Adolf Meyer and Spain: a historical account gleaned through his correspondence

115 In he ea ly wen ie h cen u y, he Swiss-bo n psychia is Adol Meye (1866-1950) played a majo ole in de ining and ins i u ionalizing he ield o men al hygiene. In addi ion, he was ac i ely in ol ed in es ablishing Ame ican Psychia y and Psychology as allied, bu p o essionally and academically independen disciplines. F om his highly isible posi ion as p o esso o psychia y a Johns Hopkins Uni e si y and di ec o o he p es igious Hen y Phipps Psychia ic Clinic, Meye assumed a p eeminen place in he Ame ican Psychological scene. F om ha posi ion, he also exe ed a p o ound in luence in e na ionally. This pape examines Meye ’s co espondence wi h ce ain Spanish au ho s in o de o glean some insigh in o he signi icance o he Spania ds o hei Ame ican coun e pa s. I is concluded ha Meye had a deep knowledge o he wo k o Ramon y Cajal, Nicolas Achúca o, Gonzalo Rod íguez La o a, and Emilio Mi a. Fu he mo e, Meye knew i s -hand he poli ical ci cums ances ha o ced mos o hem in o exile, and wo ked wi h some Ame ican ini ia i es o suppo Spanish doc o s and scien is s du ing and a e he Spanish Ci il Wa . Keywo ds: Adol Meye , Spain, co espondence, Spanish Ci il Wa . El psiquia a de o igen suizo Adol Meye (1866-1950) jugó, a p incipios del siglo XX, un papel esencial en la de inición y la ins i ucionalización de la higiene men al. Asimismo, es u o ac i amen e implicado en el es ablecimien o de la psiquia ía y la psicología ame icanas como disciplinas aliadas pe o p o esional y académicamen e independien es. Desde su pues o como p o eso de psiquia ía en la Uni e sidad Johns Hopkins y di ec o de la p es igiosa Clínica Psiquiá ica Hen y Phipps, Meye asumió un luga p eeminen e en la escena psicológica ame icana. También, desde esa posición, eje ció una g an in luencia in e nacional. Es e abajo examina la co espondencia en e Meye y algunos au o es españoles como medio de ob ene una p ime a isión de la signi icación de los españoles pa a sus colegas ame icanos. Se concluye que Meye conocía en de alle la ob a de Ramón y Cajal, Nicolás Achúca o, Gonzalo Rod íguez La o a, y Emilio Mi a. Pe o además, Meye supo de p ime a mano las ci cuns ancias polí icas que lle a on a casi odos ellos al exilio y colabo ó con algunas inicia i as ame icanas de apoyo a los médicos y cien í icos españoles du an e y después de la Gue a Ci il Española. Palab as cla e: Adol Meye , España, co espondencia, Gue a Ci il Española. Adol Meye and Spain: A His o ical Accoun Gleaned h ough his Co espondence Na i idad Sánchez Uni e sidad de Se illa (España) Co espondence conce ning his a icle should be add essed o Na i idad Sánchez. Depa amen o de Psicología Expe imen al. Uni e sidad de Se illa. C/ Camilo José Cela S/N. 41018 Se illa (Spain). E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Copy igh 2011 by Psychologia La ina ISSN 2171-6609 Psychologia La ina 2011, Vol. 2. No. 1, 115-131 doi:10.5209/ e _PSLA.2011. 2.n1.5 SÁNCHEZ 116 Du ing he i s qua e o he 20 h cen u y, psychology and psychia y in No h Ame ica had a p o ound in luence on he way he wo disciplines came o be de ined. Eu ope’s p eeminence h oughou he 19 h cen u y, p ima ily due o F ench and Ge man psychia is s and Ge man psychology, began o shi g adually and inexo ably owa d he Uni ed S a es (U.S.). This change was no only he esul o hese disciplines’ apid ad ancemen wi hin he U.S., bu he consequence o ce ain psychologis s and psychia is s eloca ing o ha coun y o poli ical easons, o in esponse o he call o oppo uni y ha he new wo ld held o so many young people. Such was he case o Adol Meye (1866-1950), Nicolás Achúca o (1810-1918) and Gonzalo Rod íguez La o a (1886-1971). Being wo ela i ely young disciplines, and ones ha la gely o e lap in a eas o esea ch and in e en ion, i is only na u al ha psychology and psychia y simul aneously sough ou ways o es ablish hei espec i e iden i ies by delinea ing disciplina y bounda ies be ween hem. Du ing his p ocess, i was some imes simple o de ine bounda ies in e ms o occupa ional p o iles a he han ying o es ablish concep ual, academic and esea ch limi s. This was e en mo e di icul because in addi ion o hei heo e ical ic ion, hey we e bo h ying o accep ance wi hin he es o he academic communi y as igo ous, scien i ic disciplines. I is no su p ise, hen, ha in he ea ly days o psychia y and psychology, he lines be ween hem we e blu ed. This was a imes ad an ageous, when no explici ly encou aged by hose pa icipa ing in he dema ca ion o hei espec i e in ellec ual bounda ies. Es ablishing co esponding p o essional associa ions o each discipline was a majo s ep in cha ac e izing each one. Du ing he 19 h cen u y, se e al gene al, scien i ic ins i u ions we e es ablished in he U.S. such as he Ame ican Associa ion o he Ad ancemen o Science, ounded in Pennsyl ania in 1848, and he Ame ican Social Science Associa ion, ounded in Bos on in 1865. Ne e heless, as social, poli ical and academic1 change equi ed p o essionals o become inc easingly specialized, he e began o eme ge disciplina ily and p o essionally- o ien ed associa ions ha also limi ed