Revisiting public space in post-war social housing in Great Britain

● EDITORIAL ● PULSANDO LA CUESTIÓN SOBRE LA VIVIENDA Y EL HÁBITAT / PRESSING THE HOUSING AND HABITAT QUESTION, Rosa Ma ía Añón Abajas ● ENTRE LÍNEAS ● THE PRIMACY OF RESIDENTIAL QUALITY IN URBAN CREATION. A CURRENT OBSERVATION ON A RECURRING NOTION / LA PRIMACÍA DE LA CALIDAD RESIDENCIAL EN LA CREACIÓN URBANA UNA OBSERVACIÓN ACTUAL DE UNA NOCIÓN RECURRENTE. S en G oma ko ● ARTÍCULOS ● HACIA LA NUE- VA SOCIEDAD COMUNISTA: LA CASA DE TRANSICIÓN DEL NARKOMFIN, EPÍLOGO DE UNA INVESTIGACIÓN / TOWARDS THE NEW COMMUNIST SOCIETY: THE TRANSITION HOUSE OF NARKOMFIN, A RESEARCH EPILOGUE. Daniel Mo illa Vega; Ca men Espegel Alonso ● EL SISTEMA COMO LUGAR. TRES ESTRATEGIAS DE COLECTIVIZACIÓN DEL ESPACIO DOMÉSTICO CONTEMPORÁNEO / THE SYSTEM AS A PLACE. THREE COLLECTIVIZATION STRATEGIES OF THE CONTEMPORARY DOMESTIC SPACE. Fe nando Nie o Fe - nández ● LA CASA EN “CAMPO DE ARROZ”. UN IDEOGRAMA DE INTERACCIÓN EN EL HÁBITAT JAPONÉS CONTEMPORÁNEO / HOUSE IN A “RICE PADDY”. AN IDEOGRAM OF INTERACTION IN THE CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE HABITAT. Ped o Luis Gallego Fe - nández ● LA CONSTRUCCIÓN TEORICA Y PRÁCTICA DE UN NUEVO HÁBITAT MODERNO: UNOS PATIOS Y UNA CALLE (1946-1954) / THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW MODERN HABITAT: SOME PATIOS AND A STREET (1946-1954). Juan Ped o Sanz Ala cón, Miguel Cen ellas Sole , Ped o Ga cía Ma ínez ● EL BARRIO DE SÃO VICTOR DE ÁLVARO SIZA: ENTRE LA TEO- RÍA Y LA PRÁCTICA DE LAS OPERACIONES SAAL / DISTRICT OF SÃO VICTOR OF ÁLVARO SIZA: BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE SAAL OPERATIONS. Ai o Va ea O o ● REVISITING PUBLIC SPACE IN POST-WAR SOCIAL HOUSING IN GREAT BRITAIN / REPENSANDO EL ESPACIO PÚBLICO DE LAS VIVIENDAS SOCIALES DE POST-GUERRA EN GRAN BRETAÑA. Pablo Send a ● INTIMIDA- DES TRANSGREDIDAS: HABITAR EN TRÁNSITO / TRANSGRESSED PRIVACIES: TO LIVE IN TRANSIT. Ma ía P ie o Peinado ● RESE- ÑAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ● R.D. MARTIENSSEN: LA IDEA DEL ESPACIO EN LA ARQUITECTURA GRIEGA. Juan Luis T illo de Ley a 9 PUBLICACIONES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA AÑO 2013. ISSN 2171–6897 – ISSNe 2173–1616 REVISTA_PROYECTOPROGRESOARQUITECTURA AÑO IV hábi a y habi a 20 13 N9 GI HUM-632 UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA HÁBITAT Y HABITAR 9 PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA. N9, NOVIEMBRE 2013 (AÑO IV) hábi a y habi a edi o ial PULSANDO LA CUESTIÓN SOBRE LA VIVIENDA Y EL HÁBITAT / PRESSING THE HOUSING AND HABITAT QUESTION Rosa Ma ía Añón Abajas 12 en e líneas THE PRIMACY OF RESIDENTIAL QUALITY IN URBAN CREATION. A CURRENT OBSERVATION ON A RECURRING NOTION / LA PRIMACÍA DE LA CALIDAD RESIDENCIAL EN LA CREACIÓN URBANA UNA OBSERVACIÓN ACTUAL DE UNA NOCIÓN RECURRENTE S en G oma k - (DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.01) 16 a ículos HACIA LA NUEVA SOCIEDAD COMUNISTA: LA CASA DE TRANSICIÓN DEL NARKOMFIN, EPÍLOGO DE UNA INVESTIGACIÓN / TOWARDS THE NEW COMMUNIST SOCIETY: THE TRANSITION HOUSE OF NARKOMFIN, A RESEARCH EPILOGUE Daniel Mo illa Vega; Ca men Espegel Alonso - (DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.02) 26 EL SISTEMA COMO LUGAR. TRES ESTRATEGIAS DE COLECTIVIZACIÓN DEL ESPACIO DOMÉSTICO CONTEMPORÁNEO / THE SYSTEM AS A PLACE. THREE COLLECTIVIZATION STRATEGIES OF THE CONTEMPORARY DOMESTIC SPACE Fe nando Nie o Fe nández - (DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.03) 50 LA CASA EN “CAMPO DE ARROZ”. UN IDEOGRAMA DE INTERACCIÓN EN EL HÁBITAT JAPONÉS CONTEMPORÁNEO / HOUSE IN A “RICE PADDY”. AN IDEOGRAM OF INTERACTION IN THE CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE HABITAT Ped o Luis Gallego Fe nández - (DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.04) 68 LA CONSTRUCCIÓN TEORICA Y PRÁCTICA DE UN NUEVO HÁBITAT MODERNO: UNOS PATIOS Y UNA CALLE (1946-1954) / THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW MODERN HABITAT: SOME PATIOS AND A STREET (1946-1954) Juan Ped o Sanz Ala cón, Miguel Cen ellas Sole , Ped o Ga cía Ma ínez - (DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.05) 84 EL BARRIO DE SÃO VICTOR DE ÁLVARO SIZA: ENTRE LA TEORÍA Y LA PRÁCTICA DE LAS OPERACIONES SAAL / SÃO VICTOR DE ÁLVARO SIZA DISTRICT: BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE SAAL OPERATIONS Ai o Va ea O o - (DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.06) 96 REVISITING PUBLIC SPACE IN POST-WAR SOCIAL HOUSING IN GREAT BRITAIN / REPENSANDO EL ESPACIO PÚBLICO DE LAS VIVIENDAS SOCIALES DE POST-GUERRA EN GRAN BRETAÑA Pablo Send a - (DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07) 114 INTIMIDADES TRANSGREDIDAS: HABITAR EN TRÁNSITO / TRANSGRESSED PRIVACIES: TO LIVE IN TRANSIT Ma ía P ie o Peinado - (DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.08) 132 eseña bibliog á ica TEXTOS VIVOS R.D. MARTIENSSEN: LA IDEA DEL ESPACIO EN LA ARQUITECTURA GRIEGA Juan Luis T illo de Ley a 152 índice 115 PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA 114 N9_ HÁBITAT Y HABITAR P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. N9 “Hábi a y habi a ”. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. P oyec o, P og eso, A qui ec u a. