Reality-based court interpreting didactic material using new technologies

Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a h p:// and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode= i 20 The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine ISSN: 1750-399X (P in ) 1757-0417 (Online) Jou nal homepage: h p:// and online.com/loi/ i 20 Reali y-based cou in e p e ing didac ic ma e ial using new echnologies Co al I y Hun -Gómez & Paz Gómez Mo eno To ci e his a icle: Co al I y Hun -Gómez & Paz Gómez Mo eno (2015) Reali y-based cou in e p e ing didac ic ma e ial using new echnologies, The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine , 9:2, 188-204, DOI: 10.1080/1750399X.2015.1051770 To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/1750399X.2015.1051770 Published online: 20 Aug 2015. Submi you a icle o his jou nal A icle iews: 422 View ela ed a icles View C ossma k da a Reali y-based cou in e p e ing didac ic ma e ial using new echnologies Co al I y Hun -Gómez*and Paz Gómez Mo eno Depa men o Philology and T ansla ion, Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide, Se ille, Spain (Recei ed 11 Ap il 2014; accep ed 10 May 2014) T aining o u u e cou in e p e e s has adi ionally been based on ole-play exe - cises, ec ea ions o ac ual ials o audios based on p o o ypical communica i e si ua ions. In he case o in e p e ing in cou hese kinds o simula ions a e no enough o ain u u e cou in e p e e s, since hey do no ully e lec he g ea complexi y o eal communica ion in cou . This a icle is in ended o p esen a new eali y-based audio isual aining ma e ial speci ically de o ed o cou in e p e e s aining in Spain. The ma e ial was inspi ed by he posi i e esul s o he con e ence in e p e ing eaching ma e ials de eloped using eal ideos a he Uni e si y o G anada. One o he mos in e es ing aspec s o he ma e ial p esen ed he e is i s exclusi i y, as i is, o da e, he only didac ic ma e ial o cou in e p e ing aining ha achie es such a high deg ee o au hen ici y, since i wo ks on he basis o eal c iminal ials. The ma e ial akes in o accoun well-known ansla ion subcompe ences and i speci ically add esses s uden s who ha e p e iously ecei ed aining in con e ence in e p e ing. Keywo ds: cou in e p e ing; eali y-based didac ic ma e ial; in e p e ing aining; in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies; in e p e ing eaching 1. In oduc ion App op ia e aining and esea ch a e wo o he ac o s ha con ibu e mos o he apid de elopmen o p o essionalisa ion in any ield. Gi en he e e -g owing numbe o cou ses in cou in e p e ing in Spain, he inc ease in academic publica ions and he p oli e a ion o Eu opean Union (EU) ini ia i es in his ega d, i would appea ha he ield o cou in e p e ing is becoming p o essionalised. Howe e , he e is a lack o esou ces and ma e ials speci ically de o ed o cou in e p e e aining, especially ma e ials based on eal scena ios ha ake in o accoun he speci ic cha ac e is ics o a ial and which a e adap ed o new lea ning s yles. T aining o u u e cou in e p e e s has adi ionally been based on ole-play exe - cises, ec ea ions o ac ual ials o audios based on p o o ypical communica i e si ua ions (Hale 2007, 179; Hun -Gómez 2013, 179–185). In he case o in e p e ing in cou –a e y speci ic en i onmen wi h ex emely ma ked powe ela ionships and a speci ic p o ocol wi h associa ed ja gon – hese kinds o simula ions a e no enough o ain u u e cou in e p e e s since hey do no ully e lec he complexi y o eal communica ion in cou . *Co esponding au ho . Email: [email p o ec ed] The pho og aphs and g aphics p oposed as igu es a e he p ope y o Co al I y Hun -Gómez, one o he au ho s o he a icle, who gi es pe mission o publish hem. The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine , 2015 Vol. 9, No. 2, 188–204, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1080/1750399X.2015.1051770 © 2015 Taylo & F ancis P ac ice is undamen al in he aining o in e p e e s and, in Eu ope, due o he changes in oduced in he highe educa ion sys em by he Bologna P ocess, s uden s’ sel -lea ning hou s ha e a p ima y ole in he new cu icula (Cal o Encinas 2009, 179). This a icle is in ended o p esen a new eali y-based audio isual aining ma e ial speci ically de o ed o cou in e p e e aining in Spain. The didac ic ma e ial in ques- ion was inspi ed by he posi i e esul s o he con e ence in e p e ing eaching ma e ials de eloped by de Manuel Je ez (2006) using eal ideos. One o he mos in e es ing aspec s o he ma e ial p esen ed he e is i s exclusi i y. Being based on ac ual c iminal ials, i is o da e he only didac ic ma e ial o cou in e p e ing aining ha achie es such a high deg ee o au hen ici y. Apa om p ecisely e lec ing he speci ic cha ac e is ics o a Spanish c iminal ial, o he ma e ial ad an ages include lis ening o di e en accen s, elocu ion hy hms and egis e s, and becoming amilia wi h legal language in use. The ma e ial akes in o accoun he ansla ion subcompe ences es ablished by Kelly (2002, 15) and i speci ically add esses s uden s who ha e p e iously ecei ed aining in consecu i e in e p e ing, as a ce ain command o no e- aking echniques is needed in o de o make ull use o he ma e ial. Only a basic compu e wi h a eco ding p og am, mic ophone, headphones and he ee download iewe Mic oso Powe Poin Viewe ® a e needed o use i . The ma e ial is designed o encou age sel -lea ning and sel -assessmen , as s uden s a e expec ed o co ec hei own p oduc ion wi h he help o he anno a ed ansc ip included. The ma e ial is di ided in o h ee di e en pa s. The i s pa is a ideo en i led How Do C iminal P oceedings Wo k? which desc ibes he oles o he pa ies in a ial, hei physical posi ion in he cou oom and he di e en s ages o c iminal p oceedings in Spain. The second pa is a liaison in e p e ing exe cise c ea ed om au hen ic ma e ial: he eco ding o a c iminal ial whe e an o ence o domes ic iolence is ied. The hi d pa consis s o an anno a ed ansc ip ial whe e eali y is e lec ed, including suchlike. The ansc ip includes didac ic anno a ions on e hical, p o essional, legal and linguis ic issues. A p o o ype o he abo e-desc ibed didac ic ma e ial was assessed by 127 s uden s a 3 di e en Spanish uni e si ies, wi h excellen esul s as o in e es , mo i a ion and he bene i s pe cei ed in e ms o lea ning (Hun -Gómez 2013). 2. How can we help o imp o e he aining o cou in e p e e s in Spain? Despi e se e al ini ia i es o p o essionalise Public Se ice In e p e ing (PSI), speci ic ce i ica ion is no gene ally equi ed o in e p e e s wo king in PSI se ings in Spain. This issue becomes e en mo e c i ical in he case o cou in e p e ing, whe e he e is a su icien na ional and in e na ional legal basis o gua an ee he igh o he p esence o an in e p e e in legal p oceedings so ha anyone who does no unde s and he language used in cou is no disc imina ed agains o linguis ic easons (Giamb uno-Day Miguélez 1997; Foulquié Rubio 2002; O ega He áez 2006; Van de Vlis 2010; Hun -Gómez 2013). I is accep ed ha compe en in e p e e s – ha is, ained and ce i ied in e p e e s –a e equi ed in o de o a oid such disc imina ion, so ha in c iminal p oceedings he indi idual’s igh s a e no b eached due o an in e p e e ’s incompe ence. In gene al e ms, he Spanish egula ions es ablish ha in o de o gua an ee due p ocess, he in e p e e , i needed, mus be compe en , and he assis ance o an in e p e e mus be p o ided wi hou cha ge in c iminal p oceedings pu suan o A icle 55 o he Rome S a u e o he In e na ional C iminal Cou . Howe e , i he Spanish law e e ing o he wo k o cou in e p e e s is ho oughly analysed, se e al con adic ions a e ound. The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 189 Fi s , e en hough he assis ance o a ce i ied and quali ied in e p e e is needed o gua an ee due p ocess, he judge, who appoin s he in e p e e , is no equi ed o ha e any speci ic aining in o knowledge o making well- ounded decisions on his issue – see sec ion 231.5 o he Spanish Ac o he Judicia y (S a e o Spain, 1985). Second, despi e he ac ha a ansla ion and in e p e a ion deg ee has been o e ed by Spanish uni e si ies since 1994 (Ma in 2006, 137), he Spanish Code o C iminal P ocedu e (Ley de Enjuiciamien o C iminal), in o ce since 1882, es ablishes a weak o de o p ecedence when appoin ing an in e p e e in c iminal p oceedings: ‘The in e p e e shall be chosen om among hose