"Militarism is a Movement of Retrogression": the Feminist Pacifism of Jane Addams, Mabel St Clair Stobart and Rose Macaulay in World War I

231 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as, ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 Jaime F ancisco Jiménez Fe nández Uni e sidad de Se illa “ “MILITARISM IS A MOVEMENT OF RETROGRESSION”: THE FEMINIST PACIFISM OF JANE ADDAMS, MABEL ST CLAIR STOBART AND ROSE MACAULAY IN WORLD WAR I “EL MILITARISMO ES UN MOVIMIENTO DE RETROGRESIÓN”: EL PACIFISMO FEMINISTA DE JANE ADDAMS, MABEL ST CLAIR STOBART Y ROSE MACAULAY EN LA I GUERRA MUNDIAL Abs ac : The elling o he G ea Wa (1914-1918), mainly h ough he poin o iew o comba an s, is one o he bes scena ios exempli ying how women ha e been ob ia ed and censo ed h oughou his o y. Mo eo e , he engagemen o paci is women in he con lic has been doubly beli led due o a misin e p e a ion o he e m ‘paci ism’. Consequen ly, his pape aims a e-examining he o igins and alues o paci ism om a wes e n pe spec i e and gi ing isibili y o paci is s Jane Addams, Mabel S Clai S oba and Rose Macaulay and hei e o s du ing he e en . Keywo ds: Wo ld Wa I, women, paci ism, gende Resumen: El ela o de la G an Gue a (1914-1918), p incipalmen e desde el pun o de is a de los comba ien es, es uno de los mejo es escena ios que ejempli ican cómo las muje es han sido ob iadas y censu adas a lo la go de la his o ia. Además, la pa icipación de las muje es paci is as en el con lic o ha sido doblemen e menosp eciada debido a una mala in e p e ación del é mino “paci ismo”. En consecuencia, es e a ículo iene como obje i o eexamina los o ígenes y alo es del paci ismo desde una pe spec i a occiden al y da isibilidad a las paci is as Jane Addams, Mabel S Clai S oba y Rose Macaulay y sus es ue zos du an e el e en o. Palab as cla e: P ime a Gue a Mundial, muje es, paci ismo, géne o 232 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 1. In oduc ion When acing he expe iences o Anglophone paci is women du ing he G ea Wa , he e a e a ious di icul ies ha need o be aken in o accoun . The i s one is he numbe o paci is women. Though no as ample as, o ins ance, he numbe o ci ilians who enlis ed in he Volun a y Aid De achmen (known as VADs) o women in ol ed in indus ial wo k, he e is s ill a somewha la ge co pus o women o conside . Once his ask is ca ied ou , special a en ion needs o be paid o he ones who ha e p oduced any kind o wo k and o i s quali y as well as o hose who con ibu ed o he paci is mo emen h ough speeches o simply by indica ing he cease i e. Ye , his al eady p o ides a wide ma gin o au ho s o esea ch abou in u u e s udies. Mo eo e , some imes paci is women’s pe spec i e has no been he same h oughou hei accoun s and wo ks. Fo ins ance, au ho s such as Ve a B i ain (1893-1970) o Mabel S Clai S oba (1862-1954) do no emb ace paci ism un il hey ha e a i s - pe son expe ience o he wa and i s a oci ies. Also, mos o his ma e ial has no been published ye , he e o e i is labo ious o access i . Fo ins ance, mos o women’s le e s o dia ies conce ning paci ism a e only held a he a chi es o he Impe ial Wa Museum in London. Besides, c i ical suppo is also somewha lacking in his ield. Though Peace S udies a e ample, hey end o ocus p ominen ly in wha peace is and how i can be achie ed: Webel and Gal ung (2007), Ams e e al. (2015) o Ba ash and Webel (2016), among o he s. Wi hin he G ea Wa s udies, i s cen ena y and he e isionis con ex o he pe iod ha e helped o d aw a en ion o women. Ye , he ocus o a en ion is placed on he di e en jobs women ook o he e y i s ime, he ho o s expe ienced as a VAD o he auma caused by pe sonal losses, such as B ybon (2013), Asselin (2016), Dumenil (2017) o Wynn and Wynn (2017), o name a ew, who a e p ima ily conce ned abou women’s oles which b oke s e eo ypes and con en ions. As paci ism has been w ongly in e p e ed as passi ism, mos publica ions, such as G ayzel and Liggins and Nolan (2019), including he abo e-men ioned ones, ob ia e paci is women and, i men ioned, hey a e p opo ionally in e io o he women ela ed o pa io ism, consc ip ion, indus ial wo k and so on. The example ha bes p o es his ac is Ve a B i ain’s expe ience o he wa : hough u ning in o a e en paci is , mos schola s, such as Bos idge (2014) and, mos impo an ly, e en he ilm adap a ion1 o B i ain’s own Tes amen o You h (1933), di ec ed by James Ken and eleased in 2014, ha e ocused on he wa he o ic o pa io ism and he oism, on doing ‘he bi ’ as a VAD 1 This is o u mos ele ance, as he ilm adap a ion has p obably been he bigges exposu e o B i ain’s accoun s o he gene al public. Indeed, he leading ac ess who in e p e ed he ole o B i ain was s a Alicia Vikande , whose popula i y was a i s peak a ound ha ime, as she also s a ed in The Danish Gi l (2015), which ea ned he he Osca awa d o Bes Suppo ing Ac ess. 233 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as, ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 and he ho o s she su e ed, while dismissing he paci is ac i i y which is, indeed, included in he a o emen ioned memoi 2. Thus, he need o a s udy cen e ed simply on paci is women3 and hei e o s du ing Wo ld Wa I becomes s onge han e e . 2. Jus i ica ion As his o ian Hew S achan no es, Wo ld Wa I “has become one o he mos unassailable di isions in he compa men aliza ion o he pas ” (2004: 132) and, he e o e, a ma e o s udy o nume ous schola s. Following his de ini ion, i is simple o unde s and why he e en s ha las ed om 1914 un il 1918 a e also known as The G ea Wa , as i was he i s con lic ha a ec ed such a la ge p opo ion o he globe and his, along wi h he echnological ad ances o he ime, u ned i in o one o he mos le hal e en s in his o y. As a consequence, no only has he wa o end all wa s become he pe ec scena io o nume ous accoun s based on pe sonal and eal expe iences, bu also o he massi e p oduc ion o ic ional ma e ial dealing wi h he ma e . Ye , only comba an s’ pe spec i e o he con lic is he ocus o mos s udies. One may wonde why and how his happened. In he ea ly 20 h cen u y, he discou ses on eminini y we e s ill inse ed wi hin he old- ashioned image ies o he Vic o ian pe iod. This mean ha women should con o m o he p i a e sphe e, whe e women we e o be con ined o he p i acy and sa e y o hei homes, ollowing he pa ame e s se by he amous poem Angel in he House by Con en y Pa mo e (1854), whe e women’s a o emen ioned a i ude and posi ion in socie y we e es ablished. As a consequence, women’s own expe ience abou he con lic used o be o no ele ance. Howe e , due o he eminis in e en ion in he his o ical and li e a y canon, women’s expe ience h oughou his o y has gained isibili y and alo . When i comes o he G ea Wa , women’s expe iences ha e been b ough o he public eye, in gene al, by nume ous publica ions and schola ly esea ches such as hose by Susan R. G ayzel (2002), Vi ien Newman (2014) o Ch is ine E. Halle (2016), o name bu a ew. 2 B i ain’s expe ience can be di ided in o wo di e en momen s: he expe ience as a VAD and ha as an absolu e paci is . Once he wa b oke ou , B i ain decided o con ibu e o he e o as a VAD, he e o e, she did no only suppo he women’s mo emen bu she was also an example o a woman b eaking om he p i a e sphe e and s epping in o he public one in a hype -masculinized con ex : wa . As a ma e o ac , B i ain’s engagemen in he women’s mo emen gained ecogni ion, and she became a eminis jou nalis who ied o econcile bo h eminism and paci ism in he wo ks. Ne e heless, and as ime passed by, she ealized ha poli ical con ibu ions seeking o peace, such as he League o Na ions, we e ad oca ed o ail, as he upcoming e en s o he 1930s p o ed. Consequen ly, she u ned he e o s owa ds he paci is mo emen alone and eligion and eason became he main mo i a ions. This may be a eason why schola s ha e ended o ocus on one side o he s o y, as B i ain’s eminis and poli ical con ibu ions may be mo e a ac i e o schola s as i b eaks wi h bu dens in a mo e s iking way han he absolu e paci is a i ude. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see Mellown, M. (1985). 3 This esea ch, as men ioned, is con ex ually ocused on Ame ican and B i ish women. Ne e heless, his necessi y o isualizing paci is women may be applied o women o all he bellige en and neu al coun ies ha asked o he cease i e du ing WWI. 234 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 Howe e , he e seems o be a spec um o women whose ac ions ha e no , o a leas no o he same ex en , been acknowledged ye : paci is s. Indeed, paci is women had o ace a g ea e censo ship. On he one hand, as women, hey we e conside ed o be in e io and hei claims we e socially dis ega ded. On he o he hand, as mos women suppo ed he wa (ei he in he ba le on o in he home on ), paci is women’s discou se ound i sel doubly beli led. Mo eo e , he paci is mo emen has usually been w ongly associa ed wi h passi i y. Consequen ly, in e es in hese women was a e, as hey we e conside ed o sui wi hin ou da ed s e eo ypes. As a esul , e en eminis ha e, some imes, ailed o pay he necessa y a en ion o he ac ions ca ied ou by his speci ic g oup ha p oblema ized he gende dynamics o he wa con ex . This obli ion in which paci is women ha e allen in o wi hin he G ea Wa con ex is p o ed when examining he publica ions ega ding bo h women and WWI and hei con en s men ioned in he p e ious sec ion. Howe e , and as i will be discussed below, he e is an in e sec ion be ween paci ism and eminism in he au ho s’ expe ience ha is wo h add essing. None heless, and as his pape aims o p o e, paci ism is no passi ism, a pe sonali y ai ha has been adi ionally assigned o women. Following his p emise, i will be easie o bo h (de ) cons uc he mo i a ion o paci is s and hei ac ions wi hin he G ea Wa , as well as gi ing isibili y o bo h he collec i e and hei e o s. 3. Me hodology Following he necessi y o achie ing he aims p e iously discussed, he me hodology implied in o de o do so consis s in examining he s a e quo o he li e a y canon o he G ea Wa wi hin a e y speci ic con ex : B i ain and he USA, which has al eady been add essed and e e enced in he p e ious sec ions. Hence, and despi e he ac ha gynoc i icism and he eminis in e en ion in he li e a y canon ha e p o ided some ligh upon a la ge ex en o women’s expe iences wi hin a male-associa ed e en (Susan R. G ayzel (2002), Vi ien Newman (2014) o Ch is ine E. Halle (2016)), he e is s ill a mino g oup which is gene ally dis ega ded: paci is s, as p e iously men ioned. Thus, an analysis o why paci is s’ e o s, especially hose o women, ha e ended o all in o obli ion is necessa y, as al eady p o ed. This ul ima ely leads o a e iew o he e ymological oo s o he e m ‘paci ism’ and he con ex o he wo d’s o igins. In o de o do so, he heo ies o au ho s such as Clough (2007), Dosen ode (2008) o Lohmann (2017) will be e e ed o. By doing so, paci ism will be p o ed o be de ached om he s e eo ypes o passi i y ha ha e been ill-associa ed o he mo emen and which has made c i ics, e en eminis ones, o ob ia e paci is women’s ac i i y. 235 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as, ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 Once he a o emen ioned s eps ha e been comple ed, he conclusions achie ed ega ding paci ism and i s ue ac i e na u e will be exempli ied by he ac i e con ibu ion o he women, wi hin he speci ic con ex o B i ain and he Uni ed S a es in he G ea Wa , o he selec ed co pus: Jane Addams4, Mabel S Clai S oba and Rose McCauley. Fo so, hei wo ks, espec i ely, Women a he Hague (1915)5, The Flaming Swo d in Se bia and Elsewhe e (1916) and Non-Comba an s and O he s (1916) will be aken in o accoun closely. 