Internal corporate reputation in the ICT sector: A case study

Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 31 INTERNAL CORPORATE REPUTATION IN THE ICT SECTOR: A CASE STUDY Isado a Sánchez-To né Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain E-mail: [email protected] ORCID 0000-0003-2749-2896 Maca ena Pé ez-Suá ez Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain E-mail: mpe [email protected] ORCID 0000-0003-4682-3873 Juan-Ca los Mo án-Ál a ez Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain E-mail: jcmo [email protected] ORCID 0000-0002-8914-9631 José-Ángel Pé ez-López Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain E-mail: [email protected] ORCID 0000-0003-4080-1251 Recei ed: Ap il, 2021 1s Re ision: No embe , 2021 Accep ed: Decembe , 2021 DOI: 10.14254/2071- 789X.2021/14-4/2 ABSTRACT. Economic c ises compel companies o make he mos o hei endogenous esou ces, including Co po a e Repu a ion (CR). This s udy in es iga es he Pe cei ed Co po a e Repu a ion (PCR) as seen by he s a o an in e na ional company ha p o ides educa ional echnology. A mul iple linea eg ession analysis was pe o med o de e mine which cons uc s a ec in e nal PCR by di e en ia ing gende , age, and ime a he company. The main esul s we e ha he company employees assigned high, posi i e alues o how hey el abou he Co po a e Repu a ion, eeling p oud abou belonging o he company, he a ec i e commi men and equal oppo uni ies o p omo ion and he good wo k clima e. The a ec i e commi men and he ela ionships wi h co-wo ke s we e a common a iable. The sala y and he ela ionship be ween asks and esponsibili ies we e he elemen s wi h he highes impac on he PCR o s a who had wo ked a he company o less han one yea . JEL Classi ica ion : L14, M14 Keywo ds : co po a e epu a ion, employees, social en ep eneu ship, co po a e social esponsibili y, wo kplace. Sánchez-To né, I., Pé ez-Suá ez, M., Mo án-Ál a ez, J.C., & Pé ez-López, J.A. (2021). In e nal co po a e epu a ion in he ICT sec o : A case s udy. Economics and Sociology, 14(4), 31-46. doi:10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-4/2 Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 32 In oduc ion P e ious esea ch has shown ha Co po a e Repu a ion (CR) has a posi i e impac on all he s akeholde s in a company, causing an inc ease in cus ome loyal y and sa is ac ion (Kim & Kim, 2017), inc easing he in en ion o pu chase (Jung & Seock, 2016) and s eng hening he ela ionship wi h supplie s (Benne & Gab iel, 2001). CR also imp o es he loyal y o in es o s and in luences he eeling o sa is ac ion (Helm, 2007), as well as a ac s new in es o s (Kuma e al., 2019). CR also educes unce ain y abou b ands in eme ging ma ke s (Heinbe g e al., 2018). CR includes he concep o in e nal CR, which is unde s ood as " he ecogni ion ha employees gi e o he way he company ea s di e en g oups o collabo a o s" (Villa añe, 2006, p.25). The wo k o ce is in con ac wi h cus ome s, supplie s and compe i o s (C a ens & Oli e , 2006) and p e ious s udies ha e iden i ied he company’s employees as he mos in luen ial g oup o a high CR (Helm, 2011; D ehe , 2014). A highly alued CR in luences he ex en o employee commi men and hus job pe o mance (Almeida & Coelho, 2019), media es he communica ion o posi i e eelings by wo d o mou h (Esenyel & Emeagwali, 2019) and a ac s highe quali y wo ke s (Tu ban & Cable, 2003). Mo eo e , he digi iza ion o almos all ac i i ies (labou , educa ion, leisu e, e c.) means ha he popula ion mus be quali ied in hese skills. The e a e oppo uni ies o u u e en u es wi h he social mission o educing he digi al di ide, eaching ICT skills, and p o iding quali y and inclusi e wo k. I is he e o e pa icula ly impo an o in es iga e CR as a way o gua an eeing en ep eneu ial su i al. The aim o his esea ch was o measu e he in e nal CR o an ICT social en e p ise and he possible ela ionship o in e nal CR wi h he Co po a e Social Responsibili y. The hypo heses a e aimed a measu ing he di e ence be ween he PCR by gende , age and ime in he company. To