who hold such quali ica ions, should he e be any such pe sons a ailable. I ha is no possible, a school eache o he co esponding language shall be appoin ed, and i he e is no such pe son, any pe son who knows he language’(ou ansla ion). Mo eo e , sec ion 762 o he Spanish Code o C iminal P ocedu e a aches mo e impo ance o he ac o assis ing he de endan han i does o he quali y o ha assis ance; ha is, he abili y o he pe son who assis s. Consequen ly, unde he cu en legal p o isions he aining equi ed o cou ansla o s and in e p e e s is no clea ly de ined, lea ing a se ious obs acle o he p o essionalisa ion o cou in e p e e s in Spain. An analysis o he li e a u e on he p o ession o cou in e p e e in Spain (Giamb uno-Day Miguélez 1997; O ega He áez e al. 2004; O ega He áez and Foulquié Rubio 2005; Ab il Ma í 2006; O ega He áez 2006,2010) leads o he conclusion ha in e p e e -se ice p o ision in Spanish c iminal p oceedings is incon- sis en and clea ly needs imp o emen . The necessa y deg ee o p o iciency equi ed o in e p e e s a ies depending on he ins i u ion o o ganisa ion o which hey belong, and on occasion i is no e en speci ied. In Spanish cou s he e is no o icial code o e hics o p o ocol o cou in e p e e s o ollow, and cou in e p e e s’wo k is no p ope ly ecognised, ei he in mone a y o p o essional e ms. In e p e e s ind hemsel es in a p eca ious si ua ion when wo king wi hin he Spanish cou sys em; many si ua ions in ol e subs an ial dispa i ies in he aining equi ed o he job, and he paymen ecei ed a ies depending on he ins i u ion o company o which he in e p e e wo ks. Fu he mo e, many in e p e e s lack job s abili y and o en hei wo k is no su icien ly ecognised. In sho , hei wo king condi ions need o be imp o ed. I bea s highligh ing ha speci ic ini ia i es ha e been ca ied ou success ully in Spain. Amongs o he s, i is wo h men ioning he ansla ion and in e p e ing se ices in he cou s o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia, whe e in e p e ing se ice p o ision is coo dina ed by an in-house ansla o and in e p e e who has c ea ed a lis o eelance in e p e e s based on quali ica ion, p o essional expe ience and a ailabili y (APTIJ 2012; O ega He áez 2010, 135), and he 11-M Mad id bombing ial, whe e, due o he social impac o he ial, highly quali ied in e p e e s we e hi ed. These ini ia i es can be conside ed a s a ing poin o e en a co ne s one o he imp o emen o cou in e p e ing se ice p o ision in c iminal p oceedings in Spain (O ega He áez 2010, 143; Vale o Ga cés and Abka i 2010; Ma in and O ega He áez 2011). The p axis o cou in e p e - ing needs o be egula ed e icien ly h oughou he coun y in o de o gua an ee a ai ial o a de endan who lacks ull command o he language used in he cou , and, u he , o gi e p o essionals in he sec o app op ia e ecogni ion o hei wo k. On a posi i e no e, ad ances made by he EU in he p o essionalisa ion o cou in e p e ing should be highligh ed. The culmina ion o hese ini ia i es is he Di ec i e 2010/64/EU o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council o 20 Oc obe 2010 on he igh o in e p e a ion and ansla ion in c iminal p oceedings, which deals speci ically wi h aspec s ela ed o aining, acc edi a ion and quali ica ion o in e p e e s (Eu opean 190 C.I. Hun -Gómez and P.G. Mo eno Pa liamen , and Council o he Eu opean Union, 2010). While i was planned o anspose he Di ec i e in Oc obe 2013, he Spanish Go e nmen is s ill deba ing he bes way o implemen i . Academics and p o essional associa ions ha e published p ess eleases aimed a helping hose in cha ge o he ansposi ion o es ablish he equi ed aining and acc edi a ion o cou in e p e e s, and o b ing undamen al changes o cou in e p e ing p ac ice (CCDUTI and Red Vé ice 2014), wi h he hope o b inging unda- men al changes o cou in e p e ing p ac ice as well as de ining and es ablishing he equi ed aining and acc edi a ion o cou in e p e e s. In addi ion, new echnologies a e becoming ubiqui ous in ou daily li es and in eaching me hods. Speci ically as ega ds he ield o in e p e ing didac ics, e i ied s udies demons a e he success o applying new echnologies o con e ence in e p e ing aining (Sand elli and de Manuel Je ez 2007, 269–303). In line wi h his, he cou in e p e ing aining ma e ial p esen ed he e has been inspi ed by he ma e ial c ea ed by de Manuel Je ez (2006) in he ield o con e ence in e p e ing. This ma e ial used mul imedia eco dings, digi isa ion, and ansc ip ions o ma e ials compiled om eal si ua ions o ins uc ional pu poses. De Manuel Je ez de eloped his ma e ial o speci ic ins uc ional cou ses on con e ence in e p e ing in he Depa men o T ansla ion and In e p e a ion a he Uni e sidad de G anada. Se e al s uden g oups ha e ound eal-li e in e p e a ion si ua ions o be app op ia e, use ul and mo i a ing (de Manuel Je ez 2006). Fu he mo e, some ma e ials and esou ces ha e been de eloped by he EU o he aining o u u e cou in e p e e s. One is he p ojec Building Mu ual T us : A F amewo k o Implemen ing EU Common S anda ds in Legal In e p e ing and T ansla ion JSL/2007/JPEN/219, coo dina ed by he Uni e si y o Middlesex. As pa o ha p ojec a da abase o speci ic esou ces o ain cou ansla o s and in e p e e s was c ea ed. The p ojec ’s aim was ‘ o con ibu e o he es ablishmen o common s anda ds in legal in e p e ing and ansla ion by acili a ing he es ablishmen o legal in e p e ing and ansla ion aining in EU Membe S a es’(Townsley 2010, 6). The second pa o he p ojec , Building Mu ual T us 2 JUST/2010/JPEN/AG/1566, was de o ed o he aining o he judicia y h ough he use o ideos showing good p ac ices when wo king wi h in e p e e s. O he ini ia i es a e he p ojec s AVIDICUS I and II, coo dina ed by D Sabine B aun o he Uni e si y o Su ey wi h he aim o es ablishing a se ies o ecommenda ions o in e p e e s and use s when ideocon e encing in communica i e si ua ions ela ed o he ield o jus ice (B aun and Taylo 2012). In he Uni ed S a es, he Na ional Cen e o In e p e a ion o he Uni e si y o A izona o e s a se ies o ma e ials called Legal In e p e apes. This ma e ial is designed o be used as lab- ype p ac ice. Use s can eco d hei e o s a home using a CD playe , headphones, a mic ophone and a eco ding de ice. The ma e ial’s language combina ion is Spanish in o English, and i is speci ically designed o people aining hemsel es in o de o ob ain he acc edi a ion o Fede al In e p e e . Apa om p o iding e y speci ic p ac ical exe cises, Legal In e p e apes also o e s endi ions o acc edi ed in e p e e s, ansla ion sugges ions and glossa ies. Acebo, a si e ha displays legal in e p e ing aining ma e ials in se e al language combina ions, p o ides some in e es ing didac ic ma e ial c ea ed by Holly Mikkelson (Acebo 2011–14). The ollowing ma e ials a e o e ed by Acebo: The In e p e e ’s Edge Thi d Edi ion;The In e p e e ’s Edge Tu bo Supplemen ;Edge 21: An In e p e e ’sEdge o he21s Cen u y;Two-Tone CDs, Volume 1: English-Spanish Simul aneous P ac ice and The In e p e e ’s Companion on CD-ROM.TheTwo-Tone CD is de eloped ollowing a concep in whicheachCDhas wo eco dings:on hele The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 191 channel he e is a speech o he s uden o p ac ise and on he igh channel he e is a model o in e p e ing endi ion pe o med by an in e p e e (Mikkelson 1993b,1993a). The exe cises we e c ea ed om eal ma e ial and include poli ical and con o e sial subjec s o he s uden o con on . Consecu i e and simul aneous in e p e ing can be p ac ised wi h he Acebo ma e ials. Apa om hose ma e ials and EU ini ia i es, he e a e o he didac ic ma e ials applying in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICT) o cou in e p e ing and designed speci ically o he Spanish con ex ha should be no ed. One is Link e p e ing, an online pla o m o he Uni e sidad de Vigo, which has a speci ic module de o ed o cou in e p e ing (Link e p e ing 2014). This module is di ided in o h ee sec ions: bibliog aphy and esou ces, didac ic ma e ial, and documen s. The e is an in oduc o y sec ion o a heo e ical na u e, a lis o he na ional and in e na ional egula ions a ec ing he p o ession and a selec ion o ele an li e a u e ega ding cou in e p e ing s udies. To da e, he didac ic ma e ial p o ided by Link e p e ing is made up o nine audio simula- ions o cou communica i e si ua ions. A ansc ip accompanies each audio. Howe e , since hey a e