Climate-based daylighting analysis in an open-plan office due to boundary conditions

h ps://g upo.us.es/g upo ep130/es/ TEP 130 ARQUITECTURA, PATRIMONIO Y SOSTENIBILIDAD: ACÚSTICA, ILUMINACIÓN, ÓPTICA Y ENERGÍA ARCHITECTURE, HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABILITY: ACOUSTICS, LIGHTIING, OPTICS AND ENERGY Ca men M. Muñoz, Paula M Esqui ias, Da id Mo eno, Ignacio Acos a and Jaime Na a o This is an Accep ed Manusc ip o an a icle published by SAGE Jou nals: Ligh ing Resea ch and Technology, Volume 46, 3, 2014, Pages 268-280 ISSN 1477-1535 h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/1477153513487005 TEP 130 1 Au ho s’ names and a ilia ions: Ca men M. Muñoz a, Paula M. Esqui ias a, Da id Mo eno a, Ignacio Acos a a, Jaime Na a o a a TEP 130 Resea ch G oup, Uni e sidad de Se illa Co esponding Au ho : Ca men Mª Muñoz, TEP 130 Resea ch G oup, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Co esponding Au ho Email: ca [email protected] Abs ac Du ing he i s s ages o building design, issues like local clima e o su ounding buildings a e de e minan . Also he con igu a ion o e e y space depends on i s o ien a ion due o sola access, among o he s. The impac o hese bounda ies condi ions on dayligh illuminances in an open-plan o ice space is s udied in e ms o Dayligh Fac o (DF), Dayligh Au onomy (DA) and Use ul Dayligh Illuminances (UDIs). Clima e condi ions in he loca ion de e mine he cha ac e is ics o he dayligh sou ce, such as he a io be ween di use ligh ing and global ligh ing, o a building loca ed in a speci ic a ea. Howe e , su ounding buildings and elemen s which may block dayligh in he space hold mo e weigh han he o ien a ion o glazed açades, bu a e no always aken in o conside a ion in dayligh ing s udies. Keywo ds : Clima e-based Dayligh Modelling, Daysim, ex e nal condi ions, building design, loca ion, o ien a ion, ex e nal obs uc ion 1 In oduc ion Conside ing he dayligh ha en e s a building is undamen al, bo h as a means o educing he consump ion o elec ic ligh ing and in e ms o i s in luence on isual com o condi ions, use moods, sola gains and quali a i e aspec s o he illumina ed space [1-2]. This amoun o dayligh is highly dependen on building design and i s bounda y condi ions. F om he mid wen ie h cen u y onwa ds he gene al calcula ion me hod only conside ed ixed and s able sky condi ions, which mean ha he s udy o dayligh unde an O e cas Sky was only indica i e o di use illumina ion condi ions, a oiding sunligh , and did no ake illumina ion a iabili y in o accoun . Howe e , he ecen appea ance o clima e-based me ics such as Dayligh Au onomy and Use ul Dayligh Illuminances [3] p o ides u he in o ma ion on he a iable beha iou o dayligh h oughou he yea . This means i is once again possible o ake dayligh in o accoun when making decisions ha a ec a chi ec u al design. TEP 130 2 In he ini ial design phases he condi ions o he su ounding loca ion a e a key ac o when d awing up he ini ial plans o he u u e building. In his sense, his s udy analyses he in luence o ex e nal condi ions, including he loca ion o he building, he o ien a ion o açades wi h openings, and possible on al obs uc ions om he su oundings, ha e on he dayligh condi ions o an open-plan o ice space wi h wo opposing glazed açades. This pa ame ic s udy is he de elopmen o he Sub ask “E gonomic analysis o ligh ing condi ions in wo k o s udy places” o he Spanish p ojec ‘Tecnocai: e icien and sma echnologies o ien ed o heal hy and com o able in e io en i onmen s’. This pape ocuses mainly on dayligh ing analysis o bounda ies condi ions o buildings; spa ial aspec s (e.g. window- o-wall a io) and sola p o ec ions (e.g. o e hangs) will be epo ed in sepa a e publica ions in co espondence o he h ee building design phases es ablished du ing he p ojec . 