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 In oduc Ion Social housing neighbou hoods buil du ing he pos –wa pe iod in many Eu opean ci ies ha e allen in o a s a e o obsolescence. In many ca- ses, hese u ban ypologies, de eloped mainly be ween he 1950s and 1970s, a e places wi h no u ban li e su- e ing om social p oblems. he ac o s ha con ibu e o hei obsolescence and hei social p oblems a e qui e di e se. Some o hem a e ela ed o u ban design and he e olu ion o buil en i onmen . In ac , e en a he ime when hey we e being buil du ing he 1950s, some u ban sociologis s such as Young and Willmo 1 and some a - chi ec s c i ical wi h mode n a chi ec u e s a ed o blame mode nis u ban designe s o c ea ing aliena ing spaces whe e communal li e was no possible. Since hen, much has been w i en in u ban heo y li- e a u e abou he disad an ages o such u ban design and many o hese u ban places equi e u gen in e en- ion, especially in hei public spaces, which ha e been le abandoned. I is necessa y o unde s and he o ig- ins o pos –wa econs uc ion and he complexi y o he SUMMARY This pape add esses he issue o he u ban obsolescence o public space o social housing neighbou hoods buil du ing he pos -wa pe iod in G ea B i ain. G ea B i ain has been chosen because o he ac i e ole played by mode n a chi ec s in he cons uc ion o he wel a e s a e ad oca ed by pos -wa go e nmen s, which in ol ed building la ge a eas o social housing. The aims o his pape a e o unde s and he con ex in which hese neighbou hoods we e buil as well as hei e olu ion and he comple- xi y o hei obsolescence. To achie e hese objec i es, i i s looks a he causes ha p omp ed he slum clea ance p ocess, a i s implemen a ion du ing he pos -wa econs uc ion and a he e ec s ha his p ocess has had on con empo a y ci ies. Secondly, i is illus a ed h ough a de ailed analysis o a case s udy, Loughbo ough Es a e in B ix on, London, looking a he ini ial condi ions o he council es a e when i was buil , in es iga ing i s e olu ion o e he pas i e decades and ac o s ha may ha e con ibu ed o he obsolescence o i s public space and o i s social p oblems. The pape concludes wi h a wa ning ha a gene alis c i ique o mo- de n a chi ec u e does no sol e he p oblems o such neighbou hoods, bu a subs an ial in e en ion on he public space is needed o b ing hem o li e. These in e en ions should ocus on he spa ial con igu a ion o public space and i s design and main enance. KEY WORDS public space; slum clea ance; neighbou hood; u ban obsolescence; egene a ion; London RESUMEN Es e a ículo abo da la cues ión de la obsolescencia u bana del espacio público en las ba iadas de i iendas sociales cons uidas du an e el pe iodo de pos -gue a en G an B e aña. Se ha escogido el caso de G an B e aña debido al papel an ac i o que u ie on los a qui ec os del mo imien o mode no en la cons ucción del es ado del bienes a , po la que aboga on los gobie nos de pos -gue a y la cual implicó la cons ucción de una g an can idad de i iendas. Los obje i os de es e a ículo son comp ende el con ex o en el que se cons uye on es as ba iadas así como su e olución y la complejidad de su obsolescencia. Pa a alcanza es os obje i os, p ime o se examinan las causas que die on luga al p oceso de demolición de in a i iendas, su ejecución du an e la econs ucción de pos -gue a y los e ec os que es e p oceso ha enido en las ciudades con empo áneas. En segundo luga , es o se ilus a con un análisis de allado de un caso de es udio: Loughbo ough Es a e en B ix on, Lond es. Se examinan cuáles e an las condiciones iniciales de la ba iada social y se in es iga su e olución du an e las cinco úl imas décadas y los posibles ac o es que han con ibuido a la obsolescencia del espacio público y a sus p oblemas sociales. El a ículo concluye ad i iendo que una c í ica gene alis a a la a qui ec u a mode na no esuel e los p oblemas de es as ba iadas, sino que es necesa ia una in e ención sus- ancial en el espacio público pa a omen a la ida u bana. Es as in e enciones deben ac ua sob e la con igu ación espacial del espacio público y sob e su diseño y man enimien o. PALABRAS CLAVE espacio público; demolición de in a i ienda; ba iada; obsolescencia u bana; egene ación; Lond es Pe sona de con ac o / Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]. Escuela Técnica Supe io de A qui ec u a. Ins i u o Uni e si a io de A qui ec u a y Ciencias de la Cons ucción. Uni e sidad de Se illa REVISITING PUBLIC SPACE IN POST-WAR SOCIAL HOUSING IN GREAT BRITAIN REPENSANDO EL ESPACIO PÚBLICO DE LAS VIVIENDAS SOCIALES DE POST-GUERRA EN GRAN BRETAÑA Pablo Send a S P oyec o, P og eso, A qui ec u a. N9 “Hábi a y habi a ”. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 / 03–03–2013 ecepción–acep ación 05–10–2013. DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 1. Young, Michael; Willmo , Pe e : Family and Kinship in Eas London. Fi s published in he U.S.A: 1957 and in G ea B i ain: Rou ledge and Kegan Paul, 1957. Middlesex (England): Penguin Books ( e ised edi ion), 1962, ep in ed 1972. 2. Mum o d, E ic: The CIAM Discou se on U banism, 1928–1960. Camb idge, Massachuse s: The MIT P ess, 2000, pp. 169–170. Quo ing Richa ds, James Maude: “Repo on MARS G oup: Wa and Pos –wa ”, May 1947 (CIAM 42–HMS–305/307). 3. Hall, Pe e : Ci ies o Tomo ow. Ox o d: Blackwell Publishe s, 1988. Rep in ed in 1994, p. 225. obsolescence o hese u ban a eas o a oid alling in o a e- pe i i e c i icism o mode n a chi ec u e and u ban design. In many Eu opean ci ies, he housing sho age a e Wo ld Wa wo (WWII) led o he cons uc ion o la ge ac s o social housing. In G ea B i ain, he pos –wa go e nmen s ook on he esponsibili y o building he wel a e s a e and p o iding housing o slum–dwelle s. he unheal hy Vic o ian ci y o slums had aised he ala m a he end o he nine een h cen u y abou he need o p o ide housing o he poo . Building he wel- a e s a e in ol ed demolishing wo king–class dis ic s and mo ing hei inhabi an s o newly buil housing es- a es. his p ocess, known as slum clea ance, became mo e in ense in he pos –wa pe iod, ca ied ou in con- junc ion wi h he econs uc ion o u ban si es damaged by WWII bombings. he B i ish case is ele an due o he ole ha mode n B i ish a chi ec s played in he econs uc ion p ocess. I is signi ican ha some o hem2 such as Si J. Leslie Ma in, who was chie A chi ec o he London coun y council (Lcc)3, held posi ions in public adminis a ion. his close 117 PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA 116 N9_ HÁBITAT Y HABITAR P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. N9 “Hábi a y habi a ”. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. P oyec o, P og eso, A qui ec u a. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 ela ionship be ween a chi ec s and go e nmen s made he pa icipa ion o mode n a chi ec s in he cons uc ion o many o hese housing es a es possible. A he same ime ha his econs uc ion was aking place, many eac ions eme ged agains his kind o u - ban design and agains he slum clea ance p ocess. he- se eac ions p oli e a ed o he poin ha B i ish council es a es and hei cha ac e is ic a chi ec u e came o be associa ed wi h social p oblems, po e y and c iminali y. his s igma isa ion has con ibu ed o he abandonmen o such neighbou hoods. un il oday, despi e some a - emp s a egene a ion, many o hese neighbou hoods a e in u gen need o a egene a ion p ocess o b ing u - ban li e o hei s ee s. hus, he objec i es o his pape a e: 1. o unde s and he p ocess h ough which hese neigh- bou hoods we e buil . 2. o comp ehend hei e olu ion since hei cons uc ion and he complexi y o hei obsolescence, ou lining weak- nesses and po en ials. Since he a icle is app oached om he s andpoin o u ban design, he analysis ocuses on hei public space and no on he dwelling ypologies. o achie e hese objec i es, he pape uses he o- llowing wo k me hodology: 1. Li e a u e e iew o B i ish his o y and heo y o a chi ec- u e and u banism, ocusing on he pos –wa pe iod and on he u ban heo ies ha eme ged in eac ion o pos – wa econs uc ion. 2. using a case s udy o unde s and he p ocess ha hese neighbou hoods ha e unde gone since hey we e buil , and hei cu en p oblems. his case s u- dy is Loughbo ough Es a e in he London Bo ough o Lambe h, designed and buil in he 1950s by he Lcc A chi ec ’s depa men . Fi s ly, a his o ical analysis has been ca ied ou on he a ea, including he consul a ion o his o ical maps, old pho og aphs, o iginal plans and do- cumen s o he scheme, and planning in o ma ion abou he subsequen in e en ions on he es a e om he ollowing sou ces: digimap His o ic Map Se ice, he Lambe h A chi es, he London Me opoli an A chi es and he Planning Applica ion da abase o Lambe h 4 . Secondly, a quali a i e analysis was ca ied ou on he es a e h ough nine si e isi s be ween Janua y and June 2009. his included obse a ions on he use o he public space, uns uc u ed in e iews wi h wen y– i e people, including neighbou s and wo ke s om he a ea, as well as key agen s such as membe s o he communi y panel, s a o he neighbou hood housing and managemen o ices, local you h acili y s a and police o ice s. PoS –WA EconS uc Ion And SLuM cLEA AncE In G EA B I AIn he slum clea ance and he pos –wa econs uc ion p ocesses led o he displacemen o mo e han ou mi- llion amilies and he cons uc ion o en housand la ge council es a es o e a i y–yea pe iod5. di e en ac o s p omp ed a socio–poli ical si ua ion whe e mode n B i ish a chi ec s we e o e ed he oppo uni y o pa icipa e ac i- ely in he econs uc ion p ocess a e he wa : i s ly, he unheal hy and o e c owded wo king–class dis ic s o he Vic o ian ci y, and secondly, he socio–poli ical si ua ion ha eme ged a e Wo ld Wa one and ha was conso- lida ed a e WWII, subsidising and encou aging public housing buil on clea ed si es6 and p omo ing he cons- uc ion o he wel a e s a e. F om he slum ci y o he wel a e s a e he easons o his massi e ope a ion o eplacing slums wi h new housing es a es had hei o igins in he si ua- ion o la e–nine een h cen u y B i ish ci ies, wi h abysmal li ing condi ions in wo king–class dis ic s, wi h la ge a- milies li ing in single– oom dwellings and sha ing acili- ies wi h o he amilies. As Hall desc ibes7, he pamphle published in 1883 by Mea ns, The Bi e C y o Ou cas London, was qui e in luen ial, as i made he middle– class and au ho i ies ealize he need o a solu ion o he deplo able si ua ion o he wo king classes. I seems ha he e we e wo issues de i ed om hese poo li ing con- di ions ha pa icula ly wo ied he B i ish middle class, he cle gy and he au ho i ies. on he one hand, Mea ns’s publica ion d ew a pic u e o ce ain si ua ions in he slums o aise he ala m abou how hese people li ed. He laid pa icula emphasis on he immo ali y and he c imi- nali y o he slums: d unkenness, p os i u ion and highly disad an aged si ua ions o child en8. he second main conce n o he middle class was he h ea o insu ec ion: he economic dep ession o he mid–1880s led o io s and mobiliza ions ha also made he need o a solu ion o poo dis ic s e iden 9. A s Hall highligh s, he immedia e consequences o hese pe cep ions we e he oyal commission o 1885 and he Boo h su ey 10 , which quan i ied he p oblem. he conclusions we e ha i was necessa y o build new wo king–class neighbou hoods o ehouse he slum– dwelle s . Pos –wa econs uc ion and B i ish mode n a chi ec u e Since he beginning o he wen ie h cen u y, public admi- nis a ion has ended o a ou public housing and sup- po he cons uc ion o new neighbou hoods o ehouse he wo king class. his endency became mo e ma ked a e WWII when he slum clea ance p ocess was ein o - ced wi h he econs uc ion o he bombed si es. he wa le London wi h a se ious housing sho age, o he poin ha in 1951 he Lcc es ima ed ha he e we e 250,000 amilies wai ing o new homes11. B i ish mode n a chi ec s had an impo an ole in he cons uc ion o pos –wa social housing, bo h because o he p esence o majo mode n a chi ec s in he Lcc and because o he au ho i ies wo ked wi h p i a e i ms on designing public housing. In addi ion o his, membe s o he B i ish cIAM g oup, MA S, held posi ions in public adminis a ion, allowing hem o lead he econs uc ion p ocess. Mo eo e , MA S s a ed o play such an impo - an ole in cIAM mee ings ha i led o he celeb a ion o he i s pos –wa cIAM mee ing in B idgewa e , England in 194712. A his poin , Abe c ombie and Fo shaw’s coun y o London Plan (cLP) s a ed o be implemen ed. his ma - ked he beginning o a majo slum clea ance p ocess13 accompanied mainly by wo ope a ions o housing p o- ision: he cons uc ion o new sa elli e owns and he e- cons uc ion o inne –ci y wo king–class dis ic s wi h cou- ncil es a es ha