ole-plays, hey do no ully e lec all he complexi y o a c iminal ial in Spain, al hough om a didac ic poin o iew he ma e ial emains e y use ul. Also, he ma e ial does no p o ide a blank space o he s uden s o ac as in e p e e s. In Spain, cou in e p e ing has s a ed o become p o essionalised as uni e si ies conduc an e e -inc easing numbe o speci ic s udies. Cu en ly he e a e subjec s speci ically de o ed o cou in e p e ing o ha include i in hei syllabi, all o which a e being augh in a ious Spanish uni e si ies. These a e subjec s such as mediación social pa a aduc o es e in é p e es (social media ion o ansla o s and in e p e e s) a he Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona (2012), in e p e ación bila e al (liaison in e p e - ing) a he Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide (2012) and he e y speci ic subjec in e p e ación en la adminis ación de jus icia (in e p e ing in jus ice adminis a ion) a he Uni e sidad Al onso X (2012). The e a e also pos g adua e cou ses linked o public se ice in e p e ing o media ion ha include modules on cou in e p e ing; o example, he cou ses o e ed by he Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona (2012), he Uni e sidad Eu opea de Mad id (2012), he Uni e sidad de G anada (2012) and he Uni e sidad de Alcalá (2012), amongs o he s. Howe e , despi e he pas success o eal-li e-based ma e ials in he ield o con e ence in e p e ing (de Manuel Je ez 2006), o da e he e is no eco d o a eaching ini ia i e applying ICT o PSI wi h he same le el o sophis ica ion and au hen ici y as he ma e ial p esen ed he e. The didac ic ma e ial p o o ype p esen ed in his a icle was c ea ed in 2012 by Co al I y Hun -Gómez, as a pa ial solu ion o he lack o speci ic and upda ed aining ma e ial in he ield o cou in e p e ing in Spain. Gi en ha he assis ance o an in e p e e in c iminal p oceedings is a de endan ’s igh and his igh mus be obse ed in he p oceedings, he in e p e e p o ided mus o e high-quali y in e p e a ion. Speci ic aining is also expec ed o aise he quali y o cou in e p e ing se ices as well as imp o ing he o e all si ua ion and isibili y o cou in e p e e s in Spain. I mus be highligh ed ha he ma e ial is es ic ed o cou in e p e ing. I is limi ed o in e p e a ion p ac ice pe o med in c iminal p oceedings, i s ly because his is he ield in which he Spanish s a e is equi ed o p o ide in e p e a ion se ices pu suan o he law (O ega He áez 2006, 11), and u he because his is a equi emen o he hi d pilla es ablished in he Maas ich T ea y (Eu opean Union 1992) in he EU sphe e. The e we e se e al di icul ies in he p epa a ion o he ma e ial such as he compila- ion o cou eco dings, he selec ion o he mos sui able eco ding and he ans o ma- ion o he selec ed eco ding in o eaching ma e ial. 192 C.I. Hun -Gómez and P.G. Mo eno When compiling he ma e ial, he a duous p ocess o sea ching c iminal audio isual eco ds was unde aken in se e al cou s in Andalusia. E en hough a co pus o eal ial eco dings wi h he pa icipa ion o English-speaking in e p e e s was e en ually com- piled, he e icence o some igu es in Andalusia’s cou sys em had o be o e come, and he people who had cus ody o he cou eco ds had o be iden i ied, speci ic egula ions o eques he eco ds had o be examined and mul iple legal equi emen s had o be ul illed in o de o gain access o audio isual copies o he cou eco ds. In ha sense, i has o be said ha he compila ion o cou eco dings o c iminal p oceedings was sys ema ically hampe ed by he au ho i ies ecei ing he eques . In Spanish cou s he judge is he highes au ho i y in he cou oom and usually he pe son who au ho ises copies o be made while c iminal p oceedings a e ongoing, whe eas cou cle ks a e in cha ge o he cus ody o he cou ansc ip s and eco dings, and o p o iding copies once he ial is inished, as s a ed in sec ion 743.1 o he Spanish Code o C iminal P ocedu e. Apa om he compila ion o a co pus o eco dings o c iminal ials, one o he mos di icul s ages o his esea ch p ojec – ollowing he selec ion o he ma e ial, which will be deal wi h below –was ans o ming he selec ed eco ding in o eaching ma e ial. As s a ed ea lie , he ma e ial was ob ained om he eco ds o se e al c iminal cou s and, on mos occasions, he audio isual quali y was inadequa e no only o didac ic pu poses, bu also o legal ones, as poo quali y made i impossible o mos o he eco dings o se e as an e ec i e ansc ip o he con en o he ial. Sound enginee s had o imp o e he audio, and e en i he image is no o he highes de ini ion i pe ec ly allows s uden s o unde s and he de elopmen o he ial. The eco ding had o be ea ed by ope a ing speci ic p og ams and also had o be adap ed o he legal equi emen s o he use o sensi i e ma e ial. Thus, he ma e ial was anonymised o p o ec he pa ies o he p oceedings, and he in e p e e ’s speech was elimina ed and eplaced wi h a ixed black-and-whi e ial image wi h a pic og am o a pai o head- phones o e i , in o de o indica e ha i is he u n o he s uden o in e p e . These p ocesses we e labo ious because o he complexi y and he a en ion o de ail equi ed by he eco ding p ocess. The ma e ial was p epa ed in he i m belie ha specialised aining and p o essio- nalisa ion in he ield o cou in e p e ing should be p o ided in he academic sphe e. Mo e speci ically, i shows ha he applica ion o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies o cou in e p e ing aining imp o es he p epa a ion o in e p e e s in e ms o in e es , mo i a ion and pe cep ion o use ulness. This eaching ma e ial p o o- ype, which ies o e lec all he cha ac e is ics o c iminal ials in Spain, has been c ea ed speci ically o cou in e p e ing aining and is based on eal-li e ma e ial. 3. Wha does he ma e ial consis o and how does i wo k? The didac ic ou comes o he ma e ial a e based on he ansla ion subcompe ences es ablished by Kelly (2002, 15). By using he ma e ial s uden s will be able o: ●iden i y he di e en pa ies pa icipa ing in a ial and loca ing hem co ec ly in he cou oom h ough analysis o he in oduc o y ideo and isualisa ion o he ma e ial (cul u al and hema ic subcompe ences); ●become amilia wi h he p o essional aspec s o cou in e p e ing as hey will be wo king wi h eal ma e ial which exac ly e lec s c iminal ials in Spain ( hema ic, ins umen al and p o essional subcompe ences); The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 193 ●imp o e he necessa y skills o assess o he s and hei own wo k by using he anno a ed ansc ip and by analysing he p oduc ion (in e pe sonal and psycho- physiological subcompe ences); ●gain a good command o he necessa y ools o de elop hei lea ning p ocess au onomously as he ma e ial can be used indi idually (p o essional and s a egic subcompe ences); and ●imp o e liaison and consecu i e in e p e ing echniques by p ac ising wi h he ma e ial (ins umen al and p o essional subcompe ences). Since he ma e ial has been c ea ed using au hen ic eco dings om c iminal ials, apa om p ecisely e lec ing he speci ic cha ac e is ics o a c iminal ial in Spain, i also o e s he possibili y o lis ening o a wide ange o speake s, accen s, egis e s, elocu ion hy hms, opics and le els o di icul y. I speci ically add esses s uden s who ha e p e iously ecei ed aining in consecu i e in e p e a ion, bu ha e no o li le aining in he ield o cou in e p e ing. The ma e ial’s language combina ion is English-Spanish- English, and i is limi ed o Spanish c iminal p oceedings. I can be used au onomously on a no mal compu e wi h so wa e ha is widely used and can be downloaded ee o cha ge. Only a basic compu e equipped wi h a eco ding p og am, mic ophone, head- phones and he ee download iewe Mic oso Powe Poin Viewe ® is needed. The ma e ial is designed o encou age sel -lea ning and sel -assessmen , as i allows s uden s o co ec hei own p oduc ion. The ma e ial has h ee di e en pa s. The i s is in oduc o y and con ex -o ien ed; he second is a liaison in e p e ing exe cise c ea ed om au hen ic ma e ial (a c iminal ial); and he hi d is an anno a ed ansc ip o he eaching ma e ial. The i s pa is an in oduc o y ideo called How Do C iminal P oceedings Wo k? This ideo highligh s he speci ic na u e o c iminal ials and o e s de ailed explana ions o ele an legal e ms. I s aim is o p o ide s uden s wi h some gene al knowledge o he wo kings o c iminal p oceedings in Spain. The con en o he ideo was supe ised by he Cou Cle k o C iminal Cou No. 