Competitive intelligence among SMEs: assessing the role of entrepreneurial attitude orientation on innovation performance

Ainul Mohsein e al. CI among Malaysian SMEs 2nd In e na ional Symposium on Pa ial Leas Squa es Pa h Modeling, Se ille (Spain), 2015 1 Compe i i e In elligence Among SMEs: Assessing he Role o En ep eneu ial A i ude O ien a ion on Inno a ion Pe o mance. Comple ed Resea ch Pape 1s Ainul Mohsein Abdul-Mohsin Uni e isi i Sains Malaysia amam11_man095@s uden .usm.my 2nd Hasliza Abdul-Halim Uni e si i Sains Malaysia [email protected] 3 d Noo Haslina Ahmad Uni e si i Sains Malaysia [email protected] Abs ac Compe i i e in elligence is key in oday's uns able global en i onmen because i leads o c ea ion o ideas and inno a ion. Ye , esea ch on compe i i e in elligence as he ounda ion o s a egic managemen is e y much lacking. Fu he mo e, esea ch on compe i i e in elligence p ac ice among he SMEs is also scan y. Thus, he in en ion o his s udy is o e iew he li e a u e on en ep eneu ial a i ude o ien a ion, compe i i e in elligence and inno a i e pe o mance and o in es iga e he ela ionships o hese h ee a iables wi hin he Malaysian SME con ex wi h empi ical e idence. Keywo ds: Compe i i e in elligence, En ep eneu ial a i ude o ien a ion, Inno a i e pe o mance, SME. 1. In oduc ion In ecen yea s, he Malaysian SME sec o has soa ed in acco dance wi h he global business de elopmen . The go e nmen con inues o p o ide a ious suppo in he o m o de elopmen p og ammes and unding o escala e he SMEs p oduc i i y (PEMANDU, 2010). Ne e heless, he SMEs con ibu es o only 32.5% o he coun y's GDP (S a Business, 2013). The 2014-2015 Compe i i e Index cha anked Malaysia a wen ie h in e ms o compe i i eness and a hi y- hi d on he 2014 Global Inno a ion Index o inno a i eness. F om hese ankings i is ob ious ha he Malaysian o ganisa ions lack inno a i eness. The e o e, o hem o sus ain, hey need o enhance on hei inno a i eness, c ea i i y and en ep eneu ship. In he wes e n hemisphe e and Eas Asia, compe i i e in elligence (CI) is being hea ily u ilised by la ge and smalle o ganisa ions (Adidam, Bane jee, & Shukla, 2012; P ipo as, Gas o is, & Zacha is, 2005) as a sou ce o compe i i e ad an age and inno a i eness (Smi h & Kossou, 2008; W igh , 2011). A e iew o he li e a u e also shows a posi i e ela ionship be ween CI and inno a i e pe o mance and CI also leads o he c ea ion o inno a i eness in small businesses (Hussein, Fa zaneh, & Ami i, 2011; Tane & Baile i, 2008). Hence, o compe e e ec i ely, SME mus p ac ice CI in hei day- o-day business ac i i ies. Howe e , a oo li le esea ches ha e cen ed on he en ep eneu 's a i ude o ien a ion, CI and inno a i e pe o mance. Gi en he ac ha CI is impo an o he SMEs inno a i eness, his pape a gues ha i is essen ial o unde s and he en ep eneu ial a i ude o ien a ion ela ionships o CI and inno a i e pe o mance in hei day- o-day business Ainul Mohsein e al. CI among Malaysian SMEs 2nd In e na ional Symposium on Pa ial Leas Squa es Pa h Modeling, Se ille (Spain), 2015 2 p ac ices. The e o e, he pu pose o his pape is o in es iga e he ela ionships o en ep eneu ial a i ude o ien a ion, compe i i e in elligence and inno a i e pe o mance among he Malaysian SMEs wi h empi ical e idence. 