achie e he p oposed aim, a case s udy was ca ied ou in a highly ac i e social en e p ise wi h a high u no e which supplies educa ional echnology and ICT aining. The me hodology consis ed o a quali a i e analysis (pe sonal epo s and in e iews) and quan i a i e analysis (in e en ial and mul iple linea eg ession). Among he main indings a e ha he employees alue highly he Co po a e Repu a ion highly, eeling p oud abou belonging o he company, a ec i e commi men and equal oppo uni ies o p omo ion in he company and he good wo k clima e. The a ec i e commi men and ela ionship wi h co-wo ke s we e also seen o be common a iables wi h di e ences be ween g oups o employees o di e en gende , age and ime a he company. This implies ha business manage s should ake g oup di e ences in o accoun o good CR. This esea ch adds alue o he esea ch on CR and social en ep eneu ship due o i s con ibu ion o empi ical indings on he cha ac e is ics o social en e p ises and he ela ionships wi h achie ing good CR. I also ills esea ch gaps in he li e a u e on in e nal CR in he echnology sec o and social en e p ises. The heo e ical amewo k explains he ICT sec o and social en ep eneu ship and social en e p ises. The model used o measu e he in e nal CR is explained and he esul s a e hen p esen ed. Finally, he main conclusions a e gi en. 1. Cha ac e iza ion o he ICT Sec o The ICT sec o has p ospe ed in ecen decades and has become a sou ce o economic g ow h. Acco ding o he Spanish ICT and Con en Sec o Repo (2019), he wo ldwide u no e o he ICT sec o in 2018 was 3,411.866 million eu os. Th ee impo an ac s can be ound in he s udy called "The Ne wo ked Socie y" (2019), which a e 1) No h Ame ica accoun ed o 35% o he ma ke , ollowed by Asia/Paci ic (28.6%), Eu ope (23.9%), La in Ame ica (6.4%) and he Middle Eas /A ica (6.1%), 2) he se ices ma ke was dis ibu ed as Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 33 ollows, elecommunica ions (33.9%), ha dwa e (27.1%), IT se ices (17.5%), So wa e (13.5%) and business se ices (8%), 3) he ICT sec o in Spain (2018) con ibu es 3.1% o GDP, has a u no e o 47,231 million eu os employing 423,541 people and has 25,065 companies ha expo 15,754 million eu os wo h o goods and se ices. All o he p e ious s a is ics ha e been inc easing since 2013. The Eu opean Union has also s a ed ha , in he nex wo yea s, 45% o jobs will be associa ed wi h digi al echnology (Ma eos & Gómez, 2019). These jobs may esul in s able job con ac s, which will exceed he cu en 70% o inde ini e con ac s, acco ding o he da a supplied by he Ticjob.es employmen po al which is specialized in he echnology sec o . Va ious epo s ha e s a ed ha ci izens do no ha e he u gen ly needed ICT skills. "The Ne wo kEd Socie y" (2019) epo indica es ha , in 2018, 32% o he Eu opean popula ion had no, o only a low le el o , digi al skills, compa ed o 37% o he popula ion wi h ad anced skills. In Spain, he pe cen ages a e sligh ly highe as 36.9% o he popula ion showed no o only a low le el o digi al skills, compa ed o 39.8% o he popula ion wi h ad anced skills. These pe cen ages imp o e o he popula ion wi h highe educa ion o who li e in ci ies. In 2018 7.5% o he Spanish popula ion knew how o use a p og amming language, 27.5% had ad anced knowledge o sp eadshee s and 57.8% could use a wo d p ocesso . Acco ding o he Annual Ne wo k Socie y Repo (2019), he e is a sligh ly highe pe cen age o men (64.8%) han women (61.4%) wi h basic o ad anced digi al skills. The Moni o ing o he Indica o s o he In o ma ion Socie y by Au onomous Communi ies Repo (Ap il 2018) showed ha he Spanish popula ion is un amilia wi h online aining and he s a is ics o 2017 a e, 15% o people use he In e ne o ake online cou ses ( om he popula ion who ha e accessed he In e ne in he las h ee mon hs), 16% o people communica e wi h moni o s o s uden s using educa ional po als o websi es and 28.8% use online lea ning ma e ial which is no a ull online cou se (audio isual ma e ial, online lea ning so wa e). When conside ing gende in he wo kplace, 50% o SMEs and la ge Spanish