13 o Malaga, and all aes he ic and isual aspec s we e designed by g aphic designe s. In he ma e ial, a oiceo e desc ibes he di e en s ages o he p oceedings. The ma e ial is adap ed o he new lea ning s yles in o de o make i mo e a ac i e o s uden s. The ideo is di ided in o wo main pa s: he i s shows he physical loca ion in he cou oom o he pa ies appea ing in a c iminal ial in Spain. A schema ic e sion o he cou oom ha shows he cus oma y loca ion o he judge, he de ence, he p osecu ion, he wi nesses, he de endan and he in e p e e is p o ided (Figu e 1). The second pa o he ideo co e s he di e en s ages o a c iminal ial. I begins by desc ibing how he ial s a s, and wha he judge no mally says o open i . I also desc ibes he s anda d p ocedu e o eading he de ence and p osecu ion w i en submis- sions on he e idence in case he de endan does no know ha in o ma ion. This s age is omi ed when he de endan s make i clea ha hey a e awa e o ha in o ma ion. In he second s age, p elimina y ques ions a e posed by he p osecu ion and he de ence. A his s age he pa ies ha e he possibili y o p esen ing new wi nesses o e idence. The hi d s age desc ibed in he ideo is he ques ioning. The ideo explains he o de in which he wi nesses gi e hei e idence: he de endan –who has he igh o emain silen –is ques ioned i s ; hen he wi nesses; and inally any expe –such as a o ensic expe o police o ice –whose opinion could be ele an o he issues in he ial. The ou h s age desc ibed in he ideo ela es o he judge’s cla i ica ions o he ques ioning. E idence such as pic u es, ideos o documen s can be examined in his s age. The i h pa is 194 C.I. Hun -Gómez and P.G. Mo eno he second pa was composed o 13 i ems ha measu ed he pe cep ion o he p o o ype in e ms o in e es , mo i a ion and bene i s o in e p e e aining; inally, he e was a blank space o subjec s o make commen s and sugges ions ega ding he usabili y and use ulness o he ma e ial. Da a e e ing o ma e ial pe cep ion we e measu ed using a Like - ype scale in which 5 indica ed comple e ag eemen , and 1 comple e disag eemen . Subsequen ly, da a e e ing o ma e ial pe cep ion was c oss- e e enced wi h demo- g aphic, labou and academic da a in o de o measu e hei in luence on i . The ques- ionnai e, which was designed o measu e he ma e ial pe cep ion bu wi hou ying o ex apola e he esul s o all Spanish uni e si ies, was adminis e ed o 127 subjec s o 8 di e en uni e si y s uden g oups o ansla ion and in e p e ing s udies a 3 di e en uni e si ies: he Uni e si a Pompeu Fab a o Ba celona (Figu e 6), he Uni e sidad de G anada and he Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide o Se ille. The g oups we e composed o 13–21 s uden s who we e en olled on deg ee cou ses and pos g adua e cou ses o ansla ion and in e p e a ion. The i s aim o he ques ionnai e was o measu e he deg ee o in e es ha he ma e ial c ea ed. Acco ding o he esul s, he in e es was a ed as high o e y high and he ma e ial was conside ed o be highly in e es ing because i is new, uses ICT, is Reali y-based and encou ages sel -lea ning. The second aim was o measu e he deg ee o use ulness pe cei ed by he s uden s. In his case he esul s we e e y sa is ac o y in e ms o he use ulness o he ma e ial, he use o eal ma e ial, he possibili y o using he ma e ial au onomously and he use o ICT. The hi d aim was o measu e he bene i s pe cei ed by he s uden s o hei educa ion de i ed om he use o he ma e ial. In gene al e ms, he esul s we e sa is ac o y in e ms o pe cep ion o sel -lea ning, use o ITC, sel -assessmen and au onomous lea ning as bene icial. The ou h aim consis ed o measu ing pe sonal da a, wo king expe ience and aining, and c ossing he da a wi h he ones ega ding pe cep ion. On his occasion, no signi ican di e ences we e app ecia ed in e ms o age, sex o wo king expe ience. Howe e , s uden s who had p e ious aining in in e p e ing o PSI had mo e posi i e answe s. Figu e 6. Tes ing he ma e ial a he Uni e si a Pompeu Fab a (Ba celona). The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 201 The compiled da a showed ha he pe cep ion o he p o o ype by he s uden s was highly sa is ac o y ega ding in e es , use ulness and bene i s o he s uden s’ educa ion. 5. How can his be imp o ed? In Spain, ew ini ia i es ocus on cou in e p e ing aining wi h a au hen ici y-based app oach. Au hen ici y-based ma e ial is conside ed undamen al when dealing wi h he speci ic cha ac e is ics o his kind o in e p e ing, gi en ha a ial is a e y pa icula communica i e si ua ion highly in luenced by he con ex and s ic p o ocols. The success ul esul s achie ed by applying ICT o con e ence in e p e ing aining (Sand elli and de Manuel Je ez 2007), oge he wi h he esul s o his esea ch wo k in he ield o cou in e p e ing, jus i y a deepe s udy o he a ea, as well as i s applica ion o o he b anches o PSI. In his con ex , a mul i ude o ini ia i es could be pu sued om a pedagogical and scien i ic app oach. One o hese ini ia i es would be o p oduce mul imedia eaching ma e ial ollowing he p o o ype model p esen ed in his a icle in di e en linguis ic combina ions and hen assessing he esul s and hei use ulness. In ha ega d, i would be pa icula ly use ul o aining speake s o mino i y languages in cou in e p e ing. Ano he in e es ing ini ia i e would be o ga he in o ma ion om p o essionals and uni e si y eache s, using a speci ically c ea ed ques ionnai e designed o ind ou hei in e es s and needs when i comes o aining cou in e p e e s. A hi d possible ini ia i e would be he c ea ion and g ading o ma e ial coming om eal ials in a sys ema ic way and i s possible use in uni e si y cou ses, e-lea ning o sel - aining. This could esul in a e y use ul co pus o ma e ial which could be made a ailable o s uden s, and which would allow hem o wo k independen ly and o lea n wi h mul iple a iables: di e en speake s, si ua ions, accen s, elocu ion hy hms and suchlike. F om his co pus, an ac ion- esea ch mechanism could be implemen ed wi h s uden s wo king wi h he ma e ial and gi ing hei opinion on i , and helping o poin ou new di icul ies in he anno a ed ansc ip , hus enhancing a colla- bo a i e wo king ne wo k. Ano he u u e line o s udy would be o explo e possible imp o emen s o he ma e ial – ela ed o expenses, capaci y o ime – ha had no ye been de eloped. These could include adap ing he ma e ial o ee so wa e and less-ex ended ope a ing sys ems, and e en o adap i o use on sma phones and able s; explo ing he possibi- li ies o language o in e p e ing labo a o ies ha make i possible o he eache o assess and supe ise s uden s’co ec ions, as well as expe imen ing wi h pee lea ning. I would be help ul o comple e he ma e ial wi h o he kind o documen s ela ed o he p oceed- ings, such as wi ness s a emen s o police epo s. This ma e ial is in ended o imp o e u u e cou in e p e ing aining. Such an imp o emen would ha e aluable implica ions o he co ec unc ioning o jus ice adminis a ion in Spain and would con ibu e o a be e acknowledgemen o he p o es- sion in ou coun y. Disclosu e s a emen No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho s. 202 C.I. Hun -Gómez and P.G. Mo eno Re e ences Ab il Ma í, M. I. 2006. “La In e p e ación en los Se icios Públicos: Ca ac e ización como géne o, con ex ualización y modelos de o mación. Hacia unas bases pa a el diseño cu icula .”PhD diss., Uni e sidad de G anada. Acebo. 2011–2014. “Acebo.”Accessed Decembe 1, 2014. h p://www.acebo.com/. APTIJ (Asociación P o esional de T aduc o es e In é p e es Judiciales y Ju ados). 2012. “¿Cuáles son los p incipales p oblemas con los que se encuen a un aduc o e in é p e e judicial?”h p:// www.ap ij.es/index.php?l=es&s=eb. B aun, S., and J. Taylo , eds. 2012. Videocon e ence and Remo e In e p e ing in C iminal P oceedings. Guild o d: Uni e si y o Su ey. Cal o Encinas, E. 2009. “Análisis cu icula de los es udios de aducción e in e p e ación en España: pe spec i a del es udian ado.”PhD diss., Uni e sidad de G anada. CCDUTI, and Red Vé ice. 2014. “In é p e es ale an sob e el pelig o de anspone inco ec amen e la Di ec i a/2010/64/UE sob e in e p e ación y aducción en los p ocesos penales.”Accessed No embe 25, 2014. h ps://dl.d opboxuse con en .com/u/19558884/No a%20de%20p ensa% 20_%20Red%20Vé ice%20y%20CCDUTI%20_%2009.04.14.pd . de Manuel Je ez, J. 2006. “La inco po ación de la ealidad p o esional a la o mación de in é p e es de con e encias median e las nue as ecnologías y la in es igación-acción.”PhD diss., Uni e sidad de G anada. Depa men o Appeal and Jus ice, S a e o Spain. 