The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Combating Cyber Terrorism

The role of artificial intelligence in combating cyber terrorism EL PAPEL DE LA INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL EN LA LUCHA CONTRA EL CIBERTERRORISMO Madaoui Nadjia Lounici Ali, University of Blida2, Algeria [email protected] 0009-0005-1096-211X Recibido: 29 de octubre de 2023 | Aceptado: 08 de diciembre de 2023 ABSTRACT KEYWORDS This study aims at identifying the effects of technology on crime, as it is a double-edged sword, in which it can help in committing crimes, however it also contributes to preventing, detecting and suppressing them. Besides, technological development has had two prominent effects, one of them is negative, which was manifested in the dangers that threaten the security of states and individuals, particularly the phenomenon of terrorism, whose danger has steadily increased with technological and technical progress. Therefore, the method of managing terrorism has become more sophisticated, as terrorist groups using cyberspace to launch attacks using the Internet and complex programs, thus terrorism has shifted from traditional based on hard power to cyber terrorism based on soft power. As for the positive impact of technological development, it is represented in the artificial intelligence technology used in the prevention and control of crimes, including cyber terrorism crimes. Cyber terrorism Artificial intelligence technology Combating Prevention RESUMEN PALABRAS CLAVE Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los efectos de la tecnología en la delincuencia, ya que es un arma de doble filo, en la que puede ayudar en la comisión de delitos, sin embargo, también contribuye a prevenirlos, detectarlos y reprimirlos. Además, el desarrollo tecnológico ha tenido dos efectos destacados, uno de ellos negativo, que se manifestó en los peligros que amenazan la seguridad de los Estados y de los individuos, en particular el fenómeno del terrorismo, cuyo peligro se ha incrementado constantemente con la tecnología. Por lo tanto, el método de gestión del terrorismo se ha vuelto más sofisticado, ya que los grupos terroristas utilizan el ciberespacio para lanzar ataques utilizando Internet y programas complejos, por lo que el terrorismo ha pasado de ser tradicional basado en el poder duro al ciberterrorismo basado en Ciberterrorismo Tecnología de inteligencia artificial Lucha contra la prevención Prevención IUS ET SCIENTIA 2023 • Vol. 9 • Nº 2 • ISSN 2444-8478 https://editorial.us.es/es/revistas/ius-et-scientia https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/IETSCIENTIA • © Editorial Universidad de Sevilla 2023 CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. http://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2023.i02.10 • pp. 211-227 el poder blando. En cuanto al impacto positivo del desarrollo tecnológico, está representado en la tecnología de inteligencia artificial utilizada en la prevención y control de delitos, incluidos los delitos de ciberterrorismo. 1. Introduction Cyberspace has become of great significance in the international system, as it affects the nature of that system after the increasing reliance on technology. Besides, it helped to end the monopoly of power in the traditional sense of hard power, through the emergence of a new type of power, which is electronic or virtual power. Furthermore, this power became accessible to everyone who possesses technological knowledge and has the ability to use it to achieve his goals. However, it is not only used peacefully, but also by terrorist groups to conduct their attacks. Moreover, it is used by individuals and non-state actors to penetrate information networks or espionage and other offensive purposes. As it is well known, cybercrime evolves as society develops, becoming more dangerous than ordinary crime. Especially with the spread of modern technology, and the increasing dependence of the world on computers and the Internet, the terrorist only needs, for example, a computer and secure his connection to the Internet company to carry out terrorist acts. In addition to, the crime of terrorism by electronic means has become a threat to the whole world, as the danger lies in its ease of use, in which it is employed by the terrorist while he is at home, office or hotel room away from the attention of the authority and society. In a little more than two decades, the rapid growth of the Internet and information and communication technologies has enabled economic growth and expanded access to vital services. However, it also created new opportunities for criminal activities. As criminals have become the unintended beneficiaries of new technology and globalization because those developments have enabled them to commit and profit from crimes by exploiting transnational activities, as well as to expand their illegal activities and actions through digital platforms in a way that reduces risks, especially exposure. On the other hand, current technologies offer new opportunities for law enforcement, criminal investigation and prosecution, and fight cyber-crimes, including cyber terrorism, so as to improve public safety and enable law enforcement and criminal justice agencies to prevent and combat crime through technological progress and technology as well as artificial intelligence which has a positive impact in preventing or confronting cyber terrorism. The significance of this study stems from our existence within the realm of the technological revolution, a