Doing Good and Selling Goods: Hybrid Commodities in the Social Enterprise Ecosystem

This is he p e-copyedi ed au ho ‟s inal e sion o he jou nal a icle accep ed o publica ion ollowing pee e iew. O iginal ci a ion: P eils e e , R. 2020. Doing good and selling goods. Hyb id Commodi ies in he Social En e p ise Ecosys em. VOLUNTAS In e na ional Jou nal o Volun a y and Nonp o i O ganiza ions 31 (3): 511–520. The e sion o eco d is a ailable online a : h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11266-020-00194-w Doing Good and Selling Goods Hyb id Commodi ies in he Social En e p ise Ecosys em Richa d P eils e e Abs ac This pape explo es a ne wo k o o ganiza ions and hei pe spec i es on he social en e p ise commodi y. Based on e hnog aphic esea ch, I p esen he case o ecycled bags sold in he ci y cen e o Vienna (Aus ia) by h ee o ganiza ions, including a wo k in eg a ion social en e p ise. By e iewing wo di e en s ands in he o ganiza ional s udies li e a u e ha bo h employ biological no ions o heo ize (social) en e p ising, I a gue ha opposing “hyb idi y” o “ecosys ems” is a sui able way o assess wo di e en esea ch agendas in ha ield. While I subsc ibe o he ecosys em ocus - seeing o ganiza ions as a unc ion o he social en i onmen - I make he case o he impo ance o esea ch in o “hyb id commodi ies” as a way o explo e la ge issues conce ning social en e p ise schola ship, such as mission d i , hidden agendas o o ganiza ional iden i y wo k. Key wo ds: hyb id o ganiza ions; en ep eneu ial ecosys ems; social en e p ise; commodi ies; Aus ia; Spain In oduc ion Social en e p ise is p edominan ly used o desc ibe o ganiza ions ha pu sue social goals by means o he ma ke (Ke lin 2009; Ma in and Osbe g 2007). In u n, hyb id o ganiza ions a e hose ha combine wo di e en ins i u ional logics (Dohe y, Haugh and Lyon 2014: 418). Because social en e p ises combine wel a e wi h p o i , hey a e some imes held as he ideal ype o hyb id o ganiza ion (Ba ilana and Lee 2014). In his pape I will p esen an o ganiza ion ha migh be labelled as hyb id. PAPE is a wo k in eg a ion social en e p ise gi ing wo k oppo uni ies o people wi h a o me d ug dependency. Fo his con ibu ion, I will look a a speci ic good sold by PAPE o gene a e income suppo ing hei social mission, namely ecycled handbags. This ocus on he hyb idi y o o ganiza ions is illus a ed in ou speci ic case o PAPE by he combina ion o “doing good and selling goods”. Po aying PAPE as a hyb id o ganiza ion is a way o explo ing simila i ies o o ganiza ional ea u es ac oss ime and con ex s o social en e p ises. Ne e heless, he meaning o social en e p ise a ies acco ding o con ex , whe he economic, poli ical, his o ical, geog aphical o cul u al (Teasdale e al. 2013; Ke lin 2013). In Eu ope, he ise o social en e p ise is ela ed o he wi hd awal o decline o he S a e as social se ice deli e e (Ke lin 2010: 167; De ou ny 2010). Also he shi o libe al policies wi nessed in Eu ope since he 1980s, coupled wi h he subsequen eme gence o a complemen a y o supe io social se ice deli e e , a e o en men ioned as a p incipal cause o social en e p ising (Hus inx and De Waele 2015; Molina e al. 2018). In o de o explo e di e ences be ween di e en con ex s wi hin Eu ope, social en e p ise has been mo e ecen ly desc ibed in e ms o ecosys ems (Bigge i e al. 2017), a iew also suppo ed by majo ins i u ions such as he Eu opean Commission (2015) and he OECD (2016). The ocus on ecosys ems is o en used o accoun o his o ically e ol ed ins i u ions and policies a he na ional o he s a e le el, o example in discussions o e he speci ici ies o social