Diffuse radiation influence on the performance of luminescent solar concentrators

Di use adia ion in luence on he pe o mance o Luminescen Sola Concen a o s Miguel Ba agán Sánchez-Lanuza [1][2], Isido o Lillo-B a o [2], Amado Menéndez-Velázquez [3], Jose-Ma ia Delgado-Sanchez [1] [1] Dp . Applied Physics, Uni e si y o Se ille, C a. U e a km 1, 41013 Se ille (Spain) [2] Dp . Ene gy Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Se ille, A da. de los Descub imien os s/n, 41092 Se ille (Spain) [3] Pho oac i e Ma e ials Resea ch Uni , IDONIAL Technology Cen e , Calle Ablanal 8, 33428 As u ias (Spain) ABSTRACT Luminescen Sola Concen a o s (LSCs) a e o en pu po ed o pe o m p e y well unde bo h di ec and di use sola i adiance condi ions, ye he unde lying a ionale suppo ing his assump ion emains scan . Fu he mo e, a signi ican po ion o p e ious esea ch on hese pho o ol aic de ices elies on indoo equipmen o e iciency cha ac e iza ion, he eby limi ing insigh s in o hei pe o mance unde eal ope a ing condi ions. In his s udy, we p o ide a heo e ical amewo k elucida ing he p inciples go e ning he supe io pe o mance o LSCs unde di use i adiance. Speci ically, we demons a e ha he iso opic dis ibu ion o dipoles wi hin he LSC op ical window aligns a o ably wi h he Lambe ian dis ibu ion o di use adia ion, he eby acili a ing enhanced pho on abso p ion. This heo e ical ounda ion is bols e ed by expe imen al in es iga ions in ol ing p o o ypes u ilizing Lumogen Red dye, conduc ed unde ad e se i adiance condi ions, including sunny, hazy and pa ially cloudy skies. Ou expe imen al indings e eal ha ligh sca e ing, whe he a ising na u ally om di use adia ion o ia sca e ing om neighbo ing su aces, signi ican ly ampli ies he sho ci cui cu en o LSC de ices compa ed o ha gene a ed unde clea sky condi ions. Keywo ds: Luminescen Sola Concen a o ; Di use adia ion; dye abso p ion; pho o ol aics; dipole iso opic dis ibu ion; di use ac ion coe icien . 1. In oduc ion A Luminescen Sola Concen a o (LSC) is an op oelec onic de ice composed o luminescen species, such as luminopho es o luo opho es, embedded in a hos ma e ial and ypically encapsula ed in glass-glass wi h sola cells a ached o i , usually a he edges, o e ec i ely con e ligh in o elec ici y. This de ice cap u es sola i adiance h ough i s on ace and u ilizes a o al in e nal e lec ion mechanism o guide he cap u ed ligh owa ds he sola cells (Figu e 1). Luminescen emi e s wi hin he LSC abso b a speci ic spec al ange o sola i adiance, subsequen ly e-emi ing i a di e en wa eleng hs h ough he pho oluminescence p ocess. This dual unc ionali y impa s wo signi ican design ad an ages o he sola cell. Fi s ly, he i adiance spec um unde goes modi ica ion o achie e a be e ma ch wi h he sola cell bandgap. Secondly, he geome ic concen a ion ac o , de e mined by he a io be ween he on ace o he LSC and he sola cell a ea, enhances he pho ocu en gene a ed. The basic concep o LSC was i s p oposed in he ea ly 1970s [1-3]. Ini ially, he concep aimed o achie e a educ ion in he size o he sola cells by o e 90%. Due o he cos -e ec i eness o he ma e ials used in manu ac u ing LSC, his was in ended o esul in a conside able educ ion in module p ocess. Fu he mo e, he LSC wa eguide is cons uc ed using polyme ic ma e ials, such as poly-me hylme hac yla e (PMMA), which a e ligh e han con en ional silicon pho o ol aic (PV) modules. This cha ac e is ic poses a challenge o new PV applica ions in buildings [4]. Addi ionally, he on ace o he LSC can be anspa en o cas in any colo , making hem isually appealing o a chi ec s. Subsequen ly, a ious au ho s ha e explo ed al e na i e app oaches o enhance LSC pe o mance. O ganic ma e ials a e ex ensi ely used in LSCs. The mos commonly employed o ganic dyes in LSC include molecules o he Couma in amily, such as Couma in 6 (C6) [5], pe