2 An eceden s 2.1 Dayligh a ailabili y The discussion abou he limi a ions o Dayligh Fac o has been widely epo ed [3-6]. As Dayligh Fac o doesn’ include he con ibu ion om sunligh , only di use ligh , i isn’ e y use ul in clima es whe e clea and sunny skies p e ail. Mo eo e , as i excludes sunligh , he O e cas Sky Model is widely used in co espondence o a possible eal sky condi ion when he e is only di use dayligh . So ano he limi a ion o Dayligh Fac o is he implica ions o using he O e cas Sky Model. As i s luminance is cylind ically symme ical, he DF does no ake he o ien a ion o he glazed su ace in o accoun . Howe e , while i s simplici y is i s majo ad an age, he sky model does no allow us o conside he a iabili y o annual dayligh in he space unde s udy. Clima e-based Dayligh Me ics, de eloped ecen ly, allow us o es ablish he annual dayligh amoun o a gi en space using hou ly o sub- hou ly calcula ions o he illuminance o e e y poin on he wo kplane [6-7]. In o de o ob ain his in o ma ion, i is necessa y o ha e he dis ibu ion da a o he luminance o he sky aul in he same ime-s ep. Pe ez’s All-wea he Sky Model [8] p o ides in o ma ion on luminance dis ibu ion in he sky aul h ough i adiance measu emen s. In he absence o moni o ed da a on luminance dis ibu ion, hese da a can be ob ained om clima e iles [9]. Bo h Dayligh Au onomy (DA) and Use ul Dayligh Illuminance (UDI) me ics a e ools ha make possible o p ocess a la ge amoun o illuminance da a (up o 4380 hou ly alues in co espondence wi h he amoun o day ime hou s) o each poin o he wo kplane. Bo h me ics analyse he TEP 130 3 illuminance da a by es ablishing a ime ange o s udy and a sui able illumina ion le el o ca ying ou isual asks [3-7]. Dayligh Au onomy (DA) is de ined as he pe cen age o he yea du ing which he e is a minimum h eshold o illumina ion p o ided only by dayligh [3]. The pu pose o he Use ul Dayligh Illuminance is o de e mine when dayligh le els a e o use o he use . I is cu en ly measu ed using h ee me ics o exp ess he ime pe cen age in which he ollowing illuminance anges a e ob ained: less han 100 lx ( e y da k), mo e han 2000 lx (excessi e ligh ) and be ween 100 and 2000 lx as a use ul ange [3, 5]. These anges may a y as mo e da a on use p e e ence is ob ained. The key ad an age o dynamic pe o mance me ics o dayligh is ha hey conside he amoun and na u e o daily and seasonal a ia ions o dayligh , as well as i egula me eo ological e en s, o a speci ic loca ion [3-7, 9-10]. 2.2 Condi ions o he loca ion: clima e, o ien a ion and obs uc ions o he su oundings Dayligh illumina ion le els a e dynamic and empo al dependen . The clima ic local condi ions o he geog aphical loca ion o he building s ongly in luence on dayligh accessibili y, since he hou s and amoun o ligh a ailable dec ease he a he away we mo e om he equa o , among o he s [10-11]. Clima e iles inco po a e global, di use and di ec i adiance measu emen s [12] ha a e used o ob ain he luminance sky dis ibu ion h ough Pe ez’s All-wea he Sky Model, bu also global, di use and di ec illuminance hou ly da a a e inco po a ed. C i e ia o dayligh me ics shouldn’ be uni e sal, e.g. he LEED c i e ion o ‘an a e age o 2% DF’ h oughou he space, as dayligh is clima e-dependen [4]. Some dynamic