en e p ises in Sco land o he UK (Hazenbe g e al. 2016a 2016b; Roy e al. 2015). Howe e , he ci cula ion o social en e p ise commodi ies wi hin local ecosys ems has ecei ed less a en ion in he li e a u e. E en when schola s look a speci ic social p oduc s, such as o ins ance ood o he poo , i is comme cial ac i i y as opposed o dona ions ha cons i u es he main ocus o a en ion (Hus inx and De Waele 2015). The p oduc s sold by he hyb id o ganiza ions I ha e analysed o his con ibu ion a e placed wi hin a u ban-na ional ecosys em. The Aus ian wel a e s a e - simila o he Ge man - is a sys em ha bene i s la ge public o publically unded wel a e co po a ions (Esping-Ande sen 2001: 111- 114). Public social spending is high in a con ex o widesp ead economic p ospe i y, pa icula ly in Vienna, a ci y amous o he 100-yea old public housing policy, ha has been go e ned by he social democ a s o decades. These con ex ual ac o s explain much o PAPE‟s e olu ion, p oblems, wo kings and achie emen s. F om his ecosys em angle, social en e p ising in Vienna, Aus ia and elsewhe e is a con ex dependen phenomenon. Summa izing, ecosys em and hyb idi y a e wo di e en , bu also widely employed abs ac ions o make sense o social en e p ising. Discussing some o he li e a u e on bo h concep s, I a gue ha iewing social en e p ises as hyb ids a p io i assumes a con lic be ween wo ca ego ies and ames hese in uni e salizing e ms, such as o example al uism e sus sel -in e es . In con as , iewing hese o ganiza ions as a unc ion o an ecosys em di ec s he gaze owa ds local nego ia ions o e he meaning o - o ins ance - doing good o selling goods. Hyb idi y would hus s and o a uni e sal, synch onic o ganiza ional ea u e. In opposi ion, he ecosys em is exp essing a his o ically pa icula Zei geis o speci ic o ganiza ional ne wo ks. I u he show how bo h posi ions a e o en closely ela ed o he me hodological amewo k unde pinning esea ch. Fo mal o isola ed case s udies on he one hand and long- e m, in-dep h ield esea ch on he o he . These gi e way o wo di e en unde s andings o social en e p ise. This pape is based on h ee yea s o close collabo a ion wi h social en e p ises in Se ille, Glasgow and Vienna and pa icula ly on he da a gene a ed du ing wo mon hs o imme si e ield esea ch a PAPE. The e o e, he ecosys em iewpoin on embeddedness o social en e p ise is mo e compa ible wi h my ield expe ience. Ne e heless, I will use he no ion o hyb idi y o concep ualize he di e en meanings ha he social en e p ise commodi y con eys wi hin he Viennese ecosys em. I will show how PAPE and hei compe i o s exp ess di e en pe cep ions and a gumen s o e he social, ecological o comme cial na u e o handbags hey sell. Wi hin he ecosys em li e a u e, less a en ion has been paid o he p oduc s sold wi hin he sys em and hei symbolism. In o de o add ess his gap, in his con ibu ion I explo e he speci ic meanings o pa icula p oduc s wi hin a local ma ke . I ask o wha ex en he mo al g amma s associa ed bo h locally and si ua ionally wi h ce ain objec s may unde mine o enhance he pe cep ion o en e p ises as “social” o “hyb id”. In his espec , he ocus on he ecosys em seems highly ele an , because appa en ly unp oblema ic and in insically “social” o “ecological” i ems sold by social en e p ises may acqui e en i ely di e en conno a ions wi hin he con ined social spaces in which hese a e judged, bough and sold. I he e o e oppose he synch onic iew on ai - ade, hand-made o local p oduc s as “hyb ids” supposedly hal way be ween con en ional goods and dona ions. Ins ead, my case om he Viennese ecosys em aims o show how bags ha a