ylenes, such as PM597 [6], and pe ylenebisimides, like Lumogen Red (LR305) [7]. These o ganic dyes o e he ad an age o exhibi ing high quan um yield and good solubili y in polyme ma ices. Howe e , hey limi ed abso p ion anges and small S okes-shi , leading e-adso p ion. Al e na i e designs in ol e combining di e en ypes o dyes o imp o e he abso p ion [8] o emission [9] spec a ange. O he explo ed s a egies o enhance hei pe o mance include conside ing back e lec o s, such as Lambe ian back e lec o s [10] o B agg back e lec o s [11]. The sui abili y o he LSC o ope a ing unde di use i adiance has been equen ly unde sco ed in li e a u e as one o i s po en ial ad an ages [12-15]. Au ho s commonly a ibu e his capabili y o he capaci y o concen a e ligh ob ia ing he need o a acking sys em, a dis inc i e ea u e when compa ed o con en ional concen a ed pho o ol aic (CPV) sys ems. So, i is assumed ha LSCs can cap u e inciden sunligh om di e en angles, bu o he bes o ou knowledge, his assump ion has no been ye p o ed. In con as o CPV sys ems, which exclusi ely ha ness he di ec componen o sola i adiance, i is asse ed, albei no demons a ed, ha LSC possesses he capaci y o concen a e bo h di ec and di use adia ion (DHI). No ably, he majo i y o he expe imen s o e alua e he LSC pe o mance, as epo ed by o he esea che s, a e ca ied ou unde indoo condi ions u ilizing a sola simula o ha is cha ac e ized by an inciden collima ed beam o ligh eplica ing he di ec no mal inciden (DNI) componen o sola i adiance [16-19]. Despi e he p e alen acknowledgemen o he LSC’s ad an age o ope a e unde di use i adiance, a comp ehensi e explo a ion in o he unde lying easons sus aining his phenomenon emains conspicuously absen om exis ing esea ch. No ewo hy excep ions include he wo k o Debije e al [20,21], who moni o ed in ou doo condi ions a se o LSC p o o ypes obse ing ha hei pe o mance inc eases du ing sun ise and sunse . Thei indings a ibu e his enhancemen o he spec al change in sola i adiance spec um, and o he ac ha sho wa eleng h ligh is sca e ed mo e e ec i ely in he a mosphe e, enhancing he blue componen unde di use adia ion condi ions, aligning well he abso p ion spec um o he speci ic used dye. Simila explana ion is concluded by Se hi e al [22] who also cha ac e ized he LSC pe o mance in ou doo condi ions LSC: in di use sola i adiance condi ions he blue ligh a io is highe in he sola spec um, and in ha ange he epo ed LSC has highe abso p ion. Howe e , despi e his insigh ul con ibu ion, a holis ic examina ion o he my iad in icacies in luencing LSC pe o mance unde di use i adiance condi ions is ye o be unde aken wi hin he scien i ic communi y. The e o e, he aim o his esea ch s udy is o comp ehensi ely explo e he mul i ace ed ac o s (i adiance componen , inciden angle o he ligh , and spec um ma ching) con ibu ing o he LSC pe o mance unde di use i adiance condi ions. This inqui y seeks o ill he exis ing gap in unde s anding and po en ially pa e he way o u he ad ancemen s in sola ene gy echnologies. Figu e 1. LSC a chi ec u e ep esen ing iso opic emission by he luo opho e, guide ligh p oduced by o al in e nal e lec ion and escape angle losses. 2. Ma e ials and me hods The LSC p o o ypes (Figu e 2a) de eloped in his s udy a e based on Lumogen Red (LR305) om BASF. LR305 was dissol ed in a solu ion comp ising polyme hyl me hac yla e (PMMA) and chlo o o m, bo h sou ced om Sigma Ald ich. Polyme iza ion was conduc ed a oom empe a u e unde con inuous s i ing using a magne ic s i e . A mix u e o 300 mg o PMMA and 4 mL o chlo o o m was s i ed o 48h o ensu e a homogeneous solu ion wi h a dye concen a ion o 1.5% w/w. Subsequen ly, he dye solu ion was deposi ed on glass by spin-coa ing (Lau ell, WS-650Mz-8NPP). The chlo o o m sol en was e apo a ed a 50 ºC on a ho -pla e wi hin a co e ed Pe i dish o inc ease he apo p essu