Influencias políticas y empresariales en la prensa española. El cambio de dirección en El País

253 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e 2015). Año XIX (38), 253-273 ISSN: 1576-3420 INVESTIGACIÓN/RESEARCH POLITICAL AND BUSINESS INFLUENCES IN THE SPANISH PRESS. CHANGE OF DIRECTION IN THE NEWSPAPER EL PAIS Ma ián Alonso González 1:: Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain. malons[email p o ec ed]s ,h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2676-0449 ABSTRACT: This pape ocuses on a e iew abou he na ional and in e na ional news abou he alleged easons o he change o di ec o in El País , he newspape wi h mo e eade s in Spain. A ma ked dec ease in he numbe o eade s and in es men in ad e ising as well as poli ical in luences a e he mos epea ed ideas in he digi al na ional and in e na ional p ess. F om he analysis ha was pe o med i is concluded ha he me can ilis model con inues wo king in he p in ed media, he p ess is no al eady he ou h powe , he p ess is a pa o he i s one since i ela es o economic and poli ical issues. KEY WORDS: El País –Poli ics –Economy –Reade s –Digi al –Newspape s – Online INFLUENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y EMPRESARIALES EN LA PRENSA ESPAÑOLA. EL CAMBIO DE DIRECCIÓN EN EL PAÍS RESUMEN: Es e a ículo se en oca en o no a una e isión heme og á ica de la p ensa nacional e in e nacional con obje o de expone las causas a ibuidas al cambio de di ec o en el dia io El País . Un acusado descenso en el núme o de lec o es y de in e sión en publicidad, así como in luencias polí icas son las ideas más epe idas po los dis in os pe iódicos, de o ma que del análisis ealizado se concluye que el modelo me can ilis a sigue uncionando en los medios imp esos y que la p ensa ya no es el cua o pode , sino pa e del p ime o al elaciona se di ec amen e con cues iones económicas y polí icas. PALABRAS CLAVE: El País –Polí ica –Economía –Lec o es –Digi al – Pe iódicos – Online 1Ma ián Alonso González: PhD in Communica ion om he Uni e si y o Se ille (2008) wi h a doc o al hesis on echnological change in ABC de Se illa [email protected] Recibido:02/07/2015 ----- Acep ado:22/10/2015 ----- Publicado: 15/11/2015 11 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (Ma zo 2015). Año XIX (36), 11-19 ISSN: 1576-3420 INVESTIGACIÓN/RESEARCH NEW TELEVISION MELODRAMA ACTORS: AN EXAMPLE, BELEN ESTEBAN Ramón Na a e e-Galiano Rod íguez1Uni e si y o Se illa. [email protected] ABSTRACT: The cu en Spanish ele ision p og ams ha e gene a ed a se ies o cha ac e s ha esemble he adi ional a che ypes o mo ie gen es. A case is ha o Belén Es eban, a pa icipan in ele ision p og ams o socie y o he hea . Due o he i al expe ience, his young woman symbolizes he a che ype o a melod ama ic he oin. Analyzing he ca ee , we ound ou ha she comple ely i s in wi h he componen s o he canonical melod ama icons. KEY WORDS: Tele ision-socie y p og ams - a che ypes melod ama ic -new melod ama ic he oin. NUEVOS PROTAGONISTAS DEL MELODRAMA TELEVISIVO: UN EJEMPLO, BELEN ESTEBAN RESUMEN: La p og amación ele isi a ac ual española ha gene ado una se ie de pe sonajes que se asemejan a los a que ipos adicionales de los géne os cinema og á icos. Un caso es el de Belén Es eban, pa icipan e en los p og amas ele isi os de sociedad o del co azón. Es a jo en po su expe iencia i al, simboliza el a que ipo de una he oína melod amá ica. Analizando su ayec o ia comp obamos que se adecua po comple o a los componen es de los iconos del melod ama canónico. PALABRAS CLAVE: Tele isión -p og amas de sociedad -a que ipos melod amá icos -nue a he oína melod amá ica. 1. INTRODUCTION 1Ramón Na a e e-Galiano:is a jou nalis and has been associa e p o esso o ou yea s a he Facul y o Communica ion a he Uni e si y o Se ille. He has published se e al books, including he olume "Galdós in he Spanish cinema", which is based on his doc o al hesis. e-mail:[email protected] Recibido: 26/11 /2014-----Acep ado: 17/01/2015-----Publicado: 15/03/2015 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI (No iemb e 2015). Año XIX (38), 182-224 ISSN: 1576-3420 DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.15198/seeci.2015.38.182-224 INVESTIGACIÓN / RESEARCH 204 253 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e 2015). Año XIX (38), 253-273 ISSN: 1576-3420 INVESTIGACIÓN/RESEARCH POLITICAL AND BUSINESS INFLUENCES IN THE SPANISH PRESS. CHANGE OF DIRECTION IN THE NEWSPAPER EL PAIS Ma ián Alonso González 1:: Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain. malons[email p o ec ed]s ,h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2676-0449 ABSTRACT: This pape ocuses on a e iew abou he na ional and in e na ional news abou he alleged easons o he change o di ec o in El País , he newspape wi h mo e eade s in Spain. A ma ked dec ease in he numbe o eade s and in es men in ad e ising as well as poli ical in luences a e he mos epea ed ideas in he digi al na ional and in e na ional p ess. F om he analysis ha was pe o med i is concluded ha he me can ilis model con inues wo king in he p in ed media, he p ess is no al eady he ou h powe , he p ess is a pa o he i s one since i ela es o economic and poli ical issues. KEY WORDS: El País –Poli ics –Economy –Reade s –Digi al –Newspape s – Online INFLUENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y EMPRESARIALES EN LA PRENSA ESPAÑOLA. EL CAMBIO DE