companies ha e con ac ed a leas one is women woman in o he ICT s a (E-SME Repo , 2018), which educes o 45% o Spanish mic o-en e p ises. 2. Theo e ical amewo k 2.1. Social en ep eneu ship This sec ion analyzes he cha ac e is ics o companies wi h social en ep eneu ship, as hey a e conside ed ideal o ganiza ional models in which o educe he digi al gap and ha ha e high le els o CR and ac i e Co po a e Social Responsibili y (CSR). Fi s , all he de ini ions in he li e a u e abou social en e p ises explains ini ia i es aimed a achie ing a social mission by using ma ke p ocesses (San os e al., 2015, Soló zano-Ga cía e al., 2018). Social en e p ises can ha e di e en legal s uc u es in Spain (Sánchez-To né & Pé ez- Suá ez, 2020), om "coope a i es o o he comme cial companies such as public limi ed o limi ed liabili y companies" (Monzón-Campos & He e o-Mon agud, 2017, p.30). Th ee di e en app oaches we e ound in s udies o social en e p ises (Monzón-Campos & He e o- Mon agud, 2016) These a e, 1) Con inen al Eu opean ha is sponso ed by he EMES In e na ional Resea ch Ne wo k (EMES), and de ines he Social En e p ise as a p i a e non- p o i making o ganiza ion managed by a collec i e ha assumes he no mal economic isk o i s a ea o ac i i y which is di ec ly associa ed wi h i s social objec i e. This de ini ion con ains he economic, social and managemen dimensions o he company, 2) B i ish which de ines social en e p ises as o ganiza ions which gi e mos impo ance o social and sus ainable objec i es h ough ade and mus ob ain a minimum o 50% o hei income wi h Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 34 ade in o de o no be classi ied as cha i able o ganiza ions, 3) No h Ame ican, which can be o wo ypes, i s ly he "Ea ned Income" ype (which gene a es income o suppo i s social mission) and he "Social Inno a ion" ype (which is an en ep eneu wo king o social changes by using a comme cial ac i i y wi h a social mission). Social En ep eneu ship has wo main cha ac e is ics, which a e he impo ance gi en o he social objec i e and he p esence o social inno a ion (Dwi edi & Wee awa dena, 2018). Social en ep eneu ship con as s wi h con en ional en ep eneu ship in i s mission and he way he business is s a ed (Ga cía-Uceda e al., 2019:239). Howe e , social inno a ion goes beyond p oduc ion, as he philosophe Amelia Valcá cel poin ed ou in he speech a he I ClosinGap Economic Equali y Summi , commen ing ha " he pu sui o equali y be ween men and women is he g ea es social inno a ion we ha e as a socie y". Fo his eason, Ma ínez e l al. (2019) desc ibe pa icipa i e, ho izon al, inclusi e and lexible models o managemen ha p o ide an adequa e en i onmen o allow social inno a ion. 2.2. The in eg a ion o ac i e CSR in social en ep eneu ship In 2001, a Eu opean Commission g een pape de ined he concep o Co po a e Social Responsibili y as " he olun a y in eg a ion o social and en i onmen al conce ns in o business ope a ions and hei ela ionships wi h hei pa ne s". Since hen, he li e a u e has iden i ied wo ypes o p ac ices in CSR (Lin-Hi & Blumbe g, 2018), which a e "doing good" and "a oiding e il", which esul in an imp o emen o CSR in business p ac ices. Uliondo (2017) s a ed ha mos companies ca y ou philan h opic and o he CSR ac ions which do no each he gene al communi y (passi e ac ions), and he e a e only a ew CSR ac ions which a e associa ed wi h wo ke s heal h, social in es men and social jus ice (ac i e ac ions). Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) a e used o inco po a e he CSR as an ac i e pa o a company’s o ganiza ional s a egy. The SDGs a e a guide o inco po a ing socially esponsible wo king p ac ices o companies ha can be conside ed Social En e p ises o Social En ep eneu s. Socially esponsible beha io is heo e ically essen ial o unde s anding how co po a e social esponsibili y can be in eg a ed in o a company (Ramos e al., 2018, p. 142-143). Soló zano-Ga cía e al. (2018) combined he esul s o he esea ch ca ied ou by he in e na ional ICSEM p ojec wi h an exhaus i e e iew o he li e a u e on Social En e p ises o iden i y ou eali ies o Social En e p ises in Spain, which a e Social Economy, Solida i y Economy, Te ia y Sec o o Social Ac ion and Social En ep eneu ship. Using he EMES de ini ion (De ou ny & Nyssens, 2012), he di e en dimensions o each o hese eali ies (Soló zano-Ga cía e al., 2018) we e iden i ied o he cha ac e is ics o Social En ep eneu ship which ha e CSR and comply wi h he CSO: - Economic dimension (ma ke mechanics): o ganiza ions ha e a p oduc i e ac i i y wi h which hey ob ain income o su i e and pay he wo ke s and he en ep eneu . In addi ion, a signi ican amoun o economic isk is assumed as hese businesses usually wo k in highly compe i i e ma ke s. Volun a y wo k is no con empla ed, al hough hey do employ di e en social g oups. - Social dimension (social mission): he business ac i i y is used o sol e a social p oblem, which means ha i has a social mission. These o ganiza ions a e led by a single pe son (di e en o EMES) and can ake any legal o m. The e a e no egula ions limi ing p o i -sha ing o he suppo o social causes. Pa icipa i e Managemen dimension: decision-making depends on he legal o m o he company, bu ecip oci y mechanisms such as mee ings, con e ences o o he me hods a e usually used. Some Social En e p ises gua an ee employmen o g oups wi h a isk o exclusion. Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 35 2.3. The in eg a ion o ac i e CSR in social en ep eneu ship Fomb un (2005, p.54) no ed ha Co po a e Repu a ion (CR) is "a collec i e ep esen a ion o he pas ac ions o a company and i s u u e p ospec s, ha desc ibes how key s akeholde s in e p e he company’s ini ia i es and assess i s abili y o deli e alued ou comes". Mo e ecen ly, Šon ai ė-Pe ke ičienė (2014, p. 452) s a ed ha he CR is "subjec i e and collec i e ecogni ion, pe cep ion, a i ude and e alua ion o an o ganiza ion o e ime by all he s akeholde g oups, ha akes in o accoun o ganiza ional quali y, pas beha iou , communica ion, symbolism and, he possibili y and po en ial o sa is y u u e expec a ions compa ed o compe i o s". One o he impo an poin s seen in all he de ini ions o CR is he subjec i i y o he e alua ion gi en by s akeholde s, and his subjec i i y is he cause o he wide ange o alues gi en o he same company by di e en people wi h di e en in e es s in he company. This s udy in es iga es in e nal CR om he employees' poin o iew, ollowing he wo k o Villa añe (2006). The model de eloped by Helm (2011) using he Theo y o Social Iden i y and O ganiza ions o Ash o h and Mael (1989), was used in his esea ch, as i a i ms ha wo king people de elop a sense o social iden i y wi h he o ganiza ion when he e is good CR. Helm (2011) used i e a iables in a model which consis ed o one dependen a iable, Pe cei ed Co po a e Repu a ion (PCR) and ou independen a iables, which we e knowledge abou he impac o CR, Feeling P oud o wo k a he company, A ec i e Commi men and Job Sa is ac ion. Knowledge abou he impac o CR means how much employees know abou he consequences o p omo ing he company CR. A ec i e Commi men is he emo ional link which he employee has wi h he company. Feeling P oud means how con en he employee eels abou being iden i ied as pa o he company. Job Sa is ac ion is de ined as an assessmen o di e en ac o s which a e, he employee’s cu en sala y compa ed o o he s in he same sec o , he ela ionships be ween co-wo ke s, he daily asks and esponsibili y and he possibili ies o p omo ion in he company. These a iables ha e also been s udied by o he esea che s such as Smola ek and Sułkowski (2020). These a iables ha e been analyzed oge he in p e ious s udies, demons a ing he posi i e in luence o he employees’ Feeling P oud (Helm, 2011), Knowledge abou he Impac o Co po a e Repu a ion (C a ens & Oli e , 2006; Helm, 2011), Job Sa is ac ion (Helm, 2011; Sha ma, 2017; Villa añe, 2017; Babi-Hodo ia & A slanagi-Kalajdsei, 2019) and A ec i e Commi men (Villa añe, 2017; Almeida & Coelho, 2019). Howe e , a esea ch gap was iden i ied because in hese p e ious s udies he popula ion as a whole