The Educational Use of the Smartphone by University Students of Social Education and Social Work

Páginas: 39-53 Recibido: 2021-05-26 Revisado: 2021-08-10 Aceptado: 2021-12-01 Preprint: 2022-01-01 Publicación Final: 2022-01-30 www.revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/fuentes/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.12795/revistafuentes.2022.16822 The Educational Use of the Smartphone by University Students of Social Education and Social Work Fernando López-Noguero Universidad Pablo de Olavide (España) José Alberto Gallardo-López Universidad Pablo de Olavide (España) Abstract A smartphone is a mobile device increasingly present in the academic activities that take place in universities, becoming a technological tool with great educational potential. The goal of this research is to analyze how students use their smartphones in university contexts, and how they evaluate the use of these mobile devices as educational tools. The research methodology used responds to an ex post facto, quantitative, transversal, correlational and descriptive design, with a sample of 252 university students of Social Education and Social Work of the Pablo de Olavide University (Seville, Spain). As a method for collecting data the questionnaire “Smartphone and University Questionnaire. Student Perspective. SUQS”has been used. The research work provides outstanding conclusions for the field of study addressed, among the main results obtained, it is emphasized that the university students show a clear positive evaluation of the use of the smartphone as an educational tool in Higher Education, with the youngest students being those who use the smartphone the most at the university level. Also, numerous advantages stand out, such as the rapid search for information, access to content without spatial or temporal limitations, as well as its usefulness for academic management and organization and communication with other students, promoting the development of their learning. On the other hand, there are some negative aspects of the use of Smartphones in university contexts, such as dependency and stress that can lead to the misuse of this technology, or the negative impact that it can have on written communication. Keywords smartphones, mobile learning, higher education, university students, educational technology 1. Introducción Today's society is radically marked by the gradual development of the so-called “Information and Communication Technologies” (ICTs) that define both, personal relations and access to information, interaction, and debate of ideas or diffusion of information. In recent decades, there have been practiced more advances in the field of information and communications than in any other time of human history, in a "digital tsunami" that is changing a multitude of social realities. Thus, the human being has to face the consequences of the development of both mass media and ICTs. Through those both, every one of us has access to an infinite amount of data and information, enabling us to be aware of the most remarkable developments in all parts of the world and being, not only consumers but also creators and producers of information. This phenomenon has led to the development of a society of a planetary nature, a "global village" in which we are constantly developing and influencing ourselves (López- Noguero & Pérez Serrano, 2012). The integration of technologies in people's lives, as is the case with Smartphones, modifies the nature of knowledge and discourse and, therefore, the nature of the teaching-learning processes (Traxler, 2007). 40 ··· REVISTA FUENTES, 24(1); Páginas 39-53 www.revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/fuentes/index The new generations of university students that have been born into what we know as the “Digital Age” are increasingly able to include technological devices, especially the smartphone, in their daily lives naturally and intuitively (García-Tormo, 2018). Similarly, the new possibilities of communication and access to immediate information enhance the possibility of instant access to a virtual world, increasing their ability to navigate the Internet without time or space limits, promoting the development of their social relations, promoting the creation and management of multimedia content, as well as facilitating the possibility of carrying out several activities simultaneously. The particularities that make up the knowledge society lead us to reflect on how educational practice is developing at all levels and, especially, in the field of Higher Education, and whether it fits the characteristics, needs and concerns of students (Barroso & Cabero, 2013; López-Noguero, 2008; López-Noguero et al., 2021). University teaching, and education in general, cannot escape this new reality that "has transformed the way students interact with their environment" (Artal et al., 2017, p.2), and has to offer teaching projects that adapt to the new emerging educational needs. Currently, university institutions are facing important socioeducational challenges, such as offering active teaching methodologies that integrate technology as a channeling element for learning, as well as the incorporation of educational perspectives, resources and dynamics that promote the collective construction of knowledge, participation, personal interaction and communication (Veytia et al., 2019). Today, the smartphone is a mobile device increasingly present in university classrooms, becoming