1882. Ley de Enjuiciamien o C iminal, Gace a de Mad id 260. Eu opean Pa liamen , and Council o he Eu opean Union. 2010. Di ec i e 2010/64/UE on he igh o in e p e a ion and ansla ion in c iminal p oceedings, O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union OJ 2010 L 280 (2010-10-26). Eu opean Union. 1992. T ea y on Eu opean Union (T ea y o Maas ich ), O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union OJ C 191 (29.7.1992). Foulquié Rubio, A. I. 2002. “El in é p e e en las dependencias policiales: pe spec i as de los abogados y es udian es de De echo en G anada.”PhD diss., Uni e sidad de G anada. Giamb uno-Day Miguélez, C. S. 1997. “Language Media ion in he Judicial Sys em. The Role o he Cou In e p e e .”PhD diss., Uni e sidad de Alican e. Hale, S. B. 2007. Communi y In e p e ing. Hampshi e: Palg a e MacMillan. He nández Sampie i, R., C. Fe nández Colladoy, and P. Bap is a Lucio. 1991. Me odología de In es igación. México, DF: McG aw Hill In e ame icana. Hun Gómez, C. I. 2013. “La aplicación de las nue as ecnologías a la o mación de in é p e es en los ibunales de jus icia median e la u ilización de ma e ial eal.”PhD diss., Uni e sidad de G anada. Kelly, D. A. 2002. “Un modelo pa a la compe encia aduc o a: bases pa a el diseño cu icula .” Puen es 1: 9–20. Link e p e ing. 2014. “Link e p e ing. Recu sos pa a la in e p e ación de enlace.”Accessed Sep embe 1, 2012. h p://link e p e ing.u igo.es/. Ma in, A. 2006. “La ealidad de la aducción e in e p e ación en los se icios públicos en Andalucía.”Re is a española de lingüís ica aplicada 1: 129–150. Ma in, A., and J. M. O ega He áez. 2011. “Nu embe g in Mad id: The Role o In e p e ing in he Mad id T ain Bomb T ial.”The AIIC Webzine 56 (Win e ). h p://aiic.ne /page/3548. Mikkelson, H. 1993a. The In e p e e ’s Edge Tu bo Supplemen : Ad anced Exe cises in Cou In e p e ing. 1s ed. Sp eckels: Acebo. Mikkelson, H. 1993b. The In e p e e ’s Edge: P ac ical Exe cises in Cou In e p e ing. 2nd ed. Sp eckels: Acebo. Newma k, P. 1995. Manual de aducción. Vol. 35. Colección Lingüís ica Mad id: Cá ed a. O ega He áez, J. M. 2006. “Análisis de la p ác ica de la in e p e ación judicial en España: el in é p e e en e a su papel p o esional.”PhD diss., Uni e sidad de G anada. O ega He áez, J. M. 2010. In e p e a pa a la Jus icia. G anada: Coma es. O ega He áez, J. M., P. A. I. de Opacua, P. A. Sánchez, and S. P. Vázquez. 2004. “Si uación ac ual de la p ác ica de la aducción e in e p e ación en la Adminis ación de Jus icia.”In La aducción en el ámbi o ins i ucional: au onómico, es a al y eu opeo, edi ed by S. C. Colados and A. L. Alonso, 85–126. Vigo: Uni e sidad de Vigo. The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 203 O ega He áez, J. M., and A. I. Foulquié Rubio. 2005. “La in e p e ación en el ámbi o ju ídico en España hacia la c eación de es uc u as es ables y p o esionales.”In T aducción como mediación en e lenguas y cul u as, edi ed by C. Vale o Ga cés. Alcalá: Uni e sidad de Alcalá. Sand elli, A., and J. de Manuel Je ez. 2007. “The Impac o In o ma ion and Communica ion Technology on In e p e e T aining: S a e-o - he-A and Fu u e P ospec s.”The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 1 (2): 269–303. doi:10.1080/1750399X.2007.10798761. S a e o Spain. 1985. Ley o gánica del Pode Judicial, Bole ín O icial del Es ado 157. Townsley, B. 2010. “Implemen ing Common S anda ds o Legal In e p e ing and T ansla ion in he Eu opean Union and he Globaliza ion o Communi y In e p e ing.”Pape p esen ed a In e p e ing in a Changing Landscape, As on Uni e si y, Bi mingham, UK, July 26–30. Uni e sidad Al onso X. 2012. “T aducción e in e p e ación. Licencia u as.”Accessed Augus 24, 2012. h ps://campus.uax.es/po al/moodle/cou se/in o.php?id=1495& ime=1443650400. Uni e sidad de Alcalá. 2012. “Más e uni e si a io en comunicación in e cul u al, in e p e ación y aducción en los se icios públicos.”Accessed Augus 24, 2012. h p://www2.uah.es/ aduc cion/ o macion/mas e _o icial_POP.h ml. Uni e sidad de G anada. 2012. “Guía docen e de la asigna u a. In e p e ación social.”Accessed Augus 24, 2012. h p:// i.ug .es/pages/in o_academica/licencia u a/guias/op a i as/in e p e a cion_social_1314/%21. Uni e sidad Eu opea de Mad id. 2012. “G ado en aducción y comunicación In e cul u al.” Accessed Augus 24, 2012. h p://mad id.uni e sidadeu opea.es/es udios-uni e si a ios/g ado- en- aduccion-y-comunicacion-in e cul u al. Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide. 2012. “G ado en T aducción e In e p e ación. Inglés.”Accessed Augus 24, 2012. h p://www.upo.es/aga/expo /si es/aga/o icina-ma iculas-y-pagos/O e a_ Academica/Documen os_12_13_GRADOS/GTEI.pd . Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona. 2012. “G ado de T aducción e In e p e ación.”Accessed Augus 24, 2012. h p://www.uab.ca /web/es udia /lis ado-de-g ados/in o macion-gene al/ aduc cion-e-in e p e acion-1216708258897.h ml?pa am1=1228291018508. Vale o Ga cés, C., and A. Abka i. 2010. “Lea ning om P ac ice: In e p e ing 11M Te o is A ack T ial.”The In e na ional Jou nal o T ansla ion and In e p e ing Resea ch 2 (2): 44–56. Van de Vlis, E.-J. 2010. “The Righ o In e p e a ion and T ansla ion in C iminal P oceedings.” JoST ans: The Jou nal o Specialised T ansla ion 14: 26–40. h p://www.jos ans.o g/issue14/ a _ ande lis.php. 204 C.I. Hun -Gómez and P.G. Mo eno Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a h p:// and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode= i 20 The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine ISSN: 1750-399X (P in ) 1757-0417 (Online) Jou nal homepage: h p:// and online.com/loi/ i 20 Reali y-based cou in e p e ing didac ic ma e ial using new echnologies Co al I y Hun -Gómez & Paz Gómez Mo eno To ci e his a icle: Co al I y Hun -Gómez & Paz Gómez Mo eno (2015) Reali y-based cou in e p e ing didac ic ma e ial using new echnologies, The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine , 9:2, 188-204, DOI: 10.1080/1750399X.2015.1051770 To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/1750399X.2015.1051770 Published online: 20 Aug 2015. Submi you a icle o his jou nal A icle iews: 422 View ela ed a icles View C ossma k da a Reali y-based cou in e p e ing didac ic ma e ial using new echnologies Co al I y Hun -Gómez*and Paz Gómez Mo eno Depa men o Philology and T ansla ion, Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide, Se ille, Spain (Recei ed 11 Ap il 2014; accep ed 10 May 2014) T aining o u u e cou in e p e e s has adi ionally been based on ole-play exe - cises, ec ea ions o ac ual ials o audios based on p o o ypical communica i e si ua ions. In he case o in e p e ing in cou hese kinds o simula ions a e no enough o ain u u e cou in e p e e s, since hey do no ully e lec he g ea complexi y o eal communica ion in cou . This a icle is in ended o p esen a new eali y-based audio isual aining ma e ial speci ically de o ed o cou in e p e e s aining in Spain. The ma e ial was inspi ed by he posi i e esul s o he con e ence in e p e ing eaching ma e ials de eloped using eal ideos a he Uni e si y o G anada. One o he mos in e es ing aspec s o he ma e ial p esen ed he e is i s exclusi i y, as i is, o da e, he only didac ic ma e ial o cou in e p e ing aining ha achie es such a high deg ee o au hen ici y, since i wo ks on he basis o eal c iminal ials. The ma e ial akes in o accoun well-known ansla ion subcompe ences and i speci ically add esses s uden s who ha e p e iously ecei ed aining in con e ence in e p e ing. Keywo ds: cou in e p e ing; eali y-based didac ic ma e ial; in e p e ing aining; in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies; in e p e ing eaching 1. In oduc ion App op ia e aining and esea ch a e wo o he ac o s ha con ibu e mos o he apid de elopmen o p o essionalisa ion in any ield. Gi en he e e -g owing numbe o cou ses in cou in e p e ing in Spain, he inc ease in academic publica ions and he p oli e a ion o Eu opean Union (EU) ini ia i es in his ega d, i would appea ha he ield o cou in e p e ing is becoming p o essionalised. Howe e , he e is a lack o esou ces and ma e ials speci ically de o ed o cou in e p e e aining, especially ma e ials based on eal scena ios ha ake in