SfM Photogrammetric Techniques Applied in the Building Archaeology Works of the Old Cloister of the Monastery of San Francisco from the 16th Century (Cazalla de la Sierra, Seville)

Heritage 2022, 5, Firstpage–Lastpage. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage Article 1 SfM photogrammetric techniques applied in the building ar- 2 chaeology works of the old cloister of the Monastery of San 3 Francisco from the 16th century (Cazalla de la Sierra, Seville) 4 Manuel José León-Bonillo1, Juan Carlos Mejías-García2, Rubén Martínez-Álvarez1, Antonio Miguel Pérez-Romero1, 5 Cristina León-Ortíz3 and Carmen Marín-Buzón1,* 6 1 Graphic Engineering Department, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; [email protected] (M.J.L.-B.); 7 [email protected] (R.M.-Á.); [email protected] (A.M.P.-R.); carmenmari[email protected] (C.M.-B.) 8 2 Prehistory and Archaeology Department, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain; [email protected] 9 3 Faculty of Philology of University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain; crile[email protected] 10 *Correspondence: [email protected] (C.M.-B.); 11 Abstract: The cloister from the old monastery of San Francisco (Cazalla de la Sierra, Seville) has 12 been suffering a series of remodelling and transformations from its original construction, in the 16th 13 century, to the current day. Thus, a study of building archaeology needed to be accomplished by 14 using photogrammetric techniques by SfM (Structure from Motion) and laser scanning or TLS (Ter- 15 restrial Laser Scanning) that ensure a geometric exactitude and high resolution of the facings sur- 16 veying. For that, over 500 images were taken for the 4 existing facings (about 78 lineal metres) from 17 which a photogrammetric model was obtained of over 50 million polygons; as well as a cloud of 18 over 40 million points from the laser scanning. It can be concluded that by using the techniques of 19 SfM, the task of documenting, analysing and studying the facings of the historical buildings in order 20 to establish its evolutional process, gains, not only in precision and exactitude, but also opens the 21 possibility to go further by obtaining products that are capable in the labour of conservation, resto- 22 ration and protection of the historical heritage, as well as the generation of 3D virtualizations, 23 planned for the diffusion. 24 Keywords: building archaeology; photogrammetry; SfM; heritage; restoration 25 26 1. Introduction 27 28 The current Municipal Food Market of Cazalla de la Sierra (Seville) (Figure 1) is lo- 29 cated in a building whose history begins at least from 1588, when the order of San Fran- 30 cisco, settled in Cazalla from 1493, in the old Monastery of San Jerónimo (current Her- 31 mitage of Carmen), decided to be relocated inside the walls of the city and build their new 32 monastery in the block in which the monastery was located [1-3]. Although neither the 33 exact date is clear nor the rhythm of edification of the new monastery, it would not be 34 ludicrous to think that at least the main buildings would have already been built, espe- 35 cially the dependencies where the daily life would be developed and the cloister around 36 in which the aforesaid activity will revolve around. 37 The exact space that the Market reuses from this monastery of San Francisco is its 38 cloister (Figure 1), in which during the 10th century modifications and reforms of the orig- 39 inal building have been realized so as to adapt it to its new use. But this cloister displays 40 the footprint of other reforms and adaptations that it had had for previous uses that have 41 taken place throughout its almost 450 years of history. 42 43 Citation: Lastname, F.; Lastname, F.; Lastname, F. Title. Heritage 2022, 5, Firstpage–Lastpage. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx Academic Editor: Firstname Lastname Received: date Accepted: date Published: date Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 2 44 Figure 1. Location of the Food Market of Cazalla de la Sierra and indoor sight, where the cloister of 45 the monastery of San Francisco is located. 46 With this background and as part of the works of retrieving of the cloister’s original 47 remains, an archaeological intervention was taking place so as to eliminate the current use 48 as a market and all the elements added to the original building. For this task, the Ministry 49 of Culture of Junta de Andalucía urged that a building archaeology study had to be car- 50 ried out by the photogrammetric surveying of the different panels that the inside perime- 51 ter of the Municipal Food Market was compounded of, so as to elucidate what was pre- 52 served in the old Cloister of the Monastery of San Francisco and in what state were these 53 possible remains. 