mixed high– ise and low– ise buildings. Bo h ope a ions had he same objec i e: o lowe he den- si y o he inne ci y. he Lcc was he la ges housing au ho i y in he coun y14, so i played a e y impo an ole in implemen- ing he cLP. I was conside ed he la ges a chi ec u al p ac ice in he wo ld and employed o e 750 a chi ec s15. F om 1949, obe Ma hew di ec ed he A chi ec ’s de- pa men –la e , in 1953, Si J. Leslie Ma in succeeded him as chie A chi ec – and o ganized i in o “g oups wi h speci ic p ojec s and asks”16. he Swedish s yle as a model o he wel a e s a e –known as he “new Empi icism”– inspi ed many o he Lcc housing schemes. Howe e , wi hin he A chi ec ’s depa men , he e was ano he sec o ha was deeply in- luenced by Le co busie ’s ecen ly buil Uni é d’Habi a ion in Ma seille. his esul ed in B i ish adap a ions o he 4. London Bo ough o Lambe h. Planning Applica ion da abase [online]. London: London Bo ough o Lambe h, n.d. [Quo ed on Augus 5, 2013] A ailable a he Wo ld Wide Web: <h p://planning.lambe h.go .uk/online–applica ions/>. 5. Roge s, Richa d; Powe , Anne: Ci ies o a small coun y. London: Fabe and Fabe , 2000, p. 76. 6. Roge s, Richa d; Powe , Anne. Op. ci ., p. 76. 7. Hall, Pe e . Op. ci ., p. 16. 8. Ibídem, p. 16–19. 9. Ibídem, p. 26. 10. Ibídem, p. 19–31. 11. Ha wood, Elain: “The oad o sub opia: 1940 o he p esen ”. In Sain , And ew (Ed.): London Subu bs. London: Me ell Holbe on in associa ion wi h English He i age, 1999, p. 131. 12. Mum o d, E ic. Op. ci ., p. 168. 13. Ibídem, p. 167. 14. Bullock, Nicholas: Building he pos –wa wo ld: mode n a chi ec u e and econs uc ion in B i ain. London: Rou ledge, 2002, p. 232. 15. Ca olin, Pe e : “Sense, sensibili y and owe blocks: he Swedish in luence on pos –wa housing in B i ain”. In Ha wood, Elain; Powe s, Alan (Ed.): Housing he wen ie h cen u y. London: Twen ie h Cen u y Socie y, 2008, p. 106. 16. Pa idge, John: “Roehamp on Housing”. In Ha wood, Elain; Powe s, Alan (Ed.): Housing he wen ie h cen u y. London: Twen ie h Cen u y Socie y, 2008, p. 115. 119 PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA 118 N9_ HÁBITAT Y HABITAR P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. N9 “Hábi a y habi a ”. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. P oyec o, P og eso, A qui ec u a. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 Uni é ollowing he ecommenda ions o he cLP and Lcc housing s anda ds. his made he a chi ec s combine slab blocks, low– ise and medium– ise housing in hei schemes o mee he cLP ecommenda ion o mixed de- elopmen s and design a cheape and smalle e sion o he Uni é17. hese B i ish e sions o he Uni é esul ed in he cons uc ion o council es a es such as Loughbo ough Es a e, which is he case s udy o his a icle. he eac ions o hese p ocesses soon eme ged. hey came om bo h u ban sociologis s and a chi ec s. In 1953, he A chi ec u al Re iew edi ed by icha ds pu- blished an edi o ial denouncing he disad an ages o he new owns o hei lack o u bani y18. In addi ion, Young and Willmo ’s wo k19, which c i icised he slum clea ance p ocess o b eaking he bonds o amily and communal li e in wo king–class dis ic s, was qui e in luen ial in u ban sociology. he c i ics also came om wi hin he cIAM, whe e eam 10, led by B i ish a chi ec s Allison and Pe e Smi h- son, challenged he cIAM discou se on he Func ional ci y and p oposed an al e na i e discou se o he A hens cha e based on he “hie a chy o human associa ions”20. his was p esen ed h ough he non–buil p ojec o Gol- den Lane “u ban eiden i ica ion”, in which hey explai- ned his hie a chy o associa ions: he house, he s ee , he dis ic and he ci y. Wi h his p ojec , hey we e ying o sugges new o ms o building and ways o associa e people wi hou des oying he s ee li e cha ac e is ic o wo king–class dis ic s21. In he la e cIAM cong esses he eam 10 discou se ocused he discussion on he con- cep o habi a 22, an issue ha had sca cely been discus- sed in he cIAM. hei conce ns we e wi h public space, places o human ela ionships and no jus wi h housing uni s and he o ganiza ion o unc ions. despi e he many c i ics, he p ocesses o slum clea- ance and econs uc ion las ed un il he mid–1970s. Be- cause o he need o p o ide ex ensi e housing and he go e nmen ’s in e es in con olling u ban g ow h23 and a oiding mo ing o me slum–dwelle s in o ou e subu bs24, he au ho i ies s a ed o p io i ise he cons uc ion o inne – ci y neighbou hoods in clea ed and bombed si es. Many o hese we e ca e ully designed by well–known a chi ec s, al hough hei esul s ha e no been shown o be e y sa- is ac o y. Howe e , his was no always he case, and on many occasions he design was de oid o a chi ec u al in- e es , so ha hese we e s anda d council es a es, wi h in- adequa e communal space and no se ices o ameni ies25, a hind ance o social ela ionships in he public ealm. The legacy o he econs uc ion p ocess he u ban discou ses agains mode n a chi ec u e and he slum clea ance p ocess which eme ged in he 1950s became s onge in he ollowing yea s. Va ious u ban s udies c i icised he econs uc ion p ocess and mode n a chi ec u e o being an isocial and no acili a ing hu- man ela ionships. Howe e , he app oach o his c i icism was no always he same. Whe eas some ocused on he impo ance o eco e ing human con ac in he public space and on encou aging public li e, o he app oaches concen a ed on designing u ban con igu a ions o a oid an i–social beha iou and p e en c ime. he idea ha mode n a chi ec u e led o an i–social beha iou was widesp ead no only in ce ain sec o s o academia and u ban hinking, bu also among he gene al public, who obse ed he social p oblems and c iminali y associa ed wi h council es a es, which led o he s igma i- sa ion o pos –wa neighbou hoods. his has a ec ed he public concep ion o people who li e in London and o he B i ish ci ies, whe e un il he p esen day, pos –wa high– ise housing is s ill seen as housing o he poo . Al hough many o he c i ics ha e unques ionable a - gumen