management was done to minimize CDW production [26]. 2.4. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Protocol CDW The CDW management protocol was drawn up on behalf of the European Commission as part of follow-up measures and served as a starting point in this study. This document is part of the Figure 3. Description of the original state of the houses and the character of the interventions. The reflected identification codes corresponded to the geographical location (country, province, or region and municipality of the locations). The type of dwelling (a, b, c) is recognized from the classification shown in Figure 2. The selected dwelling will be the protagonist of the application and results described in Point 3. In order to adapt the house to the required technical and comfort needs, the proposed interventions contemplated sustainable strategies that improved habitability, indoor air quality, and energy efficiency [ 25 ]. Passive thermal conditioning was sought whenever possible as an energy saving functionary. As part of prevention, the choice of materials and products with low environmental impact in their management was done to minimize CDW production [26]. 2.4. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Protocol CDW The CDW management protocol was drawn up on behalf of the European Commission as part of follow-up measures and served as a starting point in this study. This document is part of the Sustainability 2020,12, 5629 8 of 18 Construction Strategy 2021 and the proposed measures will contribute to achieving the objective of the waste framework directive of recycling 70% of construction and demolition waste by 2020. These results will thus close the life cycle of products by increasing recycling and reuse, and obtaining benefits for both the environment and the economy [27,28]. By applying the CDW management protocol to different case studies, the conclusions and particularities detected allowed us to review its content and write a simplified action guide that files, orders, and classifies the CDW with the hope of rehabilitating houses in uninhabited towns. Tracking sheets were configured in a simple content format in which different sections related to the work data and description of the planned works favored the circular economy and the global competitiveness of the resulting products, i.e., CDW identification (origin and typology), CDW quantity estimation, the preventive measures to be adopted (to minimize the generation of CDW), the exploitation operations (on-site or its external management), and the final destination of the CDW surplus (specifying the place of discharge if necessary). 3. Results: Application of the Protocol on Case Studies For the review of the CDW management protocol and its application, one of the representative cases when rehabilitating homes in southern Spain was typological; its construction characteristics made it representative in this study (see Appendix A: Figure A1). The house belonged to the municipality of Vejer de la Frontera, in the province of Cádiz (Spain). This municipality is part of the route of the White Towns in Andalusia and includes buildings defined by typical mountain locations. In this specific case, the position of the municipality gave it proximity and ease of access to the coast, which facilitated its activation in recent years. Today, it is part of the recovered villages moving away its prior status as an abandonment area. The planned interventions were developed mainly inside the house. We checked the stability of the horizontal structure, access to the rooftop, the renovation of vertical cladding and pavements (interiors), carpentry, and the facilities (see Appendix A: Figure A2). Considering waste management, the process allowed us to draw interesting conclusions about the intervention circumstances. In compliance with RD 105/2008, the preparation of the waste management study during the drafting of the rehabilitation project [ 29 ] was carried out by a designer prior to the start of the work, which allowed us to check the veracity of the results and the greater or lesser success in the typology forecasts, quantity, and CDW destination. As part of this process, the adequacy of the prepared monitoring sheets was checked. We deduced deficiencies inherent in the data collection, such as the derived decisions and the incidents suffered during the execution of the work. 3.1. Type and Characteristics of the Waste Generated In accordance with the European waste list [ 30 ], the study and identification of the generated waste allowed us to classify origin and place of production, stage of the process, danger, adhered contaminants, and alternatives in recovery [ 31 ]. As observed in the tracking sheets (see Appendix A: Figure A3), the planned CDW mostly came from the demolition/dismantling of existing elements in the original construction and, to a lesser extent, from the execution/replacement of the new proposed elements. Figure 4shows that the highest percentage of expected CDW was included in the inert group (a name that encompasses those products that do not cause environmental contamination over time). In total, 85% came from masonry, bricks, mortars, and other materials from the family of ceramics or stone. Within this percentage, ceramic waste (belonging to the elements of coverage, interior partitioning, and cladding) was found to have greater presence in the stony houses, even though it was a type of dwelling (type “a”) with good supporting elements. Despite the initial classification made on the housing typology, the results obtained allowed us to unify the ceramic CDW in this type of construction. The CDW composition considered ceramic waste as a consequence of other materials and pastes with which it was in contact with. In the cases studied, the presence of lime, mortars, plasters, and paints attached to the pieces was inevitable. Although they occurred in a smaller proportion, Sustainability 2020,12, 5629 9 of 18 they were considered as pollutants because they altered their original characteristics, quality, and posed a problem for new uses, i.e., plaster. Figure 4shows the important presence of wood as a consequence of the deterioration and rot of beams, demonstrating the need for new carpentry, glass, and metals/alloys. Unlike new construction, there were no remains from the demolition of concrete elements. Its only detection resulted from the removal of the compression layer from the original floors. Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 19 proportion, they were considered as pollutants because they altered their original characteristics, quality, and posed a problem for new uses, i.e., plaster. Figure 4 shows the important presence of wood as a consequence of the deterioration and rot of beams, demonstrating the need for new carpentry, glass, and metals/alloys. Unlike new construction, there were no remains from the demolition of concrete elements. Its only detection resulted from the removal of the compression layer from the original floors. Figure 4. Proportion and nature of the generated construction and demolition waste (CDW). Coded housing application ESCAVEJ 03. 3.2. Current Management of Generated CDW The final destination of the generated CDW in ESCAVEJ 03 (see Appendix A: Figure A4) was chosen as the only option for use. We made a first selection for waste, incorporating them almost immediately into the building. In this type of construction, due to its heritage value, the reuse of original materials/products turned out to be an inquiry demanded in many cases by the user himself, resorting to those materials and products whose state of conservation was worth incorporating. During the execution of this study, the lack of storage space made reuse impossible. The CDW was initially considered as waste with no possibility of use. The final destination was the rubble dump in Chiclana de la Frontera (32 km). Given the volume and nature of the remaining CDW, the review and management dynamics for the generated waste was considered unsuitable for direct reuse. It was necessary to study CDW characteristics for a possible assessment that allowed for the possibility of recycling. 4. Discussion of Results and Progress on the Possibility of Recycling The information obtained in the set of case studies provides an interesting perspective when considering the management tools relevant to decision-making. In the cases studied, i.e., the ESCAVEJ 03 application, the reuse of original construction materials and products (e.g., ceramic tiles, old bricks, glazed tiles, clay tiles, stone tiles) was considered as the only option for use. The treatment and recycling of the generated CDW was not considered in any of the studied cases. Furthermore, as in other EU countries, rural communities are exposed to illegal CDW removal, controlled discharge points, and, sometimes, reduced CDW volume, inviting bad practices on roadsides, riverbanks, easily accessible farms, or abandoned lots [32]. Trying to avoid this practice, our research reviews final destinations and regulatory positions. In this regard, it is recommended to manage the future of inert CDW within the municipality itself (specifically within the intervention itself). This study defends the on-site use of generated CDW, as it tries to incorporate CDW back into buildings, which extends its life cycle unlike anything else. To propose a reliable recycling option, it is necessary to consider it in advance of the rehabilitation project. Therefore, it is essential to specify the classification, separation, and on-site collection (selectively) of the generated CDW [33]. Figure 4. Proportion and nature of the generated construction and demolition waste (CDW). Coded housing application ESCAVEJ 03. 3.2. Current Management of Generated CDW The final destination of the generated CDW in ESCAVEJ 03 (see Appendix A: Figure A4) was chosen as the only option for use. We made a first selection for waste, incorporating them almost immediately into the building. In this type of construction, due to its heritage value, the reuse of original materials/products turned out to be an inquiry demanded in many cases by the user himself, resorting to those materials and products whose state of conservation was worth incorporating. During the execution of this study, the lack of storage space made reuse impossible. The CDW was initially considered as waste with no possibility of use. The final destination was the rubble dump in Chiclana de la Frontera (32 km). Given the volume and nature of the remaining CDW, the review and management dynamics for the generated waste was considered unsuitable for direct reuse. It was necessary to study CDW characteristics for a possible assessment that allowed for the possibility of recycling. 4. Discussion of Results and Progress on the Possibility of Recycling The information obtained in the set of case studies provides an interesting perspective when considering the management tools relevant to decision-making. In the cases studied, i.e., the ESCAVEJ 03 application, the reuse of original construction materials and products (e.g., ceramic tiles, old bricks, glazed tiles, clay tiles, stone tiles) was considered as the only option for use. The treatment and recycling of the generated CDW was not considered in any of the studied cases. Furthermore, as in other EU countries, rural communities are exposed to illegal CDW removal, controlled discharge points, and, sometimes, reduced CDW volume, inviting bad practices on roadsides, riverbanks, easily accessible farms, or abandoned lots [ 32 ]. Trying to avoid this practice, our research reviews final destinations and regulatory positions. In this regard, it is recommended to manage the future of inert CDW within the municipality itself (specifically within the intervention itself). This study defends the on-site use of generated CDW, as it tries to incorporate CDW back into buildings, which extends its life cycle unlike anything else. To propose a reliable recycling option, it is Sustainability 2020,12, 5629 16 of 18 Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 19 Figure A4. Follow-up sheet. Section 4: Strategies for the use of generated CDW. References 1. Ren, S.Y.; Gao, R.D.; Chen, Y.L. 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