e ecycled and handmade by excluded pe sons, can ne e heless ge associa ed wi h nega i e alue judgemen s like g eediness, imi a ion, un ai compe i ion o loss o iden i y. I is o his ex en ha I add ess he ques ion o hyb id commodi ies in he social en e p ise ecosys em. The pape p oceeds as ollows. Fi s , I discuss wo di e en iews on social en e p ise by compa ing he li e a u e on hyb id o ganiza ion o ha o en ep eneu ial ecosys ems. I si ua e my esea ch in e es on local social en e p ise con ex s b oadly wi hin ecosys em li e a u e. Wi hin his ield I iden i y he gap ega ding he local alue a ibu ions o social en e p ise commodi ies. In he ollowing me hodology sec ion, I show how my imme sion wi h he local con ex s o PAPE e ol ed. I also discuss he ex en o which my pa icipa o y esea ch app oach e lec s issues abou he esea che ‟s ole, a ma e o much deba e in he ecen li e a u e on e hnog aphies o social en e p ise. Wha ollows is an e hnog aphic accoun o discou ses, p ac ices and places associa ed wi h a social en e p ise commodi y, ecycled bags in Vienna. In he discussion sec ion I dissec his empi ical ma e ial by asking how hese goods speak o he la ge issues iden i ied in he social en e p ise li e a u e on hyb idi y. This includes p oblems such as mission d i , un ai compe i ion, ambi alen iden i ies o hidden agendas. In he conclusions, I make a case o he in e es ha esea ch in o he polysemic o hyb id objec aded by social en e p ise has o his ield o esea ch. Social en e p ise: hyb idi y and ecosys ems The e e g owing global and di e se “social en e p ise zoo” (Young e al. 2017) has led o a as and he e ogeneous ield o esea ch o e ecen yea s. In his con ibu ion, I sugges ha one way o ge ing o g ips wi h he di e si y o schola ship is o ocus on wo di e en biological analogies equen ly employed o heo ize (social) en e p ising, namely hyb idi y and ecosys ems. B inging oge he bo h concep s ha a e no mally employed in di e en o ums (wi h a ew excep ions, such as Roundy 2017a; 2017b; Mcmullen 2018) allows us o illus a e wo majo con lic ing pa adigms in social en e p ise esea ch. While subsc ibing o he “ecosys em” ocus on embeddedness, I will de end he need o mo e esea ch in o he local meanings o ambi alen o “hyb id” social en e p ise commodi ies. The me apho o hyb idi y is used in he social sciences o e e o mixing o social ca ego ies o logics. F enkel and Shenha o ins ance desc ibe he ield o managemen s udies as a hyb id o p ac ices and ex s om bo h he colonies and he me opoles (2006). Engaging wi h hyb idi y as a concep is a heo e ical endea ou ha equi es he p e ious accep ance o a small numbe o Webe ian ideal ypes (Billis 2010). Fo ins ance, in o de o ame a ield o esea ch o an o ganiza ion as a “hyb id”, wo simpli ied social a iables need o be cons uc ed be o ehand, such as o ins ance he colonize s e sus he colonized o he public e sus he p i a e. This co ne s one o epis emological blind-spo o he concep makes esea ch on hyb id o ganiza ions an u e ly deduc i e endea ou . Based on a aken o g an ed assump ion o wo o mo e uni e sal synch onic a iables - ypically p o i e sus philan h opy (Ba ilana and Lee 2014) - esea che s hen each ou o explo e he ela ionship be ween hese opposi e logics in p ac ice. As a esul , some ocus on he desi abili y o a balance be ween he a iables. They look o empi ical e idence on how “mission d i ” in one o ano he di ec ion is a oided o wha mi iga ing s a egies a e implemen ed by p ac i ione s o main ain balance (Co n o h 2014; Raišienė and U mana ičienė 2017; Gid on 2017). O he s a e conce ned wi h he locus o bo h logics wi hin