o accoun he speci ic cha ac e is ics o a ial and which a e adap ed o new lea ning s yles. T aining o u u e cou in e p e e s has adi ionally been based on ole-play exe - cises, ec ea ions o ac ual ials o audios based on p o o ypical communica i e si ua ions (Hale 2007, 179; Hun -Gómez 2013, 179–185). In he case o in e p e ing in cou –a e y speci ic en i onmen wi h ex emely ma ked powe ela ionships and a speci ic p o ocol wi h associa ed ja gon – hese kinds o simula ions a e no enough o ain u u e cou in e p e e s since hey do no ully e lec he complexi y o eal communica ion in cou . *Co esponding au ho . Email: [email p o ec ed] The pho og aphs and g aphics p oposed as igu es a e he p ope y o Co al I y Hun -Gómez, one o he au ho s o he a icle, who gi es pe mission o publish hem. The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine , 2015 Vol. 9, No. 2, 188–204, h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1080/1750399X.2015.1051770 © 2015 Taylo & F ancis P ac ice is undamen al in he aining o in e p e e s and, in Eu ope, due o he changes in oduced in he highe educa ion sys em by he Bologna P ocess, s uden s’ sel -lea ning hou s ha e a p ima y ole in he new cu icula (Cal o Encinas 2009, 179). This a icle is in ended o p esen a new eali y-based audio isual aining ma e ial speci ically de o ed o cou in e p e e aining in Spain. The didac ic ma e ial in ques- ion was inspi ed by he posi i e esul s o he con e ence in e p e ing eaching ma e ials de eloped by de Manuel Je ez (2006) using eal ideos. One o he mos in e es ing aspec s o he ma e ial p esen ed he e is i s exclusi i y. Being based on ac ual c iminal ials, i is o da e he only didac ic ma e ial o cou in e p e ing aining ha achie es such a high deg ee o au hen ici y. Apa om p ecisely e lec ing he speci ic cha ac e is ics o a Spanish c iminal ial, o he ma e ial ad an ages include lis ening o di e en accen s, elocu ion hy hms and egis e s, and becoming amilia wi h legal language in use. The ma e ial akes in o accoun he ansla ion subcompe ences es ablished by Kelly (2002, 15) and i speci ically add esses s uden s who ha e p e iously ecei ed aining in consecu i e in e p e ing, as a ce ain command o no e- aking echniques is needed in o de o make ull use o he ma e ial. Only a basic compu e wi h a eco ding p og am, mic ophone, headphones and he ee download iewe Mic oso Powe Poin Viewe ® a e needed o use i . The ma e ial is designed o encou age sel -lea ning and sel -assessmen , as s uden s a e expec ed o co ec hei own p oduc ion wi h he help o he anno a ed ansc ip included. The ma e ial is di ided in o h ee di e en pa s. The i s pa is a ideo en i led How Do C iminal P oceedings Wo k? which desc ibes he oles o he pa ies in a ial, hei physical posi ion in he cou oom and he di e en s ages o c iminal p oceedings in Spain. The second pa is a liaison in e p e ing exe cise c ea ed om au hen ic ma e ial: he eco ding o a c iminal ial whe e an o ence o domes ic iolence is ied. The hi d pa consis s o an anno a ed ansc ip ial whe e eali y is e lec ed, including suchlike. The ansc ip includes didac ic anno a ions on e hical, p o essional, legal and linguis ic issues. A p o o ype o he abo e-desc ibed didac ic ma e ial was assessed by 127 s uden s a 3 di e en Spanish uni e si ies, wi h excellen esul s as o in e es , mo i a ion and he bene i s pe cei ed in e ms o lea ning (Hun -Gómez 2013). 2. How can we help o imp o e he aining o cou in e p e e s in Spain? Despi e se e al ini ia i es o p o essionalise Public Se ice In e p e ing (PSI), speci ic ce i ica ion is no gene ally equi ed o in e p e e s wo king in PSI se ings in Spain. This issue becomes e en mo e c i ical in he case o cou in e p e ing, whe e he e is a su icien na ional and in e na ional legal basis o gua an ee he igh o he p esence o an in e p e e in legal p oceedings so ha anyone who does no unde s and he language used in cou is no disc imina ed agains o linguis ic easons (Giamb uno-Day Miguélez 1997; Foulquié Rubio 2002; O ega He áez 2006; Van de Vlis 2010; Hun -Gómez 2013). I is accep ed ha compe en in e p e e s – ha is, ained and ce i ied in e p e e s –a e equi ed in o de o a oid such disc imina ion, so ha in c iminal p oceedings he indi idual’s igh s a e no b eached due o an in e p e e ’s incompe ence. In gene al e ms, he Spanish egula ions es ablish ha in o de o gua an ee due p ocess, he in e p e e , i needed, mus be compe en , and he assis ance o an in e p e e mus be p o ided wi hou cha ge in c iminal p oceedings pu suan o A icle 55 o he Rome S a u e o he In e na ional C iminal Cou . Howe e , i he Spanish law e e ing o he wo k o cou in e p e e s is ho oughly analysed, se e al con adic ions a e ound. The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 189 Fi s , e en hough he assis ance o a ce i ied and quali ied in e p e e is needed o gua an ee due p ocess, he judge, who appoin s he in e p e e , is no equi ed o ha e any speci ic aining in o knowledge o making well- ounded decisions on his issue – see sec ion 231.5 o he Spanish Ac o he Judicia y (S a e o Spain, 1985). Second, despi e he ac ha a ansla ion and in e p e a ion deg ee has been o e ed by Spanish uni e si ies since 1994 (Ma in 2006, 137), he Spanish Code o C iminal P ocedu e (Ley de Enjuiciamien o C iminal), in o ce since 1882, es ablishes a weak o de o p ecedence when appoin ing an in e p e e in c iminal p oceedings: ‘The in e p e e shall be chosen om among hose who hold such quali ica ions, should he e be any such pe sons a ailable. I ha is no possible, a school eache o he co esponding language shall be appoin ed, and i he e is no such pe son, any pe son who knows he language’(ou ansla ion). Mo eo e , sec ion 762 o he Spanish Code o C iminal P ocedu e a aches mo e impo ance o he ac o assis ing he de endan han i does o he quali y o ha assis ance; ha is, he abili y o he pe son who assis s. Consequen ly, unde he cu en legal p o isions he aining equi ed o cou ansla o s and in e p e e s is no clea ly de ined, lea ing a se ious obs acle o he p o essionalisa ion o cou in e p e e s in Spain. An analysis o he li e a u e on he p o ession o cou in e p e e in Spain (Giamb uno-Day Miguélez 1997; O ega He áez e al. 2004; O ega He áez and Foulquié Rubio 2005; Ab il Ma í 2006; O ega He áez 2006,2010) leads o he conclusion ha in e p e e -se ice p o ision in Spanish c iminal p oceedings is incon- sis en and clea ly needs imp o emen . The necessa y deg ee o p o iciency equi ed o in e p e e s a ies depending on he ins i u ion o o ganisa ion o which hey belong, and on occasion i is no e en speci ied. In Spanish cou s he e is no o icial code o e hics o p o ocol o cou in e p e e s o ollow, and cou in e p e e s’wo k is no p ope ly ecognised, ei he in mone a y o p o essional e ms. In e p e e s ind hemsel es in a p eca ious si ua ion when wo king wi hin he Spanish cou sys em; many si ua ions in ol e subs an ial dispa i ies in he aining equi ed o he job, and he paymen ecei ed a ies depending on he ins i u ion o company o which he in e p e e wo ks. Fu he mo e, many in e p e e s lack job s abili y and o en hei wo k is no su icien ly ecognised. In sho , hei wo king condi ions need o be imp o ed. I bea s highligh ing ha speci ic ini ia i es ha e been ca ied ou success ully in Spain. Amongs o he s, i is wo h men ioning he ansla ion and in e p e ing se ices in he cou s o Las Palmas de G an Cana ia, whe e in e p e ing se ice p o ision is coo dina ed by an in-house ansla o and in e p e e who has c ea ed a lis o eelance in e p e e s based on quali ica ion, p o essional expe ience and a ailabili y (APTIJ 2012; O ega He áez 2010, 135), and he 11-M Mad id bombing ial, whe e, due o he social impac o he ial, highly quali ied in e p e e s we e hi ed. These ini ia i es can be conside ed a s a ing poin o e en a co ne s one o he imp o emen o cou in e p e ing se ice p o ision in c iminal p oceedings in Spain (O ega He áez 2010, 143; Vale o Ga cés and Abka i 2010; Ma in and O ega He áez 2011). The p axis o cou in e p e - ing needs o be egula ed e icien ly h oughou he coun y in o de o gua an ee a ai ial o a de endan who lacks ull command o he language used in he cou , and, u he , o gi e p o essionals in he sec o app op ia e ecogni ion o hei wo k. On a posi i e no e, ad ances made by he EU in he p o essionalisa ion o cou in e p e ing should be highligh ed. The culmina ion o