2. Li e a u e Re iew and Resea ch Hypo heses 2.1 En ep eneu ial A i ude O ien a ion A i ude is an e alua ion o an objec o hough . A i ude objec s can comp ise o any hing a pe son may hold in mind, anging om he mundane o he abs ac , including hings, people, g oups, and ideas (Bohne & Dickel, 2011). A i ude exis s a he gene al le el and also a a e y speci ic le el o many objec s and because o his, a i ude needs o be ma ched by measu emen speci ici y (Ajzen, 1988; Ajzen & Madden, 1986). Robinson, S impson, Hu ne , and Hun (1991) summa ise ha a i ude owa ds achie emen in gene al (gene al objec ) is no he same as a i ude owa ds achie emen in an en ep eneu ial se ing (speci ic objec ). Thus, he En ep eneu ial A i ude O ien a ion (EAO) inco po a es an a i ude scale o p edic en ep eneu ial ac i i y (Robinson e al., 1991). Fu he mo e, EAO is mo e domain-speci ic and inc eases he co ela ion wi h he ac ual beha iou and educes unexplained a iabili y (Gibson, Walke , & Ha is, 2010). The EAO model is based on ou heo ies which a e needs o achie emen (McClelland, 1961), inno a i eness (Ki on, 1984), locus o con ol (Le enson, 1973), and sel es eem (C andall, 1973). In EAO, he in e p e a ion o achie emen , inno a i eness, pe sonal con ol and sel es eem can be in e p e ed as he business accomplishmen and unde akings, c ea i i y in handling a business, sel -in luence o e he business des iny and he sel -con idence in unning a business. Howe e , s udies ha e shown ha only h ee dimensions a e commonly iden i ied wi h business mo i a ion. These dimensions a e needs o achie emen (N A), locus o con ol (LoC) and inno a i eness (Qiu,2008; K auss e al., 2005; Ramsey & Ibbo son, 2005). In his s udy, only h ee dimensions o he EAO a e applied. Fishbein and Ajzen (1977) sugges ha he a i udinal ac o signals a pe son’s judgmen al a i ude owa ds a beha iou and a no ma i e belie signal a pe son’s pe cei ed social p essu es o ac o no o ac on a speci ic beha iou . Thus, EAO cons uc s such as N A, LoC and inno a i eness may en isage en ep eneu beha iou owa ds CI. 2.2 Inno a i e Pe o mance Inno a ion is de ined as he adop ion o an idea o beha iou ha is new o an o ganisa ion (Da , 1978; Damanpou & E an, 1984). The adop ion o inno a ion is desc ibed as a p ocess ha includes gene a ion, de elopmen and implemen a ion o new ideas o beha iou s. Inno a ion is no only an adop ion bu also an adap a ion o new in o ma ion and p ac ices which lead o he abili y o c ea e new ideas and apply hem o imp o ise new p oduc s, se ices, p ocesses and p ocedu es (Ba es & Khasawneh, 2005). The de ini ion o inno a ion has e ol ed in o di e en ca ego ies which include p oduc s, p oduc ion me hods and echnologies, ma ke s, se ices and o ganisa ional s uc u e and an assump ion is made ha he sou ce o in o ma ion a ies be ween di e en ypes o inno a ion (F eel & de Jong, 2009; Töd ling, Lehne , & Kau mann, 2009). Inno a ion can ei he be adical which is e olu iona y and o iginal (G een, Ga in, & Aiman-Smi h, 1995) o inc emen al which a e small imp o emen s on an es ablished p ocess, p oduc s o se ices. Inno a ion is p ac iced by all ypes o o ganisa ions ega dless o size because i is p o en ha o ganisa ions ha a e inno a i e has highe p o i s and ma ke sha e (P ajogo & Ahmed, 2006). Fo he pu pose o Ainul Mohsein e al. CI among Malaysian SMEs 2nd In e na ional Symposium on Pa ial Leas Squa es Pa h Modeling, Se ille (Spain), 2015 3 his s udy, inno a i e pe o mance is de ined as inc emen al p oduc , se ice and p ocess inno a ion because SME’s inno a ion ac i i ies a e mo e likely o be ad hoc o p ojec d i en (Ho man, Pa ejo, Bessan , & Pe en, 1998). Fu he mo e, SMEs a e likely o ocus on inc emen al inno a ion as posi by Oke, Bu ke, and Mye s (2007). 