DIRECCIÓN EN EL PAÍS RESUMEN: Es e a ículo se en oca en o no a una e isión heme og á ica de la p ensa nacional e in e nacional con obje o de expone las causas a ibuidas al cambio de di ec o en el dia io El País . Un acusado descenso en el núme o de lec o es y de in e sión en publicidad, así como in luencias polí icas son las ideas más epe idas po los dis in os pe iódicos, de o ma que del análisis ealizado se concluye que el modelo me can ilis a sigue uncionando en los medios imp esos y que la p ensa ya no es el cua o pode , sino pa e del p ime o al elaciona se di ec amen e con cues iones económicas y polí icas. PALABRAS CLAVE: El País –Polí ica –Economía –Lec o es –Digi al – Pe iódicos – Online 1Ma ián Alonso González: PhD in Communica ion om he Uni e si y o Se ille (2008) wi h a doc o al hesis on echnological change in ABC de Se illa [email protected] Recibido:02/07/2015 ----- Acep ado:22/10/2015 ----- Publicado: 15/11/2015 254 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 1. INTRODUCTION The media a e en i ies wi h a g ea weigh on he public sphe e, which ansla es in o a g ea social ele ance. Jou nalism and poli ics go hand in hand and, in his unique ela ionship, he me can ilis model ha de e mines he co po a e s uc u e o which he media belongs p e ails, so ha " he inancial si ua ion o he company will se he one o wo ke s and he jou nalis canno be excluded " (Labio, 2001, p.87). The p ess is no longe he ou h powe , bu i has become pa o he i s one as i is di ec ly ela ed o economic and poli ical issues, says Labio, and in his espec he p o essional independence o in o ma ion is eplaced by a clea commi men o he ideology o he media one wo ks o . This lack o independence causes he in o ma ional ea men o he media o be s uc u ally condi ioned by he socio-poli ical con ex , bu also by he economic cons ain imposed by he dic a o ship o ad e ising. This phenomenon is no new, in ac , in Spain we can es ablish he exis ence o na ional media ollowing bipa isanship imposed by PP and PSOE, we mean he newspape s El Mundo and El Pais . The plumme ing sales o copies and ad e ising-sou ced e enues as well as he p essu e exe ed by he uling powe has led o changes in he managemen s uc u e o he Spanish newspape s, esul ing in he dismissal wi hin one mon h o he di ec o s o El Mundo , El País and La Vangua dia . Changes open up a pe iod o ins abili y and uphea al in news ooms ha some analys s link o he ise o digi al media and he di ec escue o publishe s ca ied ou by pa o he poli ical powe . Th oughou his a icle, and using a me hodology based on a selec ed bibliog aphy, we will y o poin ou he ac o s ha ha e in luenced he change o di ec ion in El Pais , he na ional newspape wi h a highe a e o eade s. Acco ding o he Gene al Media S udy co esponding o he i s qua e o 2015, among he mains eam media El País main ains i s leade ship as he mos ead newspape (1,533,000 daily eade s) " hough i con inues wi h a slump in i s audience, his ime i exceeds 13 % as compa ed o he same wa e o EGM'14, wi h he sha pes wi hin he media " (Ymedia, 2015). The e o e, his a icle ocuses on collec ing he li e a u e on he change o di ec o in he na ional and in e na ional p ess, in o de o d aw a comple e p o ile on he easons o he dismissal o Ja ie Mo eno, he appoin men o he cu en di ec o , An onio Cano, and he implica ions his in e nal ope a ion o he media has had a a poli ical and economic le el. 1.1 Newspape s, poli ical and economic powe . 205 255 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 The s uc u e o in o ma ion is he s u ha aims o "s udy he sys em o social media, bo h in i s in e nal o ganiza ion and unc ioning, and i s in e ac ions wi h o he subsys ems o he social sys em" (Qui os, 1991, p.307 ). Based on his de ini ion, Ramón Reig ema ks (2009, p.388) ha i is due o he s uc u e o in o ma ion ha p o essionals can mee " he wo ld and hei wo ld, ha is, he sec e s o hei p o ession and he en i onmen in which hese in icacies a e in ol ed " So i is in his in e play be ween in o ma ion, poli ics and economy whe e he in e play o a mo e complex sys em is e iden . This in e play be ween da a elemen s, economic and poli ical shows ha he concep o s uc u e is no isola ed and ha we mus ame i wi hin he sys em o ma ke economy, which, says Ma ciano, is based on he di e si ica ion o media and is in op imal condi ions: Con on and cla i y some o hese capi al changes o ou ime, because hei pu pose is o a icula e economy, poli ics, communica ion and cul u e wi hin he same p ocess o analysis, he main ocus should be he gene al shape and cha ac e is ics ha capi alism acqui es wo ldwide as a global sys em (Ma ciano, 1992, p.20). In his sense, Labio says (2006) ha he economic p essu e can be ma ked om he momen he media belongs o a co po a e s uc u e wi h in e es s aimed a economic bene i , so ha ad e ising and he inancial si ua ion o he company ma k he pa e n o wo ke s. A poli ically le el, he e is a simila si ua ion and, in his ega d, " we see ha he media ep esen he in e es s o one pa y o ano he " (Labio, 2006, p. 87), i is because hose wi h powe ha e mo e op ions " o in luence he s uc u e and unc ioning o socie y " (Cache o, 2006, p.85). In he same ein, Fe nando Qui ós says he e is: An undeniable connec ion be ween he powe cen e s o he in e na ional sys em and he eal issue s o he p ocess o in e na ional communica ion. The iden i ica ion o he in