Monitoring of pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota (Procambarus clarkii) of the Doñana National Park (Spain)

Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 297 (2021) 113314 A ailable online 21 July 2021 0301-4797/© 2021 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Moni o ing o pha maceu icals in aqua ic bio a (P ocamba us cla kii) o he Do˜ nana Na ional Pa k (Spain) Julia Kazako a, Me cedes Villa -Na a o, Ma ía Ramos-Pay´ an, Noemí A anda-Me ino, C is ina Rom´ an-Hidalgo, Miguel ´ Angel Bello-L´ opez * , Ru Fe n´ andez-To es ** Depa men o Analy ical Chemis y, Facul y o Chemis y, Uni e sidad de Se illa, c/P o . Ga cía Gonz´ alez, s/n., 41012, Se ille, Spain ARTICLE INFO Keywo ds: Pollu an s o eme ging conce n Mul i esidue pha maceu icals analysis En i onmen al p o ec ed a ea P ocamba us cla kii En i onmen al wa e ABSTRACT In his wo k he p esence o di e en pha maceu icals a Do˜ nana Na ional Pa k (Spain) and hei main en y sou ces (inpu sou ce o en y poin s) ha e been s a ed o e he 2011–2016 yea s pe iod. Twen y- h ee selec ed pha maceu icals (co esponding o eigh he apeu ic amilies) we e e alua ed in c ay ish and wa e samples om Do˜ nana Na ional Pa k (Spain) (six sampling poin s selec ed in o de o co e di e en possible pollu ion sou ces in o and su ounding he Pa k). The mul i esidue de e mina ion was ca ied ou using enzyma ic-mic owa e assis ed ex ac ion p io o high pe o mance liquid ch oma og aphy mass spec ome y de ec ion. Sulphona- mides (sul adiazine, sul ame azine, sul ame hazine, and sul ame hoxazole); ime hop im, an an ibio ic ha is equen ly co-adminis e ed wi h sul ame hoxazole; amphenicols (chlo amphenicol, lo enicol and hiampheni- col); luo oquinolones (cip o loxacin, en o loxacin, lumequine, dano loxacin, ga i loxacin, no loxacin, ma - bo loxacin and g epa loxacin); penicillins (amoxicillin); e acyclines (chlo e acycline and oxy e acycline); non-s e oidal an i-in lamma o y d ugs (salicylic acid and ibup o en); be a-blocke d ugs (a enolol); and an i- epilep ics (ca bamazepine) we e analysed. Cip o loxacin, ibup o en, salicylic acid, lumequine, and ca bamaz- epine we e de ec ed and/o quan i ied a some o he selec ed sampling poin s. A clea eco oxicological isk o he ecosys em was demons a ed om he occu ence o cip o loxacin in samples ob ained a e he punc ual and massi e p esence o people inside he Pa k. Fu he mo e, lumequine and ca bamazepine ha e been de ec ed in P ocamba us cla kii specimens in concen a ions a ound 30 ng g −1 and 14 ng g −1 , espec i ely, and hei occu ence in he specimens could indica e he pe sis ence o he discha ge sou ces. The main sou ce o pha - maceu icals in o he Pa k migh be he li es ock a ming ac i i ies, and he in luence o u ban was ewa e s om su ounding illages does no seem o be e y impo an . 1. In oduc ion Con en ional pollu an s, such as me als o pes icides, ha e o many yea s been subjec ed o s ic use and discha ge con ols and mos o hem a e ou inely moni o ed. This ac has usually led o a dec ease on hei le els in he a eas o in luence o pollu ion sou ces. Howe e , pollu an s o eme ging conce n (PECs) ha e no been cu en ly consid- e ed and consequen ly, hei moni o ing and ad e se e ec s on he en i onmen , alone o in associa ion wi h con en ional pollu an s, ha e gone la gely unno iced. Nume ous s udies ha e demons a ed he pene a ion o hese pollu an s in o appa en ly pollu ion- ee a eas causing in some cases se e e e ec s including de elopmen o esis an bac e ial popula ions and exposu e wi h po en ial d ug accumula ion in aqua ic auna and lo a (Rigos e al., 2004; Cha u edi e al., 2021). PECs ha e been b oadly de ined as chemical subs ances, o e en mic oo ganisms, ha adi ionally a e no moni o ed in he en i on- men in con as o classical pollu an s, ne e heless, i s long- e m con inuous elease has been widely demons a ed (Molina e al., 2020; Gonz´ alez-Mi a e al., 2018). Thei pe sis ence in he en i onmen can esul in bio a and humans exposu e, howe e , many o hese pollu an s ha e no been de ec ed un il he sensi i i y o analy ical me hods we e imp o ed. Addi ionally, he use o new chemicals o changes in he use o exis ing ones mus be conside ed as new sou ces o hei elease in o he en i onmen . Pha maceu icals, and hei me aboli es and deg ada ion p oduc s, a e a well-known g oup o PECs. Thei con inuous discha ge and * Co esponding au ho . ** Co esponding au ho . E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (M.