e and p e en dus pa icles deposi ion on he coa ed ilm. The LSC p o o ypes we e designed o accommoda e CIGS hin- ilms sola cells (100 x 10 mm2) along he edges in a on - ace con igu a ion. The op ical window, measu ing 100 x 100 mm2, encompasses he ou sola cells posi ioned a he edges. Fo encapsula ion, each p o o ype was lamina ed wi h comme cial EVA and glass shee s using a lamina o om P ene gy (model L036LAB). To ensu e s a is ical eliabili y, each p o o ype was eplica ed 10 imes. As a e e ence, a se o p o o ypes wi h simila geome y was manu ac u ed wi hou inco po a ing any luminescen dye [23]. Indoo cha ac e iza ion du ing he manu ac u ing p ocess in ol ed ansmi ance and e lec ance measu emen s conduc ed wi h a whi e halogen lamp (Newpo ) coupled o a monoch oma o (O iel Co ns one 260). The samples we e placed inside an in eg a ing sphe e (Labspehe e), and ligh modula ion was achie ed h ough a mechanical choppe (S an o d Resea ch Sys ems Inc). The modula ed ligh was hen moni o ed using a silicon de ec o (Newpo model 7610) connec ed o an ex e nal Lock-In Ampli ie (S an o d Resea ch Sys ems SR830). Fo he assessmen o luminescen dye emission, a luo ime e (Edinbu g Ins umen FLSP920) was employed. The IV cu e o bo h sola cells and LSC p o o ypes was cha ac e ized using a sola simula o (Abe 3000 AAA). Ou doo cha ac e iza ion (Figu e 2b) in ol ed moni o ing he sho -ci cui cu en (Isc) unde a ious i adiance condi ions using a da alogge (Agilen 34970A). A nea by me eo ological s a ion eco ded sola i adiance componen s, ambien empe a u e, and wind speed. The o al di use (DHI), di ec (DNI) and global (GHI) i adiance we e measu ed using i s -class calib a ed Kipp and Zonen adiome e s. Ins an aneous spec al i adiance was cap u ed wi h a ac o y- calib a ed EKO MS-711N adiome e connec ed o an RSB-01 o a ing shadow band uni . Spec al global and di use ho izon al da a we e eco ded e e y minu e wi h a esolu ion o 0.5 nm, co e ing a bandwid h om 300 o 1100 nm. The ou doo expe imen s we e ca ied ou Se ille (Spain: 37.41 N, 6.01 W). 3. Resul s and discussion The majo i y o LSC p o o ypes, akin o o he sola ene gy de ices documen ed in he li e a u e, a e con en ionally cha ac e ized unde indoo condi ions using sola simula o s wi h a s anda d AM 1.5 spec um. Howe e , i is impe a i e o acknowledge ha he sola spec um ou doo s de ia es om he AM 1.5 s anda d due o speci ic loca ion ac o s, ambien humidi y, he p esence o in e mi en clouds, suspended pa icula e ma e , among o he a iables. In o de o u nish esul s ha closely align wi h eal ou doo ope a ing condi ions, we cha ac e ized he sola i adiance spec um unde h ee con as ing scena ios: sunny sky, hazy sky, and pa ially cloudy sky days. The spec al componen s o GHI, DNI, and DHI o h ee dis inc ad e se days selec ed o his esea ch s udy a e shown in Figu e 3, 4 and 5. Addi ionally, Figu e 6 illus a es he absolu e componen s o sola i adiance o he selec ed days. On sunny days, he sola spec um ypically exhibi s a p edominan DNI componen , accompanied by a educed DHI componen . Con e sely, hazy days, and pa icula ly p onounced in pa ially cloudy condi ions, end o show a highe in luence o he DHI componen . Addi ionally, he spec al p o iles o DNI and DHI di e ge, wi h DHI displaying heigh ened in ensi y in he blue ange, while he peak in ensi y o DNI is si ua ed wi hin he isible spec um [24]. Consequen ly, a compa a i e analysis o sunny, hazy, and pa ially cloudy days e eals al e a ions no only in in ensi y bu also in spec al dis ibu ion. The spec al shi ing obse ed in he i adiance spec um is also e iden du ing sun ise in sunny sky days, especially in he win e seasons o when he day is cha ac e ized by he p esence o humidi y, ae osols o dus in he a mosphe e. Du ing such condi ions, he i adiance ene gy is Figu e 2. a) Illus a ion o he luminescen sola concen