dayligh s udies ha e been de eloped o speci ic loca ions, bu i ’s ha d o ind s udies whe e a wide ange o di e en clima e ypes and la i udes [10, 13] ha e been aken in conside a ion. As he e is s ill a discussion abou con inue using Dayligh Fac o o mo e o dynamic dayligh me ics [1, 10], i is impo an o know how much ep esen a i e is Dayligh Fac o , based on di use illuminance, o he local clima e. In his way, Nicol e al. [13] classi y he i e local clima es in o he occu ence o h ee sky condi ions, highligh ing he di e ence be ween no he n and sou he n loca ions. Today, when an a chi ec designs a building o any loca ion h oughou he wo ld, conside ing he impac o local clima e would be e y use ul o no applying his dayligh ing solu ions unconsciously, e.g. high equency o e cas sky loca ion o high equency sunny sky loca ion and ice e sa. TEP 130 4 I only he geome y o sola ajec o ies is aken in o accoun , sola incidence in a space depends on he la i ude o he building's loca ion and on he o ien a ion o he building's glazed açades. In addi ion o p oducing high le els o illumina ion, di ec sola incidence p oduces a majo he mal cha ge in he summe ime. The de elopmen o u ban planning s udies as ega ds he sola access o buildings is based on he loca ion-o ien a ion binomial [14-15]. Rega ding o dayligh me ics discussion, meanwhile Dayligh Fac o is insensible o o ien a ion, a s udy conside ing dynamic simula ions o e e y o ien a ion would highligh he di e ence be ween hose me ics ha is e y impo an in places whe e di ec dayligh is ele an [5, 10]. In ho and d y clima es, i is pa icula ly impo an o ake in o conside a ion he o ien a ion and obs uc ions in he su oundings, no only o ensu e a minimum ecep ion o dayligh , bu o a oid o e hea ing o hei in e io spaces [2, 16-17]. In o de o educe he ene gy demand o HVAC and ligh ing sys ems, a chi ec u al design mus be as compa ible wi h he clima e as possible [18-19]. In mode n u ban ci ies, many buildings a e cons uc ed close o each o he , he obs uc ions o u ban su oundings supp ess he di ec sola componen du ing some o all hou s o he day [20]. The shading e ec om nea by building can be signi ican and e lec ed componen s can be he main sou ces o in e io ligh ing [2, 21-22] i hey a e no shaded [15]. This should be especially aken in o accoun wi h dense cons uc ion as he p esence o obs uc ions has epe cussions on he a ailabili y o dayligh and causes inc eased ene gy consump ion [23]. D.H.W. Li has a la ge expe ience analysing dense u ban en i onmen s [21, 23], bu o he au ho s knowledge, he e ec o he su ounded obs uc ions a e s udied in e ms o Dayligh Fac o , so a dynamic dayligh analysis would be use ul o conside he a iabili y o dayligh ing pe o mance no only due o building design, bu a he he su ounded en i onmen . 3 Me hodology The alues o DF, DA and UDI a e ob ained using he Radiance-based so wa e Daysim [9-10]. The in e na ional da abase o clima e eco ds o ene gy calcula ions (IWEC) p o ided he clima e da a used [12]. 