period marked not only by its positive impacts but also by negative consequences. The convergence of terrorism and cyberspace has given rise to the explicit notion of cyber terrorism. This phenomenon is anticipated to be the most alarming criminal development in the coming years, with the potential for terrorists to exploit the Internet for destructive purposes, resulting in more severe consequences compared to traditional methods. IUS ET SCIENTIA • 2023 Vol. 9 • Nº 2 • pp. 211-227 ISSN 2444-8478 • http://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2023.i02.10 The role of artificial intelligence in combating cyber terrorism Madaoui Nadjia 212 The research aims at identifying the concept of cyber terrorism, its characteristics and causes, and then highlighting the other aspect that resulted from technological development, which is artificial intelligence as a means of preventing and combating this type of crime. From the above, the main question of the study revolves around how to use artificial intelligence techniques and expert systems in preventing and combating cyber terrorism? The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, through the analysis and extrapolation of jurisprudential opinions, and data collection, benefiting from the results of previous research, writings and studies that were published in the field of this study. Therefore, we will attempt to answer the problematic of the study by dividing the research paper into two main sections: —First - the concept of cyber terrorism and its causes. —Second - the use of artificial intelligence technology to combat cyber terrorism. II. The concept of cyber terrorism and its causes Everyone recognizes the difficulty of giving a specific concept of terrorism, due to the lack of a unified agreement among specialists on this complex term of a changing nature, according to some, it is due to the overlap of the concept of terrorism with other concepts, such as political violence, political crime or organized crime. Furthermore, it is also a dynamic and evolving concept whose forms and motives vary in different places and time periods. Thus, the concepts of terrorism have varied and differed, according to the varying premises of researchers on the subject. However the common factor among them is that the terrorist act is a form of violence that targets the entity of society (Ben Amrouche, 2018, p. 218). In an attempt to give a definition of cyber terrorism, we will discuss its definition linguistically, then jurisprudentially, and explain its characteristics and perpetrators, and try to determine their motives (VERRE, 2011, p. 24 et S). 2.1. The definition of cyber terrorism and its characteristics There are many different definitions and opinions about cyber terrorism, as the international community has not determined yet an agreed comprehensive definition of terrorism, due to the diversity of its forms and manifestations, the multiplicity of its methods and patterns, the different international views and political trends around it, in addition to the various beliefs and ideologies espoused by states towards it, while some see it as terrorism, while others as a legitimate act. IUS ET SCIENTIA • 2023 Vol. 9 • Nº 2 • pp. 211-227 ISSN 2444-8478 • http://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2023.i02.10 The role of artificial intelligence in combating cyber terrorism Madaoui Nadjia 213 2.1.1. Linguistic and terminological definition of cyber terrorism The term “Cyber terrorism” consists of two words, a familiar and common word “Cyber” which means the Internet, and the other word “Terrorism” which means violent, criminal acts, however until now it has not been defined in a specific way. Ibn Faris said in Mu’jam al-Lughah: “Ra’, Ha’, and Ba’a are two principles: one of them indicates fear, and the other refers to accuracy and lightness (Ibn Faris, 1999, p. 401).” in Taj Al Arous: (El Irhab – by Al Kasr - disturbing and frightening) (Al-Zubaidi, 1987, p. 50). The Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo indicated that terrorists are a description given to those who use the way of violence to achieve their political goals (The Arabic Language Academy, s.d, p. 282). From the foregoing, it is clear that the meaning of terrorism in the language indicates intimidation, frightening and horrifying (Sharqi & Gharib, 2020, p. 561). As for the definition of terrorism terminologically, there are many definitions of terrorism where opinions regarding it are varied and differed. However, the international community has not found yet a comprehensive and unified definition of terrorism. This is due to the diversity of its forms and manifestations, the multiplicity of its methods and patterns, the different international opinions and political trends around it, as well as the different beliefs and ideologies espoused by states towards it. We can mention the most significant definitions of this term as follows: The International Islamic Fiqh Academy of the Organization of the Islamic Conference defines terrorism as: aggression, intimidation, or threat, whether material or moral, issued by states, groups or individuals against a person, in his religion, self, honour, mind or money without right, in various forms of violence and forms of corruption on land. (Al-Mukarramah, 5-10/1/2002) Despite the numerous efforts at the international level to define terrorism, there is no single, comprehensive definition of the concept of terrorism. The most prominent of them is the one of the political