54 The works were carried out by combining the photogrammetry techniques SfM 55 (Structure for Motion) [4] and the laser scanning TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning) [5] with 56 the purpose of generating a three-dimensional model (3D) of high resolution and geomet- 57 ric precision, from which it was possible to obtain scaled and georeferenced surveying 58 from the 4 facings that the cloister was compound by. With these surveyings, the wall face 59 analysis and the study of its components [6], would be carried out, as well as the carto- 60 graphic and planimetric outputs needed for documenting and justifying the explanatory 61 proposal and the subsequent labours of restoration, conservation and elimination of the 62 outside additions outside of the original building. 63 Broadly speaking, it can be determined up to 7 different phases, an aspect that will 64 be more fully developed when we go into the description and explanation of the facings 65 it is composed by, each of which has left their respective footprints, some more visible 66 than others, and some of them especially damaging in terms of what they have meant in 67 terms of alteration concerning their initial appearance and irretrievable loss of those parts. 68 69 The phases referred to are the following: 70 1. Original building – Construction of the original cloister: circa 1588; 71 2. First reform of the cloister – first remodelling encouraged by the construction of San 72 Diego’s Church attached to its flank W: from 1623 to 1716 (ending year); 73 3. Final reform of the cloister – second remodelling because of the addition of a porti- 74 coed gallery with arcades: during the 17th century (in this phase a sub-phase can be 75 identified, probably from the 18th century with light reforms); 76 4. Reforms during the Spanish confiscation period – third remodelling due to the fact 77 of the Spanish confiscations and the implementation of a schnapps factory in its en- 78 vironment: from 1835 and during the rest of the 19th century. 79 5. First transformation for the Market’s adequacy – reforms for the implantation of the 80 municipal market: circa 1940; 81 6. Second transformation for the Market’s adequacy – reforms for a new adequacy for 82 the usage as a market: approximately in the last decade of the 20th century; 83 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 3 7. Current work – works on improving that were being carried out in the facings as of 84 the date of the fieldwork for this study, July 2019. 85 2. Materials and Methods 86 87 2.1 Materials 88 89 The current Municipal Food Market is located in a building whose history begins at 90 least from 1588, when the order of San Francisco, settled in Cazalla in 1493, in the old 91 Monastery of San Jerónimo (the current Hermitage of Carmen), decided to be relocated 92 inside the walls of the city and build their new monastery in the block in which the mon- 93 astery was located [1-3]. 94 We say at least from 1588 since that is the date in which the relocation from the old 95 monastery of San Jerónimo to the new one of San Francisco is produced, thus it would be 96 logical to think that at least the main buildings were already built, especially the depend- 97 encies where the daily life would be developed and the cloister in which the aforesaid 98 activity will revolve around. 99 The relocation to the town centre was due to the ruin situation and to the distancing 100 from the parishioners, that ask for the approximation of the monastery as it was quite far 101 from the population nucleus. 102 The new monastery was located beside some wineries in which tithes were recol- 103 lected and from that moment it began a slow, but intense, urban transformation of the 104 buildings on which the monastery was settled, as well as its immediate surrounding, 105 reaching to occupy the 15% from the total population area from that time. 106 The cloister, with a clear quadrangular layout, is currently formed by three facings 107 of between 24 and 26.5 metres and a fourth, of which about 3 metres remain on each flank, 108 where a double arcade was built to make this wall completely diaphanous, and where 109 columns and capitals that were reused from earlier periods can be seen. 110 The concrete space of the Market from this monastery of San Francisco is the cloister, 111 which presents some modifications and reforms so as to adapt it to its new usage, alt- 112 hough it displays the footprint of previous reforms and adaptations for other usages that 113 have taken place during its 405 years of history. 114 115 2.2 Methods 116 117 2.2.1 Coordinate System Implantation 118 119 Two pieces of equipment GNSS (GS18 and GS16) have been used, in order to place 120 in the outdoor area of the market square a series of geo-referenced coordinate points, in 121 the UTM projection, in zone 30 and ETRS89 datum [7], established by the IGN (National 122 Geographic Institute) and official for the Iberian Peninsula. These points have been 123 marked with nails that will remain in place for future interventions (Figure 2), and thus 124 be able to work in the same coordinate system. 