´ A. Bello-L´ opez), [email p o ec ed] (R. Fe n´ andez-To es). Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/jen man h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jen man.2021.113314 Recei ed 16 Ma ch 2021; Recei ed in e ised o m 29 June 2021; Accep ed 15 July 2021 Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 297 (2021) 113314 2 pseudo-pe sis ence in he en i onmen as well as hei po en ial eco- oxicological e ec sugges he ecosys em and e luen moni o ing need (Rodil e al., 2012; Cha u edi e al., 2021). Excep o he in luence o e luen s om pha maceu ical indus ies in some places, he main sou ces o hese pollu an s a e u ban was ewa e s discha ges (including hose unde going ea men ) and e luen s om aquacul u e and li e- s ock ac i i ies (Vys a na e al., 2012; Bendz e al., 2005; Comeau e al., 2008). Howe e , he p esence o pha maceu icals, gene ally, is no only es ic ed o he aqua ic en i onmen close o he abo e-men ioned sou ces; bu also su ace and g oundwa e s eams can ac as ec o s o he sp ead o hese pollu an s and hey can be ound a signi ican dis ances om p ima y discha ges (Fe ando-Climen e al., 2014; Kandie e al., 2020; Szymczycha e al., 2020; Li e al., 2020). Se e al s udies ha e been published, so a , dealing wi h he occu - ence o pha maceu icals in en i onmen al wa e s (Sco e al., 2014; Rod íguez-Mozaz e al., 2016; Oso io e al., 2016; Rogowska e al., 2020; Kalka e al., 2020; Majumbe e al., 2019) as well as many ocused on sedimen s (Vazquez-Roig e al., 2012; Llompa e al., 2019) and soils (Kodeˇ so ´ a e al., 2019; Golo ko e al., 2016). Al hough o a lessen ex en , some s udies ha e a emp ed o assess he isk in he aqua ic en i onmen by he analysis o pha maceu icals in en i onmen al bio a (Ace˜ na e al., 2016; Mille e al., 2018, 2019; Hue a e al., 2018; Al a ez-Mu˜ noz e al., 2015; Mo eno-Gonz´ alez e al., 2016; Boillo e al., 2015; Dodde e al., 2014; R¨ osch e al., 2016). I is he e o e clea ha he de e mina ion o pollu an s in a bio a ecosys em p o ides mo e in- o ma ion and helps o unde s and he cause-e ec ela ionships ega ding hei en i onmen al impac han he measu emen o disc e e le els on wa e , soil o ai samples. Fu he mo e, ecological and biochemical s udies o he exposed bio a allow i s use as an en i on- men al o ecosys em heal h indica o (bioindica o s). Repo s ocused on he e alua ion o he en i onmen al pollu ion om di e en sou ces in he su oundings o he Do˜ nana na ional pa k (DNP) (Ga ido e al., 2016; Ba ´ on e al., 2014, 2015) ha e been published. The esul s e i- denced ha bo h, ag icul u al ac i i ies and discha ges om was ewa e ea men plan s (WWTPs) in highly popula ed ci ies nega i ely a ec he wildli e sanc ua y. On he o he hand, s udies on ee-li ing Mus sp e us mice, used as bioindica o s, ha e assessed he pollu ion s a us o a eas su ounding DNP h ough iTRAQ (isoba ic ags o ela i e and absolu e quan i ica ion) analysis o hei hepa ic p o eins (Ab il e al., 2015). The e a e limi ed s udies in di e se zones o he pa k and su - ounding a eas, and only some pape s ela ed o measu ing p io i y pollu an s ha e been published. The e o e, he e a e some da a on le els o pha maceu icals in su ace wa e s wi hin he pa k. Thus, le els o some pha maceu icals om en i onmen al wa e s and u ban was e- wa e ea men plan s e luen s we e epo ed (Camacho-Mu˜ noz e al., 2010a,b), likewise, some pha maceu ically ac i e compounds we e measu ed in sedimen s om DNP and su ounding a eas (Camacho-- Mu˜ noz e al., 2013). In he 70s o he las cen u y, he ame ican ed swamp c ay ish (P ocamba us cla kii) was in oduced in he su oundings o DNP wi h he aim o i s exploi a ion as a ishe y esou ce. Acclima iza ion o he specie was a success