2.3 Compe i i e In elligence In elligence is de ined as he collec i e alue-added bene i s ob ained om he in angible asse s such as knowledge om he employees, managemen , s akeholde s, and cus ome s (Liebowi z, 2006). Knowledge and expe ience go hand in hand in de eloping in elligence. The di e ence be ween in o ma ion and in elligence is; in o ma ion is ac ual and in elligence is in o ma ion ha has been sc eened, dis illed and analysed (D ucke , 1988; Kahane , 1996). In e es ingly, CI is a p oduc and also a p ocess (P ipo as e al., 2005). CI p ocess includes he cons uc s o planning, collec ion, analysis, communica ion, and o ganisa ional awa eness o decision make s in deciding ac ion (Saayman e al., 2008; S auss & du Toi , 2010). CI is a p oduc when he in elligence p oduced assis s he decision make s in o mula ing a s a egy and in making a choice. CI is an ongoing p ocess o analysing da a and in o ma ion in o in elligence by applying psychological echniques and new echnology o de elop compe i i e edge (Fuld, 2010). 3) Resea ch F amewo k Many li e a u e a gue ha CI is only popula among he la ge o ganisa ions bu he e a e se e al empi ical e idences ha indica e CI is also applied by SMEs o imp o e hei abili y o assess he isk awa eness and isk p e en ion (Zha & Chen, 2009). Canadian and I anian small businesses a e also in ol ed in CI o inc ease hei inno a i e pe o mance (Hussein e al., 2011; Tane & Baile i, 2008; Ta a & Molz, 2006) and ega ds CI as c ucial o hei business success. SMEs in he Eu opean Union also ha e di ec suppo om hei go e nmen s o suppo he use o CI by aising awa eness campaign and assis ing in skill de elopmen (La i e , 2009; Smi h, W igh , & Pick on, 2010). Fo SMEs o be able o be inno a i e, W igh , Bisson, and Du y (2012) ad oca e SMEs o in es in and p ac ise CI. Based on he a o e-men ioned li e a u e e iew, he p oposed amewo k ( igu e1) and he hypo heses a e depic ed below. EAO cons uc s a e ep esen ed by needs o achie emen , inno a i eness, and locus o con ol a e iewed as possible p edic o s o compe i i e in elligence applica ion and inno a i e pe o mance. Compe i i e in elligence is also a p edic o o inno a i e pe o mance. CI is also empi ically p o en o inc ease inno a i e pe o mance in SMEs. Gi en ha he ole played by he a i udinal ac o can signal a pe son's judgmen al a i ude owa ds a beha iou , i hen can be an icipa ed ha : Figu e 1: Resea ch F amewo k N A LoC Inn CI IP Ainul Mohsein e al. CI among Malaysian SMEs 2nd In e na ional Symposium on Pa ial Leas Squa es Pa h Modeling, Se ille (Spain), 2015 4 Hypo hesis 1: The e will be a posi i e ela ionship be ween N A and CI. Hypo hesis 2: The e will be a posi i e ela ionship be ween LoC and CI. Hypo hesis 3: The e will be a posi i e ela ionship be ween inno a i eness and CI. Hypo hesis 4: The e will be a posi i e ela ionship be ween CI and inno a i e pe o mance. 4) Me hodology This s udy is quan i a i e in na u e and he scope ocuses on he SMEs ha a e egis e ed wi h he SME Co po a ion Malaysia ei he in he manu ac u ing o se ices sec o s. Since his s udy ocuses on SME en ep eneu s, he de ini ions o SMEs p o ided by Small and Medium Indus ies De elopmen Co po a ion (SME Co ps, 2014) Malaysia will be used o iden i y app op ia e businesses o inclusion in he s udy. A su ey ins umen was de eloped by adap ing i ems om p e ious li e a u e which a e eliable and alida ed o e alua e he ela ionships be ween he EAO cons uc s and CI and also on inno a i e pe o mance. P io o conduc ing his s udy, a p e- es ing on he ins umen is conduc ed. Eigh en ep eneu s who me he s udy's p e equisi e pa icipa ed in his p e- es ing. The esponden s we e asked o hei eedbacks on he ques ionnai e ace and con en alidi y, con en ele ance, eadabili y, and o p oo ead he comp ehensi eness, syn ax e o s and he gene al o ma layou . The eedbacks ecei ed om hese en ep eneu s a e compiled and cons uc i ely examined be o e making amendmen s o he ins umen . Since many SMEs en ep eneu s in Malaysia a e com o able in answe ing in he Malay language he ins umen is also ansla ed in o he Malay