and con olled membe ship (Cadwallade , 1992). In esponse o many scien is s’ g owing dissa is ac ion, he mo e gene al scien i ic o ganiza ions a emp ed o es ablish specialized sec ions and di isions, bu wi h li le success, and i was unde hese ci cums ances ha disciplina y associa ions began o p oli e a e (Sokal, 1992). In he case o psychia y, i s p o essional o ganiza ion a ose in 1844 unde he name o he Associa ion o Medical Supe in enden s o Ame ican Ins i u ions o he Insane; i la e changed i s name o he Ame ican Medico- Psychological Associa ion in 1892, hen o he name i holds oday, he Ame ican Psychia ic Associa ion, in 1921. I is among he oldes in he U.S., e en appea ing be o e he Ame ican Medical Associa ion was launched in 1847. As o psychology, he Ame ican Psychological Associa ion was ounded in July, 1892 a he hand o G. S anley Hall (see E ans, S aud Sex on, & Cadwallade , 1992). In a simila ashion, depa men s and depa men chai s g ew ou o uni e si ies along wi h labo a o ies and jou nals. The numbe o cong esses, scien i ic mee ings and semina s inc eased wi hin bo h disciplines. All hese ins i u ionalizing o ces helped inc ease psychology and psychia y’s isibili y wi hin he es o he scien i ic communi y, and we e ins umen al in c ea ing discou se abou he iden i y o each ield. Howe e , in coun ies no ye eached by his p o essionaliza ion, i was also common du ing his ea ly pe iod o he names o psychologis s and psychia is s o in e wine and o e lap. They ook on he same p oblems using simila o iden ical s a egies and ools, some imes e en came up wi h he same answe s, and pa icipa ed indisc imina ely in many ypes o ins i u ions. Thus, he his o y o he p ocess o legi imizing psychological and psychia ic discou se u ned ou o be much less linea and p og essi e han i may a i s appea , a leas ou side o he con ex o p o essionaliza ion. Ce ain igu es a e indispensable o an analysis o he complex in e ac ions be ween psychology and psychia y a ha ime in he U.S.. One such igu e is indubi ably he Swiss psychia is Adol Meye (1866-1950). In some au ho s’ opinion, Meye was he mos p ominen and in luen ial Ame ican psychia is in he i s hal o he 20 h cen u y (G ob, 1983; Leys 1991; Scull, 2005; Scull & Schulkin, 2009; Sho e , 1997). Bo n in Swi ze land, he g adua ed om medical school a he Uni e si y o Zu ich in 1892 and ha same yea , emig a ed o he Uni ed S a es. O e he cou se o his educa ion, he had he oppo uni y o isi he o emos hospi als and cen e s in Ge many, F ance and G ea B i ain. A e spending one a duous yea in Chicago, whe e he had a i ed enchan ed wi h he idea o building a u u e in he ield o neu ology, he was hi ed as a pa hologis by he Illinois Eas e Hospi al a Kankakee, whe e he emained o wo and a hal yea s. Du ing his ea ly pe iod, he had his i s b ush wi h academia a he 1 I was du ing he las qua e o he 19 h cen u y when uni e si ies began o p oli e a e in he USA ha esembled Eu opean, especially Ge man, uni e si ies in ha hey ga e equal impo ance o educa ion and esea ch, and inc easingly ocused on pos g adua e educa ion. Johns Hopkins Uni e si y, ounded in 1876, Cla k Uni e si y in 1887, and he Uni e si y o Chicago in 1891, a e clea examples o how academic ins i u ions began o equi e an inc easingly high le el o specializa ion. ADOLF MEYER AND SPAIN 117 Uni e si y o Chicago, whe e he held his i s eaching posi ion, hough i was me ely hono a y so he did no ecei e a sala y. He augh a cou se he e in neu oana omy (Win e s, 1966). This combina ion o clinical p ac ice, eaching and esea ch in a uni e si y se ing would emain a cons an h oughou his ca ee . In ac , i was he possibili y o pu suing bo h o hose aspec s ha led him, in 1895, o accep a posi ion as Scien i ic and Clinical Di ec o a he Wo ces e S a e Hospi al o he Insane (Massachuse s). In his posi ion, and h ough he di ec connec ion i a o ded wi h nea by Cla k Uni e si y, Meye was expec ed o success ully con e he s a e hospi al in o an au hen ic, educa ional cen e o he ea men o ne ous illnesses (Lie , 1948). In 1902, he was named Di ec o o he Pa hological Ins i u e o S a e Hospi als (New Yo k) and emained in ha posi ion un il 1910. Du ing his new s age o his ca ee , he ne e al e ed in his dedica ion o highe educa ion, joining he acul y a Co nell Uni e si y as p o esso o psychia y in 1904. Du ing hose yea s, Meye es ablished he basis o his Psychobiology, a holis ic, plu alis ic and clea ly unc ionalis app oach o he s udy o he mind. His con ibu ions gained ecogni ion when in 1908, he was o e ed he posi ion as chai o Psychia y a he p es igious Johns Hopkins Uni e si y in Bal imo e. Included among his du ies was o di ec he ecen ly cons uc ed Hen y Phipps Psychia ic Clinic. Meye ook on bo h commi men s and con e ed he Phipps clinic in o one o he leading cen e s o i s ime in psychia ic ea men , p e en ion, esea ch and educa ion (Sánchez, & Diaz, 2008). Meye knew all he men and women o no e in psychia y and psychology in hose days. Addi ionally, he ook i upon himsel o seek ou con ac wi h anyone whose sho bu p omising ca ee led him o an icipa e hei u u e eminence. Meye came o be a igu e o wo ld-wide enown; his in