125 These absolute coordinate points will be useful so as to be able to geo-reference every 126 point that will be taken inside the site. 127 Using a Leica’s total station TCR705 [8], a free stationing has been carried out taking 128 as reference the previously measured points with the GNSS, in particular those two which 129 were visible from the inside of the site, located at the pavement from which the entrance 130 to the market square is accessible (Figure 2). These points and the rest of the measured 131 points in the work have been taken by employing a mini prism (Leica’s GMP111-0), except 132 those points that have been located on the surface of the walls to be measured, that be- 133 cause of being on top of a vertical plane, they were signposted by adhesive paper targets, 134 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 4 in this case, the TCR1705 is used in “red laser” measurement mode modifying the meas- 135 urement parameters in the equipment (Figure 2). 136 137 138 Figure 2. GNSS stationing, placing and measurement of permanent points inside and outside the 139 cloister. 140 The geodetic topographic work would be completed, by obtaining the following 141 data: 142 • Points measured to generate the GNSS positioning network: 5 points, all outdoors; 143 • Points measured with the TCR705 inside the enclosure on the ground: 11 in total 144 measured on mini prism; 145 • Points measured with the TCR705 on targets placed on the wall: 19 points, which will 146 be used for adjustment in photogrammetry [9] 147 • Points measured with the TCR705 on scanner targets, GZT21 on a tripod pole: 7 148 points taken. [10]. 149 150 It is necessary to adjust the point coordinates that have been obtained during the 151 measurement by the GNSS. For that, supporting data from the Andalusian Positioning 152 Network (its abbreviation in Spanish of RAP) that belongs to the Statistic and Cartography 153 Institute of Andalusia (from its abbreviation in Spanish of IECA), obtaining a sub-centi- 154 metric precision [11]. 155 These data have been loaded together with the GNSS data into the Leica Geo Office 156 programme to calculate the coordinates of the base point where the GS16 was placed and 157 to obtain these coordinates with great precision. 158 With all these points, different ASCII files were generated that were necessary so as 159 to make adjustments to both the photogrammetric process and the process generated by 160 TLS. A drawing file in DWG format was obtained with Civil 3D to check that all the ob- 161 tained points were correctly located and to continue with the following processes. 162 163 2.2.2 Laser Scanner Method 164 165 With the laser scanner, 13 positions were done in order to cover up the whole site. In 166 one of them, the scanner registered three GZT21 targets, [12] that were measured previ- 167 ously by using the total station, in the coordinate system established for the whole sur- 168 veying. 7 positions of targets were carried out to encompass the three walls that the work 169 was composed of. Due to the high precision of the scanner (a Leica’s P20), only two targets 170 would have been needed to be measured from each scanner position, but in order to ob- 171 tain better results, three targets were measured [13]. 172 The total number of obtained points in the whole process has been 40,461,333 points, 173 generating with all of them a dense cloud of points in 3D with RGB colours [14] (Figure 174 3). 175 176 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 5 177 178 Figure 3. Dense cloud of points in 3D with RGB colours and Scanner P20 - Leica 179 2.2.3 Photogrammetric method 180 181 This method has been carried out in two phases: images acquisition and a subsequent 182 processing of them [15]. 183 In order to cover the first phase, and due to the location conditions -indoor areas with 184 low natural light, it was necessary (to guarantee the luminosity conditions in the pictures 185 acquisition) the usage of an artificial light equipment consisting of four neutral light lu- 186 minaires that were distributed and moved as the interior atrium progressed. The images 187 were taken every 2-3 metres (depending on the detail requirements of the area) with a 188 coverage of 5-6 images at three heights. 189 Once the images acquisition was over, the second phase consisted of the processing 190 of the images employing the Metashape programme so as to generate a three-dimensional 191 model (Figure 4) and, subsequently, obtaining a set of four orthophotos. These orthopho- 192 tos are the ones that have been taken as a base for the realisation of the wall face study 193 from the archaeological point of view. 194 195 196 197 Figure 4. Processing of pictures in Metashape 198 199 For the correct execution and dimensioning of the model, the same targets, that have 200 been established in the walls, were used, measured both by scanning and by total station, 201 although they were ultimately removed thus that each area could be photographed to 202 obtain the real texture of these parts of the walls without the appearance of elements for- 203 eign to the object of study. 