a o p o o ype de eloped speci ically o his esea ch s udy using LR305; b) Ou doo expe imen al acili ies designed o moni o he pho ocu en gene a ion in ela ion o he a ying componen s o sola i adiance. a) b ) in luenced by abso p ion and sca e ing by wa e apo molecules. Th ough mechanisms associa ed wi h Rayleigh and Mie sca e ing, wa e apo o a high densi y o pa icles in he a mosphe e en ich he DHI componen a g ound le el in sho wa eleng hs, pa icula ly in he blue egion ange. Ano he dis inc ion be ween DNI and DHI lies in he ac ha he o me can be collima ed wi h a single poin o o igin, while he la e o igina es om e e y di ec ion. Figu e 3. Spec al i adiance expe imen ally measu ed du ing a sunny sky day: a) GHI, b) DNI, and c) DHI. Figu e 4. Spec al i adiance expe imen ally measu ed du ing a hazy sky day: a) GHI, b) DNI, and c) DHI. To unde s and he LSC pe o mance ope a ing unde eal en i onmen al condi ions, wo iden ical 10x10 cm2 p o o ypes we e manu ac u ed using Lumogen Red as op ical window, as i is one o he mos common e e ences in his esea ch ield [25]. They we e ins alled ou doo o moni o he sho -ci cui cu en ela i e o a e e ence sample e olu ion unde di e en en i onmen al condi ions (sola i adiance and ambien empe a u e). The e e ence sample consis s in one iden ical p o o ype o LSC ones bu wi hou any dye embedded in glass-glass. I jus conside s ou sola cells a he edges o he glass subs a e, keeping he same geome y o he LSC p o o ypes. Figu e 7 illus a es he no malized sho -ci cui cu en o he LSC compa ed o he e e ence sample (glass-glass lamina ion wi h he same speci ica ions as he LSC p o o ype bu wi hou any embedded dye) unde h ee sola ad e se i adiance condi ions: (a) clea and sunny sky; (b) hazy sky; and (c) pa ially cloudy sky. To co ela e he no malized sho -ci cui cu en Figu e 5. Spec al i adiance expe imen ally measu ed du ing a pa ially cloudy sky day: a) GHI, b) DNI, and c) DHI. Figu e 6. Absolu e i adiance expe imen ally measu ed du ing h ee ad e se sky condi ions: a) sunny, b) hazy, and c) pa ially cloudy. wi h he sola i adiance componen , i is p esen ed alongside he di use ac ion coe icien (𝑘𝑑), which is calcula ed as [26]: 𝑘𝑑=𝐷𝐻𝐼 𝐺𝐻𝐼×100 [𝐸𝑞.4] The 𝑘𝑑 is in e p e ed such ha on sunny days wi h a p edominan DNI componen , i ends owa ds ze o, whe eas unde a mosphe ic condi ions cha ac e ized by a dominan DHI componen , i ends owa ds 100%. Thus, in Figu es 7a o 7c, we can compa e he ela ionship be ween changes in he no malized sho -ci cui cu en o he p o o ype wi h he inciden adia ion condi ions. (a) (b) In Figu e 7a, i is obse ed ha unde sunny sky condi ions, he sho -ci cui cu en moni o ed in he LSC p o o ype is app oxima ely 20% highe han he e e ence sample, wi h signi ican enhancemen s du ing he sun ise and sunse (a ound 35%). The explana ion o hese peaks is lies in wo ac o s. Fi s , du ing hese pe iods, he i adiance spec a unde go a sligh spec al change o a mo e p onounced esponse in he UV wa eleng hs, as Debije e al [10] poin ed ou , he eby a o ing he ma ching wi h he dye abso p ion spec um. Howe e , i his we e he sole explana ion o his phenomenon, i would ail o accoun o he enhanced pe o mance obse ed expe imen ally unde hazy o pa ially cloudy skies. To p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding, i is necessa y o conside he in luence o he Lambe ian DHI dis ibu ion, and he iso opic dis ibu ion o he dipoles. Second, i is also no ed ha du ing hese imes, he 𝑘𝑑 inc eases signi ican ly, indica ing a mo e p onounced DHI componen in he sola spec um. Wi h he dominance o he DHI componen , he pho o esponse o he LSC is heigh ened due o he inc eased p obabili y o abso p ion by he dipoles. The a o emen ioned conclusion is u he co obo a ed upon examining Figu es 7b and 7c, depic ing hazy and pa ially cloud condi ions, espec i ely, wi h highe a e