o ganiza ions, such as Eb ahim e al. (2014) who di e en ia e be ween “di e en ia ed hyb ids” who engage in wo sepa a e ac i i ies (wel a e deli e y he e and ading he e) as opposed o hose who uly combine bo h a iables. In he la e case ading is he wel a e deli e y, o ins ance o a ulne able cus ome o o a ulne able employee. A simila dis inc ion is ha o hyb idi y a he “co e” (social en e p ise) o a he “pe iphe y” (co po a e social esponsibili y) sugges ed by an in luen ial pape by Ba ilana and Lee (2014). Summa izing, I would like o a gue ha a ocus on he hyb id na u e o social en e p ise ends o nudge esea ch owa ds a op-down enqui y d i en by ideal ype social ca ego ies, o in o he wo ds, a p e e en ial in e es in o mal o ganiza ional ea u es as opposed o his o ical o geog aphical pa icula i ies. This is ins ead he ocus o mos w i ing using he e m “ecosys em”. As Roy and G an ha e discussed ecen ly (2019), he no ion o subs an i e economy as concei ed by Ka l Polanyi (1944), is opposed o he “social - economic dyadic” ypical o some o he social en e p ise schola ship on “hyb idi y”. Following Polanyi, he economy is pa o he socie y. Fo him he idea o wo di e en sphe es is misleading, because social li e is a o ali y assembling mo ali y, kinship, poli ics, en i onmen al cons ain s, law, and biological adap ion, among o he s. As I will show in he ollowing, his “ o ali y” is inc easingly called “ecosys em” in ecen social en e p ise schola ship. The ecosys em ela es o place and p oximi y. These a e among he mos impo an a iables o unde s and en ep eneu ship (B own and Mason 2017). The example o Silicon Valley is o many he li ing p oo (Cohen 2006). Li e a u e on en ep eneu ial ecosys ems has g own impo an ly since he 2000s (Mo oyama and Knowl on 2016), wi h an exponen ial inc ease since 2010 (Al edalen and Boschma 2017). The basic assump ion is ha a ne wo k o ac o s wi hin a con ined social space is esponsible o business inno a ion (Cohen 2006). This eminds o he much elde no ion o “embeddedness”, his is he idea ha he economy is pa o (and no de ached om) social ela ionships (G ano e e 1985). Such a ocus on “ he sys em” o he “ o ali y” di ec s he analy ical gaze o in e dependency, he en i onmen and adap a ion. Impo an ly, i di ec s he a en ion away om he pa s he make up he sys em, such as he hyb id o ganiza ions on hei own e ms. This ecosys em concep has mo e ecen ly expanded om he mains eam business li e a u e o he niche o social en e p ise schola ship (Bigge i e al. 2017a; 2017b; Roy e al 2015; Hazenbe g e al. 2016a; 2016b; Roy and Hazenbe g 2019; Roundy 2017a; 2017b; Thomsen 2018; Li lewood 2018). I will discuss some o his li e a u e in wha ollows. In a ecen policy b ie , Bigge i e al. (2017a) se e he ecen poli ical agenda o suppo ing social en e p ise and he ela ed p omo ional slogan “enabling ecosys ems” (Eu opean Commission 2015; OECD 2016). These academics and ins i u ions ocus on socio-en ep eneu ial ecosys ems as some hing inhe en ly posi i e o be suppo ed by policy make s, o ins ance by educing “legal cons ain s” and inc easing unds, publici y and aining o he sec o (Bigge i e al. 2017a: 301). A qui e di e en s and in he li e a u e equa es he ecosys em wi h he speci ic na ions o s a es unde s udy, o ins ance in he o en ci ed case o Sco land (Roy e al 2015; Hazenbe g e al. 2016a). In hese cases he ecosys em is an umb ella o desc ibe a na ional social his o y, speci ic cul u es o alues o “ he people” and go e nmen poli ics o one na ion as opposed o ano he . Fo ins ance, Roy e al. associa e he pa icula i ies o he Sco ish ecosys em wi h he his o y o wo ke