a technological tool that, if well used, could have great educational potential, due to the popularity of this technology, as well as its expansion, immediacy and accessibility. Smartphones offer immediate access to a wide information network, considering that the Internet has confirmed itself as the great global library that allows us to access an infinite amount of content of any kind. Referring to the academic world, the philosophy of Open Access "has begun to democratize knowledge and we now have access to millions of educational resources for all areas of knowledge" (Rovira-Collado, 2016, p. 2), since the Internet has become a leading educational tool. Among the pedagogical trends that incorporate this technology in the processes of teaching, learning and evaluation in Higher Education, it has to be highlighted the so-called mobile learning. The mobile learning trend encourages students to use "a range of teaching resources and information sources that are not confined to the classroom or school but are distributed in different places outside the university environment" (Mancinas, 2018, p. 42). O'Malley et al. (2003), define mobile learning as “any sort of learning that happens when the learner is not at a fixed, predetermined location, or learning that happens when the learner takes advantage of the learning opportunities offered by mobile technologies” (p. 6). UNESCO (2013) recognizes that mobile learning implies the use of mobile devices with the aim of facilitating formal and informal learning at any time and place. On the other hand, Traxler (2009) conceptualizes mobile learning as “the provision of education and training on PDAs / palmtops / handhelds, smartphones and mobile phones” (p. 2). Other authors such as Baccari et al. (2016), understand mobile learning as an educational modality based on the interaction of students with their mobile devices in different contexts, with the aim of generating new ways of building learning. Faced with this emerging educational modality (Hinojo et al., 2020), the initiatives and perceptions of teachers and students have a transcendental role in the design and development of meaningful learning experiences, as well as in their evaluation (Kukulska-Hulme et al., 2009). And it is that, “the design of mobile learning activities should be driven by specific learning objectives. The use of (mobile) technology is not the target but rather a means to enable activities that were otherwise not possible, or to increase the benefits for the learners” (Sharples et al., 2009, p. 237). The motivation generated by the use of smartphones in educational dynamics is very high, but it is necessary to start from a pedagogical framework of reference for the design of didactic activities and evaluation processes (Nikou & Economides, 2021). A recent review of the current scientific literature, carried out by Fombona et al. (2020), reveals new areas of research and implementation of mobile learning such as, for example, the teaching of foreign languages, the appearance of social interaction methodologies, the evolution of forms of collaboration or the use of immersive and innovative virtual spaces in higher education. However, problems associated with the use of Smartphones in the classroom are also observed, such as the effect of collateral addiction, and their interference in the development of training activities. Today's technology helps young university students to have unlimited access to information at their fingertips (Roig-Vila et al., 2021; France et al., 2021). Meanwhile, new pedagogical perspectives suggest that they should take on greater responsibility in their learning and the collaboration with their peers for the development of training activities. 41 ··· REVISTA FUENTES, 24(1); Páginas 39-53 DOI: 10.12795/revistafuentes.2022.16822 The use of smartphones in Higher Education contributes to the development of cognitive skills such as problem-solving, mediation, leading to critical and creative thinking and decision-making (Ramos et al., 2010). Other authors (Gallardo-López & López-Noguero, 2020; Gikas & Grant, 2013; Mohammed, 2020; Salcines- Talledo et al., 2020) analyze students' perceptions of learning with mobile devices and highlight that these devices favor interaction, collaboration and the creation and diffusion of educational content. Al-Emran et al., (2016) and Hamidi & Chavoshi (2018), delve into the question of student and teacher attitudes towards this type of technology integrated into the classroom, and the results obtained predicted that mobile learning could be one of the most promising pedagogical technologies that would be increasingly used in Higher Education environments. Moreover, works such as those by Murphy et al., (2014) or Saroia & Gao (2019) are noteworthy contributions about how Higher Education students are using mobile devices to support their learning in an increasingly regular and progressive way. In this sense, Qi (2019) analyses the relationship between academic performance and the use of smartphones in Higher Education, establishing a positive and beneficial relationship. However, this same author warns of the possible negative effects of the use of these devices by students, among which are the growing dependence and stress that they can generate. Other outstanding research works on this issue focus on exploring the phenomenon of Internet literacy and mobile learning about self-efficacy (Razzaq et al., 2018), problematic use