204 In the first phase, 537 pictures were acquired. 205 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 6 During the second phase, different tests were done, obtaining the optimum result 206 with a “dense cloud of points” of 108 million points [16] (Figure 5.a). 207 208 209 210 Figure 5. Wall 2 (cloister’s N panel): (a) Dense cloud of points; (b) Solid mesh; (c) Texturized mesh 211 212 2.2.4 TLS Results and Photogrammetry 213 214 Conducting a comparison of the obtained results with the different methods [17-18], 215 the following can be observed: 216 217 - With the TLS technique more than 40,000,000 points have been obtained. All of 218 them are part of a dense cloud of points in 3D and with RGB (Red Green Blue) 219 (figure 3.a). The cloud of points is the result of the union of several scanning taken 220 from different positions and that are integrated into a single geometry thanks to 221 the field measurement of the HDS targets that were previously surveyed with 222 the total station. After making the register process, employing Leica’s CYCLONE 223 programme and integrating the partial clouds of points, a joint cloud is obtained, 224 scaled and precisely georeferenced. 225 - With the photogrammetry technique, a dense cloud of points of more than 226 108,000,000 points was obtained, and a 3D mesh of more than 21,000,000 poly- 227 gons (Figure 5.b-c). 228 229 230 2.3 Wall Face Analysis 231 232 In the archaeological analysis and comprehension of the buildings, the principles of 233 stratigraphy as defined by E.C. Harris [19], later improved and completed by A. Carandini 234 [20] regarding the buildings studies, are a key when establishing topologic relations of the 235 facings and its parts, as well as the establishment of a method of a systematised data col- 236 lection. 237 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 7 Based on approaches by Harris and Carandini, from the 1990s onwards, a whole se- 238 ries of works and methodological proposals emerged, headed by the Archeologia dell'ar- 239 chitettura, term that was coined by T. Mannoni [21], that collected the accumulated expe- 240 rience in Italy during the previous decade [22-26], and which was followed by many oth- 241 ers developed all over Europe: the Archéologie du bâtio or Archéologie des élévations in France 242 [27-29], the Bauforschung in Germany [30-31], or the Ar-chaeology of Buildings or Building 243 Archaeology in Great Britain [32-34]. 244 Spain currently has one of the best exponents of archaeology of the architecture in 245 the System of Archaeological Analysis of Historical Buildings developed by M.A. Tabales 246 [35-38] and launched in several real estates of Seville, among them, the Reales Alcázares 247 [39], to which we can add the work of L. Caballero Zoreda, one of the precursors of build- 248 ing rehabilitation studies [40-41], or that of the Conservation Service of the Barcelona’s 249 Deputation [42-46]. 250 The analysis carried out on the facings of the cloister of San Francisco has attempted 251 to combine three fundamental principles for this type of work on emerging archaeological 252 structures: 253 • the concept of transformation of the structure, i.e., of the changes, added and modi- 254 fications that at an archaeological level had occurred, which model variations in the 255 uses; 256 • the concept of archaeological sequence occurred over itself, understanding this as the 257 evolution that the structure displays through the documented stratigraphic se- 258 quence, defined by each of the identifiable elements in the building structure and its 259 spatio-temporal arrangement, from its construction until the present time or until its 260 definitive amortisation.; 261 • and the concept of a historical process, that goes further from its physical nature and 262 that requires its environment, both level of the edification and the historical moment 263 in which each structure, or its parts, are framed. 264 A systematic strategy has been carried out by the application of a series of consecu- 265 tive and interrelated procedures, because the development and the partial result of one 266 help in the execution of the following one, which is described below: 267 268 2.3.1 Building Components Definition 269 270 This process has been about the observation of the surveying generated in the pho- 271 togrammetric procedure so as to identify and map all and each of the components that 272 had a function or that represented similar characteristics. As an example: facings, hollows 273 and their consecutive closures, pathed by reforms, etc. 274 The contours of the principal components were accurately mapped and the second- 275 ary components were simplified. Moreover, the interior of the units (masonry, fills, wall- 276 ing) was limited to a more schematic mapping, which was only carried out in detail when 277 they presented particular characteristics of interest. 