coope a i es, he labou mo emen and enligh enmen hinke s, oge he wi h “na u al inclina ions” o Sco s owa ds socio-democ a ic alues (as opposed o England), and a s ong go e nmen suppo o social en e p ise (2015: 781-784, 795). Using a simila his o ical and na ion-s a e cen ed amewo k, bu gi ing he biological analogy ha comes wi h he ecosys em concep a chance, Hazenbe g e al. dis inguish be ween wo di e en ecosys ems. Sco land and England a e po ayed as wo di e en “pheno ypes” (communi y g an -based e sus indi idualis ic c edi -based) bu also ma ked by simila gene ic (UK social his o y) and epigene ic (EU policies) ac o s (Hazenbe g e al. 2016a: 215-217). Building on his con ibu ion and adop ing he language o Pie e Bou dieu, Roy and Hazenbe g compa e he ecosys em wi h a ule-based social ield, s uc u ed by powe ela ions and wi h ac o s employing social, cul u al and economic capi al o imp o e hei posi ion in he ield (2019). Roundy (2017b) is in e es ed in he in e play be ween social en e p ises and he la ge en ep eneu ial ecosys em. The ecosys em he e is ha o he business wo ld mo e gene ally and social en e p ises a e seen as pa s ha bo h a ec and a e a ec ed om he sys em. Fo ins ance, a philan h opic cul u e wi hin a business ecosys em may gi e bi h o suppo o social en e p ises. Social en ep eneu s imp o e he quali y o li e o he ecosys em and hus make i mo e a ac i e o o dina y business oo (Roundy 2017b: 11-12, 15-16). Ye ano he di e en ake on social en e p ise ecosys ems may be illus a ed wi h a wo k om Thomsen e al. who look a a mo e speci ic con ex , namely Uni e si ies (2018). He e he ecosys em is a speci ic bound ins i u ional en i onmen wi h pa icula esou ces. These “uni e si y based” ecosys ems consis o s uden engagemen , social esponsibili y o applied lea ning, coupled wi h speci ic limi a ions, such as disciplina y bounda ies, lack o expe ise o unding (2018: 199, 207, 209). Summa izing, I ha e shown ha he popula heo e ical ocus on social en e p ises as “hyb ids” comes wi h a se ies o implica ions, mos impo an ly i s ocus on con lic ing ideal ype ea u es o o ganiza ions. In con as , I ha e shown ha he ecosys em li e a u e ocuses p ima ily on ne wo ks o ac o s (Cohen 2006; Li lewood and Khan 2018), on his o ically e ol ed ins i u ions and policies (Roy e al. 2015) and o en ma ches ecosys em wi h he na ional o s a e le el (Hazenbe g e al. 2016a; 2016b: 302). My quali a i e me hodology and he case s udy ha I will p esen in he ollowing ela es o his li e a u e in h ee di e en ways. Fi s , my esea ch was embedded in a la ge p ojec ‟s emphasis on he local and na ional pa icula i ies o social en e p ises. I lea n abou hese pa icula i ies h ough long- e m ield isi s o speci ic o ganiza ions such as PAPE. The e o e, I ound in he ecosys em (as opposed o hyb id o ganiza ions) a sui able language o desc ibe my empi ical ma e ial. Second, my case ocuses on he p esen -day ci cula ion o commodi ies in he ela i ely small a ea o inne -ci y Vienna. In his sense, my case o he con empo a y Viennese social ma ke o ecycled handbags add esses se e al unde s udied dimensions wi hin he ecosys em li e a u e. I look p ima ily a objec s no ac o s and a an u ban dis ic no a coun y. I ell a con empo a y e hnog aphic s o y and don‟ gi e a his o ical accoun o na ional wel a e adi ions. Thi dly, I apply he concep o hyb idi y o make sense o he ambi alen meanings ha my in o man s a ach o he social en e p ise commodi y. By lea ing he de ini ion o he con lic ing ca ego ies cons i u ing “hyb idi y” o he ac o s o a con ined social space, I show a way o make his concep ope a