and soon s a ed o be exploi ed comme cially. The economic bene i epo ed and he ease o inding li e c abs on he ma ke encou aged hei exploi a ion in a eas wi h simila habi a s o epea he expe ience. Clima ic condi ions on he sou h o he Ibe ian Peninsula and he absence o na u al p eda o s allow o a wide and as expansion o his c ay ish specie and, nowadays, P ocambu us cla kii is sp ead h oughou p ac ically all he Ibe ian Peninsula and se e al zones o Eu ope. P. cla kii was also a ca ie o a disease caused by he ungus Aphanomyces as aci, which had a de as a ing e ec on Eu opean c ay ish (Aus opo amobius pallipes) popula ions, in addi ion o hei nega i e e ec on he ag icul u al in as uc u es due o digging galle ies in he a eas i occupies. The na i e c ay ish, al eady ha d hi by he loss o wa e quali y o he i e s hey inhabi ed, was decima ed by his plague and oday A. pallipes only su i es in he headwa e s o some clean, cold i e s inaccessible o P. cla kii. Gi en i s p esence h oughou DNP and i s physiological ole ance o low le els o dissol ed O 2 (2–14 mg L −1 ), changes in empe a u e (17-22 ◦C) and high a es o pollu ion, P. cla kii migh be an app op ia e en i onmen al bioindica o specie. Fu he - mo e, he p esence o P. cla kii in he pa k makes i possible o sp ead he con amina ion e ec o o he species. Some pape s ha e been published using P. cla kii as bioindica o by co ela ing some biochemical pa ame e s and en i onmen al pollu ion (Vioque-Fe n´ andez e al., 2007, 2009; Osuna-Jim´ enez e al., 2014; Fe n´ andez-Cisnal e al., 2014). In his wo k, specimens o P. cla kii we e sampled wi hin he yea s 2011–2016 om six zones o he DNP which we e selec ed in o de o co e di e en pollu ion sou ces in o and su ounding he Pa k. Addi- ionally, wa e samples om he same sampling poin s we e also collec ed and analysed. C ay ish specimens we e analysed acco ding o a p e iously desc ibed analy ical p ocedu e (Kazako a e al., 2018) and 23 pha maceu ical ac i e p inciples co esponding o 8 he apeu ic amilies we e analysed: sulphonamides (sul adiazine, sul ame azine, sul ame hazine, and sul ame hoxazole); ime hop im, an an ibio ic ha is equen ly co-adminis e ed wi h sul ame hoxazole; amphenicols (chlo amphenicol, lo enicol and hiamphenicol); luo oquinolones (cip o loxacin, en o loxacin, lumequine, dano loxacin, ga i loxacin, no loxacin, ma bo loxacin and g epa loxacin); penicillins (amoxicillin); e acyclines (chlo e acycline and oxy e acycline); non-s e oidal an i-in lamma o y d ugs (salicylic acid and ibup o en); be a-blocke d ugs (a enolol); and an iepilep ics (ca bamazepine). The main goal o his wo k is explo ing he use o specimens o P. cla kii as possible bioindica o s o he en i onmen al p essu e o pha maceu icals ha he Do˜ nana Na ional Pa k could su e in he aqua ic media. Addi ionally, he iden i ica ion o possible pollu ion sou ces will be discussed. 2. Ma e ials and me hods 2.1. Chemicals and s anda ds Sul adiazine (SDZ), sul ame azine (SMR), sul ame hazine (SMT), and sul ame hoxazole (SMX), ime hop im (TMP), chlo amphenicol (CLF), lo enicol (FLF), hiamphenicol(TIF), cip o loxacin (CPR), en o loxacin (ENR), lumequine (FMQ), dano loxacin (DNF), ga i- loxacin (GTF), no loxacin (NRF), ma bo loxacin (MRB), g epa loxacin (GPF), amoxicillin (AMX), chlo e acycline (CLT), oxy e acycline (OXT), salicylic acid (SAC) ibup o en (IBU), a enolol (ATN) and ca ba- mazepine (CBZ) (97–99.9% pu i y) we e pu chased om Fluka-Sigma- Ald ich, S.A. (Mad id, Spain). P o einase-K (20.2 mg mL −1 ) ecombi- nan PCR g ade was supplied om Roche Diagnosis (Ba celona, Spain). Ace oni ile and me hanol (LC-MS g ade) and o mic acid (analy ical g ade) we e pu chased om VWR (Ba celona, Spain). Ul apu e deion- ized wa e (Milli-Q Plus wa e sys em Millipo e (Bille ica, MA, USA)) was used o all aqueous solu ions and dilu ions. S ock solu ions we e p epa ed by dissol ing he subs ances in me hanol, excep CLF, FLF, OXT, CLT and TIF which we e dissol ed in ul apu e wa e and CPR by a 80:20 / me hanol:wa e mix u e. 400 mg L −1 s ock solu ions we e p epa ed o all ac i e pha maceu ical subs ances, excep o CLT, OXT and CPR which 100 mg L −1 ones we e p epa ed. All he s ock solu ions we e s able o a leas 2 mon hs a 4 ◦C, excep CPR, CLT and OXT solu ions ha mus be p epa ed daily and kep a oom empe a u e due o he low solubili y o hese subs ances. Wo king solu ions we e daily p epa ed by adequa e dilu ions using ul- apu e wa e . 