o ma i e speech wi h powe comes om bo h go e nmen s and p i a e companies (Qui os, 1991, p.74). Powe , con ol and uling class a e in e ela ed concep s, so Manuel Cas ells s a es ha : The powe is no loca ed in an a ea o speci ic social ins i u ion, i is a he sp ead h oughou he ield o human ac ion. Howe e , he e a e concen a ed o ms o powe ela ions in ce ain social o ms ha condi ion and ame he p ac ice o powe in socie y in gene al and impose domina ion. Powe is ela ional, domina ion is ins i u ional (Cas ells, 2009, p.142). The use o he p ess o achie e speci ic objec i es ela ed o he in e es s o he uling class is no a new phenomenon in he his o y o communica ion; in ac , i is in he nine een h cen u y when he hand o he capi alis bou geoisie is passed om 206 255 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 The s uc u e o in o ma ion is he s u ha aims o "s udy he sys em o social media, bo h in i s in e nal o ganiza ion and unc ioning, and i s in e ac ions wi h o he subsys ems o he social sys em" (Qui os, 1991, p.307 ). Based on his de ini ion, Ramón Reig ema ks (2009, p.388) ha i is due o he s uc u e o in o ma ion ha p o essionals can mee " he wo ld and hei wo ld, ha is, he sec e s o hei p o ession and he en i onmen in which hese in icacies a e in ol ed " So i is in his in e play be ween in o ma ion, poli ics and economy whe e he in e play o a mo e complex sys em is e iden . This in e play be ween da a elemen s, economic and poli ical shows ha he concep o s uc u e is no isola ed and ha we mus ame i wi hin he sys em o ma ke economy, which, says Ma ciano, is based on he di e si ica ion o media and is in op imal condi ions: Con on and cla i y some o hese capi al changes o ou ime, because hei pu pose is o a icula e economy, poli ics, communica ion and cul u e wi hin he same p ocess o analysis, he main ocus should be he gene al shape and cha ac e is ics ha capi alism acqui es wo ldwide as a global sys em (Ma ciano, 1992, p.20). In his sense, Labio says (2006) ha he economic p essu e can be ma ked om he momen he media belongs o a co po a e s uc u e wi h in e es s aimed a economic bene i , so ha ad e ising and he inancial si ua ion o he company ma k he pa e n o wo ke s. A poli ically le el, he e is a simila si ua ion and, in his ega d, " we see ha he media ep esen he in e es s o one pa y o ano he " (Labio, 2006, p. 87), i is because hose wi h powe ha e mo e op ions " o in luence he s uc u e and unc ioning o socie y " (Cache o, 2006, p.85). In he same ein, Fe nando Qui ós says he e is: An undeniable connec ion be ween he powe cen e s o he in e na ional sys em and he eal issue s o he p ocess o in e na ional communica ion. The iden i ica ion o he in o ma i e speech wi h powe comes om bo h go e nmen s and p i a e companies (Qui os, 1991, p.74). Powe , con ol and uling class a e in e ela ed concep s, so Manuel Cas ells s a es ha : The powe is no loca ed in an a ea o speci ic social ins i u ion, i is a he sp ead h oughou he ield o human ac ion. Howe e , he e a e concen a ed o ms o powe ela ions in ce ain social o ms ha condi ion and ame he p ac ice o powe in socie y in gene al and impose domina ion. Powe is ela ional, domina ion is ins i u ional (Cas ells, 2009, p.142). The use o he p ess o achie e speci ic objec i es ela ed o he in e es s o he uling class is no a new phenomenon in he his o y o communica ion; in ac , i is in he nine een h cen u y when he hand o he capi alis bou geoisie is passed om 256 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 one s age which is domina ed by ideological in o ma ion o me can ile in o ma ion, he media being concei ed as a company conce ned abou achie ing economic bene i s. Howe e , i is om Wo ld Wa II when he e is a p ocess o globaliza ion in he ield o he media, which, acco ding o Manuel Delgado (1998), y o domina e he en i e chain o he p ocess up o he dissemina ion and ela ionship wi h use s o communica ion. The essen ial ole o he media is o keep he public in o med, bu his ask is in con lic wi h he poli ical in e es s o go e nmen s, which is why he in o ma ion p o ided o ci izens is es ic ed and shaped. Jou nalis ic in o ma ion plays a key ole in shaping public pe cep ion and he shaping o public opinion. In ad anced socie ies oday, i ea i ms i s s a us as a key esou ce o exe cise powe . Thus, con ol becomes a key aspec o deploy social in luence (Case o, 2009, p.354). This s uc u ing o he public pe cep ion is seen by Lo enzo Gomis (1991) as a me hod o in e p e ing social eali y, so ha i jeopa dizes he subjec i e alue o Jou nalism as i akes o g an ed ha he jou nalis is pa and pa cel o a news- building comme cial ins i u ion. In he same ein is Ma de Foncube a (1995) by p o iding a s uc u alis app oach ha de e mines ha he main in e es o he newspape company is always economic and coincides wi h he de ini ion o he in o ma ion indus y made by He be Schille : The media a e he execu ing a ms o he sys em. The ule s a e able o ely on he help o he media. Now and hen some hing happens and hey make a uss abou his and ha , bu i he media p ac ice some hing aguely esembling social esponsibili y, ala m, ange and immedia e e alia ion in he hubs o he sys em will occu . Bu as he media a e pa o he sys em o powe , con olle s ha e no hing o wo y abou Mosco (1983, p.134). In sho , he ea men o in o ma ion is subjec o poli ical and business s uc u es, which implies a s ong a ack on he au onomy and eedom o he jou nalis and implies ha non-communica ion sec o s ge in ol ed in he cons uc ion o in o ma ional ex s. 2. OBJECTIVE The objec i e o his piece o esea ch is o show how he poli ical and business in luences, as had al eady happened in o he newspape s such as El Mundo and La Vangua dia , ha e os e ed he change o di ec o in El País , he newspape wi h he highes a e o eade s in Spain. 