age alues o 𝑘𝑑. In hese scena ios, whe e sola i adiance exhibi s a highe DHI componen alongside an iso opic na u e in he di ec ion o inciden ligh ec o s, he a io o sho ci cui cu en in he LSC p o o ypes no malized o he e e ence sample displays a no able inc ease compa ed o sunny days. This obse a ion unde sco es he no ion ha unde di use condi ions, he p obabili y o pho on abso p ion by he dipoles cons i u ing he dyes is signi ican ly augmen ed. This (c) Figu e 7. No malized sho ci cui cu en o LSC p o o ype ela i e o a e e ence sample unde h ee ad e se sola i adiance condi ions: a) sunny and clea sky; b) hazy sky; and c) pa ially cloudy sky. speci ic abso p ion spec um o each dye, as illus a ed in Figu e 10. The nuanced di e ences in abso p ion a ios unde sco e he in ica e in e play be ween he spec al cha ac e is ics o inciden adia ion and he spec al abso p ion p ope ies o indi idual dyes wi hin LSC de ices. (2) he o de pa ame e o he selec ed dye. O de pa ame e (𝑠) is usually de ined as [31]: 𝑠= 𝐴∥−𝐴⊥ 𝐴∥+2𝐴⊥ [𝐸𝑞.7] whe e 𝐴∥ and 𝐴⊥ a e he abso bance alues o he sample, when inciden ligh was pola ized pa allel and pe pendicula o he alignmen di ec ion o he hos LCs, espec i ely. A comple ely andom molecule has an o de pa ame e o 𝑠=0, whe eas pe ec alignmen o he dye wi h i s abso p ion axis ully pa allel o he inciden ligh yields 𝑠=1 (Figu e 12). P e ious s udies [32- 34] ha e epo ed ha Lumogen Red and Lumogen Yellow abso p ion is sligh ly de ia ed om he plane, wi h an o de pa ame e close o 𝑠=0.2 ( his means ha he pa allel and pe pendicula a io is 7:3). In con as , he dyes DCM, and PM650 demons a e p e e en ial abso p ion aligned wi h hei molecule axis (𝑠=0.7) ( his means ha he pa allel and pe pendicula a io is 9:1). In ou doo LSC applica ions, sola i adia ion eaches he dipole a oblique inciden angles. Assuming ha he dye molecules a e iso opically dis ibu ed wi hin he hos ma e ial, he e ec i e abso p ion coe icien (𝛼) is calcula ed, de i ing om he Eq. 7, as [35]: 1 𝛼2=𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝛼∥2+𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝜃 𝛼⊥ 2 [𝐸𝑞.8] whe e 𝜃 ep esen s he ela i e angle o he dipole o ien a ion o he sun ele a ion, while 𝛼∥ and 𝛼⊥ deno ed he pa allel and pe pendicula abso p ion coe icien s, espec i ely. Co ela ing his cha ac e is ic wi h he esul s p esen ed in Figu e 11, i is e iden ha Lumogen Red and Yellow a e less sensi i e o he cosine e ec (Lambe ’s Law) in he Di ec I adia ion componen o he sola i adiance spec um compa ed o DCM o PM650. This esul con as s wi h he obse a ions made in LSCs wi h aligned dyes, such as hose based on liquid c ys als o polyme s e ching echniques. I sugges s ha dyes wi h dipole o ien a ions sligh ly di e ing om he plane (such as Lumogen Red) migh ha e a compe i i e ad an age o e pu ely linea dyes (such as DCM) o ou doo applica ions. This would add o he al eady epo ed ad an ages o Lumogen Red, such as b oad abso p ion ange, high quan um yield, pho os abili y, and o he s epo ed by a ious au ho s [36]. I is widely acknowledged ha one o he no able ad an ages o LSC de ices lies in hei applicabili y o pho o ol aic ene gy gene a ion in u ban se ings and in eg a ed wi hin building a chi ec u e [37-41]. In his esea ch s udy, i has been elucida ed he op ical beha io o hese de ices unde a ying componen s o sola i adiance, wi h he o e a ching goal o de i ing meaning ul conclusions. Ou indings, indica e ha he pe o mance o LSC de ices is no ably augmen ed when di use adia ion p edomina es. This phenomenon is pa icula ly e iden in u ban en i onmen s, whe e inciden ligh may unde go sca e ing om su ounding su aces, he eby dis up ing he inhe en di ec ional na u e o sola i adiance, e en in loca ions whe e he DNI componen p e ails. In essence, LSC de ices demons a e a ema kable adap abili y o di e se ambien