2.2. Sampling plan in Do˜ nana Na ional Pa k DNP is a p o ec ed a ea o e 100.000 ha and i is loca ed in he Guadalqui i es ua y in Andalusia (Spain). Wi hin his a ea, i is he Do˜ nana Na u al Rese e wi h 54.252 ha, which is in eg a ed in he J. Kazako a e al. Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 297 (2021) 113314 3 Ramsa Con en ion o he p o ec ion o we lands and ecognized by UNESCO, i s as a Biosphe e Rese e and hen as a Wo ld He i age Si e. DNP has a biodi e si y ha is unique in Eu ope. A sampling plan ( om 2011 o 2016) o P. cla kii specimens and su ace wa e samples collec ion was designed in o de o selec he sampling poin s and he mos app op ia e seasons. Fig. 1 shows he loca ion o he selec ed sampling poin s, and hei co esponding UTM coo dina es. B ie ly, he main cha ac e is ics ha de e mined he sam- pling a eas om an en i onmen al poin o iew a e also desc ibed below. These sampling poin s we e selec ed in o de o de e mine po- en ial impac s om eme ging pollu an s and, essen ially, conside ing he possible en i onmen al p essu e om eme ging pollu an s such as he selec ed ones. Also, i mus be conside ed ha he wa e s eams ha c oss he DNP ecei e he e luen s o was ewa e ea men plan s (WWTPs) o some illages. Rocina (ROC) co esponds o a sampling poin in he headwa e s o he s eam “La Rocina”. This si e could be in luenced by li es ock hus- band y and could be also a ec ed by he in ensi e s awbe ies plan- a ions in g eenhouses loca ed in he sou oundings. The sampling poin is close o he illage o “El Rocío”, wi h a ela i ely low s able popu- la ion which signi ican ly inc eases du ing he weekends, and i should be no ed ha o one week a yea , i s popula ion g ows d ama ically exceeding a million inhabi an s due o a popula annual pilg image. The e ec o he punc ual high popula ion on he le els o eme ging pol- lu an s has been e i ied acco ding o he esul s ob ained. Be nab´ e (BER) is also a sampling poin loca ed in he lowe wa e - shed o he s eam “La Rocina” bu nea o “El Rocío”, and he in luence o li es ock husband y and ci us c ops mus also be conside ed om an en i onmen al poin o iew. Pa ido (PAR) co esponds o a sampling poin in he headwa e s o he s eam “El Pa ido”. Ci us c ops and he p esence o ho ses mus be conside ed as wa e pollu ion sou ces. The sampling poin Ajolí (AJO) is also loca ed in he s eam “El Pa ido” bu nea o he illage “El Rocío”. On his poin , besides he in luence o ci us c ops, i is necessa y o conside he p esence o ho se and ca le a ming ac i i ies. Ma ochal (MAT) is a sampling poin loca ed nea he Guadiama i e and he ex e nal wes e n limi s o he Pa k. The p esence o pol- lu an s in his zone can be condi ioned by he nea by and widesp ead ice c ops, he Aznalcolla mines in he headwa e s o he Guadiama i e (in amous o an ecological mining disas e in 1998) and u ban was ewa e discha ges om he illages: Aznalcaza , Pilas and Isla Mayo . The in luence o wa e om he Guadalqui i i e mus be also conside ed. Lucio del Palacio (LPD) was ini ially conside ed as “clean sampling poin ” due o i s loca ion in he inne mos pa o he Pa k, and no in luenced by ex e nal pollu ion sou ces. Howe e , he close p esence o Do˜ nana’s Singula Scien i ic-Technical In as uc u e (ICTS-RBD) o DPN pe sonnel and esea che s could condi ion some en i onmen al p essu e. The sampling pe iod was also de e mined aking in o accoun he abundance o he P. cla kii species acco ding o he clima e. Clima o- logical da a we e ob ained om wo s a ions loca ed in he su oundings o he DNP: RAIFSE004 “Phy osani a y Wa ning and In o ma ion Ne wo k (CAPDR)” (Red de Ale a e In o maci´ on Fi osani a ia, Con- seje ía de Ag icul u a y Pesca, Jun a de Andalucía, Spain) and he s a- ion RIA2110 “Ag