luence on B i ish psychia y was especially la ge (Gelde , 2003). His job as chai a Johns Hopkins Uni e si y and his wo k as di ec o o he Phipps Psychia ic Clinic we e p obably essen ial o his ecogni ion (G ob, 1983). O e ime, he heo e ical and clinical eclec icism ha so cha ac e ized Meye ’s wo k made his in luence o alue, less in e ms o heo y, and mo e because o i s ins i u ionalizing ole (Sho e , 1997). Adol Meye is a clea exponen o some au ho s’ di icul y wi h and unwillingness o limi hei scien i ic ac i i y o a single domain. Undoub edly, he se ed he dual ask o ac i ely helping de ine he ield o psychia y, and a he same ime inco po a ing psychology in o his iew o he psychobiology o man. This can be con i med by simply iewing he lis o psychologis s wi h whom he had w i en con ac , o his ex ensi e co espondence wi h psychological ins i u ions. A po ion o hese documen s has ecei ed p e ious a en ion in he body o li e a u e, such as his exchanges wi h Edwa d B. Ti chene (Leys & E ans, 1990) and John B. Wa son (Ruiz & Sánchez, 2006). Wi hin he con ex o Meye ’s emendous, in e na ional ele ance o he ields o psychology and psychia y in his day, we p opose o s udy he p ominence o se e al Spanish au ho s wi hin he Ame ican science scene by analyzing his co espondence. In Spain oo, he i s decades o he 20 h cen u y we e essen ial in de ining psychology. I is no ou objec i e he e o o e explana ions, o ou unde s anding, o he e en s ha we e he i s s eps owa d ins i u ionalizing Eu opean ad ancemen s in he ield o psychology; ha has been done by mo e au ho i a i e oices han ou s (see Ca pin e o 2004, Saiz & Saiz, 1996). Su ice i o say ha sa u a ed in he deeply p o-Eu opean spi i ha swep Spanish in ellec ualism owa d scien i ic inno a ion, a dis inguished g oup o scien is s mig a ed om undamen ally esea ch-based medicine, in o psychology (i.e.: Sima o, Cajal, Achúca o, Tu ó, La o a, Pi & Sunye , Mi a, Ge main). Thei en e p ise would be i epa ably and i emediably hinde ed by he Spanish Ci il Wa and i s socio-poli ical consequences. Almos hal o Spanish uni e si y p o esso s we e sen in o exile (Dosil, 2007). Conside ing ha many Spanish doc o s- psychologis s belonged o his g oup, and adding o ha he numbe who we e summa ily i ed o hei poli ical belie s, o agains whom ep isals we e aken by he egime, i is sa e o say ha he consequences o Spanish psychological science we e ca as ophic. In A. Meye ’s pape s deposi ed in he Alan Mason Chesney Medical A chi es a Johns Hopkins Uni e si y, he e is ample p oo o he Swiss psychia is ’s w i en exchange wi h hese i s Spania ds in e es ed in psychology. Pa o his esea ch will aim o analyze his co espondence, de e mine he con ex in which i occu ed, and y o in e in wha es eem Meye held he Spania ds. Also, hei ins i u ional co espondence po ays widesp ead conce n o e he poli ical, economic and social con lic su ounding he ac i i y o hese majo playe s. Co espondence wi h San iago Ramón y Cajal. “…sending you, my dea colleague, a gua an ee o my mos since e iendship”2 “…e ous ece ez ès hono é con è e l’assu ance de mon ami ié ès sincè e” Ch onologically, he i s co espondence Meye main ained wi h a Spanish au ho was wi h San iago Ramón 2 Le e om Ramón y Cajal o Meye , Ap il 2, 1900. SÁNCHEZ 118 y Cajal (1852-1934). I was no an ex ensi e exchange –only 3 documen s emain om i - bu i did con ey a deep mu ual unde s anding o each o he ’s p o essional si ua ions, which di e ed ma kedly a ha ime. Meye and Cajal me in 1899 and he ci cums ances su ounding ha i s encoun e igh ened he bond be ween he wo men. Cajal and his wi e Sil e ia Fañanás isi ed he U.S. once du ing he summe o 1899; i was hen ha he wo me ( o mo e de ails abou Cajal’s ip, see Haines, 2007). San iago Ramón y Cajal was in i ed by Cla k Uni e si y o gi e a se ies o alks wi h o he Eu opean expe s. Amid many doub s abou he poli ical oppo uni y implied by a ip o he coun y ha had one yea p io p e ailed o e Spain in wa , and a e going so a as o consul wi h membe s o he Spanish go e nmen abou he ip’s ad isabili y, he decided o accep he in i a ion hey had ex ended. In June 18993, I was deeply eng ossed in he a o emen ioned explana ions in he human ce eb um when he e eached my hands a cou eous in i a ion om he Ame ican Uni e si y o Wo ces e (Cla k Uni e si y) a cen e o highe s udies compa able wi h he Collège de F ance, o gi e se e al lec u es ega ding my in es iga ions on he ce eb al co ex. (…) I was deeply su p ised and pe plexed by he eceip o such a missi e. I could no unde s and how a humble Spanish in es iga o should ha e been hough o in he Uni ed S a es, a p o esso belonging o a anquished and humilia ed ace. I was assailed by doub . Could I easonable accep such a comp omised in i a ion a ew mon hs a e he wa , when Spain was s ill qui e ing wi h indigna ion and anco a e he iniqui ous obbe y o he colonies” (Ramón y Cajal, 1989, p. 484) Cajal and ou o he Eu opean expe s we e in i ed o an e en commemo a ing he en h anni e sa y o he ounding o Cla k Uni e si y. In addi ion o Cajal we e Émile Pica d, p o esso o ma hema ics a he Uni e si y o Pa is, Ludwig Bol zmann, p o esso o heo e ical