encyclopaedia; which defined terrorism as: “the use of illegal violence, or the threat in its various forms, such as assassination, mutilation, torture, sabotage and bombing, in order to achieve a specific political goal, such as breaking the spirit of resistance and commitment among individuals, and destroying morale among organizations and institutions, or as a means of obtaining information or money. In general, it is the use of coercion to subjugate an opposing party to the will of the terrorist entity (Al Kayali, 1994, p. 562). Barry Collins also defines it as “an electronic attack whose purpose is to threaten or attack governments, in pursuit of religious, political, or ideological goals, and that the attack must have a devastating and disruptive effect equivalent to the physical acts of terrorism. (Sharqi & Gharib, 2020, p. 562)” Cyber terrorism can be defined as the illegal activity of a party by digital electronic technology through its networks to achieve a specific purpose (Mustafa, 2009, p. 5). Furthermore, it is defined by Dergham Jaber Attoush as “aggression, intimidation, or physical or moral threat using electronic means issued by states, groups, or individuals IUS ET SCIENTIA • 2023 Vol. 9 • Nº 2 • pp. 211-227 ISSN 2444-8478 • http://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2023.i02.10 The role of artificial intelligence in combating cyber terrorism Madaoui Nadjia 214 against a person in his religion, self, honour, or intellect, without right in all kinds and forms of corruption on land” (Al-Mawash, 2017, p. 9). 2.1.2 Characteristics of cyber terrorism Cyber terrorism is characterized by many features that distinguish it from terrorism in its traditional form, which ultimately endeavours to achieve illegal goals, as follows: Cyber terrorism is a transcontinental and cross-border terrorism, therefore is not subject to any specific geographical scope. It is one of the most serious types of terrorism, as it negatively affects the national security of the target country and the lack of a high degree of certainty in the results of those attacks. Besides, in traditional attacks, the target location is specific where the damages can be expected, however they can be repaired quickly because it is easier to discover the sources of defects, unlike electronic attacks (Sharqi & Gharib, 2020, p. 562). What distinguishes cyber terrorism is the ability to conceal and obscure the sources of information: one of them is the difficulty of tracing the perpetrator of the cyber terrorism incident, as there are many difficulties that stand in the way of obtaining physical evidence linking the perpetrator to the incident. Besides, cyber terrorism crimes are characterized as being difficult to prove because there is no clear physical evidence, as well as the case of traditional attacks. However, the difficulty of proving them is due to many reasons: they are committed by a person with a high degree of competence, deception and misinformation has, in addition to the difference in time, place and the applicable law in the country in which it was committed. The vulnerability to dangers, as the computer has a very significant role in contemporary life, and a base on which the work of many important facilities “hospitals - airports - banks…”, this statement highlights the susceptibility to threats due to the pivotal role that computers play in modern life. The term “base” refers to the foundational reliance on computers, serving as a critical infrastructure for the functioning of essential facilities such as hospitals, airports, banks, and more. In other words, these important institutions and services heavily depend on computer systems for their operations. The interconnectedness of these sectors with computer technology makes them vulnerable to various risks and dangers, emphasizing the critical need for robust cyber security measures to safeguard against potential disruptions or attacks on these vital systems. therefore in the event of a malfunction in computers, this may lead to disasters, and then computers became widely targeted and an attractive target for terrorist groups. However, we no longer need to launch missiles and explosions to destroy a city, but it is enough to disable the transportation network or disable the computers of the stock exchange in that city. The computer is the tool used in cyber-terror attacks: as it falls under the umbrella of cybercrime, which naturally occurs in a digital environment, and therefore the perpetrator needs to use a computer. IUS ET SCIENTIA • 2023 Vol. 9 • Nº 2 • pp. 211-227 ISSN 2444-8478 • http://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2023.i02.10 The role of artificial intelligence in combating cyber terrorism Madaoui Nadjia 215 Cyber-terror attacks are also characterized by low cost, as they require only a person with competence and technical expertise (Ben Amrouche, 2018, p. 221). Moreover, cyber-attack is a cross-border activity, thus it is a global activity which depends on deception and misinformation. Furthermore, there is difficulty in technical retention of its effects, and it is hard for the traditional investigator to deal with it. In addition, the motives of electronic terrorism are mainly political. Calm environment: Cyber terrorism takes place in a calm environment that does not require force, violence (Abdel-Sadiq, 2009, p. 112) and the use of weapons. Therefore, it is called soft crimes. All it needs is a computer and the Internet, thus transferring data from a computer or cyber burglary