of smartphones (Aranda et al., 2017; Horwood & Anglim, 2021; Kil et al., 2021), or investigate how the use of smartphones influences the learning outcomes of university students (Arain et al., 2018; Hu & Lai, 2019; Romero-Rodríguez et al., 2020). There is a clear need to integrate digital tools into higher education methodologies, especially mobile devices, as they are highly conducive to ubiquitous learning and flexible, interconnected educational environments in which knowledge is produced and built (Cotán et al., 2021; Dafonte-Gómez et al., 2021; Fook et al., 2021; Paredes et al., 2019; Sevillano & Vázquez, 2013; Zhao et al., 2010). Furthermore, teaching methodologies that integrate ubiquity as an intrinsic element of the educational processes generate connectivity between all the agents involved in the development of learning. And they are coherent as they are adapted and contextualized to the social reality of new university students (Finogeev, 2020; Shishakly, 2019). Integrating the smartphone into the daily reality of university classrooms is an opportunity to achieve greater equality of educational and social opportunities. It facilitates learning adapting the particular characteristics of each student, increasing productivity in the use of time and obtaining highly effective indicators for the assessments (González & González, 2016; Reinoso, 2019; Salcines & González, 2015), so it would be appropriate to take into account their potential. However, technologies should be designed and applied keeping in mind accessibility as a central concern, as their main goal has to be to remove the inequalities that they could bring, and, simultaneously, to serve as an instrument that extends the possibilities to all people, regardless of their buying power, geographic situation, age or gender (Gallardo-López, 2019). From another angle, there are other studies that draw attention to the limitations of the use of mobile devices for learning that must also be considered. Scientists such as Traxler (2011) warn of the need to address issues such as the ethics of learning with mobile devices, especially when crossing the border between formal and informal learning. Other investigations, such as that of Parsons (2014), emphasize the importance of achieving a more fluid, adaptive, collaborative and exploratory learning, promoting the interrelation between formal and informal education. In this sense, Brazuelo et al. (2017) indicate as the main difficulties or barriers those related to educational regulations on restrictions on the use of smartphones in classrooms, the lack of awareness of students about the educational usefulness of their mobile phones and ignorance, on the part of the students. teachers, of the educational potential of these mobile devices. On the other hand, other authors focus on analyzing the impact generated by the use of the smartphone on the written communication of students, taking into account grammatical aspects and linguistic expression (Gómez & Gómez, 2015; Torrado-Cespón, 2015). In this research we address, the general objective is to analyze how students make use of their smartphones in university contexts and how they evaluate the use of these mobile devices as educational tools. 2. Methodology The research methodology used responds to an ex post facto, quantitative, transversal, correlational and descriptive design. From the general research objective, two research questions are posed: 42 ··· REVISTA FUENTES, 24(1); Páginas 39-53 www.revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/fuentes/index 1) How do students use their smartphones in different educational activities in the university context? 2) How do students evaluate the use of smartphones, as an educational tool, in university academic dynamics? 2.1. Contextualization The research is contextualized in the city of Seville, located in the south of Spain. Specifically, at the Pablo de Olavide University, a public university that was founded in 1997 and which has seven centers that teach their degrees on campus, plus the affiliated “San Isidoro de Sevilla” university center. The study takes place during the first semester of the 2018/2019 academic year, promoted by professors from the Department of Education and Social Psychology and involving students from the Faculty of Social Sciences. According to data from the academic report 2018/2019 (Pablo de Olavide University, 2019), the university had a total of 9,813 undergraduate and double degree students. In the Degree in Social Education, 247 students were enrolled, 705 in the Degree in Social Work and 305 in the Double Degree in Social Work and Social Education. The origin of the students is mostly national, although the university supports and facilitates academic mobility through various programs, the most prominent being the ERASMUS Program, which received 545 students in the 2018/2019 academic year. 2.2. Characteristics and selection of the sample The sample selected for the study is 252, representing 20% of the total population (Pablo de Olavide University, 2019). To determine significant sample size, the following calculation formula for finite populations has been used (Arnal et al., 1992): 𝑛 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑍𝛼 2∗ 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞 𝑑2∗(𝑁 − 1)+ 𝑍𝛼 2∗ 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞 N = total population d= maximum acceptable error (in this case 3% = 0.03) z = 1,96 (statistical confidence level 95%) p * q = expected proportion; p= (5%): 0,05; q = 1-p (1-0.05=0.95) 𝑛 = 1257 ∗ (1,96)2∗ 0,05 ∗ 0,95 (0,03)2∗(1257 − 1)+ (1,96)2∗ 0,05 ∗ 0,95 =175,09 =175 The final sample has well-defined characteristics, composed of 211 women (83.7%) and 41 men (16.3%). Looking at the age ranges, it highlights that 38.1% are under 20 years old, 52.8% are between 20 and 25 years old and 9.1% are over 25 years old. Paying attention to the studies one can assert that the participants are enrolled in, 10.75% are enrolled in the Degree of Social Education, 71.4% in Social Work and 17.9% in the Double Degree of Social Work and Social Education. Besides, 59.5% of those surveyed belonged to the first year, 7.9% to the second year, 6.7% to the third year, and 25.8% to the fourth year of their respective studies. 