hese ini ia i es is he Di ec i e 2010/64/EU o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council o 20 Oc obe 2010 on he igh o in e p e a ion and ansla ion in c iminal p oceedings, which deals speci ically wi h aspec s ela ed o aining, acc edi a ion and quali ica ion o in e p e e s (Eu opean 190 C.I. Hun -Gómez and P.G. Mo eno Pa liamen , and Council o he Eu opean Union, 2010). While i was planned o anspose he Di ec i e in Oc obe 2013, he Spanish Go e nmen is s ill deba ing he bes way o implemen i . Academics and p o essional associa ions ha e published p ess eleases aimed a helping hose in cha ge o he ansposi ion o es ablish he equi ed aining and acc edi a ion o cou in e p e e s, and o b ing undamen al changes o cou in e p e ing p ac ice (CCDUTI and Red Vé ice 2014), wi h he hope o b inging unda- men al changes o cou in e p e ing p ac ice as well as de ining and es ablishing he equi ed aining and acc edi a ion o cou in e p e e s. In addi ion, new echnologies a e becoming ubiqui ous in ou daily li es and in eaching me hods. Speci ically as ega ds he ield o in e p e ing didac ics, e i ied s udies demons a e he success o applying new echnologies o con e ence in e p e ing aining (Sand elli and de Manuel Je ez 2007, 269–303). In line wi h his, he cou in e p e ing aining ma e ial p esen ed he e has been inspi ed by he ma e ial c ea ed by de Manuel Je ez (2006) in he ield o con e ence in e p e ing. This ma e ial used mul imedia eco dings, digi isa ion, and ansc ip ions o ma e ials compiled om eal si ua ions o ins uc ional pu poses. De Manuel Je ez de eloped his ma e ial o speci ic ins uc ional cou ses on con e ence in e p e ing in he Depa men o T ansla ion and In e p e a ion a he Uni e sidad de G anada. Se e al s uden g oups ha e ound eal-li e in e p e a ion si ua ions o be app op ia e, use ul and mo i a ing (de Manuel Je ez 2006). Fu he mo e, some ma e ials and esou ces ha e been de eloped by he EU o he aining o u u e cou in e p e e s. One is he p ojec Building Mu ual T us : A F amewo k o Implemen ing EU Common S anda ds in Legal In e p e ing and T ansla ion JSL/2007/JPEN/219, coo dina ed by he Uni e si y o Middlesex. As pa o ha p ojec a da abase o speci ic esou ces o ain cou ansla o s and in e p e e s was c ea ed. The p ojec ’s aim was ‘ o con ibu e o he es ablishmen o common s anda ds in legal in e p e ing and ansla ion by acili a ing he es ablishmen o legal in e p e ing and ansla ion aining in EU Membe S a es’(Townsley 2010, 6). The second pa o he p ojec , Building Mu ual T us 2 JUST/2010/JPEN/AG/1566, was de o ed o he aining o he judicia y h ough he use o ideos showing good p ac ices when wo king wi h in e p e e s. O he ini ia i es a e he p ojec s AVIDICUS I and II, coo dina ed by D Sabine B aun o he Uni e si y o Su ey wi h he aim o es ablishing a se ies o ecommenda ions o in e p e e s and use s when ideocon e encing in communica i e si ua ions ela ed o he ield o jus ice (B aun and Taylo 2012). In he Uni ed S a es, he Na ional Cen e o In e p e a ion o he Uni e si y o A izona o e s a se ies o ma e ials called Legal In e p e apes. This ma e ial is designed o be used as lab- ype p ac ice. Use s can eco d hei e o s a home using a CD playe , headphones, a mic ophone and a eco ding de ice. The ma e ial’s language combina ion is Spanish in o English, and i is speci ically designed o people aining hemsel es in o de o ob ain he acc edi a ion o Fede al In e p e e . Apa om p o iding e y speci ic p ac ical exe cises, Legal In e p e apes also o e s endi ions o acc edi ed in e p e e s, ansla ion sugges ions and glossa ies. Acebo, a si e ha displays legal in e p e ing aining ma e ials in se e al language combina ions, p o ides some in e es ing didac ic ma e ial c ea ed by Holly Mikkelson (Acebo 2011–14). The ollowing ma e ials a e o e ed by Acebo: The In e p e e ’s Edge Thi d Edi ion;The In e p e e ’s Edge Tu bo Supplemen ;Edge 21: An In e p e e ’sEdge o he21s Cen u y;Two-Tone CDs, Volume 1: English-Spanish Simul aneous P ac ice and The In e p e e ’s Companion on CD-ROM.TheTwo-Tone CD is de eloped ollowing a concep in whicheachCDhas wo eco dings:on hele The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 191 channel he e is a speech o he s uden o p ac ise and on he igh channel he e is a model o in e p e ing endi ion pe o med by an in e p e e (Mikkelson 1993b,1993a). The exe cises we e c ea ed om eal ma e ial and include poli ical and con o e sial subjec s o he s uden o con on . Consecu i e and simul aneous in e p e ing can be p ac ised wi h he Acebo ma e ials. Apa om hose ma e ials and EU ini ia i es, he e a e o he didac ic ma e ials applying in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICT) o cou in e p e ing and designed speci ically o he Spanish con ex ha should be no ed. One is Link e p e ing, an online pla o m o he Uni e sidad de Vigo, which has a speci ic module de o ed o cou in e p e ing (Link e p e ing 2014). This module is di ided in o h ee sec ions: bibliog aphy and esou ces, didac ic ma e ial, and documen s. The e is an in oduc o y sec ion o a heo e ical na u e, a lis o he na ional and in e na ional egula ions a ec ing he p o ession and a selec ion o ele an li e a u e ega ding cou in e p e ing s udies. To da e, he didac ic ma e ial p o ided by Link e p e ing is made up o nine audio simula- ions o cou communica i e si ua ions. A ansc ip accompanies each audio. Howe e , since hey a e ole-plays, hey do no ully e lec all he complexi y o a c iminal ial in Spain, al hough om a didac ic poin o iew he ma e ial emains e y use ul. Also, he ma e ial does no p o ide a blank space o he s uden s o ac as in e p e e s. In Spain, cou in e p e ing has s a ed o become p o essionalised as uni e si ies conduc an e e -inc easing numbe o speci ic s udies. Cu en ly he e a e subjec s speci ically de o ed o cou in e p e ing o ha include i in hei syllabi, all o which a e being augh in a ious Spanish uni e si ies. These a e subjec s such as mediación social pa a aduc o es e in é p e es (social media ion o ansla o s and in e p e e s) a he Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona (2012), in e p e ación bila e al (liaison in e p e - ing) a he Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide (2012) and he e y speci ic subjec in e p e ación en la adminis ación de jus icia (in e p e ing in jus ice adminis a ion) a he Uni e sidad Al onso X (2012). The e a e also pos g adua e cou ses linked o public se ice in e p e ing o media ion ha include modules on cou in e p e ing; o example, he cou ses o e ed by he Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona (2012), he Uni e sidad Eu opea de Mad id (2012), he Uni e sidad de G anada (2012) and he Uni e sidad de Alcalá (2012), amongs o he s. Howe e , despi e he pas success o eal-li e-based ma e ials in he ield o con e ence in e p e ing (de Manuel Je ez 2006), o da e he e is no eco d o a eaching ini ia i e applying ICT o PSI wi h he same le el o sophis ica ion and au hen ici y as he ma e ial p esen ed he e. The didac ic ma e ial p o o ype p esen ed in his a icle was c ea ed in 2012 by Co al I y Hun -Gómez, as a pa ial solu ion o he lack o speci ic and upda ed aining ma e ial in he ield o cou in e p e ing in Spain. Gi en ha he assis ance o an in e p e e in c iminal p oceedings is a de endan ’s igh and his igh mus be obse ed in he p oceedings, he in e p e e p o ided mus o e high-quali y in e p e a ion. Speci ic aining is also expec ed o aise he quali y o cou in e p e ing se ices as well as imp o ing he o e all si ua ion and isibili y o cou in e p e e s in Spain. I mus be highligh ed ha he ma e ial is es ic ed o cou in e p e ing. I is limi ed o in e p e a ion p ac ice pe o med in c iminal p oceedings, i s ly because his is he ield in which he Spanish s a e is equi ed o p o ide in e p e a ion se ices pu suan o he law (O ega He áez 2006, 11), and u he because his is a equi emen o he hi d pilla es ablished in he Maas ich T ea y (Eu opean Union 1992) in he EU sphe e. The e we e se e al di icul ies in he p epa a ion o he ma e ial such as he compila- ion o cou eco dings, he selec ion o he mos sui able eco ding and he ans o ma- ion o he selec ed eco ding in o eaching ma e ial. 192 C.I. Hun -Gómez and P.G. Mo eno si ua ion and i p o ides addi ional in o ma ion ega ding he case and he o ence in ques ion. I also includes a lis o he di e en pa ies o he ial