ional om an “ecosys ems” poin o iew. In he ollowing sec ion I show he ways in which I ha e in es iga ed his hyb id commodi y wi hin a speci ic ecosys em. Speci ically, I discuss he challenges o my quali a i e case s udy esea ch design. Me hodology: e hnog aphies o social en e p ise The e is g owing use o e hnog aphic me hods in social en e p ise esea ch (Hill O‟Conno and Bake 2017: 180; Mauksch 2016; Mauksch e al. 2017). Cen al conce ns o e hnog aphe s include hinking abou ou oles as esea che s, assessing ou mo al and poli ical commi men s in ela ion o he people we wo k wi h, and e lec ing on ou w i ing, pa icula ly ega ding i s accu acy in desc ibing he speci ic social condi ions in which ou da a was p oduced (Cli o d and Ma cus 1986; Ma cus 2001; Gilmo e and Kenny 2015). In he ollowing, I will i s desc ibe wi h some e hnog aphic de ail how my esea ch wi h PAPE e ol ed o e ime, wha kind o posi ions I occupied in he ield, he speci ic in e iew and obse a ional echniques I applied and hei e ec s on he da a p oduced. Mo e gene ally, I wan o expose he o e all ci cums an ial his o y o how I go d awn owa ds he subjec o he social en e p ise commodi y in he Viennese con ex . In he second pa o his sec ion, I will hen u n back o discuss some o he be o e men ioned me hodological issues o pa icipa o y esea ch in ela ion o my engagemen wi h PAPE and he Viennese ecosys em mo e b oadly. In 2016 I wen o Vienna o in es iga e PAPE du ing a wo mon h esea ch ield ip. My isi was suppo ed by a p og am ha unded in e na ional exchanges be ween a o al o 28 uni e si ies and social en e p ises om 17 coun ies wo ldwide. The p ojec aimed a in es iga ing social en e p ises compa a i ely by b inging oge he p ac i ione s and esea che s. In my case, his en ailed a o al o 6 mon hs o obse a ional isi s o Glasgow, Be lin, and Vienna, ecei ing p ac i ione s om Is ael, A gen ina and I aly a my uni e si y, and collabo a ing closely wi h a local social en e p ise in esea ch and eaching. Du ing he p ojec pe iod be ween 2016 and 2018, I ha e p oduced many hou s o eco ded and un eco ded in e iews, ield no es and esea ch epo s on na ional and local social en e p ise ecosys ems. Fo his pape , I ha e selec ed he Viennese expe ience om my ma e ial as a pa icula ly illus a i e example o he impo ance o unde s and he social en e p ise commodi y. All he names o pe sons and small-scale o ganiza ions men ioned h oughou he pape a e anonymized. I was ecei ed in Vienna by Vale ie a PAPE who was esponsible o he o ganiza ion‟s pa icipa ion in he p ojec . PAPE had commi ed i sel o hos ing isi ing esea che s like me in exchange o he oppo uni y o ecei e unding o hei s a o isi academic o ganiza ions. Vale ie was esponsible o he shop managemen and we me se e al imes a PAPE‟s shop in he ci y cen e and a he wo kshop in a less a luen qua e . I was he e ha Vale ie explained o me he wo kings o PAPE and he iews on he hi d sec o in Vienna, bu I also had he oppo uni y o occasionally alk o o he employees and cus ome s. I ook no es a e all o hese con e sa ions and documen ed my imp essions du ing my isi s. Vale ie also a anged a mee ing wi h Gina, he cha isma ic ounde o PAPE. I eco ded and la e ansc ibed and ansla ed he in e iew. Some o my days in Vienna, I spen w i ing up my ield no es and eading abou he Viennese ecosys em a he local Uni e si y o Economics. In oduced by one o ou p ojec academic pa ne s who was based he e, I go o know o he esea che s wo king on he social en e p ise ecosys em in Vienna. Among o he s, hese included h ee esea che s who we e wo king on a sophis ica ed model o quan i y he social impac