s abou he nega i e e ec s o mode n u ban de- sign, some heo ies ha e led o ce ain e ec s ha ha e no imp o ed poo condi ions in hese a eas bu ha e been e en mo e o a hind ance o li e in he public space. Fi s ly, one o he e ec s o he dec easing in e es in so- cial housing was he abandonmen o hese u ban a eas, a ibu ed o he di icul y o he au ho i ies in assuming he cos o he main enance o he la ge housing s ock buil in he pos –wa pe iod. Secondly, ano he ou pu was he co ec i e u ban design measu es o p e en c ime, i s p omo ed by newman26 in he 1970s and la e imple- men ed in B i ain by coleman27 in he 1980s. As Min on28 sugges s, hese ha e had a s ong in luence on policy– making un il oday. hi dly, he s igma isa ion o hese neighbou hoods and hei ela ion o c ime and dep i a- ion has also led o hei demoli ion and ede elopmen ec ea ing adi ional s ee pa e ns and, in some occa- sions, ecalling e nacula a chi ec u e. he ini ial lack o ameni ies in he open spaces in many o hese neighbou hoods was no supplemen ed wi h la e in e en ions. Mos o he in e en ions ha ook place in he council es a es jus a e hei cons uc ion did no deal wi h he ou doo spaces, bu wi h epai ing he cons uc ion p oblems in he buildings. he public au ho- i ies had di icul y in main aining he la ge housing s ock buil in he pos –wa pe iod. Mo eo e , when he G ea e London council (GLc) – he o me Lcc– ans e ed i s housing s ock o he bo oughs, hey had o ace he ma- nagemen o a la ge numbe o dwellings. he s igma isa ion o housing es a es also led o ela- ing i s u ban design o c ime. In 1972, newman p oposed co ec i e measu es o p e en c ime based on “ e i o- iali y”, “na u al su eillance”– easily iden i ying s ange s and undesi ables–and “image and milieu”29: a oiding a - chi ec u al designs and u ban images con ibu ing o he s igma isa ion o an a ea. newman’s ideas we e aken up by coleman30, who held ha he e we e ce ain a chi ec u- al ea u es in mode n a chi ec u e ha encou aged c ime, and p oposed some co ec i e in e en ions such as eli- mina ing he ele a ed pa hways o c ea ing enclosu es by adding new buildings o p o ide su eillance o he s ee . his ocus on p e en ing c ime in council es a es has led o p io i ising in es men in secu i y measu es such as p o iding a single sa e access o he owe blocks, ins a- lling cc V came as, encing o he ga dens and placing ba bed wi e on walls and buildings. Min on iden i ies he main di e ence be ween newman’s app oach and ha o o he s such as Jacobs and Senne . She s a es ha , while Jacobs and Senne conside in e ac ion wi h s ange s as some hing posi i e, newman’s measu es y o a oid he p esence o s ange s on he public ealm, conside ing hem as in ude s31. In some cases, he s igma isa ion o he a chi ec u e o council es a es has esul ed in hei demoli ion32. he idea ha mode n a chi ec u e leads o c ime has led o a e u n o e nacula a chi ec u e as a mo e app op ia e s yle o human ela ionships. his can be app ecia ed in ce ain p ocesses o u ban enewal ha ha e ca ied on he pa ial o comple e demoli ion o council es a es and ede eloping he si es ollowing Vic o ian s ee pa e ns. Howe e , as Senne sugges s33, he his o ic ci y canno be c ea ed om sc a ch by imi a ing a chi ec u e om he pas . he his o ic ci y is he esul o a p ocess o o e lap- ping di e en momen s in ime and he cha ac e o public space comes om how people use i . 17. Bullock, Nicholas. Op. ci ., pp. 103–105. 18. Hall, Pe e . Op. ci ., p. 222. Re e encing Richa ds, James Maude: “The Failu e o he New Towns”. A chi ec u al Re iew, Nº 114, 1953, p. 29–32. 19. Young, Michael; Willmo , Pe e : Op. Ci . They compa ed amily and communal li e in a wo king–class dis ic in Be hnal G een in Eas London wi h ha o a newly buil council es a e in Essex, whe e many o he amilies om Be hnal G een had been ehoused. 20. Mum o d, E ic. Op. ci ., p. 225. 21. Mum o d, E ic. Op. ci ., pp. 232–235. 22. Team 10: “The Doo Mani es o”, 1954, ep oduced in Smi hson, Alison (Ed.): Team 10 mee ings. New Yo k: Rizzoli In e na ional Publica ions, 1991, p. 21. 23. Hall, Pe e . Op. ci ., p. 223. 24. Roge s, Richa d; Powe , Anne. Op. ci ., p. 76. 25. Hall, Pe e . Op. ci ., p. 225. 26. Newman, Osca : De ensible space: c ime p e en ion h ough u ban design. New Yo k: Macmillan, 1972. 27. Coleman, Alice: U opia on ial: ision and eali y in planned housing. London: Hila y Shipman, 1985. Re ised edi ion 1990. 28. Min on, Anna: G ound con ol: ea and happiness in he wen y– i s –cen u y ci y. London: Penguin, 2009. 29. Newman, Osca . Op. ci . 30. Coleman, Alice. Op. ci . 31. Min on, Anna. Op. ci ., p. 142. 32. Roge s, Richa d; Powe , Anne. Op. ci ., p. 81. 33. Senne , Richa d: “The public ealm.” Pape p esen ed a BMW Founda ion Wo kshop on Changing Beha iou and Belie s. Lake Tege nsee (Ge many), 2008. [Quo ed on Feb ua y 2, 2011] A ailable a he Wo ld Wide Web: <h p://www. icha dsenne .com/si e/SENN/Templa es/Gene al2.aspx?pageid=16>. 121 PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA 120 N9_ HÁBITAT Y HABITAR P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. N9 “Hábi a y habi a ”. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. P oyec o, P og eso, A qui ec u a. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 he ans o ma ions–o lack o ans o ma ion– ha council es a es ha e unde gone since he 1980s ha e ocused on p e en ing c ime h ough in e en ions in he exis ing buil en i onmen o h ough demolishing and de- eloping a adi ional u ban s ee design ea u ing s ee on age, na u al su eillance and, on some occasions, e nacula a chi ec u al s yle. Howe e , he magni ude and scope o hese in e en ions has been di e en in each case and i is impossible o gene alize. ha is why i is necessa y o use case s udies. PuBLIc SPAcE oBSoLEScEncE: LouGHBo ouGH ES A E, B Ix on o unde s and he cu en si ua ion o he public ealm in B i ish council es a es, his a icle analyses a neighbou - hood designed by he Lcc A chi ec ’s depa men in he 1950s: Loughbo ough Es a e in he London Bo ough o Lambe h, Sou h London. he case s udy is an inne –ci y neighbou hood buil on a si e damaged by WWII bombing and i s design is an adap a ion o Le co busie ’s Uni é d’Habi a ion ( igu es 1, 2, and 3). he neighbou hood houses o e 3,000 people34 and is loca ed in B ix on, a majo own cen e known o i s ib an- cy and mul icul u alism, i s s ee li e and i s s ee ma ke on Elec ic A enue. Be ween he 1940s and he 1950s, B ix on expe ienced a g ea in lux o A o–ca ibbean im- mig an s, which came o be known as he “Wind ush ge- ne a ion”. cu en ly, i has la ge A ican and Wes Indian popula ions. his is ep esen a i e o wha happened in G ea B i ain, whe e pos –wa immig a ion had gi en ise o a la ge numbe o e hnic mino i ies li ing in social hou- sing by he 1980s35. B ix on was also one o he ho spo s o he io s a he beginning o he 1980s. he B ix on io s in 1981 esul ed in he epo by Lo d Sca man, who de- nounced he disad an aged si ua ion o black cul u e36. he s ee li e o B ix on own cen e con as s wi h he dead s ee s o he social housing neighbou hoods. he image o housing es a es is associa ed wi h c ime and de- p i a ion and has con ibu ed o he a ea’s poo epu a ion. 1. Loughbo ough Es a e, 1961. 2. Loughbo ough Es a e ex ension, Ci ic T us Awa ds 1961. 3. Loughbo ough Es a e model, 1952. 4. B ix on be o e WWII, 1886. 5. B ix on: damage caused by WWII bombings, 1952. 34. Sou ce: O ice o Na ional S a is ics. Na ional Neighbou hoods S a is ics [online]. Newpo (Sou h Wales, U.K.): O ice o Na ional S a is ics, 2011. [Quo ed May 29, 2013] A ailable a he Wo ld Wide Web: <h p://www.neighbou hood.s a is ics.go .uk/>. 35.Hall, Pe e . Op. ci ., pp. 395–396. 36. Sca man, Lo d: The B ix on diso de s 10–12 Ap il 1981. London: He Majes y’s S a ione y O ice, 1981. 3 3 2 1 4 5 123 PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA 122 N9_ HÁBITAT Y HABITAR P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. N9 “Hábi a y habi a ”. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. P oyec o, P og eso, A qui ec u a. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 6. Cons uc ion o Loughbo ough Es a e, 1958. 7. Loughbo ough Es a e, 2009. (The came as ea u- ed on his plan a e illus a i e and do no co es- pond o he ac ual numbe and dis ibu ion. In ac- ual ac he e a e many mo e came as dis ibu ed h oughou he es a e). Cons uc ion and e olu ion o Loughbo ough Es a e he a ea cu en ly occupied by Loughbo ough Es a e was des oyed du ing he Second Wo ld Wa ( igu es 4, 5). he neighbou hood was designed and buil in he 1950s ( igu- e 6) nex o an exis ing council es a e om he 1930s. he scheme is a mixed de elopmen ha combines Uni é– inspi ed slab blocks wi h e ace houses and ou –s o ey maisone e blocks ( igu e 3). A pa k–Wyck Ga dens–was buil oge he wi h he housing es a e. h ee o he la ge slab blocks ace he pa k pe pendicula ly. he scheme was planned wi h an open layou : he slab blocks we e s anding on la ge open a eas o g ass. he g ound loo s o he slab blocks s ood on pilo is and we e open. Li le a en ion had been paid o design in he public ealm o he o iginal de elopmen , which consis ed basically o la - ge a eas o g ass whe e communal li e was supposed o ake place. du ing he i s decades, he in e en ions in Lough- bo ough Es a e concen a ed on epai ing speci ic p o- blems s emming om he cons uc ion o he es a e37. I seems ha he ini ial in e en ions did no deal wi h he public space and his ed he p ocess o decay. Be ween 1992 and 199438 a majo scheme was implemen ed in he housing es a e, which included encing ound all he o iginally open ga dens ( igu e 7). In addi ion o his, he open g ound loo s o he owe s we e closed o o c ea e concie ge spaces and secu e single–access en ances. ecen ly, cc V came as ha e been ins alled all o e he es a e and he headqua e s o coldha bou Lane Sa e neighbou hood eam (Me opoli an Police) is loca ed a Loughbo ough Junc ion. Since he c ea ion o he Loughbo ough EMB commu- ni y cen e in he 1990s, some epai s ha e been ca ied ou in he houses, and he in e nal ga dens a e in be e condi ion. While he ieldwo k was being ca ied ou in 2009, uni ed esiden Housing applied o unding o a p ojec o mee he decen Home S anda d39. his p ojec ocuses on he e u bishmen o he dwellings, no on he public ealm. Complexi y o Loughbo ough Es a e’s obsolescence he main symp om o obsolescence o he public ealm is i s disuse. F om he si e isi s, i can be concluded ha he e is a lack o li e in he public space: i is a e o see people si ing, s anding, socializing o enjoying he ou doo spaces. c ime is ega ded as one o he main p oblems o Lough- bo ough Es a e, i is wi hin he 21.71% neighbou hoods o England wi h he highes c ime a es40. You h c imina- li y and gang membe ship a e majo conce ns. Howe e , he ac o s ha con ibu e o hese social p oblems a e e y complex, since hey de i e om s uc u al p oblems, he concen a ion o po e y and o he socio–economic issues, which his a icle does no aim o analyse since i s app oach is om he s andpoin o u ban design. ying o ackle c ime di ec ly wi h u ban design measu es can lead o simila in e en ions o hose p oposed by new- man. hese measu es can educe c ime in he sho e m bu may hinde he use o he public ealm. Al e na i ely, i u ban design in e en ions concen a- e on c ea ing a mo e meaning ul public ealm, hey can encou age people o use i and his may ha e an indi- ec long– e m e ec , p oducing a posi i e change in he neighbou hood: a change ha comes om how people use public space. Gehl explains he impo ance o quali- ying public space o de elop he h ee kinds o ac i i ies ha he desc ibes: “necessa y ac i i ies, op ional ac i i ies and social ac i i ies”41. Gehl explains ha social ac i i ies ake place when people sha e he same ou doo space. He s a es ha 37. Lambe h: Angell Wa d p o iles 1979–1982. London: Lambe h, 1982. Sou ce: Lambe h A chi es. 38. London Bo ough o Lambe h. Planning Applica ion da abase [online]. London: London Bo ough o Lambe h, n.d. [Quo ed on Augus 5, 2013] A ailable a he Wo ld Wide Web: <h p://planning.lambe h.go .uk/online–applica ions/>. 