4. Paci ism: Con ex and Re ision Many (Co igh (2008), Gal ung (2013), o Fox (2014), among o he s) ha e ied o p o ide a de ini ion o wha paci ism means, ye , schola s do no seem o ag ee on wha i uly con eys. Acco ding o he Ox o d English Dic iona y, he e m paci ism can be de ined as a [b]elie in o ad ocacy o peace ul me hods as easible and desi able al e na i es o wa ; (espousal o ad ocacy o ) a g oup o doc ines which ejec wa and e e y o m o iolen ac ion as a means o sol ing dispu es, esp. in in e na ional a ai s. Also: ad ocacy o a peace ul policy o ejec ion o wa in a pa icula ins ance. (OED, n.) Following his de ini ion, i is simple o in e ha non- iolen esponses a e expec ed om hose who s and paci ism, especially in poli ical con ex s. Ye , he e is no men ion abou he kind o ac ions paci is s a e mos likely o pe o m. Indeed, and his o ically, hese ac ions ha e been w ongly associa ed o passi ism, as non- esis ance was misunde s ood wi h no-ac ion. Howe e , his s a emen is a om being ue, and a deep esea ch abou paci ism’s oo s illumina es he blind spo s conce ning public pe cep ion o he mo emen . The e m paci ism was i s used a ound la e 19 h- ea ly20 h cen u ies. None heless, i a en ion is paid o he co e meaning and e ymological oo s o paci ism6, Ch is iani y has o be conside ed. As F ied ich Lohmann ema ks, paci ism’s o igins a e much olde ‘ han he 20 h cen u y as i s “ i s appea ance designa es people and no a concep 4 I mus be no ed ha , despi e he ac ha Addams is Ame ican, he paci is mo emen o he USA was o igina ed in e y simila ci cums ances o he B i ish (and o a la ge ex en , Eu ope) one. The di e en wa s ha ook place du ing he 19 h cen u y, he s ill p esen ideals o eason and equali y o he Enligh enmen , and he e i al expe ienced in he Socie y o F iends (Quake s) we e he easons o he o igins o he paci is mo emen a bo h sides o he A lan ic. Fo mo e in o ma ion ega ding he o igins o said mo emen in bo h coun ies, see Kennedy, T. (1984) and Co igh , D. (2008). 5 The h ee wo ks ha e been accessed h ough digi alized e sions o he o iginal copies. This is s a ed in he e e ences sec ion. 6 This pape acknowledges ha he e a e o he o ms o paci ism, including o he cul u es and eligions such as Buddhism o Hinduism. Ne e heless, and due o he scope o his pape , he e ision and con ex ual-dependence o he wo d ‘paci ism’ is ocused on he wes e n ci iliza ion, as i is he mos immedia e con ex o he co pus’ au ho s. 236 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 […] As he New In e na ional Ve sion pu s i : ‘Blessed a e he peacemake s, o hey will be called child en o God’” (2017: 3). So en Dosen ode d aws upon Child ess’s analysis on paci ism, as he poin s ou o wo c ucial passages in he New Tes amen : “ he wo ds o Jesus in he Se mon on he Moun no o esis one who is e il (Ma hew 5:39), and he wo ds o Paul ha he who esis s he au ho i ies esis s wha God has appoin ed and hose who will esis will incu judgemen (Romans 13:2)” (2008: 29). In consequence, “Ch is ian disciples a e called o u n he o he cheek, no esis e il” (Clough 2007: 17). The e o e, Child ess belie es ha his Biblical li e-s yle can be coined as “passi e esis ance” (quo ed in Dosen ode 2008: 29), p e en ing Ch is ians om aking any kind