2.3. Instrument To collect the data, the questionnaire “Smartphone and University Questionnaire. Student Perspective. SUQS” by Salcines-Talledo & González-Fernández (2015) was used. The instrument was submitted by the authors to content validity, construct validity and reliability tests, obtaining valid and reliable results regarding its use to collect significant and relevant information about the university student's vision of the pedagogical implementation of the smartphone in Higher Education contexts. The instrument’s internal consistency, calculated with Cronbach’s Alpha, was .97, thereby showing the high reliability of the tool. Likewise, the KMO test provided a value of .835, indicating a high relationship between the variables as it is close to 1, and Bartlett 43 ··· REVISTA FUENTES, 24(1); Páginas 39-53 DOI: 10.12795/revistafuentes.2022.16822 sphericity test (χ2 = 3704.693; gl = 300; p < .000) also indicated the adequacy of the factorial analysis carried out. The questionnaire is segmented into three thematic blocks and nine study dimensions, some of which are subdivided into various analysis categories, as shown in Table 1. The response format is Likert type with ordinal scores ranging from 1 to 4. Specifically, for items in Block 2, 1 is "strongly disagree" and 4 "completely agree"; and for items in Block 3, 1 is "null" and 4 "total". In the case of Block 1, identification data was collected with multiple responses of a nominal type. This instrument has been used in other high-impact scientific research (Salcines-Talledo & González- Fernández, 2020; Salcines-Talledo et al., 2020), demonstrating its usefulness and relevance for this type of study. Table 1 Structure of the questionnaire “Smartphone and University Questionnaire. Student Perspective. SUQS” Blocks Dimensions Subdimensions Number of items 1. Identification data 10 2. General smartphone questions Knowledge 5 Use Place of use 7 Frequency of use 8 Importance 5 Guided introduction of the smartphone in the teaching, learning and evaluation processes Benefits 8 Difficulties 6 Introduction of the smartphone into the teaching, learning and evaluation processes on your initiative Benefits 8 Difficulties 6 Training 7 3. Questions about smartphone applications Application knowledge Communication 5 Management and organization 7 Teaching/Learning/ Evaluation 14 Application use Communication 5 Management and organization 7 Teaching/Learning/Evaluation 14 Importance of applications Communication 5 Management and organization 7 Teaching/Learning/Evaluation 14 Source: Salcines-Talledo & González-Fernández (2015) The instrument was adapted in the survey administration app "Google Forms" and distributed through the university's virtual classroom and by email to the sample under study. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS V26) software was used for carrying out descriptive and correlational analyzes. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. General questions about smartphones and their applications Analyzing the results obtained on the study dimension "knowledge", in general terms, 73.8% of those surveyed expressed knowledge about useful smartphone applications for their academic activity and, consequently, 26.2% were unaware of this type of application in the university environment. There is an important percentage of students that do not use applications due to ignorance of them and it could help them greatly in their university career. 44 ··· REVISTA FUENTES, 24(1); Páginas 39-53 www.revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/fuentes/index Regarding the academic use of smartphones in situ, the data shows that only 34.2% of those surveyed admitted having used their smartphone during a professor´s lecture in class (item 6), although 81.7% indicated that they had used their smartphone in the development of cooperative learning activities (item 8). Therefore, it can be seen that the majority of students surveyed can use mobile devices in their face-to-face sessions at the university even occasionally. Focusing on item 9, which corresponds to the use given to the smartphone to develop the activities related to the practical part of the subjects, we can see that the average for this item 9 is close to 3 (2.75), which indicates that, in general terms, the students use the mobile device for this type of tasks mainly for research information and maintain contact between students, among others. Specifically for the dimension "importance of smartphones in the university", 69.8% of the students recognize that the use of the smartphone by teachers is important for teaching (item 10), 75% admit that it is important for