o PAPE. We ag eed o mee o a g oup discussion o exchange ou da a and imp essions conce ning PAPE. I la e also had access o he ex ensi e esea ch epo ha hey had w i en, oge he wi h many o he documen s a ailable on he in e ne on wha was a ai ly success ul and media-e ec i e o ganiza ion. Once I go acquain ed a co po a ion and a adi ional la ge-scale wel a e p o ide . I illus a ed his by elling an e hnog aphic s o y abou one speci ic p oduc sold by hese h ee di e en ypes o o ganiza ions. While all o hem seemed o emb ace he double ideal o doing good by selling ecycled goods, hey did so by di e en means: mechanical p oduc ion ab oad in he case o he co po a ion, manual olun a y wo k in he case o he adi ional wel a e o ganiza ion, and manual sala ied wo k in he case o he social en e p ise. F om PAPE‟s poin o iew, his was he c ucial di e ence. Ne e heless, his was no e iden o cos ume s o ou side s like me. This b ough he social en e p ise in a posi ion whe e he dis inc ion o an appa en ly simila p oduc had o be ho oughly explained and jus i ied. I showed ha he no ion o “hyb idi y” in he o ganiza ion s udies li e a u e helps us o hink abou he s uggles ha social en e p ises ace in e ms o wo compe ing ope a ional logics. Fo example, paying ai sala ies o manual labou while s ill o e ing easonable p ices in he ace o o he ma ke compe i o s igh nex doo in he case o PAPE. In con as , he no ion o he “ecosys em” di ec s ou gaze owa ds he local ne wo ks o ac o s and locally e ol ed speci ic o ganiza ional cul u es. My example was F ei ag, Ca i as and PAPE, embedded in he s ong Aus ian wel a e s a e, oge he wi h he capi al ci y‟s a luen consume s demanding “ecological” and “social” p oduc s. While any o m o summa izing and classi ying he as li e a u e on social en e p ises has i s own di icul ies, I a gued ha posi ing he “hyb idi y iewpoin ” ice e sa he “ecosys em iewpoin ” is a way o ge o g ips wi h he di e en esea ch in e es s in he li e a u e. Bo h pe spec i es a e complemen a y in p inciple, bu I a gue ha my e hnog aphic-induc i e app oach is close o he ecosys em iewpoin . My esea ch con ibu es in a new ein o he li e a u e on hyb idi y and ecosys ems in ela ion o social en e p ising. Fi s , because I explo e he ways in which commodi ies migh be sui able ools o s udy he social en e p ise ecosys em. Ins ead o mapping he ecosys em based on na ional adi ions, ne wo ks o o ganiza ions o adminis a i e egions, I s a wi h a speci ic social en e p ise commodi y ha allows us o d aw he connec ions be ween o ganiza ions ha make up he ecosys em. Second, I sugges ha eco ding e hnog aphically he judgemen s ha he ac o s o he ecosys em a ach o hese commodi ies is a way o lea n abou he locally a iable de ini ions and wo kings o social en e p ising. In my case, commodi ies we e no he main sou ce o income o he social en e p ise, bu a means o explain hei posi ion be ween he capi alis co po a ion and he adi ional wel a e o ganiza ion. Ne e heless, he commodi y was also ocal poin o ambi alence and o ganiza ional iden i y wo k o my in e iewees. Ul ima ely my case om Vienna aises a la ge esea ch ques ion o social en e p ise schola s. Wha happens o he s a us o social en e p ises when he commodi y hey sell is also comme cialized by o he ypes o o ganiza ions wi hin a local ma ke place? O i asked he o he way ound, o wha ex en is he social alue pe cep ion o a p oduc wi hin an ecosys em de e mined by he ype o o ganiza ion who sells i ? Why a e goods conside ed comme cial bulk commodi ies o communally aluable p oduc s in he i s place? 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