39. This analysis shows conclusions om he si e isi s in 2009. Du ing ou si e isi s be ween May and June 2013, i was obse ed ha he açades and oo o he la ge and small slab block ha e been epai ed. Accoun s o o he imp o emen s such as he ins alla ion o sola panels in some o he buildings can be con- sul ed in he Uni ed Residen Housing websi e. [Quo ed Augus 20, 2013] A ailable a he Wo ld Wide Web h p://www.u h.o g.uk/abou –us/decen –homes. 40. Indices o Dep i a ion 2010, C ime. Sou ce: O ice o Na ional S a is ics. Na ional Neighbou hoods S a is ics [online]. Newpo (Sou h Wales, U.K.): O ice o Na ional S a is ics, 2011. [Quo ed May 29, 2013] A ailable a he Wo ld Wide Web: <h p://www.neighbou hood.s a is ics.go .uk/>. 41. Gehl, Jan: Li e be ween buildings: using public space. Re ised edi ion. Washing on DC: Island P ess, 2011, p. 9. 6 7 125 PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA 124 N9_ HÁBITAT Y HABITAR P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. N9 “Hábi a y habi a ”. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. P oyec o, P og eso, A qui ec u a. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 when wo people sha e he same space, he passi e con- ac o seeing and hea ing which a ises may spa k o a mo e in ense social in e ac ion42. his b ings he idea o he impo ance o co–p esence in he public space, which has been s udied in–dep h in he Space Syn ax app oach o he ela ionship be ween he buil en i onmen and so- cie y. Space Syn ax was ounded by Hillie , Hanson and o he academics a he Ba le Facul y o he Buil En i- onmen , ucL, in he la e 1970s. Since hen, hey ha e de eloped a me hodology ha “in es iga e(s) how well en i onmen s wo k, igo ously ela ing social a iables o a chi ec u al o ms”43. Hanson s a es ha co–p esence is a “p econdi ion o ace– o– ace human social in e ac ion wi hou in any way de e mining wha akes place”44. She explains how ci ies and owns s uc u e co–p esence and iden i ies ce ain e ms such as “pe meabili y, in eg a ion and cons i u edness”45 ha acili a e co–p esence in u - ban space. Howe e , how people pe cei e s ange s and in e- ac wi h each o he does no only depend on a spa ial con igu a ion ha acili a es hei p esence on he public ealm. As Senne s a es, “(s)pa ial enginee ing in he o m o he p essu ized s ee canno alone induce people o in e ac ”46. he e a e also o he kinds o physical ea u- es o he en i onmen ha can in luence he way people pe cei e s ange s o he possibili y o ac i i ies aking pla- ce. hese ac o s ha e o do wi h he ma e iali y o public space, i s design, and he exis ence o elemen s ha aci- li a e he eme gence o p ocesses. Because o he need o add ess hese wo scales o physical ac o s which con ibu e o he lack o use o public space, his a icle will examine “spa ial con igu a ion”47 and he design and main enance o he public ealm. Spa ial con igu a ion he socio–spa ial seg ega ion, p o oked by he low–in- come concen a ion de i ing om he pos –wa econs- uc ion p ocess, is on some occasions exace ba ed by he spa ial con igu a ion o neighbou hoods like Lough- bo ough Es a e. he spa ial con igu a ion can hinde he p esence o people in he public ealm bo h because o how he neighbou hood ela es o i s su oundings and also because o he layou o he buildings and open spaces wi hin he neighbou hood. Fi s ly, ega ding how hese neighbou hoods ela e spa ially o he adjacen a eas, al hough in some cases hei loca ion in he inne ci y and he polycen ic cha ac e o London mean ha hey a e close o he own cen e, which no mally p o ides ameni ies and di e en ac i i ies, hey a e usually seg e- ga ed by physical ba ie s and discon inui ies in he u ban ab ic. Secondly, conce ning he ela ion o he di e en spaces wi hin he neighbou hood and how hese ela e o he su ounding s ee s, as explained by Hanson, he pos –wa u ban ans o ma ions in ol ed a change om he adi ional u ban s ee ab ic–which is con inuous and in eg a ing, wi h buildings in a di ec ela ionship wi h he s ee – o an es a e layou , which is agmen ed and se- g ega ed and whe e he buildings ha e no di ec ela ion wi h he s ee 48. he ela ionship be ween B ix on own cen e and he su ounding council es a es can be explained h ough Pope’s concep o “ladde s”49: in he wen ie h cen u y, ce ain “cen ipe al de elopmen s”50 ha e caused he e osion o he u ban g id. hese u ban de elopmen s ha e gene a ed se ious socio–spa ial seg ega ion p o- blems by c ea ing some a eas ha a e in eg a ed and o he s ha a e no . he discon inui ies p oduced by he- se u ban p ojec s c ea e physical ba ie s ha ansla e in o social di ision. Pope also iden i ies he disad an a- ges o mode n u ban design and he disappea ance o he s ee a guing ha while mode n a chi ec u e ied o open up he enclosed spaces o he nine een h–cen u y cons uc ions, in ac ual ac wha i achie ed was a closu- e o he u ban ield51. Loughbo ough Es a e is a i e–minu e–walk away om B ix on own cen e, a place ull o ameni ies, s ee ma - ke s and local e ail businesses ha gi e B ix on a ib an s ee li e. Howe e , ha s ee li e does no each Lough- bo ough Es a e due o physical u ban ba ie s such as he ele a ed ailway, walls and a angled and discon inuous u ban ab ic no h o he own cen e. he way Loughbo- ough Es a e ela es o i s su oundings can be isualised using Space Syn ax me hodology, which uses di e en measu emen s o ela e buil o m o social a iables. he measu emen calcula ed he e is “ h ough–mo emen po- en ial”, which “assesses he deg ee o which each space lies on he simples o sho es pa h be ween all pai s o spaces in he sys em”52. his is conside ed he mos ap- p op ia e measu emen o his s udy since i can gi e an idea o he people ha pass h ough Loughbo ough Es a- e53. Mo emen po en ial can be calcula ed wi h di e en adii depending on whe he he s udy needs o conside a local a ea o a bigge scale a ea54. Since he analysis aims o unde s and he ela ionship be ween B ix on own cen e and Loughbo ough Es a e, mo emen po en ial has been calcula ed using a adius o 800, which akes local s uc u es in o conside a ion. 42. Ibídem, p. 13. 