does not need violence or shooting (Waquaf, 2006, p. 12). Furthermore, one of the features of cyber terrorism is the multiplicity of actors in the use of cyber terrorist attacks, where terrorists resort to using cyberspace so as to collect information, recruit, plan, coordinate and finance, this will be dealt with in detail in the third section. Besides, the terrorists have a tremendous ability to use and employ the Internet to achieve their goals. Among the most prominent groups that have used this weapon are Al-Qaeda and, more recently, the most dangerous terrorist organization at all, “the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant” “ISIS”. In addition to terrorist groups, countries use cyber terrorist attacks against hostile countries to achieve certain goals, as there are different ways to use cyber terrorism by the state, it may be used in the field of intelligence, or cooperation with individuals or terrorist groups to damage another country. Moreover, the state’s use of this type is more dangerous than the one of terrorist groups, given the enormous capabilities of the state, which far exceeds the capabilities of the former. Moreover, considering the widespread accessibility of the Internet to millions of users, its profound influence on public opinion becomes increasingly significant. As a result, there are individuals who sympathize with both the perspectives advocated by the state and those aligned with terrorist groups, encompassing their ideologies and associated issues. 2.2 The causes of cyber terrorism The causes and motives of terrorism vary in the degree of their significance according to political trends, economic conditions, social conditions, as well as religious and ideological differences. We can summarize the causes of the phenomenon of terrorism as follows: 2.2.1 Personal and ideological motives The personal and psychological factor is closely related to political, ideological and economic factors. As the marginalized youth who lose the meaning of life in the developing world for reasons related to injustice, inequity, unemployment, poverty and lack of a decent life are vulnerable to deviation and entry into the world of crime and terrorism. This is due to: IUS ET SCIENTIA • 2023 Vol. 9 • Nº 2 • pp. 211-227 ISSN 2444-8478 • http://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2023.i02.10 The role of artificial intelligence in combating cyber terrorism Madaoui Nadjia 216 —A person’s lack of the significance of his role in the family and society and his failure in family life, which leads to the acquisition of some bad qualities, including a lack of sense of belonging and loyalty to the homeland. —The desire to appear and the love of fame, as a person is not qualified, therefore he searches for what qualifies him in vain, thus he feels aggression, sabotage and destruction. —The person’s resentment against the society in which he lives as a result of injustice and the violation of rights. —The role of the media in stimulating the psychological factors of the individual and fuelling the spirit of a person’s revenge. —On the cultural level, the peoples of the developing world suffer from the negative repercussions created by globalization represented in cultural dependency and the identity crisis, as this led to the creation of cultural conflicts within the same society (Al-Huwaidi, 2011, p. 13). With regard to ideological and intellectual motives, the misunderstanding of the principles and provisions of religion and its misinterpretation, and the dependence of young people on each other without referring to scholars, as well as the intellectual void and ignorance of the true religion rules, ignorance of the purposes of Sharia, extremism and radicalization in thought are all intellectual motives that led to an increase in the phenomenon of terrorism. Thus, the ideological motives leading to the phenomenon of terrorism vary, the most important of them can be stated as follows: 1. Ignorance of the objectives of Islamic law represented by conjecture not by certainty and confirmation, misunderstanding and misinterpretation of religion, and the ignorance of the rules, etiquette and behaviour of the true religion. 2. The various intellectual divisions between the diverse and different trends. 3. Extremism, which is very dangerous in any field, especially intellectual domains. Among the most prominent causes and political motives for the phenomenon of terrorism, we find the following: —The political motive is one of the stimulating motives for terrorism, as the unjust policies pursued by some people. —States against their citizens, the political repression that they exercise, the marginalization of the citizen’s role, the violation of his rights, and the failure to meet the requirements of social balance, all them represent a strong motive for the practice of terrorism in order to get rid of these conditions. —In addition to the absence of social justice, inequality in the distribution of national wealth, disparity in the distribution of services and public utilities, and the negligence of citizens’ needs. IUS ET SCIENTIA • 2023 Vol. 9 • Nº 2 • pp. 211-227 ISSN 2444-8478 • http://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2023.i02.10 The role of artificial intelligence in combating cyber terrorism Madaoui Nadjia 217 2.2.2 Political and technical motives One of the political motives for the phenomenon of terrorism is the suffering of some international societies and peoples from injustice, persecution, colonial control, theft