3. METHODOLOGY 207 257 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 Ou o he app oaches esul ing om a e iew o he case a newspape lib a ies, we shall make in o med alua ions in he discou se analysis in o de o de elop e lec i e s a emen s ega ding he deba e. Thus, he wo king me hod chosen o app oach he issue unde esea ch uses quali a i e echniques, in addi ion o a e iew o he li e a u e on he ela ionship be ween he p ess and poli ical and economic powe . The app oach o he objec o s udy is made on se e al on s ha allow esea ch mo e i ed in o communica i e eali y. Fi s , a li e a u e e iew was conduc ed o ame he issue wi hin a heo e ical con ex . Nex , we pe o med ho ough wo k o documen a ion and acking o news ela ed o he di ec ional elie in El País in a o al o 220 newspape s, 37 ou o which we e na ional and 183 in e na ional. Fo he in e na ional p ess, we ha e ocused on he majo Eu opean powe s (F ance, I aly, Ge many and England), Uni ed S a es and La in Ame ica, coun ies co e ed by he in e na ional edi ion o he newspape . Th ough s a egic sampling, we ha e analyzed he news ha ha e appea ed in he media (p in ed and digi al) in Spain, bo h in hei sec ions o in o ma ion and opinion (edi o ials, blogs, o ums o columns) in he i s qua e o 2014, mon hs in which he i s umo s appea ed, con i ma ions and implica ions a ound he change o di ec o , o y o econs uc how and unde wha condi ions his change occu s in he i s newspape in Spain in e ms o audience. 4. DISCUSSION 4.1 El País . Economic con ex . Founded in 1976 by Jose O ega Spo o no, Jesus de Polanco and Juan Luis Ceb ian, El País belongs o P isa G oup which also owns he newspape s Cinco Dias and AS , he adio ne wo k SER, Digi al + and publishe s San illana , Al agua a , and Aguila , among o he s. Designed by Reinha d Gade and Julio Alonso, El País became he newspape o democ a ic Spain a a ime in which he ansi ion om F anco o democ acy was s ill in ull swing. A decisi e con ibu ion o his was he ole played du ing he a emp ed coup d’é a o 23-F, as i was, in ull unce ain y, he i s newspape o ake o he s ee s a special edi ion called " El País , wi h he Cons i u ion " posi ioning i sel clea ly and calling ci izens o ake pa in demons a ions in a o o democ acy. Du ing he 1980s, he newspape es ablished i sel as a leade o he Spanish p ess ABC in opposi ion o ABC , o a conse a i e end. A con ibu ion o i s p es ige was made by he igo ous ea men o jou nalis ic s anda ds and by being he i s one o es ablish in e nal quali y con ol pa ame e s. So, i was he i s Spanish newspape o c ea e he posi ion o "P ess Ombudsman" and o w i e and publish a book s yle ha became a benchma k in he wo ld o jou nalism. I also es ablished se e al pa ne ships wi h o he Eu opean social democ a ic newspape s. Du ing he 1990's, i had o deal wi h a new poli ical and jou nalis ic si ua ion. The ension b ough abou by he co up ion scandals o he Socialis go e nmen o 208 257 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 Ou o he app oaches esul ing om a e iew o he case a newspape lib a ies, we shall make in o med alua ions in he discou se analysis in o de o de elop e lec i e s a emen s ega ding he deba e. Thus, he wo king me hod chosen o app oach he issue unde esea ch uses quali a i e echniques, in addi ion o a e iew o he li e a u e on he ela ionship be ween he p ess and poli ical and economic powe . The app oach o he objec o s udy is made on se e al on s ha allow esea ch mo e i ed in o communica i e eali y. Fi s , a li e a u e e iew was conduc ed o ame he issue wi hin a heo e ical con ex . Nex , we pe o med ho ough wo k o documen a ion and acking o news ela ed o he di ec ional elie in El País in a o al o 220 newspape s, 37 ou o which we e na ional and 183 in e na ional. Fo he in e na ional p ess, we ha e ocused on he majo Eu opean powe s (F ance, I aly, Ge many and England), Uni ed S a es and La in Ame ica, coun ies co e ed by he in e na ional edi ion o he newspape . Th ough s a egic sampling, we ha e analyzed he news ha ha e appea ed in he media (p in ed and digi al) in Spain, bo h in hei sec ions o in o ma ion and opinion (edi o ials, blogs, o ums o columns) in he i s qua e o 2014, mon hs in which he i s umo s appea ed, con i ma ions and implica ions a ound he change o di ec o , o y o econs uc how and unde wha condi ions his change occu s in he i s newspape in Spain in e ms o audience. 