3.1 Desc ip ion o he model The model unde s udy is an open-plan o ice measu ing 20 m x 12 m x 3.5 m. Openings a e dis ibu ed in wo opposing açades. The e a e 6 windows on each açade measu ing 1.35 m x 0.90 m each, wi h a sill-heigh o 1 m, and gi ing a window- o-wall- a io o 17.50% (10% window- o- loo - a io). As he au ho s we e looking o he maximum dayligh a ailabili y o his space, he e TEP 130 5 a e no in e io pa i ions and glazings ha e a e y high anspa ency, bu no comple ely anspa en as a oid, o conside some eal and exis ing cases. Al hough we’ e placed wo k s a ions pa allel o he glazed açades, hei loca ion is no ixed, so he whole a ea is ea ed as he ask a ea. The wo kplane is ound 0.80 m om he loo , wi h senso poin s e e y 0.20 m (Figu e 1). The e is a minimum dis ance o 0.5 m be ween senso s and walls o a oid bounda y e ec s. Figu e 1. Re e ence open-plan o ice model: Sou he n on iew, plan and pe spec i e Table 1 shows he op ical cha ac e is ics o he model: Ini ial condi ions Glazing anspa ency 90% Floo e lec ion coe icien 30% Ceiling e lec ion coe icien 75% Wall e lec ion coe icien 55% Fu ni u e e lec ion coe icien 35% Table 1. Op ical cha ac e is ics o case s udy. 3.2 Ligh ing equi emen s o o ice spaces In o de o calcula e he dynamic dayligh pe o mance me ics i is necessa y o de ine he ime ange o which hey ha e o be calcula ed, as well as he minimum ligh ing le el desi ed. As i is an o ice, he ime ange unde s udy is om 8:00 h o 18:00 h. As ega ds he minimum ligh ing le el, Eu opean S anda d EN 12464-1 on Ligh ing o Wo kplaces [24] sugges s an a e age main ained illuminance o 500 lx wi hin he wo king a ea o o ice asks. In e ms o DF, an a e age main ained illuminance o 500 lx can be unde s ood as he minimum DF alue o be eached o ob ain his le el o indoo illumina ion, conside ing ou doo illuminance wi h TEP 130 6 an annual equency o 50% in he ime ange speci ied (Figu e 2). Once his minimum DF alue is ob ained, he pe cen age o senso s on he wo kplane exceeding his alue is ep esen ed in he analysis g aphs. This c i e ion equi es he calcula ion o he alue o di use ho izon al illuminance wi h a equency o 50%. To do so, a cumula i e cu e was calcula ed o a ailable di use ho izon al diu nal illuminance, using he da a included in he IWEC clima e a chi e o he loca ions unde s udy and he alue o di use ex e io illuminance o 50% o he yea was ob ained. Gi en ha we aimed o a minimum illuminance o 500 lx, he minimum DF alue o each loca ion was ob ained. Figu e 2 shows he loca ion o he e e ence model as an example. Figu e 2. Cumula i e cu e o Di use Ho izon al Illuminance om 8:00 h o 18:00 h. Values aken om he ene gyplus wea he clima e ile o Se ille (Spain). In e ms o DA o he calcula ion ange conside ed, an a e age main ained illuminance o 500 lx equi es he de e mina ion o he ime pe cen age in which each poin exceeds his minimum ligh ing alue. Once DA alues o each poin had been es ablished, he pe cen age o senso s o he wo kplane wi h a DA o 50% o abo e was ep esen ed in a g aph. 3.3 P oposals 3.3.1 Loca ion As seen abo e, he loca ion o he building de e mines he a ailabili y o ou doo dayligh based on local clima e condi ions. In he Ene gyPlus wea he da abase [12], a anged by Wo ld 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 % Di use Illuminance equency 8-18 h Di use Ho izon al Ex e io Illuminance SPA SEVILLE WMO 83910 37º 42' E ex = 19800 lx TEP 130 7 Me eo ological O ganiza ion (WMO) egion and coun y, IWEC clima e iles can be ound o 34 capi als o he coun ies wi hin WMO egion 6 (Figu e 3) co esponding o Eu ope and o he non- Eu opean coun ies. These co e la i udes be ween 31º78’ (Je usalem, Is ael) and 64º13’ (Reykja ik, Iceland). Figu e 3. Limi s o WMO Regions. In addi ion o Se ille, wel e capi als o coun ies wi hin WMO egion 6 we e chosen o his s udy, ollowing Köppen's clima e classi ica ion and he alue o Eex wi h 50% equency om 8:00 h o 18:00 h ( he minimum DF alue desi ed), hus ob aining he mos ep esen a i e loca ions. Köppen's clima e classi ica ion was conside ed as