condi ions. Fu he mo e, ou sugges ions ha hei pe o mance is pa icula ly enhanced du ing sun ise pe iod, and on hazy o pa ially cloudy days. This enhancemen can be a ibu ed o mul iple ac o s, including he modi ica ion o he spec um o sola i adiance obse ed unde di use condi ions, which aligns mo e a o ably wi h he abso p ion spec a o he dye, bu specially, he iso opic dis ibu ion o he ligh , which inc eases he likelihood o pho on abso p ion by he dipoles wi hing he op ical window o he LSC de ice. Figu e 12. Schema ic displaying dyes selec ed o his s udy wi h ad e se o de pa ame e and p edominan abso p ion di ec ions: a) Lumogen Red wi h 𝑠=0.2, and b) DCM wi h 𝑠=0.7. 4. Conclusions In conclusion, his s udy has p o ided a heo e ical jus i ica ion o he ope a ional e icacy o LSC de ices unde bo h di ec and di use sola i adiance condi ions. Speci ically, we ha e demons a ed ha , o a LSC wi h iso opic o ien a ion o luminescen dyes, di use adia ion condi ions a e mo e a o able due o he Lambe ian dis ibu ion o his adia ion componen , which inc eases he p obabili y o pho on abso p ion by he dipoles wi hin he op ical window when hey exhibi an iso opic dis ibu ion. This conclusion holds ue i espec i e o he selec ed dyes. Fu he mo e, ou doo moni o ing o LSC p o o ypes unde di e se en i onmen al condi ions, including sunny, hazy, and pa ially cloudy days, has yielded aluable insigh s. We obse ed a no able inc ease in sho ci cui cu en (35%) when he di use ac ion coe icien inc eases, indica ing a p e alence o di use adia ion in sola i adiance, compa ed o clea and sunny sky (25%). This empi ical inding unde sco es he pe o mance enhancing e ec o di use adia ion on LSC de ices. Mo eo e , spec al measu emen s o DNI, DHI, and GHI ha e e ealed an in ensi y boos in he UV spec um egion when he DHI componen p edomina es, ma ching mo e closely wi h he abso p ion spec um o he dye. This spec al alignmen , obse ed du ing sunse , and du ing hazy o pa ially cloudy days, con ibu es o he obse ed inc ease in LSC pe o mance. As a u u e esea ch di ec ion, ou goal is o conduc simila ou doo measu emen campaigns unde a ied clima ic condi ions and employing a wide ange o dyes. Expanding he scope o expe imen al in es iga ions will no only enhance ou unde s anding o LSC beha iou bu also con ibu e o he op imiza ion o hese de ices o p ac ical applica ions in di e se en i onmen al se ings. CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen M. Ba agán Sánchez-Lanuza: W i ing, Da a cu a ion, Fo mal analysis. I. Lillo-B a o: W i ing, Concep ualiza ion, Me hodology, Supe ision. A. Menéndez-Velázquez: W i ing, Resou ces, In es iga ion. J.M. Delgado-Sanchez: W i ing, Concep ualiza ion, Me hodology, Resou ces, In es iga ion, Fo mal analysis, Supe ision. Decla a ion o Compe ing in e es We decla e ha we ha e no inancial and pe sonal ela ionships wi h o he people o o ganiza ions ha can inapp op ia ely in luence ou wo k, he e is no p o essional o o he pe sonal in e es o any na u e o kind in any p oduc , se ice and/o company. Acknowledgmen We would like o ex end ou since e app ecia ion o P o . Miguel La añe a o his suppo on managing he me eo ological s a ion acili ies. Da a a ailabili y Da a will be made a ailable on eques . Re e ences [1] W.H. Webe , J. Lambe, “Luminescen g eenhouse collec o o sola adia ion”, Applied Op ics (1976) 15, pp. 2299-2300. [2] A. Goe zbe ge , W. G eube, “Sola ene gy con e sión wi h luo escen collec o s”, Applied Physics A: Ma e ials Science & P ocessing (1977) 14, pp. 123-139. [3] J. Ba chelde , A. Zewai, T. Cole, “Luminescen sola concen a o s. 1: heo y o ope a ion and echniques o pe o mance e alua ion”, Jou nal o Applied Op ics (1979) 18(18), pp. 3090-3110. [4] S. Cas elle o, A. Bo e i, “Luminescence sola concen a o s: a echnology upda e”, Nano Ene gy (2023) 109, pp. 108269. [5] F. Ma een, S.Y. Lee, S.