4. DISCUSSION 4.1 El País . Economic con ex . Founded in 1976 by Jose O ega Spo o no, Jesus de Polanco and Juan Luis Ceb ian, El País belongs o P isa G oup which also owns he newspape s Cinco Dias and AS , he adio ne wo k SER, Digi al + and publishe s San illana , Al agua a , and Aguila , among o he s. Designed by Reinha d Gade and Julio Alonso, El País became he newspape o democ a ic Spain a a ime in which he ansi ion om F anco o democ acy was s ill in ull swing. A decisi e con ibu ion o his was he ole played du ing he a emp ed coup d’é a o 23-F, as i was, in ull unce ain y, he i s newspape o ake o he s ee s a special edi ion called " El País , wi h he Cons i u ion " posi ioning i sel clea ly and calling ci izens o ake pa in demons a ions in a o o democ acy. Du ing he 1980s, he newspape es ablished i sel as a leade o he Spanish p ess ABC in opposi ion o ABC , o a conse a i e end. A con ibu ion o i s p es ige was made by he igo ous ea men o jou nalis ic s anda ds and by being he i s one o es ablish in e nal quali y con ol pa ame e s. So, i was he i s Spanish newspape o c ea e he posi ion o "P ess Ombudsman" and o w i e and publish a book s yle ha became a benchma k in he wo ld o jou nalism. I also es ablished se e al pa ne ships wi h o he Eu opean social democ a ic newspape s. Du ing he 1990's, i had o deal wi h a new poli ical and jou nalis ic si ua ion. The ension b ough abou by he co up ion scandals o he Socialis go e nmen o 258 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 Felipe González pola ized he Spanish le is and igh is poli ical and media epo e s, El País i ing in o he i s g oup. Despi e being accused o de ending he socialis in e es s, El País managed o main ain i s posi ion as gene al bes -selling daily in Spain's, albei a a sho dis ance om El Mundo . Du ing he go e nmen s o Jose Luis Rod iguez Zapa e o, he newspape inc easingly published a icles ha we e c i ical o opposed o he policies o he Socialis go e nmen , a end ha has con inued du ing he go e nmen o Ma iano Rajoy and ha some jou nalis s such as Saenz de Uga e (2014) poin ha " i has aken place in pa allel o he g owing economic p oblems o P isa, obliged o nego ia e in a ulne able posi ion wi h he la ges banks o enego ia e a huge deb " In 2011 he P isa G oup eco ded he g ea es losses in i s his o y, 451 million eu os, a igu e six imes highe han he igu e o 2010. The economic c isis, coupled wi h a change in he pa e n o news consump ion, has caused a all in eade ship, so ha in Spain he newspape s accumula e 11,550,000 eade s pe day, 2.2% less han a he end o 2014. These igu es pain a scena io ma ked by he con inued d op in a ings, which causes Spain o be one o he coun ies o he Eu opean Union wi h he lowes eading a e in Eu ope, only su passed by I aly, Po ugal and G eece (in oeu ope, 2014). The e ec s o he c isis ha e also been el in a dec ease in ad e ising in es men , which in 2013 was 3.7% as compa ed o 2012, a se back ha is mo e in he mains eam media, which eco ded 8% ha added o a 15.8% decline in he p e ious yea makes he decline in e enue in he newspape s o be almos 25% in jus wo yea s, acco ding o da a om In oadex s udy o ad e ising in es men in Spain in 2014 (PRNo icias, 2014). To he poo economic pe o mance, we mus add a palsy in he cen al subsidy sys em, bank occlusion and publishing dys unc ion in he ecen yea s, esul ing in he escue o he big publishing companies (P isa, Unidad Edi o ial, Godó G oup and Vocen o, among o he s) o ha e elied on poli ical powe , and his clea poli ical dependence has been e lec ed in changes in he s uc u e o di ec ions o heade s. As was he case wi h he dismissal o Ped o J. Rami ez, who was in cha ge o he newspape El Mundo , and only he i s h ee weeks la e , he change o di ec ion in El País has aised many specula ions a na ional and in e na ional le el. The main one ocuses on he igu e o Nicolas Be gg uen, owne o Be gg uen Holdings and CEO o Libe y Acquisi ions Honding Co p, he Ame ican in es men und which in 2010 became he majo i y s ake o G oup P isa. Wha a i s goes h ough a single in es men ope a ion ends in he sale o 57.7% o he capi al in he new P isa and i s con e sion in o sha es wi h all social igh s, including he igh o o e. Th ough his ope a ion, Be gg uen and his pa ne in Libe y, Ma in F anklin, became membe s o he S ee ing Commi ee which con ol he majo i y o sha es --nex comes Juan Luis Ceb ian wi h 0.28%-abou 4% each 209 259 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 one as he highes numbe o s ock op ions2o he company, mo e han 7.5% pe head. The in es men , which is announced as " pu ely inancial " and i e en says ha he new owne s would no in e ene in he day o day, causes changes in he edi o ial line o he newspape , a leas on he mos sensi i e issues, " o he new s ong man". The in o ma ion and he edi o ials o P isa’s newspape abou Is ael do no ha e he adicalism o he pas , and also i has been a long ime since i is no possible o ead he libelous a icles o he u iously an i-Semi ic igne es ha we e qui e common no long ago (Jo da, 2014). To Jo da, he en y o Libe y in he sha eholde s o P isa would explain bo h he a i al in Je usalem o he w i e En ic González and he dismissal o he igne e w i e Romeu, jus a mon h be o e he announcemen acco ding o Libe y, bu a e c i icism by se e al US sena o s. Despi e he economic boos o P isa due o i s en y in o he sha eholde s o Libe y, he despe a e si ua ion acing he media conglome a e is a cons an ac in ecen yea s. In 2008 he g oup main ained a posi i e balance in i s ne p o i by 300 million achie ed a e selling i s headqua e s in G an Vía (Cadena Se ), Miguel Yus e ( El País ) and Caspe ( Radio Ba celona ). Howe e , because o deb s, 2009 esul ed in he sale o 21% o he TV pla o m o Digi al Plus subsc ibe s o Tele onica o 470 millions and 22% o Telecinco o 517 millions. Paolo Vasile chain also acqui ed Cua o o 550 plus millions ( 20Mminu os , 2012). The deep economic c isis in he g oup leads o i s g adually