o ac ion i i implies iolence o agg ession. This is he idea ha he popula wes e n image y as accommoda ed h oughou his o y abou paci ism and paci is s: people who, om a passi e s andpoin , will do no hing bu endu e a ce ain si ua ion e en in spi e o disag eeing wi h i . Howe e , his passi e unde s anding o paci ism and hose who suppo i comes, as Dosen ode claims, om “a misin e p e a ion o Ma hew 5:39” (2008: 29). Indeed, acco ding o Dosen ode, i he e m ‘ esis ance’ implies e o s o e ec o p e en social and poli ical change, hei ac ions migh be e be iewed as non-compliance o conscien ious objec ion. Ins ead o passi ely obeying ule s, Ch is ians ha e e used o comply wi h law, o de s, o demands ha con lic wi h God’s will, usually accep ing he consequences o non-compliance. (2008: 29) Mo eo e , acco ding o Ba sch’s (1969) s a emen , he wo d paci ism is con ac ed om La in wo ds pax (peace) and ace e (make), and disciples a e called o be ‘peacemake s’ (Ma hew 5:9). The e o e, a ue Ch is ian unde s anding o he wo d is a om signi ying passi i y, as i implies he willing ac o making, i equi es ac ion (quo ed in Dosen ode 2008: 30). This e a ic poin o iew needs o be highligh ed, as, e en hough paci ism encompasses he ac o making peace, paci is s a e “o en ep esen ed and c i icized o hei passi i y, as pu e bys ande s, jus wai ing and obse ing while o he s a e massac ed” (Lohmann 2017: 3). As a consequence, paci is women ha e ound hei ac ions neglec ed no by i ue o hei sex bu also because o he ill-in e p e a ion o he cause hey suppo ed. This was e en mo e e iden h oughou he cou se o Wo ld Wa I, as he s e eo ypes imposed on women we e highly es ic i e and hei social posi ion e y limi ed. Ne e heless, his new ligh upon he e m paci ism e idences ha no only a e ision o women’s expe ience in WWI is equi ed, bu also, and especially, a e ision o hose whose ac ions we e doubly dis ega ded. 237 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as, ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 5. The G ea Wa and B i ish and Ame ican Paci ism When acing he G ea Wa , pa io ism s ands as one o he main guiding p inciples which allowed he wa o mo e o wa ds. Indeed, Pa io ism held ha inspi a ional s a us du ing Wo ld Wa I as i enabled go e nmen s o make men enlis in ho des, ully equipped wi h high mo al alues and he oic ideals ha go e nmen al p opaganda had ins illed in hei minds7. Ye , ce ain ci izens, especially women, we e able o o e come he bu den o pa io ism and ied o p o ide a close image o wha wa eally was. Howe e , go e nmen al p opaganda was so well-designed ha e en a e yea s in o he Wa , ci izens s ill belie ed i was a igh eous cause. As a esul , “in 1916 he majo i y o w i e s we e s ill e using o con empla e wha hey saw. The exis ence o he Wa was aken- o -g an ed” (Tylee 1990: 107). Mo eo e , i was no un il Janua y 1916 ha consc ip ion became compulso y h ough he Mili a y Se ice Bill, meaning ha , un il his momen , England had been able o make men enlis alone on he basis o pa io ism o o e one yea and a hal , despi e al eady showing ha he wa was no a ma e o ew mon hs as p omised a i s ou b eak. As a consequence, his became he eason why he ho o s o he e en we e no gene ally ques ioned, as hey we e conside ed o be a me e ou ine o achie e a highe pu pose. Consequen ly, paci is s we e despised in a socie y which ele a ed abs ac alues such as he oism o pa io ism, and as Tylee a gues, “ hough i was legal i was ne e easy o be a conscien ious objec o o o help one” (1990: 53). This b each be ween hose who suppo ed he Wa and hose who we e agains i was so in ense ha “ he e was el o be mo e sympa hy be ween English and Ge man soldie s han be ween Englishmen a he F on and all