oClima ic In o ma ion Ne wo k (IFAPA)” (Red de In o maci´ on Ag oClim´ a ica (IFAPA), Ins i u o de In es igaci´ on y Fo - maci´ on Ag a ia y Pesque a, Jun a de Andalucía, Spain). Table S1 and Table S2 (supplemen a y elec onic da a) p o ide da a on a e age eco ded mon hly empe a u e and a e age mon hly ain all o e he pe iod 2011–2016. DNP has a mild, ypically Medi e anean clima e wi h A lan ic in luence, ain all ends o be sca ce in summe and ela- i ely gene ous in win e ; howe e , ain all is qui e a iable. The a e age ain all (580 mm) is mainly usually dis ibu ed om Sep embe o Ap il. The mic oscilla ion be ween maximum empe a u es h oughou he yea is abou 17 ◦C. F om he end o sp ing o he end summe , he p esence o a sub opical an icyclone loca ed nea Azo es Islands leads o a d y and qui e ho pe iod. Howe e , ce ain zones o he Pa k e ain wa e s eams due o ex e nal con ibu ions om i e s and i ule s. Bo h, empe a u e and ain all a ec he c ay ish abundance and he dilu ion o concen a ion o possible pollu an s in he wa e s eams. Fo his eason, sp ing ( om May o June) was he mos app op ia e season. 2.3. Sample collec ion, p epa a ion and ex ac ion P. cla kii specimens and su ace wa e samples we e collec ed in he pe iod om May o June 2011 o 2016 a he six sampling poin s (one ime/24 h sampling) loca ed in he Na u al Rese e o Do˜ nana desc ibed in p e ious sec ion and i s su ounding a eas. The numbe o specimens cap u ed each yea was a iable due o hyd o-me eo ological condi ions; howe e , an a e age numbe o app oxima ely 100 specimens pe yea in he se o loca ions we e collec ed using aps placed in wa e ways and collec ed a e 24 h. Cap u ed P. cla kii we e shipped unde cool condi ions (<4 ◦C) o ou labo a o y. Muscle issue wi hou en al ne e co d and he hepa o- panc eas ( isce a) om each specimen we e ob ained o subsequen analysis and hey we e s o ed o less han 5 day a −80 ◦C be o e analysis. F ozen samples we e lyophilized and hen homogenized using a g inde o ob ain wo se s o sample pools om each sampling poin . Samples we e kep a −80 ◦C un il hei ex ac ion and analysis. P. cla kii samples we e ex ac ed acco ding o a p e iously op imized ex ac ion p ocedu e (Kazako a e al., 2018). Thus, 0.5 g o each sample pool o lyophilized muscle o isce a samples was placed in o p essu - ized PTFE mic owa e essels and hen a mix u e con aining 10 mL o ace oni ile:wa e (1:1, / ), 50 μ L o comme cial P o einase-K solu ion and 5 μ L o concen a ed o mic acid was added. 50 W mic owa e powe (E hos One, Milles one, So isole (BG), I aly) was applied o 5 min. Cooled ( oom empe a u e) muscle and isce a samples we e cen i- uged a 7000 pm o 10 min and 20 min, espec i ely. Fi s , he liquid ex ac s we e e apo a ed unde a ni ogen s eam, hen dissol ed using 1 mL o 0.1% ( / ) aqueous o mic acid solu ion and il e ed h ough a 0.22 μ m nylon sy inge il e . Finally, a 10 μ L aliquo was di ec ly injec ed in o he ch oma og aphic sys em. Fo isce a samples, an addi ional cen i uga ion s ep (20 min a 7000 pm) was applied p e- ious o mic o il a ion. Addi ionally, wa e samples om each sampling poin we e also collec ed using p ecleaned polyp opylene (PP) bo les. The collec ed samples we e shipped a empe a u e <4 ◦C. Wa e samples we e il e ed h ough a nylon 0.45 μ m il e p io ex ac ion. Ex ac ion was ca ied ou , wi h sligh modi ica ions, acco ding o he p oposed p o- cedu e o G os e al. (2009). Fo SPE ex ac ion, a 12-po Visip ep™ S anda d acuum mani old (Supelco, Sigma-Ald ick, Mad id, Spain) was used. Oasis HLB ca idges (60 mg) (Wa e s Co po a ion, Mil o d, MA, USA) we e p e iously condi ioned using 5 mL o me hanol and 5 mL o analy ical-g ade wa e . 500 mL o il e ed wa e we e passed h ough he SPE ca idge a a low a e o 4–5 mL min −1 . The ca idges we e hen washed wi h 5 mL o wa e and hey we e acuum-d ied o 15 min. Elu ion was ca ied ou using 2 ×4 mL o me hanol and he ex ac s we e e apo a ed o d yness unde ni ogen s eam. The esidues we e econs i u ed in 1 mL o analy ical-g ade wa e and il e ed (0.22 μ m) p io injec ion o i s analysis (10 μ L). 