selling i s media p ope ies and esul s in high labo un es ha began in 2008 when he newspape unde ake a majo es uc u ing in ol ing i s di ision in o h ee companies: con en , p in and se ices, as well as ou sou cing o i s sales depa men . A e his miles one, in 2010 P isa ou sou ced he wo k o he 300 wo ke s o i s compu e depa men , who we e no longe on he pay oll o he company and came o be on he pay oll o he company Ind a. The si ua ion was agg a a ed by he announcemen o a edundancy, in Oc obe 2012, in ol ing he dismissal o a o al o 128 wo ke s, 21 ea ly e i emen s and a dec ease o 15% in sala y o he es o a pay oll ha was educed o 464 wo ke s. And all his, while he CEO, Juan Luis Ceb ian, " pocke ed a ound 13 million eu os in 2011, an amoun ha s ands o he income o he newspape o ad e ising in wo mon hs o o wha i would cos o hi e 400 new edi o s ", as published by Pascual Se ano (2009) in Le Monde Diploma ique . 2 A s ock op ion is a igh g an ed by he company o i s collabo a o s o buy a numbe i s sha es a a speci ied p ice ( he s ike p ice) o a pe iod o ime. 210 259 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 one as he highes numbe o s ock op ions2o he company, mo e han 7.5% pe head. The in es men , which is announced as " pu ely inancial " and i e en says ha he new owne s would no in e ene in he day o day, causes changes in he edi o ial line o he newspape , a leas on he mos sensi i e issues, " o he new s ong man". The in o ma ion and he edi o ials o P isa’s newspape abou Is ael do no ha e he adicalism o he pas , and also i has been a long ime since i is no possible o ead he libelous a icles o he u iously an i-Semi ic igne es ha we e qui e common no long ago (Jo da, 2014). To Jo da, he en y o Libe y in he sha eholde s o P isa would explain bo h he a i al in Je usalem o he w i e En ic González and he dismissal o he igne e w i e Romeu, jus a mon h be o e he announcemen acco ding o Libe y, bu a e c i icism by se e al US sena o s. Despi e he economic boos o P isa due o i s en y in o he sha eholde s o Libe y, he despe a e si ua ion acing he media conglome a e is a cons an ac in ecen yea s. In 2008 he g oup main ained a posi i e balance in i s ne p o i by 300 million achie ed a e selling i s headqua e s in G an Vía (Cadena Se ), Miguel Yus e ( El País ) and Caspe ( Radio Ba celona ). Howe e , because o deb s, 2009 esul ed in he sale o 21% o he TV pla o m o Digi al Plus subsc ibe s o Tele onica o 470 millions and 22% o Telecinco o 517 millions. Paolo Vasile chain also acqui ed Cua o o 550 plus millions ( 20Mminu os , 2012). The deep economic c isis in he g oup leads o i s g adually selling i s media p ope ies and esul s in high labo un es ha began in 2008 when he newspape unde ake a majo es uc u ing in ol ing i s di ision in o h ee companies: con en , p in and se ices, as well as ou sou cing o i s sales depa men . A e his miles one, in 2010 P isa ou sou ced he wo k o he 300 wo ke s o i s compu e depa men , who we e no longe on he pay oll o he company and came o be on he pay oll o he company Ind a. The si ua ion was agg a a ed by he announcemen o a edundancy, in Oc obe 2012, in ol ing he dismissal o a o al o 128 wo ke s, 21 ea ly e i emen s and a dec ease o 15% in sala y o he es o a pay oll ha was educed o 464 wo ke s. And all his, while he CEO, Juan Luis Ceb ian, " pocke ed a ound 13 million eu os in 2011, an amoun ha s ands o he income o he newspape o ad e ising in wo mon hs o o wha i would cos o hi e 400 new edi o s ", as published by Pascual Se ano (2009) in Le Monde Diploma ique . 2 A s ock op ion is a igh g an ed by he company o i s collabo a o s o buy a numbe i s sha es a a speci ied p ice ( he s ike p ice) o a pe iod o ime. 260 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 Since he en y o Libe y as a sha eholde , he es uc u ing plan and ope a ional e iciency o P isa has co e ed EREs in Cadena Se (258 dismissals), P isa TV (784), Cinco Días (21), P isa Re is as (45) and P isa B and Solu ions (24). I we add he dismissals in El País o all his, in o al he layo s a P isa would each 1,281 ou o he 2,500 wo ke s i has an icipa ed o ha e wo ldwide. 4.2. Change o Di ec o O all he clus e s ha make up he g oup, he newspape El Pais is he one ha has he highes a e o layo , his is why, a e he las ERE, he wo ke s' assembly eques ed he esigna ion o i s di ec o , Ja ie Mo eno, as hey conside ed ha " He has been disquali ied o exe cising he o ice he holds and we demand him o submi his esigna ion immedia ely due o he p essu es and h ea s agains wo ke s " ( 20 Minu os , 2012). Few imagined ha his si ua ion would be ma ked by con o e sy jus one yea la e . In mid-Feb ua y 2014, he dismissal o Mo eno and he appoin men o An onio Cano (a ha ime, a co esponden in Washing on) as new di ec o occu ed. The appoin men comes amid an accusa ion by nea ly 35% o wo ke s and i was p eceded by an in e nal epo in w i ing se ing ou i s ision abou he newspape and abou he mos app op ia e changes o be made o cu b i s loss o audience and in luence. An alleged " compu e e o " esul ed in a copy o he epo eaching i y jou nalis s and collabo a o s o he a ious Ame ican delega ions, he epo e ealing he Caño’s sugges ion o change he en i e managemen eam as " hey do no connec ed wi h ei he he edi o ial s a o he socie y o which he daily mus open " (In olib e, 2014). . The epo explici ly p oposes o eplace Ja ie Mo eno wi h