o he English women and men” (Tylee 1990: 54). This is ac ually discussed in Vi ginia Wool ’s adical paci is essay Th ee Guineas (1938), whe e “women’s pa icipa ion in he wa is denounced as a misguided and dange ous accep ance o mili a ism, b ough abou by he B i ish woman’s ‘loa hing’ o he con inemen o he p i a e home: he ush o olun ee o se ice ab oad; ‘ ha amazing ou bu s in 1914’, showed ha ‘unconsciously [women] desi ed ou splendid wa ’” (Ba e 1993: 160–1). Basically, mos B i ish women sough he wa as an oppo uni y o inally coun e balance hemsel es o men in a his o ical e en , bu a small po ion o women, paci is s, conside ed he wa as a way o aligning wi h bellicose masculine a i udes. Indeed, Wool poin s ou in Th ee Guineas ha pa io ism is he “one eason which p e ails in o de o b ing abou [an] o e powe ing unanimi y” (2015: 94), ha is, ha he as majo i y o men “a e oday in a ou o wa ” (93). S ill, she a gues ha he e mus be a di e ence be ween men’s and women’s no ions o 7 This can be p o en by he di e en pos e s ha we e c ea ed as a means o p opaganda du ing he G ea Wa , such as he ones o Sain Geo ge de ea ing he d agon. In o de o ha e a clea e pic u e o hese pieces o p opaganda, isi he webpage o he Impe ial Wa Museum: h ps://www.iwm.o g.uk/ 238 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 pa io ism. As Wool poin s ou , i is no he same o be “educa ed men” (94) han being “ he daugh e s o educa ed men” (100) as “[woman’s] posi ion in he home o eedom has been di e en om he b o he ’s” (94). Ne e heless, she is well-awa e o he ac ha “[s] ill some ‘pa io ic’ emo ion, some ing ained belie in he in ellec ual supe io i y o he own coun y o e o he coun ies may [ha e] emain[ed]” (99), conside ing his o be he eason why such a la ge numbe o women ushed o olun ee o do wa -wo k wi hou hesi a ing. Taking all his in o conside a ion, i seems ob ious ha being a paci is , wha e e you mo i es we e, was no an easy ask du ing Wo ld Wa I in B i ain . Howe e , i is e y in e es ing o no e ha he concep ion o paci ism was no he same in he Uni ed S a es han in he Uni ed Kingdom, as he o me did en e he wa la e on (Ap il 6, 1917) and paci ism was a much oo ed mo emen in he coun y, due o i s o igins and ecen bellicose e en s, such as he Ci il Wa . This will be p o en wi h he selec ion o paci is women chosen, as i con ains he expe ience o bo h Ame ican and B i ish paci is women. 6. Ame ican and B i ish Paci is Women Ha ing al eady analyzed he ue con ex and meaning o he e m ‘paci ism’ as well as he o e all con ex o he G ea Wa in bo h B i ain and he Uni ed S a es, he ocus o a en ion will be placed on he h ee di e en paci is women ha a e pa o he p esen co pus: Jane Addams, Mabel S Clai S oba and Rose Macaulay. Addams has been chosen as she ep esen s he mos pa icipa i e ole o women wi hin paci ism, so she can be conside ed as a ole model who needs o be aken in o accoun . On he o he hand, S oba and Macaulay ha e been chosen because o hei ac i e pa icipa ion in he wa e o and, especially, because he ac ions hey pe o med we e hand in hand wi h hei paci is belie s. 6.1. Jane Addams Jane Addams (1860-1935) is known as he ‘mo he ’ o social wo k. An Ame ican pionee , she is well-known because o he leading ole in women’s su age and wo ld peace. Addams played a pa amoun , hough somehow dis ega ded ole du ing WWI, because i did no ollow he pa io ic end o he pe iod. Addams was agains WWI and c i icized Ame ican P esiden Wood ow Wilson’s decision o decla ing wa o Ge many. While many “c i icized paci is s’ passi i y and a gued ha hey had no cons uc i e ole o play in ad ancing Wilson’s ideals o democ acy” (Agnew 2017: 6), Addams would ecall he deepening sense o “spi i ual aliena ion” (Agnew 