physics a he Uni e si y o Vienna, Angelo Mosso, p o esso o physiology a he Uni e si y o Tu ín, and Augus Fo el, a o me p o esso o psychia y a he Un ie si y o Zu ich and cu en di ec o o he Bu ghölzli Asylum. All we e ca e ully picked “as he mos eminen men o science a ailable in Eu ope in hei espec i e a eas; o all, his was hei i s ip o Ame ica” (S o y & Wilson, 1899, p.iii). The idea o his se ies o commemo a i e alks came om he p esiden o Cla k Uni e si y’s, he illus ious psychologis and educa o 4, S anley Hall. I began a adi ion a he Uni e si y o celeb a ing and commemo a ing decennials wi h an ou s anding se ies o alks. The bes -known in psychology we e he con e ences ha 10 yea s la e b ough Sigmund F eud and Ca l Jung o he U.S.. Adol Meye ac i ely pa icipa ed in he academic es i i ies a bo h anni e sa y celeb a ions. Beginning in 1896, he belonged o he Psychology Depa men a Cla k, whe e he was in cha ge o s uden s’ aining in psychia y. Conside ed as he was a s andou membe o he eaching acul y, he was asked o c ea e a de ailed desc ip ion o depa men al cou ses and esea ch, and i was published o celeb a e he i s e en (Meye , 1899). Ten yea s la e , a e he had been named p o esso o psychia y a Johns Hopkins Uni e si y, Meye was among he con e ence’s dis inguished gues s. He ga e a alk en i led “The Dynamic Fac o s in Demen ia P aecox and Allied Psychoses” and a he e en was awa ded an hono a y deg ee. Shi ing ou a en ion back o 1899, be o e depa ing o he U.S., Cajal a eled h ough F ance and emba ked on his ip o New Yo k om Le Ha e, whe e he coincided wi h h ee amous, Eu opean scien is s, including he illus ious D . A. Mosso, he g ea F ench ma hema ician M. E. Pica d, and he amous D . A. Fo el5. Needless o say, in such selec company, he wel e days o he c ossing passed e y quickly. P o esso s Mosso and Fo el, wi h whom I became e y in ima e du ing he jou ney, we e e ealed o me as he mos ag eeable people as well as deligh ul con e sa ionis . In ou colloquies on boa d we discussed e e y hing, di ine and human; philosophy, science, a , poli ics, e c. (Ramón y Cajal, 1989, 485) O hese new ound iends, Cajal seemed o g ow especially close wi h Augus Fo el. Thei in e es s o e lapped emendously. In his ime, Fo el was conside ed a p edecesso o he neu onal doc ine championed by Cajal, bu he was also known o his s udies o he psychology o an s6, ano he in e es hey had in common. Cajal no only published his ological s udies o insec s, bu also made obse a ions abou hei beha io and senso y capaci ies (Ramón y Cajal, 1921). Though he had ye o ecei e he highes dis inc ion o his ca ee , he 1906 Nobel P ize, Cajal was a uni e sally 3 The da e e e ed o, June o 1899, may no indica e he i s ime Cajal ecei ed wo d o his in i a ion. As Haines (2007) sugges s, in a le e da ed Ap il 2, 1899, Cajal eplies o Cla k Uni e si y’s ec o , S anley Hall, accep ing he in i a ion bu sugges ing ha he ini ial check o $500 would no be su icien o co e his expenses. 4 We include in cu si e he e ms wi h which Cajal e e s o S anley Hall in his memoi s (Ramón y Cajal, 1981, p.217). 5 The adjec i es ha appea in cu si e a e he quali ie s used by Cajal in his memoi s ([ibid], p.214). 6 The second o Fo el’s con e ences in Wo ces e discussed he biology o an s, and go a lo o p ess co e age. Tha was despi e he ac ha Meye , ha ing discussed hypno ism a his i s con e ence, would ha e p e e ed Fo el o ha e p esen ed on alcoholism (see Lie , 1948). ADOLF MEYER AND SPAIN 119 enowned esea che when he was in i ed a he age o 47 o be pa o his selec g oup o Eu opean eminences. Meanwhile, a 33, he young Meye was s ill s uggling o isibili y in he ield o Ame ican psychia y. The po e y o ha i s yea in Chicago was a behind him, ye 10 yea s emained be o e, in ecogni ion o his wo k, he would be hi ed as a p o esso a Johns Hopkins and di ec i s psychia ic clinic. In 1899, he wo men ound each o he despi e emendous li e and p o essional dis ance. The budding iendship be ween Fo el and Cajal helped o close he b each be ween Cajal and Meye . Indeed, Fo el and Meye had known one ano he a long ime; Fo el was Meye ’s men o in Zu ich and had se ed as di ec o o his doc o al hesis. Men o and disciple, hey had been iends e e since. Meye seemed o make qui e an imp ession on Cajal: As a wha conce ns me pe sonally, howe e , i would be ing a i ude no o men ion he a en ions and hough ulness which I ecei ed om M . A. Go don Webs e , he dis inguished p o esso o physics, in whose house I had he hono (…) o speak o o D . A. Maye 7, a e en admi e and a compa io o A. Fo el, in whose company I enjoyed he pleasu e o isi ing he p incipal ins i u ions o public wel a e, and pa icula ly a magni icen hospi al de o ed o he ea men o ne ous and men al diseases (ibid., p.495). The Hospi al Cajal e e ed o was he Wo ces e Hospi al o he Insane, whe e Meye was conduc ing his clinical wo k, and whe e he had ex ensi ely eo ganized he way hings we e un (Lie , 1948). How well he lady nu ses, who we e educa ed wi h basic medical knowledge, did especially caugh he Spania d’s a en ion. Ca ying on o analysis o he co espondence, he i s le e was da ed in Mad id Ap il 2, 