-K. Hong, “Luminescen sola concen a o s based on he mally ac i a ed delayed luo escence dyes” Jou nal o Ma e ials Chemis y A (2020) 8, pp. 3708-3716. [6] W. Shen, H. Zhang, Z. Miao, Z. Ye, “Recen p og ess in unc ional dye-doped liquid c ys al de ices” Ad anced Func ional Ma e ials (2022) 33(6), pp. 2210664. [7] M.G. Debije, C. Tzikas, V.A. Rajkuma , M.M. de Jong, “The sola noise ba ie p ojec : 2. The e ec o s ee a on pe o mance o a la ge scale luminescen sola concen a o p o o ype” Renewable Ene gy (2017) 113, pp. 1288-1292. [8] J.M. Delgado-Sanchez, I. Lillo-B a o, A. Menéndez-Velázquez, “Enhanced luminescen sola concen a o e iciency by Fos e esonance ene gy ans e in a unable six-dye abso be ” In e na ional Jou nal o Ene gy Resea ch (2021) 45(7), pp. 11294-11304. [9] J. Li, H. Zhao, X. Zhao, X. Gong, “Red and yellow emissi e ca bon do s in eg a ed andem luminescen sola concen a o s wi h signi ican ly imp o ed e iciency” Nanoscale (2021) 13, pp. 9561-9569. [10] M.G. Debije, J.-P. Teunissen, M.J. Kas elijn, P.P.C. Ve bun , C.W.M. Bas iaansen, “The e ec o a sca e ing laye on he edge ou pu o a luminescen sola concen a o ” Sola Ene gy Ma e ials and Sola Cells (2009) 93(8), pp. 1345-1350. [11] A. Jiménez-Solano, J.M. Delgado-Sanchez, M.E. Cal o, J.M. Mi anda-Muñoz, G. Lozano, D. Sancho, E. Sánchez-Co ezón, H. Míguez, “Design and ealiza ion o anspa en sola modules based on luminescen sola concen a o s in eg a ing nanos uc u ed pho onic c ys als” P og ess in Pho o ol aics: Resea ch and Applica ions (2015) 23(12), pp. 1785-1792. [12] M.G. Debije, P.P.C. Ve bun , “Thi y yea s o Luminescen Sola Concen a o esea ch: sola ene gy o he buil en i onmen ” Ad anced Ene gy Ma e ials (2012) 2(1), pp. 12-35 [13] R. Mazza o, A. Vomie o, “The enaissance o Luminescen Sola Concen a o s: he ole o ino ganic nanoma e ials” Ad anced Ene gy Ma e ials (2018) 8(33), pp. 1801903 [14] M. Ra iee, S. Chand a, H. Ahmed, S.J. McCo mack, “An o e iew o a ious con igu a ions o Luminescen Sola Concen a o s o pho o ol aic applica ions” Op ical Ma e ials (2019) 91, pp. 212-227 [15] I. Papakons an inou, M. Po noi, M.G. Debije, “The hidden po en ial o Luminescen Sola Concen a o s” Ad anced Ene gy Ma e ials (2021) 11(3), pp. 2002883 [16] T. Wa ne , K.P. Ghhino, G. Rosenga en, “A c i ical analysis o luminescen sola concen a o e minology and e iciency esul s” Sola Ene gy (2022) 246, pp. 119-140 [17] J.C. Goldschmid , M. Pe e s, M. He mle, S.W. Glunz, “Cha ac e izing he ligh guiding o luo escen concen a o s” Jou nal o Applied Physics (2009) 105, pp. 114911 [18] C. Yang, D. Liu, R.R. Lun , “How o accu a ely epo anspa en Luminescen Sola Concen a o s” Joule (2019), 3(12), pp. 2871-2876 [19] C. Yang, H.A. A wa e , M.A. Baldo, D. Ba an, C.J. Ba ile, M.C. Ba , M. Ba es, M.G. Bawendi, M.R. Be g en, B. Bo han, C.J. B abec, S. B o elli, V. Bulo ic, P. Ce oni, M.G. Debije, J.M. Delgado-Sanchez, W.-J. Dong, P.M. Duxbu y, R.C. E ans, S.R. Fo es , D.R. Gamelin, N.C. Giebink, X. Gong, G. G i ini, F. Guo, C.K. He e a, A.W.Y. Ho-Baillie, R.J. Holmes, S.-K. Hong, T. Ki cha z, B.G. Le ine, H. Li, Y. Li, D. Liu, M.A. Loi, C.K. Luscombe, N.S. Maka o , F. Ma een, R. Mazza o, H. McDaniel, M.D. McGehee, F. Meina di, A. Menéndez-Velázquez, J. Min, D.B. Mi zi, M. Moemeni, J.H. Moon, A. Na es ad, M.K. Nazee uddin, A.F. Noguei a, U.W. Pae zold, D.L. Pa ick, A. Pucci, B.P. Rand, E. Reichmanis, B.S. Richa ds, J. Roncali, F. Rosei, T.W. Schmid , F. So, C.-C. Tu, A. Vahdani, W.G.J.H.M. an Sa k, R. Ve duzco, A. Vomie o, W.W.H. Wong, K. Wu, H.