278 279 2.3.2 Assignation of Materials to the Components 280 281 Once all the components are delimited, these elements were classified into a typology 282 of masonry material. For example: masonry, rammed earth, stone, brick, etc. This classifi- 283 cation helped in the determination of different moments for components that at first 284 glance appeared to be similar. 285 286 2.3.3 Establishment of usage and components’ function 287 288 Based on the acquired experience until this point, regarding the delimitation of com- 289 ponents and material of their composition, we proceeded to establish the different uses 290 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 8 and functions that each of them had to have in their historical moment to which they were 291 ascribed, taking into account the whole building and its general articulation as well. 292 293 2.3.4 Ascription to the phases of the archaeological sequence observed 294 295 Depending on the topological relationships of the different components, on the sim- 296 ilarity or equality, in some cases, on the factory materials and its physical and formal char- 297 acteristics, we established the archaeological sequence that would allow order them in a 298 temporal and sequential logic. For this, we relied on the Harris matrix generated for each 299 facing in particular and all of them in general. 300 301 2.3.5 Determination of phases and historical contexts 302 303 In a process of accumulated knowledge throughout the different phases of the pro- 304 cedure that were developed before, and having as a result of the temporal logic of the 305 archaeological sequence established in the previous step, the correct adscription of each 306 component with a phase and historical context is derived. 307 Some gaps have remained in this part of the study, which cannot be resolved with 308 just a wall face analysis of the building, but it will be necessary to deepen its study with a 309 series of archaeological soundings in the sub-floor. 310 For the determination of the historical contexts, it was necessary to go beyond the 311 limit of the concrete space of the cloister, so as to attempt to understand the totality of the 312 monastery and to be able to accurately match the final proposals of the evolution of the 313 building in general and the cloister in particular. 314 315 3. Results 316 317 The analysed facings (Figure 6) have been numbered for its correct identification, 318 going clockwise starting from the most W point. 319 320 321 Figure 6. Localization and numeration of the studied walls panels 322 The results that we will display are going to be referred to each phase that was doc- 323 umented after the wall face analysis, without going into describing and commenting on 324 each individual facing separately. So as to have more information and details about the 325 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 9 results of each particular facing, we referred to the supplementary documentation that 326 joins this article in which the results are developed in detail. 327 The photogrammetric method has allowed us to obtain 4 ortho-photos generated 328 from an X-Z or Y-Z view, both front view and back view, as appropriate for the spatial 329 location of each facing (figure 7). Thus, the final photogrammetric product that we have 330 to perform our analysis is the surveys of the 4 facings studied. 331 332 333 334 Figure 7. Facing´s ortho-photos 335 336 The obtained surveys by photogrammetry have paved the way for delimitation of 337 the building components being able to map them in a high precision since the surveys 338 resolved 1 mm (figure 8). 339 340 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 16 In the first reform, all the hollows that could have been left opened were closed and 503 a new door is opened for a connection of the centre of facing 3 with the dependences of 504 the W wing. 505 What is more, a series of brick quoins, loosely embedded in the original walls, are 506 placed along the whole length of the cloister gallery, so that they share the cloister (figure 507 17), defining different quadrangular spaces used as stalls for the sale of goods traded in 508 the market. 509 510 511 512 Figure 17. Imprint of the market walls, drawn on the wall of the cloister 513 The second reform supposed the elimination of stalls attached to the original walls 514 of the cloister, which shared the porticoed gallery, leaving it diaphanous and placing the 515 stalls in the centre of the patio. 