1900. In he le e , Cajal in o ms Meye ha a e sion o his book in F ench is being p epa ed. Based on he le e ’s con en , we suspec ha du ing his isi o he U.S., o in some p e ious co espondence no ound among Meye ’s pape s, hey spoke o he possibili y o ansla ing some o his wo k om Spanish in o English o Ge man. A he end o he le e , Cajal ema ks how in aluable his p ojec was. In he missi e, he de ails his ag eemen wi h he F ench edi o Schleiche , exp essly indica ing he inancial pe cen age he would ecei e, and ha he ollowing condi ion had o be me : ha while he p epa ed he F ench edi ion, nei he he English no he Ge man e sion would be allowed. The second documen is da ed almos hi een yea s la e . On Janua y 28, 1913, Cajal w o e an a ec iona e le e o Meye declining his in i a ion o he inaugu al exe cises a he Phipps Clinic: I would happily accep he ask ha would be o me, an oppo uni y o g ee you all and enew my iendship wi h a numbe o my Ame ican colleagues I had he pleasu e o mee ing du ing my ip in ’98 o Wo ces e ; plus, he yea s su ely do no pass in ain. My heal h has become mo e and mo e agile and hey insis on o de and epose. J’accep e ais olon ie s une âche que se ai pou moi l’occasion de ous salue e de enou ele l’ami ié de bon nomb e de collègues amé icains don j’eus le plaisi de connai e XXX de mon oyage de 98 à Wo ces e ; mais les années ne passen en ain, Ma san é de ien de plus en plus chancelan e m’imposan l’o d e e le epos. This le e is ep oduced in Figu e 1. Cajal was 60 yea s old a he ime. He seizes he occasion o ecommend Achúca o, “who you know well,” as his subs i u e, sugges ing ha mo eo e , his wo k migh be close o Meye ’s in e es s: “He [Achúca o] is also p epa ing o p esen a epo abou he pa hological s uc u e o he neu on as i ela es o p oblems in psychia y in which you a e pa icula ly in e es ed.” “Il [Achúca o] se ai aussi en mesu e de ai e quelque appo su la s uc u e pa hologique du neu one en ela ion a ec les p oblèmes de la psychia ie, qui ous in é essen ou spécialemen .” Sho ly a e his, in a ough d a o a le e om Meye in Feb ua y, 1913, he hanks Cajal o his esponse, lamen s his absence a he e en , and hanks him none heless o ecommending Achúca o. Nicolás Achúca o and Lund (1880-1918) Tha is how Nicolás Achúca o came o be in i ed o ep esen Spain in he inaugu al exe cises a he Hen y Phipps Psychia ic Clinic. Achúca o was no unknown o Meye . His wo k was al eady alued and espec ed by his Ame ican colleagues. He a i ed in Washing on in 1908, 7 Cajal had a cu ious endency o misspell he names o his Ame ican colleagues. Fo example, he misspelled S anley Hall’s name as S amley Hale bo h in his co espondence wi h Hall (see Haines, 2007) and in his memoi s. Also, in his co espondence wi h Meye , he subs i u ed he name Phipps – he pa on behind he Psychia ic Clinic a Johns Hopkins – wi h Phypps (le e om Cajal o Meye Janua y 22, 1913). E en Meye ’s name was no w i en co ec ly in his memoi s, ins ead subs i u ing an “a” in lieu o he i s e in his las name, making i Maye , al hough in his co espondence wi h Meye himsel , he owels we e no swi ched. This Spanish-izing o Meye ’s las name (due o p onuncia ion) was e lec ed yea s la e , oo, in a lis o hose absen om he In e na ional Cong ess on Psychology in Mad id (see Ca pin e o & La uen e, 2008, whe e he documen appea s in appendix C). SÁNCHEZ 120 accep ing a posi ion i s o e ed o Alzheime hanks o Alzheime ’s ecommenda ion ha his colleague, “ hough young, is e e y bi as capable as I” (ci ed in Bus aman e, 1982). His wo k in he o e on o he pa hological ana omy labo a o y a he Go e nmen Hospi al o he Insane, and he alue o his scien i ic con ibu ions, had ea ned him g ea acclaim (Ga cía Albea & Pé ez T ullen, 2003). In ac , i was no he i s ime since e u ning o Spain in 1910 ha Achúca o had been in i ed o he Uni ed S a es. The yea be o e, he had pa icipa ed in e en s ma king he inaugu a ion o he Fo dham Uni e si y Clinic, accompanied, among o he s, by Ca l Jung. This isi , du ing which he ecei ed an hono a y doc o a e, was co e ed in he New Yo k Times: To celeb a e he new e a in scien i ic medical s udy in Fo dham Uni e si y including he opening o he $200,000 building o he clinic ecen ly es ablished an he inaugu a ion o an ex ension cou se in he science o ne ous and men al diseases, he uni e si y las nigh con e ed i e hono a y deg ees, wo in absen ia, on dis inguished scien is s who a e pa icipa ing in his new wo k. (…) he men hono ed wi h deg ees a e eminen specialis s who had been deli e ing a se ies o lec u es a he uni e si y. They a e: D . Head, London; D . Ho a io Robinson S o e , New Yo k; D . Nicolás Achúca o, Mad id; D . Ka l Jung Zu ich, Swi ze land, who we e made doc o s o law, and D . Go don Holmes, London who was made a doc o o science. (The New Yo k Times, 1912, Sep emb e 12) On ha occasion a leas , Meye and Achúca o had he oppo uni y o mee in pe son acco ding o a new no e in he p ess ha appea ed Sep embe 13 abou a dinne ha was pa o he celeb a ions (The New Yo k Times, 1912, Sep embe 13). Though Meye had he cus om o a chi ing ough d a s o all he le e s he sen , he e is no eco d o his in i a ion