was in es iga ed, wi hou sepa a ing he CR o g oups o di e en gende , age o ime wo king a he company, as is done in his esea ch. The people employed in a company a e in ol ed in shaping he PCR (Olmedo-Ci uen es & Ma ínez- León, 2014) and he e o e " hey mus know he bene i s ha de i e om a posi i e and las ing co po a e epu a ion, be awa e o he dange s associa ed wi h a nega i e co po a e epu a ion and unde s and bo h hei own ole and he impo ance o ha ing and main aining a good co po a e epu a ion" (C a ens & Oli e , 2006, p. 301). As a esul , business manage s need o be awa e o he bene i s o in eg a ing in e nal CR in o business s a egies. 2.4. Resea ch hypo heses Fi e hypo heses we e p oposed using he e idence in he heo e ical amewo k. Th ee o hese included PCR and wo we e abou he PCR and Co po a e Social Responsibili y (CSR) in he social en e p ise: H1: The a iables which in luence PCR a e di e en o di e en sexes. H2: The a iables which in luence PCR a e di e en o di e en age g oups. Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 36 H3: The a iables which in luence PCR a e di e en depending on he ime he employee has wo ked a he company. H4: The social en ep eneu ship and social inno a ion means ha employees gi e a high alue o in e nal PCR. H5: The social en ep eneu ship and social inno a ion has an accep ed and ac i e CSR policy. 3. Me hodology This esea ch used quali a i e and quan i a i e me hodologies. The quali a i e me hodology analyzed he social en ep eneu ship and Co po a e Social Responsibili y o he company called Media In e ac i a. To do his, he company’s documen a ion and publica ions we e analysed, as well as he in o ma ion ga he ed in in e iews wi h he people esponsible o he di e en depa men s in he company. The PCR and i s a iables we e measu ed wi h a quan i a i e me hodology using a s uc u ed su ey (Helm, 2011). In collabo a ion wi h he company's Human Resou ces Depa men , some modi ica ions we e made o adap he su ey o business eali y, and he su ey was gi en o he employees a Media In e ac i a be ween July and Augus 2019. The ques ionnai e consis ed o ou con ol ques ions (dicho omous) abou gende , age, ime a he company and ype o con ac . The employees hen ga e a alue om 1 o 5 on a Like scale (1="comple ely disag ee" and 5="comple ely ag ee") o 29 s a emen s in o de o measu e he in e nal CR o he company. The ques ions we e g ouped in o 5 blocks: Pe cei ed Co po a e Repu a ion (PCR), Job Sa is ac ion, Feeling P oud o wo k a he company, A ec i e Commi men and Knowledge abou he impac o Co po a e Repu a ion. The measu emen scale has been alida ed by p e ious s udies (Helm, 2011, Schaa schmid & Walsh, 2018; Babi-Hodo ia & A slanagi-Kalajd-i, 2019) and has been shown o be consis en . The alues o C onbach Alpha's o he blocks o ques ions (Table 1) we e abo e 0.7 which is conside ed an accep able alue (Geo ge & Malle y, 2003, p. 231). I should be no ed ha he ques ions ha we e included in he Job Sa is ac ion g oup we e analysed independen ly and no as a cons uc , since he ques ions make sense on hei own and no as a g oup. Table 1. C onbach's Alpha es o eliabili y Ques ion blocks (Cons uc s) C onbach’s Alpha Pe cei ed Co po a e Repu a ion 0.819 Feeling P oud o wo k a he company 0.877 A ec i e Commi men 0.858 Knowledge abou he impac o Co po a e Repu a ion 0.844 Sou ce: own compila ion. We p o ided an online su ey be ween July and Augus 2019, answe ed by 88.33% o he company's wo ke s (a o al o 54). This mean eaching 95% con idence wi h 5% e o . The sample consis ed o he employees a Media In e ac i a, whe e 65.38% a e male and 34.62% emale. Mos a e o e 30 yea s old (66.67%). Any pe son who has wo ked a he company o o e a yea (61.54%) has a ixed con ac (69.23%), while some people who ha e no ye wo ked he e ha long (38.46%) also ha e his ype o con ac . The s a is ical me hodology used o es he hypo heses was a mul iple linea eg ession analysis. P e iously, an in e en ial s udy was made using a Mann-Whi ney U- es Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 37 o ind