language. The ansla ion in his s udy applied he ex ended pa allel ansla ion p ocedu e known as collabo a i e ansla ion. By applying his echnique he equi alence in meaning and he in ended sense o s a emen is cap u ed (Limpani gul & Robson, 2009). Again, he ansla ed ques ionnai e is being p e es ed by he esponden s o ensu e he ques ions a e alike be ween he English and Malay e sion ques ionnai e. Da a is collec ed by means o mail su ey whe e he ques ionnai es a e dis ibu ed o 1000 companies in all s a es o Malaysia. The esponden s a e business owne s cum en ep eneu s o SMEs. This s udy is a c oss-sec ional ype o inqui y. Two sc eening ques ions a e used o check he sample o any o m o esponse bias (Podsako , MacKenzie, & Podsako , 2012). A o al o 191 eplies a e ecei ed. Twen y- ou ques ionnai es a e no usable because hey a e pa ially comple ed and do no mee he sc eening ques ions c i e ia. The e o e, only a sample size o N=167 is used o his s udy esul ing in a esponse a e o 16.7 pe cen . This esponse a e is conside ed sa is ac o y because i is a common scena io in Malaysia o ob ain a s anda d esponse a e o be ween 15-20% om he SMEs (O hman, Abdul-Ghani, & A shad, 2001). Fu he mo e, a p io i powe analysis using he G*Powe so wa e (Faul, E d elde , Lang, & Buchne , 2007) e ealed ha an N o app oxima ely 119 is needed o an e ec size o 0.15. 5) Findings and Discussion The model is es ed by using he Sma PLS S uc u al Equa ion Modeling (SEM) p ocedu e which is de eloped by Ringle, Wende, and Will (2010). The i s s ep is o es o he con e gen alidi y. Hai e al. (2010), sugges ed using he ac o loadings, composi e Ainul Mohsein e al. CI among Malaysian SMEs 2nd In e na ional Symposium on Pa ial Leas Squa es Pa h Modeling, Se ille (Spain), 2015 5 eliabili y and a e age a iance ex ac ed o measu e he con e gence alidi y. Hai , Hul , Ringle, and Sa s ed (2014) s a e ha ou e loadings o 0.7 is accep able because i is conside ed close enough o 0.708. Ne e heless, Hai e al. (2014) cau ion social sciences esea che s o ini ially analyse he impac o dele ing indica o be ween 0.40 and 0.70 on AVE and composi e eliabili y. I by dele ing he ou e loading does no inc ease measu e abo e he h eshold, he e lec i e indica o should be e ained. Howe e , indica o s wi h ou e loading below 0.40 should always be elimina ed om he scale (Hai , Sa s ed , Piepe , & Ringle, 2012). The loadings a e dele ing some o he i ems exceeded he ecommended alue o 0.7 (Hai e al. 2010) as depic ed in Table I. The Composi e Reliabili y as depic ed in Table 1 anged om 0.880 o 0.959 which exceeded he ecommended alue o 0.7 (Hai e al., 2010). The a e age a iance ex ac ed, which e lec s he o e all amoun o a iance in he indica o s accoun ed o by he la en cons uc , was in he ange o 0.587 and 0.776 which also exceeded he ecommended alue o 0.5 (Hai e al., 2010). Table 1 Resul o he measu emen model Cons uc I em Loadings AVE CR I em(s) dele ed due o low loadings Compe i i e In elligence CI2 0.761 0.624 0.959 I em CI CI3 0.745 I em CI5 CI4 0.762 I em CI15 CI6 0.767 CI7 0.842 CI8 0.842 CI9 0.752 CI10 0.783 CI11 0.850 CI12 0.850 CI13 0.775 CI14 0.842 CI16 0.743 CI17 0.727 Inno a i e pe o mance IP1 0.800 0.587 0.895 IP2 0.799 IP3 0.792 IP4 0.653 IP5 0.766 IP6 0.788 EAO NFA1 0.891 0.776 0.933 NFA2 0.875 NFA3 0.878 NFA4 0.880 LOC5 0.859 0.710 0.880 I em LOC7 LOC6 0.799 I em LOC9 LOC8 0.868 I em LOC10 Inn 11 0.793 0.618 0.889 Inn 12 0.720 Inn 13 0.848 Inn 14 0.844 Inn 15 0.715 No e: Loadings > 0.7, AVE>0.5, CR>0.7 The nex s ep is o measu e he disc iminan alidi y o check i he cons uc is exclusi e om he o he cons uc s by empi ical s anda d (Hai e al., 2014). As shown in Table 2, he co ela ions o each cons uc