in his a chi es. Ne e heless, Achúca o was appa en ly in i ed and om ea ly on, hey we e coun ing on his pa icipa ion in he Phipps inaugu al exe cises. In a ough d a o an ex ensi e le e (wi h no da e) w i en o Jane o in i e him o he exe cises, oo, Meye himsel Figu e 1. Le e om San iago Ramón y Cajal o Adol Meye da ed Janua y 22, 1913. (The Alan Mason Chesney Medical A chi es o he Johns Hopkins Medical Ins i u ions, wi h pe mission). ADOLF MEYER AND SPAIN 121 con i ms ha Achúca o would be pa icipa ing: “The ollowing colleagues ha e accep ed ou in i a ion: M . and M s. Bleule om Zu ich, M . and M s. Heilb onne om U ech, M . Achúca o om Mad id (in lieu o M . Cajal), M . Rossi om Sassa i, Si William Osle , M . McDougall, and M . Mo .” E en Science alluded o he Spania d’s pa icipa ion in a b ie no e in Ap il, 1913. Howe e , his disciple o bo h Cajal and Alzheime was ul ima ely unable o make he ip, which is clea om he one documen a chi ed: a le e om Achúca o o Meye . In his b ie no e, sen om 51 Se ano S . and da ed he 18 h o Ma ch, 1913, Achúca o di ec ly indica es i would be impossible o him o a end he Phipps inaugu a ion, bu does no p o ide any eason as o why. The le e is ep oduced in Figu e 2. In all likelihood, be o e he le e eached Meye ’s hands – which would no ha e occu ed un il ea ly Ap il – wo d had al eady been sen o he scien i ic p ess indica ing his a endance; hus, Science epo ed his pa icipa ion. “D . Meye is so anxious o join D . La o a (...)” Gonzalo Rod íguez La o a (1886–1971) Adol Meye also had he oppo uni y o mee and in e ac wi h Achúca o’s successo in Washing on, Gonzalo Rod íguez La o a. Among he documen s compiled in Meye ’s a chi es, no a single le e om his Spania d emains. Only wo ough d a s emain, each pe aining o a le e Meye sen Rod íguez La o a; and he e was a b ie exchange conce ning his ecommenda ion ha he Spanish doc o be accep ed as a membe o he Ame ican Neu ological Associa ion (ANA). Rega ding ha ma e , on Oc obe 3, 1941, Meye ecei ed a le e om Louis Casamajo , an in luen ial igu e in New Yo k ci cles o neu ologis s and psychia is s (G ob, 1983), eminding him o he need o w i e o he ANA Sec e a y abou La o a’s nomina ion. Ten days la e , Meye w o e said le e o ecommenda ion o Hen y Riley a he Neu ological Ins i u e in New Yo k. In Janua y, 1942, Figu e 2. Le e om Nicolás Achúca o o Meye da ed Ma ch 18, 1913. (The Alan Mason Chesney Medical A chi es o he Johns Hopkins Medical Ins i u ions, wi h pe mission). SÁNCHEZ 122 La o a became a membe o he associa ion; only mon hs la e , in May, he also joined he Ame ican Psychia ic Associa ion, (González Cajal, 1988). The ac ha Meye and La o a knew each o he pe sonally, and ha Meye app ecia ed his wo k, is easily in e ed om he ough d a o a le e da ed No embe 7, 1923 ha w i es: I had hoped las summe on a has y ip o Eu ope o be able o isi you and P o esso Ramon y Cajal bu he ime p o ed o be oo c owded. I had hoped o enew pe sonal con ac , and specially o make su e ha he publica ions om you labo a o y would ge in o ou hands. I do no know why hey a e no lis ed among he medical jou nals in he in e na ional book ma ke , bu my impo ing i m, G. E. S eche & Company, s a e ha hey can no place he o de . I should be unde g ea obliga ions o you i wha is a ailable o he Bol. De la Soc. Espa de Biol. Jg, 9 (1921) and he Re . T imes . Mic og aphica (comple e) would be sen o us by pa cel pos as p omp ly as possible (…)” I was on his ip du ing he summe o 1923 when Adol Meye had he occasion o mee ano he Spania d: Emilio Mi a y López; we will discuss his in g ea e de ail la e . While La o a was in exile in Mexico du ing he summe o 1938, he wo men me on a ip ha b ough him o New Yo k. On Oc obe 25, 1938, a le e sen om D . Meye ’s o ice o he Sec e a y o he Spanish Embassy, Fe nando de los Ríos, indica ed ha : D . Meye is so eage o ge oge he wi h D . La o a and he es o he g oup o e lunch ha he has made a angemen s o someone else o co e his class Wednesday. The e o e, he will be p esen a he luncheon. I hope his o e due con i ma ion ha he will a end is no incon enience o you. The Failed Mad id Cong ess: Co espondence wi h José Ge main Ceb ián (1897-1986) In Meye ’s a chi es, he e is eco d o a b ie exchange wi h José Ge main, who was Sec e a y o he ill- a ed In e na ional Cong ess on Psychology ha was o ake place in Mad id in Sep embe o 1936 (see, o example, Ca pin e o & La uen e, 2008; Mon o o & Quin anilla, 1982). In a leng hy le e o Meye da ed Ma ch 30, 1936, Ge main, in addi ion o desc ibing in dep h some o ganiza ional de ails, in i es Meye o pa icipa e in a ound able discussion on he opic “Hallucina o y P ocesses and How They Rela e o P ocesses In ol ed in Belie and Pe cep ion.” As Ca pin e o and La uen e (2008) ha e sugges ed, one o he many p oblems he o ganiza ion aced was ha many o he people hey hoped would pa icipa e in he Cong ess ei he declined o a end o did no espond a all. The ough d a o Meye ’s esponse, hand-w i en on he o iginal le e om Ge main on Ap il 20, 1936, indica ed he was among hose declining o pa icipa e. José Ge main w o e o Meye in F ench, bu Meye esponded in English. He old he Spania d: I eg e g ea ly ha he da e o he Cong ess makes i impossible o me o join you his yea since my eaching p og am demands my p esence he e. I shall look o wa d o he epo al hough I shall ha e p e e ed by a he pe sonal con ac s and he isi o you scien i ic cen e s and abo e all he colleagues o D . Mi a and D . La o a o whom I would like o send my eg e s and bes ega ds An Ene ge ic Fellow (…): Emilio Mi a y López (1896-1964) We only had access o one documen om Meye ’s co espondence wi h Emilio Mi a o he w i ing o his a icle. In his le e , Mi a hanks Meye o his hospi ali y du ing his ip o he Uni ed S a es en ou e om London o A gen ina, whe e he was o li e in exile (see Figu e 3). Meye and Mi a, howe e , had me long be o e. Du ing he summe o 1923, July 29 h o be p ecise, Meye made a no e in one o his jou nals “I had he good o une o alling in wi h D . E. Mi a o Spain.” The o una e occasion ook place as a consequence he Meye s’ ip o Eu ope in he summe o 1923 – when he o iginally in ended o isi La o a and Cajal – “The main in e es I had in going o Eu ope, apa om eopening con ac wi h my nume ous pe sonal iends, was na u ally he end o scien i ic p og ess, and he wo cong esses – he physiological and he psychological in e na ional mee ings, in Edinbu gh and Ox o d.” I was du ing he 7 h In e na ional Cong ess o Psychology, celeb a ed in Ox o d om July 26 h ough Augus 2, when Meye was in oduced o Mi a. This encoun e piqued Meye ’s in e es in he poli ical si ua ion in Ba celona. Using his di icul , some imes indeciphe able hand-w i ing, he no ed: He [Mi a] is ca alan and ga e a good desc ip ion o he condi ions in Ba celona. The new ca alan language and na ionalism, he syndicalis and eac iona y o ces and he a emp s o c ea e a socialis pa y, he ascis endencies (wi hou black shi o o ganiza ion)8 and hen abou some w i e s (Felipe T igo, O ega y Gasse & Ba oja. Mi a is in Cha ge o a pscyho ecnic lab. (..) an ene ge ic ellow (e en i he e use o mo e o see he No man chu ch)” Emilio Mi a a ended he cong ess accompanied by Geo ge Dwelshau e s, a Belgian psychologis who wo ked as di ec o o he Psychology Labo a o y in Ba celona om 1920 o 1924 (see Siguan & Ki chne , 2001). 8 The cha ac e is ic blue alange shi s did no appea un il i was ounded in 1933 by P imo de Ri e a. ADOLF MEYER AND SPAIN 123 This is no he ime o go in o de ail abou Mi a’s accomplishmen s and his wo k’s in e na ional acclaim, bu su ice i o say ha he wo men mus ha e had mo e oppo uni ies o ge o know one ano he o e he cou se o hei ca ee s. I is imp obable ha Meye would no ha e a ended he mee ing o he Ame ican Socie y o he Ad ancemen o Science (Sec ion I-psychology) held in Bos on in 1933 a which Mi a, Kohle , Spea man and Pie on we e in a endance, o ha hey would no ha e had some con ac when Mi a was in i ed in 1942 by he New Yo k Academy o Medicine o p esen a he Salmon Memo ial Lec u es.9 Documen s Rela ed o he Spanish Ci il Wa : “(…) he Spanish people ha e ough a he oic igh agains ebels and o eign in ade s, o independence, democ acy and p og ess”10 A signi ican po ion o he documen s connec ed o Spain ha emain in Meye ’s a chi es ela e o he e en s su ounding he Spanish Ci il Wa and he exile o Spanish in ellec uals. I has been sugges ed p e iously ha he Spanish deba e became e y quickly in e na ionalized, and ha Ame ican in ellec uals la gely suppo ed he Republic (Band és & Lla ona, 1996). In ac , he Spanish wa was one whe e epo e s – pa icula ly Ame ican and B i ish – acqui ed a p ominence no p e iously seen; w i e s o epu e we e a imes ans o med in o wa co esponden s o documen a y ilm-make s. In his way, he Ame ican in ellec ual class became highly poli icized. Shaped by an en i onmen o p o ound social and economic p oblems, and ea ul o he ad ance o ascism in Eu ope, hey la gely suppo ed hose loyal o he epublican go e nmen . No only in ellec uals and a is s aligned hemsel es wi h he Spanish Republic; Ame icans’ eac ion in suppo o i was massi e. In addi ion o hei con ingen o olun ee s – known as he Ab aham Lincoln B igade- a ound 2,800 men came o Spain o igh ; se e al associa ions looked o ways o help he democ a ic Spanish go e nmen 11. Despi e he passing o he Neu ali y Ac o 193712, hese associa ions managed o p o ide money and humani a ian aid, especially medical p o isions and ood. In addi ion, 9 Meye had he hono o p esen ing a he i s ins allmen o he Salmon Lec u es in 1933. In 1942, he ecei ed a medal as a p ize o his p o essional accomplishmen s. 10 Le e om Hen y E. Sige is o Adol Meye Decembe 18, 1937. Figu e 3. Le e om Emilio Mi a o Adol Meye on No embe 28, 1939 (The Alan Mason Chesney Medical A chi es o he Johns Hopkins Medical Ins i u ions, wi h pe mission). SÁNCHEZ 130 Ca pin e o, H. (2004). His o ia de la psicología en España [His o y o psychology in Spain]. Mad id: Pi ámide. Ca pin e o, H., & La uen e, E. (2008). The cong ess ha ne e was: The Mad id In e na ional Cong ess o Psychology (1936). His o y o Psychology, 11, 220-238. Dosil, F. J. (2007). La JAE Pe eg ina [The JAE Pilg im]. Re is a de Indias, 67, 307-332. E ans, R. B., S aud Sex on, V., & Cadwallade , T. C. (1992). The Ame ican Psychological