43. Hillie , Bill and o he s: “Space Syn ax. A di e en u ban pe spec i e”. The A chi ec ’s Jou nal, 30 No embe 1983, Nº 48 (178). London: A chi ec u al P ess, 1983, p. 49. 44. Hanson, Julienne: “U ban ans o ma ions: a his o y o design ideas”. In U ban Design In e na ional, Augus 2000, Nº 5 (2). Basings oke, (Han s, U.K.): Palg a e Macmillan, 2000, p. 120. DOI: 10.1057/palg a e.udi.9000011. 45. Ibídem, p. 97. Acco ding o Hanson, a s ee is “cons i u ed” when “space o ms a di ec in e ace wi h he acades o he buildings, mainly houses, whose doo ways gi e di ec ly on o (…) he s ee s”. Ibídem, p. 98. 46. Senne , Richa d. Op. ci ., n.p. 47. Hillie and Vaughan de ine “spa ial con igu a ion” as “ ela ions be ween spaces which ake in o accoun o he ela ions, and so in e ec ela ions be ween all he a ious spaces o a sys em”. Hillie , Bill; Vaughan, Lau a: “The ci y as one hing”. P og ess in Planning, Ap il 2007, N º 67 (3). Ox o d: Pe gamon–Else ie Science, 2007, p. 207. DOI: 10.1016/j.p og ess.2007.03.001. 48. Hanson, Julienne. Op. ci ., p. 100. 49. Pope, Albe : Ladde s, Hous on: Rice Uni e si y School o A chi ec u e, 1996. As igu e 8 shows, he e is an u ban oid be ween B ix on own cen e and Loughbo ough Junc ion. his oid ma ks he loca ion o Loughbo ough Es a e. he analysis also sugges s ha Ba ing on oad has mo e- men po en ial which could be enhanced by in oducing s ee ac i i ies o encou age people using his s ee as a c oss–pa h om Loughbo ough Junc ion and B ix on own cen e. o ind ou ways o encou age he co–p esence o people in he public ealm, i is also necessa y o analyse he ela ionship be ween he di e en spaces wi hin he neighbou hood and how hese spaces ela e o he s ee s ou side he neighbou hood. d awing a de ailed axial map wi h all he pedes ian pa hs coun ing he axial s eps55 om he main oads ha delimi he neighbou hood o he en y doo o he buildings can p o ide addi ional in o ma- ion on how he spaces wi hin he neighbou hood ela e o hei su oundings ( igu e 9). Fu he mo e, o e lapping his axial map wi h he classi ica ion o p i a e/public spa- ce can help o isualize he spa ial ela ionships wi hin he neighbou hood. his map can show how he pos –wa u ban ans o - ma ions56 in luenced co–p esence. Whe eas in he p e– wa u ban ab ic o Loughbo ough Es a e ( igu es 4, 5, 6) he s ee was delimi ed by buildings whose en ance doo s aced i di ec ly, he pos –wa Loughbo ough Es a- e is composed o buildings in an open landscape. F om hese buildings, he slab owe s ha e one single access, which is no di ec ly o he s ee , and many o he low– ise houses a e buil pe pendicula o he s ee o wi h a g ass e ge in on o hem ha p e en s di ec in e ac ion be - ween he p i a e and he public ( igu e 9). Al hough he axes o he s ee s a e almos he same in he p e–wa and pos –wa pe iod, he s ee pa e n is o ally di e en and he access o he dwellings is much mo e indi ec . 50. Ibídem. 51. Ibídem. 52. Hillie , Bill; Vaughan, Lau a. Op. ci ., p. 214. 53. The so wa e calcula ion has been ca ied ou using segmen line analysis wi h oad cen e lines. 54. Hillie , Bill: Space is he machine: a con igu a ional heo y o a chi ec u e. Camb idge: P ess Syndica e o he Uni e si y o Camb idge, 1996. Elec onic ed., wi h a new p e ace, 2007, p. 127. [Quo ed on Ma ch 2, 2013] A ailable a he Wo ld Wide Web: <h p://disco e y.ucl.ac.uk/3881/1/SITM.pd >. 55. In Space Syn ax e minology, an axial s ep is each necessa y u n o change o di ec ion o going om one space o ano he . 56. See Hanson, Julienne. Op. ci . 127 PROYECTO, PROGRESO, ARQUITECTURA 126 N9_ HÁBITAT Y HABITAR P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. N9 “Hábi a y habi a ”. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 P. SENDRA. “Re isi ng public space in pos -wa social housing in G ea B i ain”. P oyec o, P og eso, A qui ec u a. No iemb e 2013. Uni e sidad de Se illa. ISSN 2171–6897 / ISSNe 2173–1616 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07 8. Th ough-mo emen po en ial o he a ea o Lough- bo ough Es a e. Calcula ed wi h UCL Dep hmap so - wa e - Space Syn ax. 9. Axial s eps om he su ounding main oads o he en ances o he buildings, 2009. he sense o li ing in a s ee is o ally los . Fu he in e - en ions on he neighbou hood ha e a emp ed o es- ablish some hie a chy be ween p i a e, semi–p i a e, semi–public and public space by placing ences and building pa hs owa ds he en ance o he owe s. Mos o he in e en ions ha e ocused on p e en ing c ime and inc easing secu i y, unde s anding he p esence o s ange s as some hing h ea ening and unexpec ed si ua ions as some hing unwan ed. Fu he mo e, hese in e en ions ha e no sol ed he p oblem o he lack o ac i i ies on he g ound loo di ec ly ela ed o he s ee , which means ha he s ee s and public spaces a e s ill disused. F om his i can be concluded ha he spa ial con i- gu a ion o igina ing om he cons uc ion o he housing es a es and om he subsequen ans o ma ions hinde s he co–p esence o people in he public ealm. con e - sely, s a egies should in e ene in he spa ial con igu a- ion o he s ee s o encou age ou side s o pass h ough he neighbou hood, ins ead o c ea ing spaces ha dis- cou age he p esence o s ange s. Howe e , as s a ed p e iously, me ely looking a he spa ial con igu a ion can lead o o e looking speci ic aspec s o he public ealm ha deal wi h i s ma e iali y, i s design, i s main enance, i s capaci y o hos di e en ypes o ac i i ies and he p ocess h ough which people may s a using i . Design and main enance o he public ealm hese disad an aged ini ial condi ions ha e been exace - ba ed by he e olu ion o he es a e. he e a e wo main 8 PRIVATE FENCED COMMUNAL AREAS OPEN COMNUNAL AREAS PUBLIC PARKS GRASS VERGE CLEARED SITES SURROUNDING MAIN ROADS 5 STEPS 4 STEPS 3 STEPS 2 STEPS 1 STEPS FROM MAIN ROAD BUILDINGS 9