516 Regarding the facings, it has supposed a new plaster that homogenises its appearance 517 and which is the one that has survived to the present day. 518 519 4. Discussion 520 521 The results of the analysis of the facings described in the previous section (identifica- 522 tion and mapping of the wall components, assignment of materials, classification of the 523 typology of use and establishment of the chronostratigraphic sequence), allow us to es- 524 tablish and locate the documented phases and the different elements and transformations 525 that took place in the cloister within its chrono-spatial context, that is, concerning the rest 526 of the known buildings of the monastery and taking into account the historical process 527 that justifies it. 528 The block in which the monastery is located currently is completely built, except for 529 some little empty spaces in its insides. 530 531 Looking at an ortho-photo of previous years (although we have available ortho-pho- 532 tos from 1945, we have opted for a 1977’s one [48] due to the resolution quality that it 533 offers), it can be identified more clearly the different parts of the monastery that trans- 534 cended up to its definitive destruction of the last room of the 20th century, as well as the 535 ones that are still preserved (figure 18) 536 537 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 17 538 539 Figure 18. Identifiable elements of the San Francisco Monastery on the 1977 orthophoto 540 It can be identified the church, the cloister and part of the dependencies of the mon- 541 astery, as well as the hermitage known as the “Hospitalillo” (diminutive name for Hospi- 542 tal). All of these elements still exist nowadays. It is only to be regretted the destruction of 543 the N part of the monastery dependencies, and the transformation of the rest of them, 544 including the church, for other uses. 545 The accesses to the complex would be mainly on the S flank of the plot: the one lo- 546 cated further to the W to access the noble part of the convent; and the one located in the 547 centre of this flank to access the Hospitalillo and possibly the convent's dependencies for 548 supplying or similar tasks. 549 The Miura schnapps factory is currently located on the N flank, where the monas- 550 tery’s vegetable gardens were once located. Another unidentifiable element is a group of 551 dependences to the S of the Hospitalillo, which we are not in a position to say whether all 552 or any of them could belong to the monastery. It is most likely to be the result of the pro- 553 cess of urbanisation of the block, already visible in the orthophoto of 1945. 554 The rest of the monastery space is free of buildings except for a couple of small build- 555 ings in the centre of the plot, none of which exist today, and a series of internal partitions 556 with fences, as well as a path. All these elements can also be considered as fossilised re- 557 mains of the monastery, which at the date of this ortho-photo would have had other func- 558 tions, and which no longer exist today. 559 560 4.1 Evolution of the Cloister in the cloister’s context 561 562 The original cloister (figure 19.a), as already described in the wall face analysis, de- 563 veloped the four sides of the square that formed it. The W and S flanks are hypothetical 564 in most of their layout, as only a small part of them currently exists at their respective 565 extremes. It is logical to suppose that their continuity is a viable proposal, bearing in mind 566 that these parts exist, as can already be seen in facing 1, cut to build a new wall, that of the 567 arcades of connection with the future San Diego’s Church. 568 569 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 18 570 571 Figure 19. Evolution of the Cloister: (a) Original building: circa 1588; (b) First reform of the cloister 572 encouraged by the construction of San Diego’s Church attached to its flank W: from 1623 to 1716 573 (ending year); (c) Remodelling because of the addition of a porticoed gallery with arcades: during 574 17th century; (d) Light reforms from the 18th century; (e) Remodelling due to the fact of the Spanish 575 confiscations and the implementation of a schnapps factory in its environment: from 1835 and dur- 576 ing the rest of the 19th century; (f) Transformation for the Market’s adequacy: circa 1940 577 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 19 When San Diego’s Church was being built, attached to the W flank of the cloister, 578 this suffers an important transformation (figure 19.b). On this side, a new facing was built 579 between both spaces that consisted of four big arches that paved the way for the intervis- 580 ibility between them, but which are closed by grids to prevent direct communication 581 There are also two new doors, one on the N and the other on the E flank, of large 582 dimensions, which must have given the cloister a more monumental appearance. There is 583 also a small window on the N side of the cloister. 584 Another big reform was the demolition of most of the S wall to create 5 large arcades 585 supported by pairs of columns, which should have further enhanced the monumental as- 586 pect mentioned above. 