popula ion a e ages and ind i he e we e any signi ican di e ences be ween g oups o sex, age, and ime a he company. Th ee ypes o mul iple linea eg ession models wi h PCR dependen a iables we e cons uc ed o he g oups men ioned abo e. Each one had 8 common, independen a iables, which we e, ype o con ac (X1), cu en sala y (X2), daily asks and esponsibili ies (X3), oppo uni y o p omo ion a he company (X4), ela ionships wi h co-wo ke s (X5), knowledge abou he impac o CR (X6), eeling p oud o wo k a he company (X7) and a ec i e commi men (X8). Sex (X9), age (X10) and ime a he company (X11) we e g ouping a iables o es ablish he h ee ypes o model. The model had he ollowing heo e ical o m (Lind, Ma chal & Wa hen, 2005): Y= a0 + β1X1+ β2X2+ β3X3+ …+ βnXn + e Y= dependen a iable, which, in his s udy, is he PCR o company s a . β1, β2, β3 … βn = The model will calcula e he weigh s o each independen a iable. X1, X2, X3…. Xn = p e iously men ioned independen a iables. e= esidual. 4. Resul s 4.1. Social co po a e esponsibili y and social en ep eneu ship This sec ion p esen s he esul s o he quali a i e analysis o he documen a ion. Media In e ac i a is he leading company in he e y compe i i e new echnologies and e- lea ning ma ke . I c ea es educa ional echnology and aining con en o he ICT sec o . The company eme ged as a s a up in 2011 and has con inued g owing and e ol ing. I has always been p esen in he in e na ional ma ke and oday has business ela ionships in 124 coun ies including he Uni ed S a es and he Eu opean Union. The olume o business is inc easing, and he company is cu en ly well placed and inno a ing in he sec o . All his makes Media In e ac i a an in e es ing company in bo h he public and p i a e sec o s. The main cha ac e is ics o Social En ep eneu ship can be iden i ied in he company, and aking hese ac o s in o accoun , he CSR, Social En ep eneu ship and Social inno a ion o Media In e ac i a a e shown appendix. 4.2. Resul o he s udy Table 2 shows he a e age alues and he co esponding in e en ial analysis. O no e a e he high alues gi en o he a iables by all he s a , wi h ou being especially p ominen . These a e he Rela ionships be ween co-wo ke s (4.48), Oppo uni ies o p omo ion in he company (4.44), Feeling P oud o wo k a he company (4.38) and A ec i e Commi men (4.30). The a e age o he alues gi en o he a iables we e signi ican ly di e en o di e en age g oups. Female employees belie e hey ha e be e Knowledge o he Impac o Co po a e Repu a ion han male employees. The e we e also la ge di e ences be ween age g oups in he esul s o Knowledge o he Impac o Co po a e Repu a ion, which had a highe a e age alue o employees o e 30. This e ec can also been seen o A ec i e Commi men and Cu en Sala y. Finally, people who ha e been employed o mo e han a yea a he company ga e a highe alue o he le el o hei cu en sala y. Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 38 Table 2. A e age alues gi en by employees o he a iables in he PCR model Va iables To al Gende Age Time a he company Man Women 30 yea s o less O e 30 yea s 1 yea o less Mo e han 1 yea Pe cei ed Co po a e Repu a ion (PCR) 4.00 3.92 4.14 3.88 4.06 4.10 3.93 Knowledge abou he Impac o Co po a e Repu a ion 4.12 3.91** 4.53** 3.61*** 4.39*** 4.14 4.11 Feeling P oud o wo k a he company 4.38 4.30 4.54 4.29 4.41 4.55 4.28 A ec i e Commi men 4.30 4.22 4.46 4.04* 4.42* 4.33 4.29 Cu en Sala y 3.15 3.21 3.06 2.71* 3.35* 2.85* 3.34* Rela ionship be ween asks and esponsibili ies 4.10 4.06 4.17 4.00 4.15 4.15 4.06 Oppo uni ies o p omo ion in he company 4.44 4.41 4.50 4.41 4.44 4.40 4.47 Rela ionship be ween co- wo ke s 4.48 4.44 4.56 4.59 4.44 4.70 4.34 * p < 0,05; **p< 0,01; ***p< 0,001. Sou ce: own compila ion The esul s o he in e en ial analysis show he in luence o he di e en a iables on in e nal PCR o employees in di e en demog aphical g oups. A eg essi e analysis was made in o de o deepen he unde s anding o he esul s, a e e i ying ha he a iables in he model ha e adequa e co ela ions (Table 3). Table 3. Co ela ion