Associa ion: A his o ical pe spec i e. Washing on, DC: APA. Famous Doc o s Ge Fo dham Deg ees (1912, Sep embe 12). The New Yo k Times. Re ie ed om h p://que y.ny imes. com/mem/a chi e- ee/pd ? es=F00E12F9395813738D DDAB0994D1405B 828DF1D3 Fee, E. (1996). The pleasu es and pe ils o p ophe ic ad ocacy: Hen y Sige is and he poli ics o medical e o m. Ame ican Jou nal o Public Heal h, 86, 1637-1647. Finison, L. J. (1977). Psychologis s and Spain: A his o ical no e. Ame ican Psychologis , 32, 1080-1084. Ga cía-Albea, E., & Pé ez-T ullen, J. M. (2003). The Spanish school o neu ology and he i s Ame ican case o Alzheime ’s disease. Jou nal o he His o y o he Neu osciences, 12, 437-445. Gelde , M. (2003). Adol Meye and his in luence on B i ish psychology. His o y o Psychia y, 14, 475-508. G ob, G. N. (1983). Men al illness and Ame ican socie y 1875- 1940. New Je sey: P ince on Uni e si y P ess González Cajal, J. (1988). Gonzalo Rod íguez La o a: b e es no as biog á icas [Gonzalo Rod íguez La o a: Biog aphical de ails in b ie ]. Re is a de la Asociación Española de Neu opsiquia ía, 8, 675-695. Haines, D. E. (2007). San iago Ramón y Cajal a Cla k Uni e si y, 1899: his only isi o he Uni ed S a es. B ain Resea ch Re iews, 55, 463-480. Koch, S. (2006). La up u a. Hemingway, Dos Passos y el asesina o de José Robles [The up u a. Hemingway, Dos Passos and he mu de o José Robles]. Ba celona: Cí culo de Lec o es. Leys, R. (1991). Types o one: Adol Meye ’s li e cha and he ep esen a ion o indi iduali y. Rep esen a ions, 34, 1-28. Leys, R., & E ans, R. B. (1990). De ining ame ican psychology. The co espondence be ween Adol Meye and Edwa d B ad o d Ti chene . Bal imo e, MA: Johns Hopkins Uni e si y P ess. Lie , A. (1948). The commonsense psychia y o D . Adol Meye . New Yo k, NY: McG aw-Hill. Ma í Ibáñez, F. (1958). Sige is and Spain. Jou nal o he His o y o Medicine and Allied Sciences, 13, 244-250. Ma ínez de Pisón, I. (2005). En e a a los mue os [Bu ying he dead]. Mad id: Seix Ba al. McNama a, P. J. (2008). Ac i udes y ac i is as p o anquis as en Nue a Yo k [P o-F anco a i udes and ac i is s in New Yo k]. In P. Ca oll, & J. D. Fe nandez (Eds.), F en e al ascismo: Nue a Yo k y la Gue a Ci il Española [Facing ascism: New Yo k and he Spanish Ci il Wa ] (pp. 92-101). Nue a Yo k, NY: Museo de la Ciudad de Nue a Yo k y New Yo k Uni e si y P ess. Meye , A. (1899). Psychopa hology. In Cla k Uni e si y, Cla k Uni e si y 1889-1899. Decennial Celeb a ion ( pp.144-147). Wo ces e MA: No wood P ess. Mon o o, L., & Quin anilla, I. (1982). El Cong eso In e nacional de Psicología de Mad id [The In e na ional Cong ess on Psychology in Mad id]. Re is a de His o ia de la Psicología, 3, 223-230. Only B ain and G i Behind New Clinic (1912, sep embe 13). The New Yo k Times. Re ie ed om: h p://que y. ny imes.com/mem/a chi e- ee/pd ? es=F50811F939581 3738DDDAA0994D1405B828DF1D3 Ramón y Cajal, S. (1917/1981). Recue dos de mi ida. His o ia de mi labo cien í ica. [Memo ies o my li e. His o y o my scien i ic wo k] Mad id: Alianza. Ramón y Cajal, S. (1921). Las sensaciones de las ho migas [Sensa ion in an s]. Real Sociedad Española de His o ia Na u al. Tomo ex ao dina io 9, 552-557 Ramon y Cajal, S. (1989). Recollec ions o my Li e. Camb idge, MA: The MIT P ess Ruiz, G. Sánchez, N. (2006). C eo que p obablemen e oy a consegui mucho más de es e con ac o que us ed: co espondencia Meye -Wa son [I hink I am p obably going o ge much mo e ou o his con ac han you: The Meye - Wa son co espondence] (1909-1934). Re is a de His o ia de la Psicología, 27, 299-312. Saiz, D., & Saiz, M. (1996). Pe sonajes pa a una his o ia de la psicología en España [Playe s in he his o y o psychology in Spain]. Ba celona: Pi ámide. Sánchez, N., & Díaz, E. (2008). Adol Meye , G os e no A e bu y y la clínica psiquiá ica Hen y Phipps, (..) de ol iendo a la de inición de hospi al el signi icado comple o de “hospi alidad” [Adol Meye , G os e no A e bu y and he Hen y Phipps psychia ic clinic, b inging he comple e meaning o “hospi ali y” back o he de ini ion o hospi al]. Re is a de His o ia de la Psicología, 29, 223-230. 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ADOLF MEYER AND SPAIN 131 S o y. W. E., & Wilsom, L. N. (1899). P e ace. In Cla k Uni e si y, Cla k Uni e si y 1889-1899. Decennial Celeb a ion (pp.iii- i ). Wo ces e , MA: No wood P ess. Win e s, E. E. (1966). Adol Meye ’s wo and a hal yea s a Kankakee. Bulle in o he His o y o Medicine, 43, 414-443. Wol e, E. L., Ba ge , A. C., & Benison, S. (2000). Wal e B. cannon, science and socie y. Camb idge, MA: Ha a d Uni e si y P ess. Recei ed No embe 10, 2010 Re ision ecei ed Janua y 21, 2011 Accep ed Feb ua y 03, 2011 Meye ’s le e s and jou nals a e deposi ed in he Alan Mason Chesney Medical A chi es o he Johns Hopkins Medical Ins i u ions. Le e s ecei ed and ough d a s o le e s sen a e ca alogued in Se ies I: Co espondence wi h indi iduals and ela ed ma e ial. Co espondence wi h ce ain ins i u ions and associa ions can be ound in Se ies II: Co espondence wi h socie ies and o he o ganiza ions. The agmen om his a el jou nal is pa o Se ies VI: Biog aphical ma e ial and memo abilia.