and didac ic anno a ions on e hical, p o essional, legal and linguis ic issues (Figu e 5). A colou code is used o dis inguish h ee kinds o linguis ic issues ela ed o legal ph aseology and e minology: gene al legal ja gon is ma ked in g een, legal ja gon ela ed o he o ence is ma ked in yellow, and legal ph aseology is ma ked in pu ple. The singula i ies o he use o language in he cou oom – o example, he use o epo ed speech when he pa ies add ess he in e p e e in Spanish cou ooms –a e highligh ed so he s uden s can e lec upon hem when assessing hei e o s. In hese cases, a lis o e e ences is included in a oo no e in o de o make i easy o s uden s o do u he eading on hese aspec s i hey so wish. Rega ding p o essional e hics, he ansc ip pays special a en ion o sensi i e issues and includes se e al links o di e en codes o e hics, such as he one p oposed in i s websi e by he Spanish P o essional Associa ion o Cou and Swo n In e p e e s and T ansla o s (APTIJ). Thus s uden s can compa e and discuss di e en app oaches, gi en he a o esaid lack o an o icial code o e hics o cou in e p e e s wo king in Spain. In his ega d, he ansc ip also p oposes discussions on hose opics, and asks s uden s ele an ques ions ega ding he way hey would deal wi h simila si ua ions. This kind o no e is in ended o make hem hink abou possible p o essional solu ions o some o he in e p e a ion p oblems in each kind o communica i e si ua ion. Addi ionally, in o de o p o ide he s uden s wi h he u he knowledge hey need so as o wo k p ope ly as in e p e e s in Spanish c iminal cou p oceedings, he anno a ions include exce p s om he Spanish Code o C iminal P ocedu e ha a e ele an o he di e en cases, o ences and si ua ions. In his sense, a numbe o he anno a ions pu he wo ds o he judge o o he p osecu o , o example, in con ex , hus making hem mean- ing ul o lay s uden s and showing hem he impo ance o a p e ious documen a ion s age. Gi en ha he p o o ype was designed o inc ease le els o in e es , mo i a ion and bene i s ela ed o he aining o u u e cou in e p e e s in Spain, all aes he ic aspec s o he ma e ial we e supe ised by wo g aphic designe s so as o make i use -a ac i e and use - iendly in e ms o isualisa ion and legibili y. One o he mos in e es ing aspec s o he ma e ial p esen ed by his a icle is i s exclusi i y, as i is he only didac ic ma e ial o cou in e p e ing ha achie es such a high deg ee o au hen ici y. Figu e 4. Pho og ams o he audio isual ma e ial. The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 199 4. How do we know i wo ks? A p o o ype o he abo e-desc ibed didac ic ma e ial was assessed by 127 s uden s a 3 di e en Spanish uni e si ies wi h excellen esul s in e ms o in e es , mo i a ion and he bene i s pe cei ed in e ms o lea ning (Hun Gómez 2013). Fo assessmen pu poses, a ques ionnai e was c ea ed ollowing he model p oposed by He nández Sampie i, Fe nández Colladoy, and Bap is a Lucio (1991, 293). The ques ionnai e was di ided in o 3 pa s: he i s co e ed he age and sex o he subjec s, hei educa ion, and hei wo king expe ience, i any, in cou in e p e ing o ela ed ields; Figu e 5. Anno a ed ansc ip . 200 C.I. Hun -Gómez and P.G. Mo eno he second pa was composed o 13 i ems ha measu ed he pe cep ion o he p o o ype in e ms o in e es , mo i a ion and bene i s o in e p e e aining; inally, he e was a blank space o subjec s o make commen s and sugges ions ega ding he usabili y and use ulness o he ma e ial. Da a e e ing o ma e ial pe cep ion we e measu ed using a Like - ype scale in which 5 indica ed comple e ag eemen , and 1 comple e disag eemen . Subsequen ly, da a e e ing o ma e ial pe cep ion was c oss- e e enced wi h demo- g aphic, labou and academic da a in o de o measu e hei in luence on i . The ques- ionnai e, which was designed o measu e he ma e ial pe cep ion bu wi hou ying o ex apola e he esul s o all Spanish uni e si ies, was adminis e ed o 127 subjec s o 8 di e en uni e si y s uden g oups o ansla ion and in e p e ing s udies a 3 di e en uni e si ies: he Uni e si a Pompeu Fab a o Ba celona (Figu e 6), he Uni e sidad de G anada and he Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide o Se ille. The g oups we e composed o 13–21 s uden s who we e en olled on deg ee cou ses and pos g adua e cou ses o ansla ion and in e p e a ion. The i s aim o he ques ionnai e was o measu e he deg ee o in e es ha he ma e ial c ea ed. Acco ding o he esul s, he in e es was a ed as high o e y high and he ma e ial was conside ed o be highly in e es ing because i is new, uses ICT, is Reali y-based and encou ages sel -lea ning. The second aim was o measu e he deg ee o use ulness pe cei ed by he s uden s. In his case he esul s we e e y sa is ac o y in e ms o he use ulness o he ma e ial, he use o eal ma e ial, he possibili y o using he ma e ial au onomously and he use o ICT. The hi d aim was o measu e he bene i s pe cei ed by he s uden s o hei educa ion de i ed om he use o he ma e ial. In gene al e ms, he esul s we e sa is ac o y in e ms o pe cep ion o sel -lea ning, use o ITC, sel -assessmen and au onomous lea ning as bene icial. The ou h aim consis ed o measu ing pe sonal da a, wo king expe ience and aining, and c ossing he da a wi h he ones ega ding pe cep ion. On his occasion, no signi ican di e ences we e app ecia ed in e ms o age, sex o wo king expe ience. Howe e , s uden s who had p e ious aining in in e p e ing o PSI had mo e posi i e answe s. Figu e 6. Tes ing he ma e ial a he Uni e si a Pompeu Fab a (Ba celona). The In e p e e and T ansla o T aine 201 The compiled da a showed ha he pe cep ion o he p o o ype by he s uden s was highly sa is ac o y ega ding in e es , use ulness and bene i s o he s uden s’ educa ion. 5. How can his be imp o ed? In Spain, ew ini ia i es ocus on cou in e p e ing aining wi h a au hen ici y-based app oach. Au hen ici y-based ma e ial is conside ed undamen al when dealing wi h he speci ic cha ac e is ics o his kind o in e p e ing, gi en ha a ial is a e y pa icula communica i e si ua ion highly in luenced by he con ex and s ic p o ocols. The success ul esul s achie ed by applying ICT o con e ence in e p e ing aining (Sand elli and de Manuel Je ez 2007), oge he wi h he esul s o his esea ch wo k in he ield o cou in e p e ing, jus i y a deepe s udy o he a ea, as well as i s applica ion o o he b anches o PSI. In his con ex , a mul i ude o ini ia i es could be pu sued om a pedagogical and scien i ic app oach. One o hese ini ia i es would be o p oduce mul imedia eaching ma e ial ollowing he p o o ype model p esen ed in his a icle in di e en linguis ic combina ions and hen assessing he esul s and hei use ulness. In ha ega d, i would be pa icula ly use ul o aining speake s o mino i y languages in cou in e p e ing. Ano he in e es ing ini ia i e would be o ga he in o ma ion om p o essionals and uni e si y eache s, using a speci ically c ea ed ques ionnai e designed o ind ou hei in e es s and needs when i comes o aining cou in e p e e s. A hi d possible ini ia i e would be he c ea ion and g ading o ma e ial coming om eal ials in a sys ema ic way and i s possible use in uni e si y cou ses, e-lea ning o sel - aining. This could esul in a e y use ul co pus o ma e ial which could be made a ailable o s uden s, and which would allow hem o wo k independen ly and o lea n wi h mul iple a iables: di e en speake s, si ua ions, accen s, elocu ion hy hms and suchlike. F om his co pus, an ac ion- esea ch mechanism could be implemen ed wi h s uden s wo king wi h he ma e ial and gi ing hei opinion on i , and helping o poin ou new di icul ies in he anno a ed ansc ip , hus enhancing a colla- bo a i e wo king ne wo k. Ano he u u e line o s udy would be o explo e possible imp o emen s o he ma e ial – ela ed o expenses, capaci y o ime – ha had no ye been de eloped. These could include adap ing he ma e ial o ee so wa e and less-ex ended ope a ing sys ems, and e en o adap i o use on sma phones and able s; explo ing he possibi- li ies o language o in e p e ing labo a o ies ha make i possible o he eache o assess and supe ise s uden s’co ec ions, as well as expe imen ing wi h pee lea ning. I would be help ul o comple e he ma e ial wi h o he kind o documen s ela ed o he p oceed- ings, such as wi ness s a emen s o police epo s. This ma e ial is in ended o imp o e u u e cou in e p e ing aining. 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