learning (item 11), 98.4% indicate the importance for academic management and organization (item 12), 92.8% consider it important for communication with colleagues (item 13) and 95.2% express that the university needs to provide the resources to make the use of smartphones in university classrooms possible (item 14). All these numerical data clearly show the positive opinion of the surveyed subjects about the introduction of intelligent devices in the dynamics of the university academic organization and its teaching-learning processes. To the question of whether the student has had any formative experience in which the professor has set the introduction of the smartphone in the processes of teaching, learning and assessment of university education, 53.57% indicate that they have and 46.43% declare that they have not had any experience in this sense, promoted at the time by professors, so it can be inferred that there is still a long way to go for teaching innovation in this type of issues. Mobile devices such as smartphones can provide great benefits to students, who are fully aware of this fact. In this sense, the data collected about the benefits that the use of the smartphone in the university provides shows that 97.2% of those surveyed indicate that it allows them to quickly search for information (item 16), with an average very close to 4. 96.9% of students acknowledged that the use of the smartphone allowed them to access the content at any time and place (item 17), and gave them more security when studying and doing assignments (91.2%) since it allowed them to contact the professor and their classmates outside the classroom (item 18). This question of ubiquity is fundamental when referring to the advantages and benefits of devices such as the smartphone, which are perfectly known by the students surveyed. In addition to this, and referring to difficulties and problems caused by these technologies, with regards to the study dimension "difficulties in the use of the smartphone at university", 66.3% of the sample are dependent on these devices (item 19), while 63.1% find it difficult to select the information that is accessible in excess (item 20) and, finally, 87.3% think that it does not hurt their written expression (item 21). Finally, when they were asked if they would like to receive specific training on how to take advantage of the smartphone in learning activities (item 22), 88.5% answer positively, where the average for this item is 3.29. The results of this item clearly show the need for universities to provide training in digital skills, especially in mobile devices and their possibilities in the area of teach. Table 2 Descriptive statistics Block 2. General questions about smartphones Dimension Item Average Standard Deviation Variance Asymmetry Kurtosis Knowledge 5 2.89 .76 .57 -.41 .014 Use 6 2.12 .85 .73 .20 -.82 8 3.04 .87 .77 -.89 .33 9 2.75 .94 .88 -.48 -.58 Importance 10 2.78 .71 .51 -.37 .14 11 2.94 .73 .54 -.31 -.15 12 3.70 .50 .25 -1.61 2.86 13 3.63 .66 .44 -1.86 3.23 14 3.63 .62 .39 -1.89 3.95 Benefits 16 3.71 .55 .31 -2.18 5.79 17 3.73 .56 .32 -2.56 7.66 18 3.46 .69 .48 -1.19 1.14 Difficulties 19 2.81 .76 .58 -.13 -.44 20 2.74 .80 .65 -.17 -.46 21 1.81 .74 .55 .85 .85 Training 22 3.29 .70 .50 -.74 .32 45 ··· REVISTA FUENTES, 24(1); Páginas 39-53 DOI: 10.12795/revistafuentes.2022.16822 Likewise, this questionnaire dedicates a block of questions about the level of knowledge, use and importance given by the surveyed students to different applications for smartphones related to the university academic activity. Significant data about the use and importance that respondents assign to mobile applications related to email, instant messaging, social networking, cloud file hosting, as well as the use of calendars for the management and organization of academic activity, which escape the purpose of this article were found. The data obtained, after the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, did not meet the assumption of normal probability distribution, so non-parametric statistics were used in the data treatment. Specifically, the Spearman Rho test was performed for multiple comparisons, considering a p value less than or equal to .05 to establish statistical significance. 3.2. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient The statistical data obtained were subjected to variable correlation tests, to know if there is significant evidence that indicates a relationship between the different responses obtained in each of the dimensions of study. The results of the Spearman correlation test applied to the different items of interest for the research at hand are presented below (Table 3). Table 3 Spearman's rank correlation coefficient Spearman's rho Reference item Cross item Correlation coefficient Significance (bilateral) It generates dependency It allows me to access the content at any time and place .739 .018(*) The excess of accessible information makes it difficult for me to select it .678 .000(**) I would like to receive specific training on how to use the Smartphone in learning activities The use of the Smartphone is important for learning .712 .007(**) The use of the Smartphone is important for academic management and organization .688 .003(**) I know useful Smartphone applications for my academic activity It allows me a quick search for information .785 .003(**) It allows me to access the content at any time and place .680 .004(**) It gives me more security when