analysis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Pe cei ed Co po a e Repu a ion (PCR) - - - - - - - - 2. Knowledge abou he Impac o Co po a e Repu a ion 0.507*** - - - - - - - 3. Feeling P oud o wo k a he company 0.592*** 0.451** - - - - - - 4. A ec i e Commi men 0.679*** 0.675*** 0.695*** - - - - - 5. Cu en Sala y 0.365** 0.224 0.253 0.350* - - - - 6. Rela ionship be ween asks and esponsibili ies 0.357** 0.260 0.317* 0.295* 0.041 - - - 7. Oppo uni ies o p omo ion in he company 0.522*** 0.279* 0.329* 0.433** 0.327* 0.406** - - 8. Rela ionship be ween co-wo ke s 0.338* 0.260 0.376** 0.139 -0.182 0.258 -0.046 - *p < 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p< 0.001. Sou ce: own compila ion Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 39 Fou demog aphical models we e p oposed, which we e Gene al, Gende , Age and Time a he company. The 4 models all ha e accep able alues o R2 and he ANOVA es was signi ican , which means ha he esul s o his model a e alid and eliable (Table 4). The employees ga e high alues o all he a iables in he Social En e p ise mode (Table 4), especially o i e o hem, which we e PCR, Oppo uni ies o p omo ion in he company, Rela ionship be ween co-wo ke s, Feeling P oud o wo k a he company and A ec i e Commi men . Table 4 Coe icien s o he p oposed models Gene al model Gende model Age model Time a he company Men Women 30 yea s o less Mo e han 30 yea s Less han a yea Mo e han a yea Cons an 0,683 0,973 -4,013* -3,520 0,736 1,424 -0,877 Gende 0,104 - - -0,566 -0,766 0,210 0,681 Age -0,026 -0,086 0,150 - - -0,411* 0,475 Time a he company -0,285 -0,224 0,177 0,628 -0,306 - - Type o con ac -0,187 -0,280 1,077** 0,963 -0,198 - - Knowledge abou he Impac o Co po a e Repu a ion -0,055 -0,002 -0,882** 0,179 -0,011 -0,058 -0,222 Feeling P oud o wo k a he company 0,007 -0,055 0,068 0,259 -0,161 0,054 -0,172 A ec i e Commi men 0,436* 0,429* 0,815** 0,508 0,530* 0,696*** 0,046* Cu en Sala y 0,123 0,106 0,228** -0,068 0,229** 0,213* 0,148 Rela ionship be ween asks and esponsibili ies 0,006 -0,046 0,570** 0,460 -0,051 -0,353* 0,130 Oppo uni ies o p omo ion in he company 0,203* 0,225* 0,142 0,236 0,092 0,213 0,236* Rela ionship be ween co- wo ke s 0,208* 0,253* 0,565** -0,150 0,287** 0,096 0,384* Es adís icas de ajus e del modelo R 0,819 0,856 0,978 0,948 0,874 0,978 0,830 R2 0,671 0,732 0,956 0,899 0,763 0,957 0,689 R squa ed i ed 0,578 0,610 0,894 0,732 0,660 0,909 0,555 S anda d e o o he es ima e 0,333 0,293 0,186 0,297 0,278 0,152 0,345 Sig. es ANOVA 0,003 0,005 0,001 0,026 0,003 0,004 0,001 * p < 0,05; **p< 0,01; ***p< 0,001. Sou ce: own compila ion I can be seen ha alue gi en o PCR by emale employees is in luenced by mo e a iables han o male employees. Bo h sexes conside A ec i e Commi men and he Rela ionship be ween co-wo ke s impo an , while male employees also include Oppo uni ies o p omo ion a he company. Women conside ha h ee o he a iables also ha e a posi i e impac on PCR, hese a e Cu en Sala y, he ela ionship be ween asks and esponsibili ies and he Type o Con ac . On he o he hand, Knowledge abou he Impac o Co po a e Repu a ion nega i ely a ec s PCR. The 30-yea -old and younge age g oup does no conside ha any a iables in luence in e nal PCR. Howe e , employees o e he age o 30 iden i ied h ee a iables ha do ha e a posi i e impac on PCR. These a e A ec i e Commi men , Cu en Sala y and Rela ionship be ween Co-wo ke s. Time a he company is also impo an o hem when gi ing a alue o PCR. S a who ha e been wi h he company o less han a yea a e posi i ely a ec ed by A ec i e Commi men and he Cu en Sala y while being nega i ely a ec ed by he Time a he company and he ela ionship be ween asks and esponsibili ies. The employees ha ha e been a he company o mo e han a yea only conside ed a ew a iables o ha e a posi i e Sánchez-To né, I. e al. ISSN 2071-789X INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY Economics & Sociology, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2021 46 F ame 3. Social dimension o media in e ac i a Social Dimension (social mission