he e a e some capi als wi h almos he same la i ude bu di e en clima e and au ho s suppose ha Köppen's classi ica ion will highligh he ela ionship be ween cloudiness and clima e, despi e he usual la i ude classi ica ion. Table 2 shows he di e en loca ions, Köppen’s clima e classi ica ion, la i ude, alue o di use ho izon al illuminance wi h a 50% equency du ing day ime and esul ing DF o ob ain 500 lx on he wo kplane. Coun y Ci y WMO S a ion Köppen la i ude Eex DF ISL REYKJAVIK 40300 C c 64,13 11300 4.42 NOR OSLO 14880 D b 59,90 13100 3.82 RUS MOSCOW 276120 D b 55,75 16200 3.09 POL WARSAW 123750 C b 52,17 16000 3.13 UKR KIEV 333450 D b 50,40 18500 2.70 FRA PARIS 71490 C b 48,73 17600 2.84 BIH BANJA LUKA 132420 C b 44,78 18300 2.73 TEP 130 8 ROM BUCHAREST 154200 D a 44,50 19200 2.60 ITA ROME 162420 Csa 41,80 20400 2.45 PRT LISBOA 85360 Csa 38,73 19000 2.63 ESP SEVILLE 83910 Csa 37,42 19800 2.53 SYR DAMASCUS 400800 Bsh 33,42 17600 2.84 ISR JERUSALEM 401840 Csa 31,78 17800 2.81 Table 2. Region 6 WMO selec ed loca ions. C c = Ma i ime Suba c ic clima es o Subpola Oceanic clima es; D b = Mois con inen al; C b = Ma ine wes coas al; D a = Humid con inen al; Csa = Medi e anean clima e; Bsh = Ho semi-a id clima es. 3.3.2 O ien a ion I local clima e condi ions ha e an in luence on he a ailabili y o ou doo dayligh , building o ien a ion is closely linked o sola geome y. The o ice spaces s udied we e designed using bila e al dayligh , ha is o say, wi h openings on wo opposing açades. In he case unde s udy, ligh accesses h ough he no h and sou h açades. Se e al o ien a ions we e sugges ed o his s udy, wi h o a ions o 45º, 90º and 135º in ela ion o he model o e e ence. 3.3.3 Ex e nal obs uc ions In p e ious sec ions, models we e conside ed in isola ed se ings, wi h no obs uc ions p e en ing sola access o blocking o he iew o pa o he sky aul . O ices end o be loca ed in u ban spaces ha a e occupied o a g ea e o lesse densi y, and he e o e, depending on he u ban planning condi ions, he e olu ion o he ci y, he ele a ion ( loo heigh ) o he o ices, e c., hey ha e elemen s in hei su oundings ha obs uc and limi access o dayligh . Al hough hese obs uc ions can be ound in di e en a eas o he ou e hemisphe e o he açade plane, he g ea es obs uc ion o dayligh , in ol ing he g ea es educ ion o a ailabili y, is on al obs uc ion (pa allel o he açade plane). Jus as he sola posi ion is exp essed in pola coo dina es, he ele a ion o he obs uc ion in ela ion o he windowsill is also ep esen ed using pola coo dina es. I is possible o examine he di e en combina ions o possible building heigh and sepa a ion by de ining di e en angles. Gi en ha he maximum sola ele a ion o la i ude 37º (Se ille, Spain) is 72’8º, ou angles be ween 0º (no obs uc ion) and 75º ha e been used o ep esen he possible pano ama. TEP 130 15 sou he n egions. The lowes di e ence is up o 13%, and i could be conside ed o be wi hin he unce ain y o dayligh simula ion, bu his alue is a singula case. I is obse ed ha in Eu opean egions below la i ude 50º he di e ence is a ound 50% and his is up o 60% in egions be ween 35º and 30º. The esul s highligh ha global illuminance should always be aken in o accoun in dayligh ing s udies. In any case, i he decision is made o calcula e DF gi en i s simplici y, a speci ic coe icien should be applied o expand esul s. As he base case model has a high window- o-wall a io and bila e al dayligh ing, he o ien a ion does no play a ele an ole, in di e ence wi h s udies which o ien a ion has been s udied in