studying and doing work by allowing contact with the teacher and with classmates outside the classroom .758 .012(*) note: * = significance at 0.05; ** = significance at 0.01 The results give us different relevant aspects of the proposed research goal, although before its presentation it must be considered: a) That all the correlations were positive, which means that when high scores are given in one variable, they are also high in the other one; b) That the correlations were, for the most part, significant at a significance level of 0.01 and considered "high"(Etxeberria & Tejedor, 2005; Hedges, 1981). The dependence generated by the use of the smartphone in university educational contexts is directly related to the ease of access to content at any time and place (.739), including the difficulty in selecting reliable and valid information from the vast amount of content that it provides Internet (.678). Beside this. students demand training to optimize the use of their smartphones in Higher Education contexts since they consider it an important tool for learning (.712) and academic management and organization (.688). 46 ··· REVISTA FUENTES, 24(1); Páginas 39-53 www.revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/fuentes/index Also, students who claim to know a greater number of useful applications for their academic activity, acknowledge that they use them because it allows them to quickly search for information (.785), access content without space or time limitations (.680) and because it gives you more security when doing activities and work, mainly because the smartphone facilitates contact between colleagues and teachers (.758). 3.3. Results differentiated by sex, age, university degree, and academic year To delve further into the possible relationships between the variables sex, age, university degree and academic year, with the results obtained in the research, different tables were crossed and remarkable results were obtained. Knowing the academic year in which the subject is enrolled and the item "use of the smartphone during a master lesson" (Table 4), it can be appreciated that the third-year students show a lower use of the smartphone during a master class, compared to the other courses. Slightly higher use of applications during a master class by first-year students (36%) is highlighted. This issue may be because they have not had the experience of using the smartphone in the dynamics of classes in some of the few subjects that may have been taken. Table 4 Variable´s Crossing "Course enrolled in” and "Use of the smartphone during a master lesson” Using your smartphone during a masterclass Total 1 2 3 4 Course enrolled in 1º n 35 61 47 7 150 % 23.3% 40.7% 31.3% 4.7% 100% 2º n 4 9 4 3 20 % 20% 45% 20% 15% 100% 3º n 3 11 3 0 17 % 17.6% 64.7% 17.6% 0% 100% 4º n 26 17 21 1 65 % 40% 26.2% 32.3% 1.5% 100% Total n 68 98 75 11 252 % 27% 38.9% 29.8% 4.4% 100% Looking at the age groups of the sample under study, it is noted how students under 20 years old recognize a greater use of the smartphone during the development of cooperative learning activities (Table 5). This may indicate that younger students, true digital natives, are more likely to use applications to contact other peers and communicate to work on different academic activities in a group setting, naturally integrating ubiquitous learning. The same circumstance could occur with the use of the smartphone in the development of individual practical activities (Figure 1). Table 5 Variable´s Crossing "Age" and "Use of the smartphone during the development of cooperative learning activities” Using the smartphone during cooperative learning activities Total 1 2 3 4 Age Under 20 years old n 2 7 55 32 96 % 2.1% 7.3% 57.3% 33.3% 100% From 20 to 25 years old n 14 14 66 39 133 % 10.5% 10.5% 49.6% 29.3% 100% More than 25 years n 7 2 6 8 23 % 30.4% 8.7% 26.1% 34.8% 100% Total n 23 23 127 79 252 % 9.1% 9.1% 50.4% 31.3% 100% 47 ··· REVISTA FUENTES, 24(1); Páginas 39-53 DOI: 10.12795/revistafuentes.2022.16822 Figure 1. Variable´s Crossing "Age" and "Use of the smartphone in the development of individual practical activities”. Response rate. In any case, on the use of the smartphone to manage and organize everything related to academic activities, the students aged 25 and under use the smartphone for academic management and organization to a greater extent (Table 6). In this sense, although those over 25 years old give high scores in this item, it stands out that 4.3% of them have stated that they do not use the smartphone in any way for the management and organization of their university tasks. Table 6 Variable´s Crossing "Age" and "Use of the smartphone for academic management and organization” Using the smartphone for academic management and organization Total 1 2 3 4 Age Under 20 years old n 0 1 23 72 96 % 0% 1% 24% 75% 100% From 20 to 25 years old n 0 2 33 98 133 % 0% 1.5% 24.8% 73.7% 100% More than 25 years n 1 0 10 12 23 % 4.3% 0% 43.5% 52.2% 100% Total n 1 3 66 182 252 % 0.4% 1.2% 26.2% 72.2% 100% Referring to the psychological support or the security that the use of mobile devices can mean for the students consulted, 26% of those over 25 years old indicate that using the smartphone does not give them more security when studying and doing work in contact with the teacher and with their colleagues outside the classroom (Figure 2). 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 2 3 4 Under 20 years old From 20 to 25 years old More than 25 years