2.4. Ins umen al analysis Analysis o ex ac ed muscle, isce a and wa e samples we e pe - o med using a p e ious p ocedu e (Kazako a e al., 2018). B ie ly, an Agilen 1290 In ini y UPLC sys em was used and he sepa a ion was achie ed using a e e sed-phase Zo bax Eclipse XDB-C18 analy ical column (150 mm ×4.6 mm, pa icle size 3 μ m) p eceded by a gua d-column Zo bax ODS (4.6 mm ×12.5 mm, pa icle size 5 μ m) J. Kazako a e al. Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 297 (2021) 113314 4 Fig. 1. Loca ion o he sampling poin s. J. Kazako a e al. Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 297 (2021) 113314 5 (Agilen Technologies Spain S.L). Bina y g adien elu ion p og ams a 0.4 mL min −1 low a e we e pe o med using 0.1% ( / ) o mic acid aqueous solu ion (A) and ace oni ile (B) as mobile phase. Fo posi i e ioniza ion mode, he g adien was: (1) 12 min linea elu ion g adien om 0% o 30% B, (2) 5 min linea g adien o 100% B and (3) 4 min o isoc a ic s ep. Fo nega i e ioniza ion mode, he used g adien was: (1) 15 min linea elu ion g adien om 10% o 30% B and (2) 6 min linea g adien o 100% B. In bo h cases, he composi ion was e u ned o ini ial condi ions (0% B and10% B o posi i e and nega i e ioniza ion mode, espec i ely) and 5 min we e wai ed be o e he nex injec ion. De ec ion was pe o med by an Applied Biosys ems 3200 QTRAP LC/ MS-MS ins umen (ABSciex, Fos e Ci y, USA), an hyb id iple quad- upole linea ion ap (QqQLIT) mass spec ome e . Ioniza ion was pe o med by an elec osp ay ion sou ce (Tu boSp ay®). Mul iple Re- ac ion Moni o ing (MRM) mode was used o he ch oma og aphic de ec ion, selec ing [M+H] + and [M-H] - as p ecu so ions o posi i e and nega i e ioniza ion mode, espec i ely. O he mass spec ome e pa ame e s we e: (1) collision gas (ni ogen) a 4 psi, (2) ion sou ce and cu ain gases a 30 psi (posi i e ioniza ion) and 20 psi (nega i e ioni- za ion),(3) elec osp ay (Tu boSp ay®) ol ages: 5.5 kV (posi i e) and −4.5 kV (nega i e), (4) sou ce empe a u e 500 ◦C o bo h modes. Two analy ical signal we e used: he mos in ense o quan i ica ion and he second one o quali a i e con i ma ion. 3. Resul s and discussion Sec ion 2.2 desc ibes he sampling plan o c ay ish specimens and wa e samples om DNP and su oundings in o de o ob ain ep e- sen a i e samples o he di e se en i onmen al si ua ions in he a ea ela ed o he possible sou ces o pha maceu icals con ibu ions o he DNP aqua ic media. An excellen epo on he hyd ology o he DNP and su ounding a eas ha e been published (WWF Wo ld Wildli e Fund Espa˜ na, 2009). Fig. 2 shows he hyd ological unc ioning scheme o he s udied a ea and he loca ions o he u ban was ewa e ea men plan s a ound he DNP. As can be seen, DNP ecei es su ace wa e s con ibu ions om Guadalqui i and i e s and some mino wa e s eams. The e o e, su ace wa e s ha con ain discha ges om u ban WWTPs pene a e o deep a eas o he Pa k. Addi ionally, despi e he ac ha he Gua- dalqui i i e ecei es e luen s om a signi ican numbe o WWTPs h oughou i s en i e ou e, i s low low in o he pa k as well as he in- luence o idal wa e s means ha i s in luence on he aqua ic media o he pa k should be conside ed sca ce. The p esence o pha maceu icals in e luen s om u ban was ewa e ea men plan s (WWTPs) loca ed in he su oundings o DNP ha e been p e iously desc ibed (Camacho-Mu˜ noz e al., 2010a; Camacho-- Mu˜ noz e al., 2010b) so a p io i i would be possible o hink ha his con amina ion could each deep a eas o he pa k. Acco ding o he analy ical p o ocols desc ibed in he expe imen al sec ion, Table 1 shows he ob ained esul s o he analysis o wa e and P. cla kii collec ed samples. Analy ical de ails o he applied me hod (de ec ion and cuan i a ion limi s, ch oma og ams, …) can be e ised in ou p e ious published pape (Kazako a e al., 2018). Fi s , i mus be poin ed ou ha du ing he 2013–2016 pe iod, samples om MAT sampling poin we e no a ailable because he channel was d y. Samples om ROC, BER, and LDP showed in gene al he lowe (o null) alues o mos o he analy es. Howe e , wa e samples om ROC (in 2014) showed 5.1 ng mL −1 o CPR and his d ug was also de ec ed in