one side dayligh ing spaces [19, 21]. Al hough i can be said ha one-side-ligh ing spaces a e mo e common han bila e al spaces, ha ing wo opposi e glazed açades as ligh ing sou ce o a common space is no as singula as i is hough . A compa ison wi h equi alen side-ligh ed spaces should be made o ind i he e is a di ec ela ionship, and i is possible o add di e en e ec s om a simple o a mo e complex si ua ion. The con igu a ion o his space, i s high window- o-wall a io, de e mines in a ce ain way he pe cen age o he wo kplane pe manen ly wi hin a UDI ange. I can be seen how i his space migh be buil in any loca ion, he e is always a ound 12.60% o he wo kplane abo e 2000 lux; o i he o ien a ion is changed, he e is always a ound 15% o he wo kplane below 100 lux. These alues a e showing in insic cha ac e is ics o he dayligh pe o mance o his ype o space. Once hese cha ac e is ics a e known, some a chi ec u al design decisions can be made o educe he pe cen age o he wo kplane abo e 2000 lux and below 100 lux. Also i has o be conside ed ha as illuminances abo e 2000 lux ep esen a isk o gla e, and he po ion o he wo kplane wi hin gla e isk seems o be almos cons an , he e a e some ac o s in ol ed in discom o gla e ha ha e no been conside ed in his s udy. Compa ed o he p oposed e e ence model, and due o i s geome ical cha ac e is ics, he buil -up su oundings a e he ac o wi h mos in luence on dayligh condi ions. The p esence o obs acles educes ill 80% he pe cen age o he wo kplane achie ing a Dayligh Au onomy o 500 lux, and up o 40% he a io abo e DF c i e ion. An angle o obs uc ion o 45º combines he maximum alue o UDI wi h a alue o 50% o he wo kplane achie ing DA500, and ha could ep esen a h eshold a ec ing o u ban planning. Cu iously his angle is linked wi h ule o humbs abou skylines used o ages o su e a sola access [22]. TEP 130 16 Looking he esul s i is app ecia ed ha he obs acles can be as ele an in dayligh condi ions as window size. Howe e , UDI100-2000 seems o be insensi i e o hese changes, p obably due o he wide ange o illuminances ha i co e s. Al hough DAYSIM inco po a es he commonly UDI ange, he limi s a e based on human ac o conside a ions, so hese limi s could change as u he s udies on human dayligh sa is ac ion a e ca ied ou . Howe e , some in e media e limi s a e sugges ed by Nabil and Ma dalje ic 5 ha could gi e mo e accu acy and sensi i e pe o mance o he p esence o obs acles, and o any a ia ion o any pa ame e in ol ed in dayligh ing in gene al. Funding Acknowledgmen s This pape p esen s pa o he esul s ob ained du ing he de elopmen o he Sub ask “E gonomic analysis o ligh ing condi ions in wo k o s udy places” o he TECNOCAI esea ch p ojec (E icien and sma echnologies o ien ed o heal hy and com o able in e io en i onmen s), con ac ed o Acciona In aes uc u as, S.A. [C.P.1168, CGT 0010] wi hin he Indus ial R&D Ini ia i e CENIT, unded by he Minis y o Science and Inno a ion. This Sub ask was ca ied ou in he Ins i u e o A chi ec u e and Building Science (IUACC) o he Uni e si y o Se ille by membe s o he TEP-130 esea ch g oup. The au ho s a e g a e ul o he echnical and inancial suppo p o ided and wish o hank all hose in ol ed o hei aluable collabo a ion. Re e ences 1. Ande sen M, Ma dalje ic J and Lockley SW. A amewo k o p edic ing he non- isual e ec s o dayligh - Pa I: pho obiology-based model. Ligh . Res. Technol. 2012; 44: 37-53. 2. Li DHW. A e iew o dayligh illuminance de e mina ions and ene gy implica ions. Appl. 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