of funds, and violation of international laws and charters, which push peoples to extremism and radicalization. Facts have also proven that the existing conflicts between two countries often lead to the exchange of electronic terrorist operations, as the case of the existing conflict between America and Cuba, in which the American political class attempted to link the Cuban island to cyber terrorism, and that was a few days after the receipt of (George W. Bush) the authority arguing that Cuba represents an indirect threat to the national security of the United States, and has the ability to launch cyber-attacks on the infrastructure of the superpower (Alejandro, 2012, pp. 154-155). Among the technical reasons that facilitate cyber terrorism, we find: 1. The low cost of electronic mechanisms combined with the traditional tools with which terrorist operations are carried out, such as bombs, explosives, and developed weapons (Shafiq, 2016, pp. 36--37). 2. The lack of geographical borders and spatial barriers in cyberspace is an appropriate opportunity for terrorists. 3. The weakness of the information network structure and its penetrability provides terrorists with a way to attack them to achieve their goals. As terrorist groups may attack the computer networks of governments, private companies, or individuals. 4. The lack of control and oversight over information networks is one of the main reasons for the spread of cyber terrorism. In many cases, it is difficult for the police to pursue those who carry out cyber terrorism operations and to determine their identity. 5. The difficulty of proving these aspects is considered as one of the strongest motives helping to commit terrorist crimes, because it gives the criminal a hope of escaping punishment. Besides, the regulatory and legislative vacuum in crimes that are used in electronic crimes helped to increase this crime. Furthermore, the absence of a unified central authority that controls what is offered on the network and its inputs and outputs is an important reason for the spread of this crime (Ben Amrouche, 2018, p. 221); (Carole, 2019, p. 2). The use of artificial intelligence technology to combat cyber terrorism. The roots of artificial intelligence go back to the forties with the spread of computers, where Dan. W. Patterson defined it as “a type of computer science that is concerned with the study and formation of computer systems which show some forms of intelligence, as these systems have the ability to draw very useful conclusions about the problem set. Furthermore, these systems can also understand natural languages or living perception, and other capabilities that need intelligence when implemented by humans (Sheikh, 2018, p. 82). IUS ET SCIENTIA • 2023 Vol. 9 • Nº 2 • pp. 211-227 ISSN 2444-8478 • http://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2023.i02.10 The role of artificial intelligence in combating cyber terrorism Madaoui Nadjia 218 The term artificial intelligence has increased in use recently in light of the technical renaissance that the world is witnessing in the field of machine development. Although it was just a dream put forward by directors in fantasy films until the middle of the twentieth century, today it has become a tangible reality that we resort to many times, even if we sometimes do not realize it. 2.3 The definition of artificial intelligence and its characteristics Artificial intelligence is one of the modern and innovative sciences that rely mainly on computers and its programs. It is the cornerstone in making programmed and computerized machines perform tasks similar to the human intelligence processes, which are learning, deduction and decision-making, it is characterized by a set of features 2.3.1 The definition of Artificial Intelligence There is no specific definition of intelligence, therefore we find Marvin Minsky, who is one of the most famous scientists specialized in administrative and cognitive sciences in the field of artificial intelligence, in his book “Steps Towards Artificial Intelligence”, defines it as “A branch of science that is concerned with machines that can solve the kind of problems that a person resorts to when solving them to his intelligence” (Suleiman, s.d, p. 3). Mohammed Ali Al-Sharqawi defines artificial intelligence in his book as “Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks” as “that branch of computer science through which it is possible to create and design computer programs that simulate the method of human intelligence so that the computer can perform some tasks instead of the human being that requires thinking, comprehension, hearing, speaking, and movement” (Al- Sharqawi, 1996, p. 24). It is also defined as a technology dedicated to programming the machine to perform tasks that require human intelligence to solve, i.e. simulating the intelligent behaviour of humans. It is also described as an attempt to build machines that think and act like humans, so that they are able to learn and use their knowledge to solve problems alone (Al-Hamdani, 2008, p. 260). 2.3.2 The characteristics of artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence has many characteristics that made it an effective investment in many areas, such as its application to devices and machines that enable it to plan and analyse problems using logic (Khaza’leh, 2015,), where machine is programmed by human and works well, however in many cases its work is more elaborate than the human. 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