-L. Yip, X. Zhang, H. Zhao, R.R. Lun , “Consensus s a emen : s anda dized epo ing o powe -p oducing luminescen sola concen a o pe o mance” Joule (2022) 6(1), pp. 8-15 [20] M.G. Debije, V.A. Rajkuma “Di ec e sus indi ec illumina ion o a p o o ype luminescen sola concen a o ” Sola Ene gy (2015) pp. 334-340 [21] M.G. Debije, P.P.C. Ve bun , B.C. Rowan, B.S. Richa ds, T.L. Hoeks, “Measu ed su ace loss om luminescen sola concen a o wa eguides” Applied Op ics (2008) 47(36), pp. 6763- 6768 [22] A. Se hi, S. Chand a, A. O ega, S. McCo mack, “Ou doo cha ac e iza ion o a plasmonic luminescen sola concen a o ” Plasmonics (2022) 17, pp. 725-734 [23] J.M. Delgado-Sanchez, “Luminescen sola concen a o s: pho os abili y análisis and long- e m pe spec i es”, Sola Ene gy Ma e ials and Sola Cells 202 (2019), pp. 1103134 [24] K.N. Liou, “An in oduc ion o a mosphe ic adia ion” (second edi ion), Academic P ess, San Diego, CA, USA (2002) [25] A. Se hi, S. Chand a, A. O ega, S. McCo mack, “Ou doo cha ac e iza ion o a plasmonic Luminescen Sola Concen a o ”, Plasmonics 17 (2022), pp. 725-734 [26] F. Li, Y. Lin, J. Guo, Y. Wang, L. Mao, Y. Cui, Y. Bai, “No el models o es ima e hou ly di use adia ion ac ion o global adia ion based on wea he ype classi ica ion”, Renewable Ene gy 157 (2020), pp. 1222-1232 [27] C.L. Mu de , P.D. Reusswig, A.M. Velázquez, H. Kim, C. Ro schild, M.A. Baldo, “Dye alignmen in luminescen sola concen a o s: I. Ve ical alignmen o imp o ed wa eguide coupling” Op ics Exp ess (2010) 18(S1), pp. A79-A90 [28] P. Mo ai is, D.K.G. de Boe , P.T. P ins, C.M. Donegá, K. Ney s, W.G.J.H.M. an Sa k, “Should aniso opic emission o eabso p ion o nanopa icles luminopho es be op imized o inc easing luminescen sola concen a o e iciency?” Sola RRL (2020) 4(10), pp. 2000279 [29] B.S. Richa ds, I.A. Howa d, “Luminescen sola concen a o s o building in eg a ed pho o ol aics: oppo uni ies and challenges”, Ene gy & En i onmen al Science 16 (2023), pp. 3214-3239 [30] P.P.C. Ve bun , C. Sánchez-Solominos, D.J. B oe , M.G. Debije, “Aniso opic ligh emissions in luminescen sola concen a o s-iso opic sys ems”, Op ics Exp ess 21(S3) (2013), pp. A485- A493 [31] M.V. Anokhin, E.E. Nes e o , “Pho ochemis y wi h plane-pola ized ligh : con olling pho ochemical eac i i y ia spa ially selec i e exci a ion”, Jou nal o Physical Chemis y Le e s 11(20), (2020), pp. 8745-8750 [32] M.G. Debije, “Sola ene gy collec o s wi h unable ansmission", Ad anced Func ional Ma e ials 20(9) (2010), pp. 1498-1502 [33] C. Han, J. Lee, C. An, S. Oh, “A liquid c ys al sma window o ene gy sa ing and ha es ing”, Applied Ma e ials Today 35 (2023), pp. 101923 [34] M. Le i us, J.L. Bou delande, G. Ma qués, P.F. A amendia, “Fluo escence aniso opy o dyes included in c osslinked polys y ene”, Jou nal o Pho ochemis y and Pho obiology A: Chemis y 126(1-3) (1999), pp. 77-82 [35] W. Shen, H. Zhang, Z. Miao, Z. Ye, “Recen p og ess in unc ional dye-doped liquid c ys al de ices”, Ad anced Func ional Ma e ials 33(6) (2023), pp. 2210664 [36] K. Jo, S. Lee, G.-S. Choi, B.H. Woo, Y.C. Jun, H.-E. Song, T.-Y. Jeon, J.H. Lee, H.J. Kim, “So luminescen sola concen a o ilm wi h o ganic dye and ubbe y ma ix”, Jou nal o Polyme Science 59(1), pp. 59-69 [37] D.R. Needell, M.E. Phelan, J.T. Ha lo e, H.A. A wa e , “Sola powe windows: connec ing scien i ic ad ances o ma ke signals”, Ene gy 219 (2021), pp. 119567 [38] A. Ghosh, “Po en ial o building in eg a ed and a ached/applied pho o ol aic (BIPV/BAPV) o adap i e less ene gy-hung y building’s skin: a comp ehensi e e iew”, Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 276 (2020), pp. 123343 [39] M. Ra iee, S. Chand a, H. Ahmed, S.J. McComack, “An o e iew o a ious con igu a ions o Luminescen Sola Concen a o s o pho o ol aic applica ions”, Op ical Ma e ials 91 (2019), pp. 212-227 [40] M.G. Debije, P.P.C. Ve bun , “Thi y yea s o Luminescen Sola Concen a o esea ch: sola ene gy o he buil en i onmen ”, Ad anced Ene gy Ma e ials 2(1), (2012), pp. 12-35 [41] F. Meina di, F. B uni, S. B o elli, “Luminescen sola concen a o s o building-in eg a ed pho o ol aic”, Na u e Re iews Ma e ials 2 (2017), pp. 17072