bo h muscle and isce a P. cla kii samples om his loca ion. Despi e he high alue de ec ed in he wa e sample, he low le el o CPR in he c ay ish specimens (<1.0 ng g −1 ) could be indica ing a ecen discha ge. CPR is also a usual e e ina y d ug hus i s p esence could be jus i ied by li es ock a ming ac i i ies. FMQ was ound all yea s, excep ing 2011, in wa e samples and c ay ish specimens collec ed om AJO sampling poin ; i is no iceable he high alues ound in he yea s 2014–2016 in he wa e samples wi h alues o 4200 and 5100 ng mL −1 , espec i ely. Addi ionally, high le els o FQM ha e been measu ed o he cap u ed specimens in his loca ion, which could be indica i e o a con inuous discha ge on sampling da es. Fo he es o he yea s excep ing 2015, low FMQ wa e le els we e also accompanied by ela i ely high alues om P. cla kii specimens. In 2015, he low FMQ le el in wa e om AJO (<2 ng mL - 1) and he ela i ely high le els o his d ug de ec ed in he muscle and isce a o cap u ed c ay ishes could be co ela ed o a non- ecen discha ge, being i s accumula ion in he specimens he con i ma ion o hei selec ion as bioindica o s. In his loca ion, he impo an equine and bo ine li e- s ock a ming could jus i y his ac since lumequine is a widely used e e ina y an ibio ic (Biel-Maeso e al., 2018; Kim e al., 2018; Ma e al., 2012). Addi ionally, o he d ugs (IBU and CPR) we e ound a lowe con- cen a ion le els in wa e samples and/o specimens o e he yea s in his loca ion showing ha AJO could be conside ed as he loca ion ha suppo s he g ea e en i onmen al p essu e om pha maceu icals in o he Do˜ nana Na ional Pa k. The ela i ely high pe sis ence o IBU in he en i onmen could be indica ing he in luence o he discha ges om some o he WWTPs ha a e loca ed in he DNP su oundings. I is no iceable ha his d ug was only de ec ed in his loca ion; i s de ec ion in wa e samples om LPD could be explained in o he e ms (see below in he ex ). In he yea 2014, he sampling was ca ied ou a e he annual pe eg ina ion o “el Rocio” ha c oss he DNP and ga he s mo e han one million people in he illage o “El Rocio” o some days. This ac could explain he de ec ion o impo an le els o cip o loxacin (CPR) in he wa e s om ROC (close o his illage) due o i is an an ibio ic widely used o he ea men o se e al in ec ious diseases and impo - an amoun s o no me abolized d ug is exc e ed h ough he u ine. The punc ual p esence o ca bamazepine in some sampling poin s and yea s mus be di ec ly ela ed o he spo adic in luence o e luen s con aining human exc e ions, p obably om discha ges o he WWTPs ha a e loca ed a ound he Pa k. Ca bamazepine appea s ecu en ly in se e al s udies ela ed o he occu ence o PECs in u ban was ewa e s (Ma ínez-Pie nas e al., 2018; Fekadu e al., 2019). CBZ was de ec ed in specimens o P. cla kii om MAT (in 2012), BER (in 2015) and PAR (in 2015 and 2016). An impo an le el o CBZ (4.7 ng mL −1 ) was also measu ed in he wa e sample om BER in 2015 bu his d ug was un- de ec ed in he c ay ish specimens. I is ema kable ha his d ug was de ec ed a high le els in e luen s om u ban was ewa e ea men plan s (WWTPs) loca ed in he su oundings o he DNP (Camacho-- Mu˜ noz e al., 2010a; Camacho-Mu˜ noz e al., 2010b). The low en i on- men al deg ada ion o CBZ (Bahlmann e al., 2014) could explain i s p esence in c ay ish specimen in deep a eas o he Do˜ nana Na ional Pa k om he su ounding owns. Finally, he de ec ion o salicylic acid and ibup o en in wa e samples om Lucio de Palacio (yea s 2012, 2015 and 2016) could be ela ed o spo adic discha ges om DNP scien i ic pe sonnel and some o he pa k gua ds. Ace ylsalicylic acid and ibup o en a e wo e y common pha - maceu icals usually de ec ed a high le els in u ban was ewa e s, including hose loca ed nea DNP (Camacho-Mu˜ noz e al., 2010a; Camacho-Mu˜ noz e al., 2010b). Bo h d ugs, like o he ac i e pha ma- ceu ical p oduc s, ha e a medium o high pe sis ence in he en i on- men , as a ma e o ac ad anced oxida ion p ocesses ha e a isen as al e na i es o hei deg ada ion in was ewa e s (A hu e al., 2018; Jallouli e al., 2018; Ellepola e al., 2020). 