social) The business ac i i y is he design and p o ision o IT applica ions and con en o aining and ce i ica ion in he educa ion sec o . The aim o his is o educe he exisi ng digi al di ide and inc ease he le el o digi al educa ion using o icial ce i ica ion o skills, which con ibu es o pe sonal and p o essional de elopmen . The social mission p e ails abo e he comme cial ac i i y o he company as shown du ing he COVID-19 c isis in Spain when he company p o ided ee access o he Pedagoo pla o m o schools. The company also pa icipa es in o he ac i i ies, such as o ganizing he Mic oso O ice Specialis Wo ld Championship in Spain, E-Lea ning Whi e Pape 2020, Associa ion o e-Lea ning P o ide s. Media In e ac i a includes social missions o he in e nal business managemen o i s ac i i ies wi h equal oppo uni ies and ea men , p o ec ion o he en i onmen and o e ing sus ainable g ow h o he business. These missions can be seen as an in eg al pa o he company in he ollowing examples: - I aca p ojec : o p omo e he employees’ abili y o inco po a e change, esilience, esponsibili y, asse i eness and in e dependence in a heal hy en i onmen o well-being. This p ojec s a ed in 2017 and he company in es ed 35% o i s p o i s o he p ojec o all he company employees in 2018. The p ojec is s ill on-going and is an impo an pa o he o ganiza ion’s managemen s a egy. - Occupa ional well-being: he company o ganised colabo a i e ac i i ies du ing he s a e o ala m so ha employees could sha e amily expe iences, hos ideos and weekly online yoga sessions, along wi h allowing 100% emo e wo king (wi h compu e equipmen p o ided by he company). - Wo k and amily econcilia ion: emo e wo king, lexibile wo king hou s and jus i ied absences. - The c i e ion o in e nal p omo ion a e based on he indi idual goals ag eed wi h he employee, eam leade and Human Resou ces Depa men . These goals include lea ning new skills, which a e acqui ed wi h aining, and ha ing new esponsibili es. - Ce i ica ion Week: employees a e o e ed he chance o pass he Mic oso O ice Specialis and Mic oso Technology Associa e ce i ica es o ee. - S a spends 15%-30% o hei weekly wo k ime in mee ings (wi h hei eams and depa men s) so ha ans e sal decisions a e aken a e conside ing all poin s o iew. - Ze o usage o single-use plas ic in he o ice. - Commi men o he business sec o : in esponse o he social and economic c ises caused by he s a e o ala m. Sam B ocal collabo a es wi h SOS4 SMEs o help sel -employed people and SMEs a ec ed by he COVID-19 c ises ee o cha ge. He is also a membe o he Associa ion o En ep eneu s in Toma es (Se ille). - A pa o he company p o i s a e used o aining employees, imp o ing he wo kplace, imp o ing se ices, en i onmen al p o ec ion, all o which accoun ed o 23% o cos s in 2018 and 31% in 2019. The company has ecei ed he Heal hy Wo k Awa d om he Human Resou ces Obse a o y (2019) and he Wo kplace o Wo k Awa d July 2020-July 2021. Sou ce: own compila ion F ame 4. Social inno a ion a media in e ac i a Social Inno a ion The company s a es ha social inno a ion is p esen in i s h ee p oduc lines: - Measu eUp: p ac ical es s and e alua ion o o icial ICT ce i ica es. I is he o icial p o ide o la ge companies like Mic oso o VMWa e and is au ho ized by CompTIA, AWS, PMI and o he s. - Pedagoo: compu e pal o m used o ain and e alua e knowledge and skills. I is op imized o imp o e he use s abili ies and pe o mance. - Ce ine : Media In e ac i a p ojec wi h he colabo a ion o he Bilbao Chambe o Comme ce, o help digi al ans o ma ion in schools and o he ins i u ions. The company has been awa ded he VI APel Awa d o Excellence in E-Lea ning in he Bes Social Solu ion ca ego y o he Ce ine p ojec (2020). Sponso and speake a he Ibe o-Ame ican Cong ess on Social Inno a ion, En ep eneu ship and Value C ea ion in Eme ging A eas, V Cen ena y o Magellan-Elcano (2020). Social Inno a ion is included in he company in e nal managemen as desc ibed in i s social cha ac e and p o ides decen , quali y wo k condi ions wi h equal ea men and oppo uni ies Sou ce: own compila ion