is less han he squa e oo o he a e age a iance Ainul Mohsein e al. CI among Malaysian SMEs 2nd In e na ional Symposium on Pa ial Leas Squa es Pa h Modeling, Se ille (Spain), 2015 6 ex ac ed by he indica o s measu ing ha cons uc , indica ing adequa e disc iminan alidi y. In o al, he measu emen model demons a es adequa e con e gen alidi y and disc iminan alidi y. Table 2 Disc iminan Validi y o Cons uc CI INNV IP LOC NFA CI 0.790 INNV 0.486 0.786 IP 0.651 0.462 0.766 LOC 0.426 0.705 0.452 0.842 NFA 0.346 0.429 0.300 0.671 0.881 No e: Diagonals ep esen he squa e oo o he AVE while he o diagonals ep esen he co ela ions. To es he hypo heses, an e alua ion on he s uc u al model is conduc ed. The analysis o he hypo heses is pe o med using he boo s apping me hod. This me hod akes a la ge numbe o cases om he o iginal sample wi h eplacemen (Hai , Black, Babin, & Ande son, 2010). Boo s apping p ocedu e is o es he coe icien s o hei signi icance. Table 3 shows ha H1, H3 and H4 a e suppo ed. N A and inno a ion a e posi i ely ela ed o compe i i e in elligence. CI is posi i ely ela ed o inno a i e pe o mance. F om Figu e 1, he inno a i e pe o mance R2 alue is 0.423 which sugges s ha 42.3% o he a iance in he dependen a iable is explained by CI. The CI R2 alue is 0.260 which sugges s 26.0% o he a iance in he CI is explained by he EAO cons uc s which a e N A, LoC and inno a i eness. Table 3 Hypo hesis es ing Hypo heses Rela ionship BETA S d E o T Value H1 NFA -> CI 0.139 0.087 1.607* H2 LOC -> CI 0.063 0.102 0.618 H3 INNV -> CI 0.381 0.078 4.683*** H4 CI -> IP 0.650 0.041 16.050*** No e: * p<0.10 (1.28), ** p<0.05 (1.645),*** p<0.01(2.33) one ail. Hypo heses a e suppo ed. Figu e 2. S uc u al Model Ainul Mohsein e al. CI among Malaysian SMEs 2nd In e na ional Symposium on Pa ial Leas Squa es Pa h Modeling, Se ille (Spain), 2015 7 N A is posi i ely ela ed o inno a i e pe o mance wi h a be a alue o 0.139, - alue o 1.607 and ρ<0.10 signi icance le el. Many schola s ha e a gued ha N A has a posi i e co ela ion wi h he psychological needs. Due o hei desi e o succeed, en ep eneu s a e able o p edic new ini ia i e ha will con ibu e o he de elopmen o hei en u e success. (Phelan & Alde , 2005; Spence, Ghe ib, & Biwolé, 2011). C i ically, McClelland (1961) wo k also emphasises ha en ep eneu s wi h high N A will ind ways o maximise hei economic achie emen . This iew implies ha en ep eneu s N A a e mo e c i ical han he economic condi ions suppo ing hei po en ial inno a ions (de Bee , Sowa, & Holman, 2014). The e o e, he e is some e idence ha an en ep eneu wi h high N A also has a endency o emb ace CI o c ea e inno a ion o maximise his economic achie emen . Inno a i eness is also posi i ely ela ed o CI wi h a be a alue o 0.381, - alue o 4.683 and ρ<0.01 signi icance le el. Inno a i eness is de ined as a pe son's willingness o en u e in o a new p oduc o se ice (Goldsmi h & Ho acke , 1991). Gi en ha inno a ion has inancial, imi a ion (Esc ibano & Gia a ana, 2011) and success isks (Co mican & O’Sulli an, 2004) en ep eneu s a e mo e obus in accessing abou he inno a ion po en ial (De eli & Al un, 2013). Thus, he esul sugges s a s ong link exis s be ween inno a i eness and CI as i may lead o inno a ion in elligence. Ro e (1966) made a signi ican con ibu ion o he psychological ield wi h he de elopmen o locus o con ol cons uc . Acco ding o him an indi idual pe cei es he ou come o an e en as being ei he wi hin o beyond his o he pe sonal con ol and unde s anding. An in e nal LoC is one ha belie es he has in luence o e he ou comes h ough his abili y, e o o skills. On he o he hand, ex e nal LoC means hose o ces om ou side con ol he indi idual and de e mine he ou comes. Schola