587 It was in the mid-17th century that the big reforms mentioned above must have taken 588 place, affecting not only the cloister but the monastery in general. It was at this time that 589 the "Hospitalillo" was built, which is how the hermitage built to the E of the main convent 590 buildings was known. This building had its access from outside the monastery, isolated 591 from the monastery, through which the users of this facility could reach it without inter- 592 fering with the monastic life. 593 Regarding the cloister, there were two types of reforms and transformations that 594 gave it its current appearance (figure 19.c). 595 On the one hand, several hollows of the previous phases were closed, as well as some 596 new ones were opened. Moreover, all the arcades that visually communicated with the 597 church were also closed, except for two of them: the first from the S, whose width was 598 reduced and which was fitted with a new grid; and the third from the S, which reduced 599 its space to a small door that facilitated physical communication. 600 The great transformation took place inside the cloister. A porticoed gallery was built 601 with seven semi-circular arches on each side. The fountain that existed until recently in 602 the centre of the cloister patio must also have been built at this time. 603 During the remaining life of the cloister, the reforms are reduced to the opening or 604 closure of some hollows (figure 19.d). 605 With the arrival of the Spanish Confiscation, the cloister will suffer some changes that 606 advocate, especially, in the aspect of its facings: almost all the hollows are closed, includ- 607 ing all the arches that connected with the church; and a new hollow is opened on the N 608 wall (figure 19.e). 609 The greatest changes of the 19th century are produced in the rest of the dependencies 610 and cloister’s space. In 1870, the factory of Miura schnapps is installed where the vegetable 611 gardens were before, in the N zone of the plot of the monastery. This implantation led not 612 only to this transformation of the N space, but it also supposed the demolition of all the 613 attached buildings of the cloister on its N flank, leaving its facing exempt. 614 Likely, the existent dependencies of the E flank were segregated to the cloister, from 615 that the closure of all the hollows of this sector, which would open new accesses from the 616 indoors. 617 The last great reform of the cloister was produced so as to adequate it as Food Market 618 circa 1940 (figure 19.f). 619 All the remaining hollows are closed completely and just one new is opened in the 620 middle of the E facing so as to give access to the dependencies of the new market located 621 on the other side. As commented above, the stands are arranged under the porticoed gal- 622 lery, building brick quoins from each column of the gallery to the corresponding wall of 623 the cloister at its perpendicular. This way, 23 stands are available. 624 Years later, the definitive reforms of the Market were carried out in order to eliminate 625 the stands under the porticoed gallery, the facings of the cloister were flushed, by the 626 closure of the hollows that remained in the W facing, and the stands were arranged 627 around the central fountain, which was eliminated. 628 This way, an attempt was made to somehow recover the space and appearance of the 629 porticoed gallery in exchange for completely changing the concept of the cloister by in- 630 stalling a roofing system to protect the entire open space in the patio from the weather. 631 Heritage 2022, 5, FOR PEER REVIEW 20 5. Conclusions 632 In this research work, the advantages of using contemporary geomatic techniques in 633 the traditional tasks of archaeology and heritage recovery are corroborated. 634 Which we emphasize the use of topographical instruments such as GNSS and total 635 stations, in order to correctly georeference the project, as well as using or facing similar 636 techniques to obtain point clouds with laser scanners and photogrammetric techniques. 637 In this sort of studies, it is clearly reflected the visual and geometric advantage that 638 SfM has against TLS since, despite being a slower process because of the quantity of in- 639 verted time in the aligning processes of images and the generation of a dense cloud of 640 points and after that the mesh and texture, the final result allows to have a faithful repre- 641 sentation of the real aspect of the facings, with a lower cost on materials and equipment 642 than in TLS. 643 644 Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.C.M-G and M.J.L-B. ; methodology, A.P.-R.; M.J.L.B.; 645 R.M-A.; J.C.M-G and C.M.-B. ; software, R.M-A. and A.P.-R.; validation, M.J.L-B; C.M.-B. and J.C.M- 646 G; formal analysis, C.M.-B. and M.J.L-B.; data curation, M.J.L-B.; J.C.M-G.; R.M-A.; A.M.P.-R. and 647 C.M.-B.; writing—original draft preparation, M.J.L-B; J.C.M-G; C.L-O and C.M.-B.; writing—review 648 and editing, M.J.L.B.; J.C.M-G.; C.L-O and C.M.-B.; supervision, C.M.-B.; project administration 649 R.M-A. and A.P.-R.; funding acquisition, C.M.-B. and J.C.M-G. 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