4. Conclusions A s udy on he p esence and occu ence o 23 selec ed pha maceu- icals in c ay ish and wa e samples om Do˜ nana Na ional Pa k (Spain) was ca ied ou om 2011 o 2016 pe iod. This s udy demons a ed ha some pha maceu icals we e de ec ed e en a ela i ely high le els. I is ema kable ha hei occu ence in specimens o P. cla kii could indica e he pe sis ence o he discha ge sou ces. J. Kazako a e al. Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 297 (2021) 113314 6 Fig. 2. Hyd ological unc ioning diag am o he Do˜ nana Na ional Pa k and i s su oundings and loca ions o u ban was ewa e ea men plan s (WWTPs). J. Kazako a e al. Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 297 (2021) 113314 7 Table 1 Le els ound (wa e (ng⋅mL −1 )/muscle (ng⋅g −1 )/ isce a (ng⋅g −1 )) o he selec ed analy es om he di e en sampling poin s. Sampling poin Analy e Yea 2011 Yea 2012 ROC BER PAR AJO MAT LDP ROC BER PAR AJO MAT LDP IBU <3/0/0 CBZ 0/<0.9/<0.9 SMX 0/<0.3/<0.3 FMQ <2/<1.1/<1.1 <2/<1.1/<1.1 SAC <0.8/0/0 <0.8/0/0 <0.8/0/0 CPR <2/0/0 0/<1.0/<1.0 Yea 2013 Yea 2014 ROC BER PAR AJO MAT LDP ROC BER PAR AJO MAT LDP IBU <3/0/0 ** <3/<1.5/0 ** CBZ ** ** SMX ** ** FMQ 0/<1.1/<1.1 ** 4.2/21.2/1.1 ** SAC ** ** CPR ** 5.1/<1.0/<1.0 ** Yea 2015 Yea 2016 ROC BER PAR AJO MAT LDP ROC BER PAR AJO MAT LDP IBU ** ** <3/0/0 CBZ 0/10.8/0 4.7/0/0 0/0/14.6 ** 0/9.6/20.8 ** SMX ** ** FMQ <2/30.6/27.6 ** 5.1/26.2/34.2 ** SAC ** <0.8/0/0 ** CPR ** ** 0: Unde ec ed in he co esponding sample. ** Wa e samples and P.cla kii specimens no a ailable. Blank: unde ec ed in any sample. J. Kazako a e al. Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 297 (2021) 113314 8 The da a analysis co ela ing he pha maceu ical ound and he en i onmen al issues o he co esponding sampling poin s e eals ha he main sou ce o pha maceu icals in o DNP migh be he li es ock a ming ac i i ies, mainly equine and bo ine. Addi ionally, esul s e- eals ha some sampling poin s migh also be submi ed o he in luence o u ban a eas since he p esence o some d ugs commonly p esc ibed o human use ha e been also e i ied. Howe e , despi e he high le els ound in WWTPs e luen s by some au ho s (Camacho-Mu˜ noz e al., 2010a; Camacho-Mu˜ noz e al., 2010b) and ha su ace wa e s ha con ain discha ges om u ban WWTPs pene a e o deep a eas o he Pa k, he in luence o u ban was ewa e s om su ounding illages does no seem o be e y impo an acco ding o he da a ob ained in his s udy. Finally, a di ec an h opogenic in luence was also con i med by he da a ob ained du ing he annual pilg image o “el Rocio” in 2014 which passes h ough DNP and by he da a om LDP sampling poin whe e he close p esence o DNP s a could exe some en i onmen al p essu e. The da a om cap u ed P. cla kii specimens e eals ha his o gan- ism could be a good bioindica o because al hough in some sampling poin s wa e samples analysis does no e eals he p esence o any o he selec ed pha maceu icals, c ay ish specimens accumula ed some o hem in o hei muscle and/o isce a. C edi au ho s a emen Julia Kazako a: Valida ion, Fo mal analysis, In es iga ion, Re- sou ces, W i ing - O iginal D a Me cedes Villa -Na a o: In es iga- ion, Resou ces, W i ing - O iginal D a Ma ía Ramos-Pay´ an: In es iga ion, W i ing - O iginal D a . Noemí A anda-Me ino: Vali- da ion, Fo mal analysis, C is ina Rom´ an-Hidalgo: Valida ion, Fo mal analysis, Miguel ´ Angel Bello-L´ opez: Concep ualiza ion, W i ing - O iginal D a , W i ing - Re iew & Edi ing, Visualiza ion, Supe ision, P ojec adminis a ion, Funding acquisi ion Ru Fe n´ andez-To es*: Concep ualiza ion, Resou ces, W i ing - O iginal D a , W i ing - Re iew & Edi ing, Visualiza ion, Supe ision, P ojec adminis a ion, Funding acquisi ion. Decla a ion o compe ing in e es The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape . Acknowledgemen s Au ho s a e g a e ul o Se icio Gene al de In es igaci´ on de Mic o- an´ alisis, CENTRO DE INVESTIGACI´ ON TECNOL´ OGICA E INNOVACI´ ON (CITIUS). Uni e sidad de Se illa, o he use o he ch oma og aphic equipmen . 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