s ha e a gued ha in e nal LoC o ien a ion is a p e equisi e o en ep eneu s o ake ac ion (K uege , 1993; Muelle & Thomas, 2001). Con a y o expec a ion, his s udy esul shows ha he ela ionship be ween LoC and CI is no s a is ically signi ican . This a he con adic o y esul may be due o cul u al di e ences. Malaysia shows a s ong endo semen o being a high powe dis ance and a collec i is ic socie y (A indell e al., 1997; Ho s ede, 1983; Kühnen e al., 2001) whe e decisions a e made by membe s o a g oup a he han indi iduals. Thus his esul is no su p ise because i is expec ed ha an in e nal LoC o ien a ion would be less p e alen in collec i is ic cul u es han in indi idualis ic cul u es. CI is posi i ely ela ed o inno a i e pe o mance wi h a be a alue o 0.650, - alue o 16.050 and ρ<0.01 signi icance le el. This esul co obo a es he indings by Hussein e al. (2011) and Tane and Baile i (2008) ha CI leads o inno a i eness, c ea ion o ideas and inc ease in inno a i e pe o mance among he SMEs. This also leads o a s ong suppo o he easoning by Pe işo and S ăin (2013), Jawo ski, Macinnis, and Kohli (2002) and K ücken-Pe ei a, Debiasi, and Ab eu (2001) ha CI is a ool o inno a ion ha suppo s an o ganisa ion's business s a egy, ma ke pene a ion, and de elopmen and p oduc inno a ion. The e o e, compe i i e in elligence is a ool ha assis s in he de elopmen o an inno a i e pe o mance o an o ganisa ion. 6) Conclusion and Implica ion The objec i e o his s udy is o examine he EAO cons uc s, CI and inno a i e pe o mance ela ionship in he Malaysian SMEs con ex . This s udy makes se e al con ibu ions o he li e a u e on s a egic managemen . Fi s ly, his s udy ex ends he pool o li e a u e by examining he EAO, CI and inno a i e pe o mance. Secondly, i is i al o he Ainul Mohsein e al. CI among Malaysian SMEs 2nd In e na ional Symposium on Pa ial Leas Squa es Pa h Modeling, Se ille (Spain), 2015 8 Mul ina ional companies (MNC) o unde s and he SMEs a i ude o ien a ion o an Asian eme ging coun y because o i s unique his o ical backg ound, eligious belie s and p ac ices, philosophical in luences, poli ical sys ems and cul u es. MNC in Malaysia is known o ou sou cing many non-co e businesses o SMEs. F om his s udy, he esul is in ag eemen wi h Ho s ede's cul u al dimensions heo y ha he e ec s o a socie y's cul u e on he alues o i s membe s plays an impo an ole in in luencing he en ep eneu beha iou . I seems clea ha his s udy acknowledges ha EAO and CI a e posi i ely ela ed o inno a i e pe o mance bu only N A and inno a i eness exhibi signi ican ela ionship wi h compe i i e in elligence. Finally, compe i i e in elligence is also con i med as a ool o boos inno a i e pe o mance. The indings om his s udy clea ly show ha CI is indeed impo an o Malaysian SME economic success. The success o he Malaysian SMEs is e y much a ec ed by he en ep eneu s' a i ude in engaging new echniques o accele a e inno a i e pe o mance. F om his s udy, he e is a consensus ha he en ep eneu a i ude is he decisi e ac o in engaging CI. This s udy's empi ical e idence also indica es ha CI boos s inno a i e pe o mance. Thus, en ep eneu s mus ha e he igh mindse when unde aking inno a i e de elopmen and compe i i e in elligence is able o accele a e his conce n. SMEs a e ad ised o emb ace a new way o inc easing inno a i e pe o mance o hey a e a isk o being le behind in oday's bo de less ma ke place. They mus make use o o mal echniques in ga he ing in elligence abou hei su oundings. Ne e heless, i is impo an o he SMEs o ha e a mindse ha ecognises he ac ha inno a i eness can be achie ed by adop ing new echniques and changing he deep- oo ed sys em. 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