a " p o essional (assuming ha om he house ) wi h a ecognized ca ee and espec ed by he Edi o ial S a " (In olib e, 2014) and poses a scheme wi h h ee di ec o s: one o El País on pape , ano he o he digi al edi ing and one o he Ame ican edi ion. Also, i adds he con enience o assigning young people being 30 yea s o he managemen eam and c i icizes he " o ms and luxu ies s ill squande ed by he membe s o he in e nally called g oup o colonels " (So e as, 2014). This epo is in e p e ed by many as a " igh -wing elec ion p og am ". Such an appoin men would i in he u n ha has long been pe cei ed in he edi o ial line o El País , which is e e y day close o go e nmen al posi ions, especially on economic policy. Ma iano Rajoy's in e es s coincide wi h hose o la ge companies and banks ha a e he c edi o s o he gigan ic deb o he newspape (So e as, 2014). The o icial appoin men o An onio Cano occu ed on Feb ua y 26 ia an o icial s a emen , al hough i did no become e ec i e un il May 4 o ma k he 38 h anni e sa y o he newspape . 211 261 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 The a i al o Caño o he managemen o El País has caused nume ous changes wi hin he pay oll o he newspape : The new managemen eam is made up o E a Saiz, as depu y di ec o o he p in ed edi ion; Be na do Ma ion, depu y di ec o o digi al publishing; and Luis P ados, esponsible o he Ame ican edi ion. All o hem mus be added o Da id Alande e, assis an di ec o , and hose who made up he co e o he o me ha d co e we e appoin ed co esponden s (La diés, 2014 h). Thus, Vicen e Jiménez, who was assis an di ec o , was designa ed o New Yo k o eplace Sand o Pozzi; Ca los Yá noz, a o me depu y di ec o , o Pa is; Juan Manuel Rome o, who was he one who ca ied he weigh o he edi o ial wo k, was appoin ed legal co esponden ; Be na G. Ha bou was designa ed esponsible o Babelia and Jan Ma inez Ah ens goes o Mexico whe e he e is al eady a la ge eam which includes Luis P ados, Be na do and Sal ado Ma in Cama ena. Mexico is one o he key places o he Spanish newspape , since he digi al edi ion o El País is done a nigh in ha coun y. The changes made by Caño made pa o he pay oll o e ol . Two hi ds o he edi o ial s a o El País , ie, 72%, is posi ioned agains he a i al o E a Saiz as a depu y di ec o , which shows he in e nal ensions exis ing o wo mon hs a he headqua e s o Miguel Yus e ( Vozpópuli, 2014) The mos common complain s, acco ding o El Con idencial Digi al (2014), sugges ha no one on he pay oll knows he , while some o he edi o ial s a claim ha " she has only go a mas e ’s deg ee, she was a schola ship holde and has had a collabo a i e con ac ". Howe e , he on al ejec ion Saiz is mo i a ed by he s a emen s conce ning he plena y session in he Sena e a e he publica ion o he pape s o Ba cenas, whe e he jou nalis claimed ha : Rajoy is a g ea pa liamen a ian. He does no like alking o he p ess, bu in pa liamen he u h is ha he g ows and does i e y well. Rajoy had been wa ned, he knew hey we e going o demand his esigna ion, and he decided o a ack ( El Con idencial Digi al , 2014). These s a emen s ha e been in e p e ed as a de ense o he P ime Minis e and some see in hem a p edic ion ha he line o he newspape will u n igh , e en u he since Ja ie Mo eno was elie ed. The ph ase "Rajoy is a g ea pa liamen a ian" shows ha he new Depu y Di ec o has no knowledge o Spanish pa liamen a ism acco ding o he o ice, his is he complain o he edi o ial s a . They claim ha hey a e p epa ing o a " igh wa dness" o in o ma ion du ing he ime o An onio Caño (Eco eu e, 2014). 4. 3. Impac on he na ional p ess 212 267 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 The same imp ession is ansmi ed by Talking News Media ha , in a much mo e neu al one, e e s o he ac ha he u moil in he Spanish edi o ial scene con inues wi h Mo eno being eplaced wi h he co esponden in Washing on o he Spanish daily. The newspape poin s ou ha " he si ua ion in he newspape business is complica ed because o he p oblems we all know" and s a es ha "b inging new blood o wo k is no a bad idea " (Hebba d, 2014). Elabo a ing on ha ma e , The Wo ld News (2014), in an a icle en i led "An onio Caño will eplace Ja ie Mo eno as di ec o o he newspape El Pais ", e e s o he ac ha he news was con i med a e appea ing in he "las wo days in a ious digi al media, which poin ed o a shi in he adi ionally p og essi e line o one o he mos in luen ial newspape s in Spain ". The in o ma ion con inues: The news was known in Spain days a e he dismissal o Ped o J. Rami ez, ounde o El Mundo . The o me di ec o o he main i al and o El País hen poin ed o p essu e om he conse a i e go e nmen o Ma iano Rajoy [...] in jus wo weeks, he di ec o s o wo o he mos impo an newspape s in Spain will lea e hei pos s ( The Wo ld News , 2014). Due o he huge p esence o P isa G oup in Sou h Ame ica, many La in Ame ican media men ioned he eplacemen o Mo eno wi h An onio Caño, who was conside ed by many as he " ice oy o Ame ica, due o his powe on he o he side o he A lan ic and he con idence o Juan Luis Ceb ian in him, so he, some imes ac ed abo e he di ec o o he newspape he wo ked o " ( Libe ad Digi al , 2014). This is undoub edly due o he ac ha Caño pe sonally managed impo an businesses o P isa in La in Ame ica. Howe e , i , a he na ional le el, he p ess is pa icula ly c i ical o he elie b ough abou a he op o El País , in La in Ame ica he media echoed