2017: 6) as he wa p og essed. As a ma e o ac , Addams desc ibes in he memoi Peace and B ead in Time o 239 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as, ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 Wa (1922) how “[s]oli ude has always had i s demons” (143), making he and o he paci is s eel as ou side s, as he majo i y o people suppo ed Wilson’s call o a ms. This led he o eel as i she was apped in an “unna u al dese in o which he paci is was summa ily cas ou ” (143). As au ho Agnew ecalls, “[ ] om he ou se o he wa in Eu ope, Addams ac ed boldly and con a ily o accusa ions ha paci is s we e passi e and lacked pa io ism. In 1915, she joined he Fellowship o Reconcilia ion, a new Ch is ian paci is o ganiza ion” (2017: 7). Addams’ paci ism is easily dis inguished because o he d awing on he language o biology, as she was highly in luenced by Da win: “[s]he o e ed he image o biological g ow h p oceeding om a di e en ia ed ‘mo he cell’ as a me apho o paci is s’ impe us o social change” (Agnew 2017: 14). Mo eo e , Addams had a pe sonal in e p e a ion o his mo he cell which was ela ed o woman’s inna e sensi i eness o human li e. Fu he mo e, Addams was con inced o he sanc i y o li e, which was a p ime in he paci is belie s. Acco ding o Addams, “[ ]housands o people in his Uni ed S a es and Eu ope had become so con inced ha he sanc i y o li e was an accep ed ene o ci iliza ion ha hey deemed wa had become o e e impossible” (1915: 65). Ne e heless, and as a consequence o he ou b eak o he wa , “[ ]his belie [was] udely o e u ned, and we [we e] a he oo o he ladde , beginning again o es ablish he belie ha human li e is sac ed abo e all else ha he plane con ains” (1915: 65). Thus, he sanc i y o li e is Addam’s o me de ense o paci ism, which also goes hand in hand wi h eminism, as Addams links woman’s posi ion and ole in socie y o he paci is mo emen . Acco ding o Addams, she would ne e “asse ha women a e be e han men— e en in he hea o su age deba es [she has] ne e main ained ha — bu we would all admi ha he e a e hings conce ning which women a e mo e sensi i e han men, and ha one o hese is he easu ing o li e” (1915: 65). All his sensi i eness became clea due o he ca ing a i ude o women owa ds he young, he elde s and people in special needs. Thus, Addams appealed o his me apho o os e women’s ac i ism agains he des uc ion o wa . Indeed, Addams belie ed ha a “s a e ounded upon ibal ideals o pa io ism ha[d] no place o women wi hin i s councils” (1915: 64). Consequen ly, Addams a gues ha “[w]omen ha e a igh o p o es agains he des uc ion o ha la ge ideal o he s a e […] in which hey can play no pa ” (1915: 64). Fo ha pu pose, he p esence o women in poli ical and social sphe es is equi ed, as hey a e he ones o s op b u al o ce h ough equali y. When i comes o he G ea Wa , i mus be no ed ha , o Addams, he bellicose e en con adic ed he ideals o humanism, communi y and peace. Ha ing me Leo Tols oy (1828- 1910) a his Russian a m, Addams spen mos o he ime hinking abou wa and peace, which led he o a end o peace con e ences and o publish Newe Ideals o Peace (1907), whe e she p o ides a posi i e idea o peace as a dynamic social p ocess. As a consequence, and ollowing he emphasis on he ole o women wi hin paci ism, she chai ed he Women’s Peace Pa y and, 246 Re is a In e nacional de Cul u as y Li e a u as ISSN: 1885-3625 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/RICL.2020.i23.17 Ams e , R., Finley, L. and P ies, E. Peace S udies be ween T adi ion and Inno a ion, Camb idge Schola s Publishing, Uni ed Kingdom, 2015. Asselin, K. C. Women in Wo ld Wa I, Abdo Publishing, Minneso a, 2016. Ba ash, D. P. and Webel, C. 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