his qui e impe sonal subs i u ion. So Ca acol.com o Venezuela s a es ha " he Boa d o Di ec o s o he Spanish newspape El Pais oday unanimously appoin ed An onio Caño di ec o he newspape o eplace Ja ie Mo eno, he newspape epo ed in a p ess elease " (Ca acol, 2014 ). In he same ein, El Nue o Dia io (2014) o Nica agua en i led "The Spanish newspape El Pais wi h new di ec o ." In he news, i de elops ha " he Boa d o Di ec o s o El País, 'unanimously' appoin ed An onio Caño di ec o o he newspape o eplace Ja ie Mo eno ". Meanwhile, Mundia io, El P ime Pe iódico Global de Análisis (2014) no es in i s headline: " An onio Caño will be di ec o o El Pais, upon he p oposal by Juan Luis Ceb ian," In obae Ame ica (2014): " Change o di ec ion in he newspape El Pais, Spain's mos widely ead daily "and Con ac ola ino.com (2014),"An onio Caño appoin ed new di ec o o El País ". 268 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 Only A gen ine newspape s del e in o he possible causes unde lying he dismissal o Ja ie Mo eno. Thus, he daily Cla in published ha " he coming o powe o Caño is in e p e ed as a con inui y o he conse a i e shi he newspape has unde gone in ecen yea s ". This signi ican change in he mos impo an newspape in Spain comes sho ly a e he change o command in he newspape El Mundo [...] he ecen changes in El País a e also in e p e ed as a con inua ion o he conse a i e shi ha showed he daily newspape in he pas yea s. Since he ic o y o he Popula Pa y in he 2011 elec ions, he p esiden P isa G oup p aised he igu e o Ma iano Rajoy and his ela ions wi h he media, as opposed o managemen by José Ma ía Azna (Algaña az, 2014). La Nación also s a es ha " El Mundo, second Spanish daily as ega ds ci cula ion, also ecen ly changed he conduc ing o i s edi o ial s a " and no es ha he Spanish p ess: Is amid a deep c isis esul ing om se e al yea s o decline in ad e ising, in pa due o he ecession in mos coun ies, and he ci cula ion o ha d copies, impac ed by new echnologies and o ms o news consump ion ( La Nación , 2014). 5. CONCLUSIONS This piece o esea ch shows how, in he ield o jou nalism, he change o di ec o in El País is pe cei ed as a di ec esul o poli ical and business in luences. While he p in ed media a e silen abou i , he digi al media, which a e less dependen on subsidies and ins i u ional ad e ising, poin o he economic c isis ha has g ipped P isa G oup and a change o ideological end in he newspape as he hidden causes unde lying he eplacemen o Ja ie Mo eno wi h An onio Caño. In e na ionally, he impac on he Ge man and B i ish p ess is ze o, while some I alian and F ench media sugges iden ical app oaches as he Spanish online media and see a poli ical maneu e in he subs i u ions o he h ee di ec o s o he p in ed newspape s wi h highes eading a e in Spain: El Pais , El Mundo and La Vangua dia . Thus, Milano Finanza , o example, sugges s ha he dismissal is due o a app ochemen o posi ions owa ds he go e nmen o Rajoy, as happened wi h Ped o J. Rami ez. The same end is ound in he Anglo-Saxon p ess and in he A gen ine newspape s La Nación and Cla in , while he es o La in Ame ican news media ha men ion he news do i om a s ic ly in o ma i e poin o iew and e en accu a ely ep oduce he o icial s a emen by El País , some hing ha occu s mainly in La in Ame ican heade s o P isa G oup, as is he case wi h Ca acol . We pe o med he analysis and conclude ha he me can ilis model s ill wo ks in he p in ed media and he p ess is no longe he ou h powe bu pa o he i s one as i di ec ly ela es o economic and poli ical issues. 219 269 Re is a de Comunicación de la SEECI. (No iemb e, 2015). Año XIV (nº 38), 253-273 6. REFERENCES BOOKS, BOOK CHAPTERS inpu o a e e ence book, TECHNICAL REPORTS, THESES: Cache o, A. (2006). Elemen os pa a una eo ía comunicacional de la p opaganda . Se illa: Ediciones Al a . Cas ell, M. (2009). Comunicación y pode . Ba celona: Alianza. De Fon cube a, M. (1995). La no icia. Pis as pa a pe cibi el mundo. Ba celona: Paidós. Delgado, M. (1998). La globalización, ¿nue o o den o c isis del iejo? Se illa: Cuade nos de Economía y Sociedad. Gomis, L. (1991). Teo ía del pe iodismo. Cómo se o ma el p esen e . Ba celona: Paidós Comunicación. Labio, A. (2006). Comunicación, pe iodismo y con ol . Ba celona: An ophos. Ma ciano, M. (1992). Es uc u a y dinámica de la comunicación in e nacional . Ba celona: Bosch. Qui ós, F. (1991). Cu so de es uc u a de la in o mación .Mad id: Dossa . JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, AND SIMILAR WEBES: Algaña az, J. C. (2014). An onio Caño se á el nue o di ec o del dia io El País de España . Cla ín .Recupe ado de www.cla in.com/mundo/An onio-Cano-di ec o -Pais- Espana_0_1087691263. Consul ado el 18/02/2014. Case o, A. (2009). El con ol polí ico de la in o mación pe iodís ica. Re is a La ina de Comunicación Social, 64, pp. 354-366. Doi: 10.4185/RLCS-64-2009-828-354-366 Ca acol. (2014). An onio Caño es el nue o di ec o del dia io español El País. 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Communica ion Technician in he Communica ions Depa men and Chai pe son o ADIF, she is a membe o he Resea ch G oup on In o ma ion Analysis and Technique o he Uni e si y o Se ille, whe e she eaches as associa e p o esso a he School o Communica ion and lec u es in jou nalis ic audio isual w i ing. h p://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2676-0449 224