Pharmacy and Fragrances: Traditional and Current Use of Plants and Their Extracts

Citation: González-Minero, F.J.; Bravo-Díaz, L.; Moreno-Toral, E. Pharmacy and Fragrances: Traditional and Current Use of Plants and Their Extracts. Cosmetics 2023,10, 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ cosmetics10060157 Academic Editors: Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu and Antonio Vassallo Received: 5 October 2023 Revised: 6 November 2023 Accepted: 9 November 2023 Published: 15 November 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). cosmetics Review Pharmacy and Fragrances: Traditional and Current Use of Plants and Their Extracts Francisco JoséGonzález-Minero 1,* , Luis Bravo-Díaz 2and Esteban Moreno-Toral 3 1Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Botanical Section, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/García González, 2, 41012 Seville, Spain 2 Academy Iberoamerican of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/García González, 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; [email protected] 3Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/García González, 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; [email protected] *Correspondence: miner[email protected] Abstract: This paper aims to establish a current relationship between pharmaceutical sciences andthe development of perfumes and fragrances, which bring significant economic benefits. For this purpose, historical data are used as a starting point, and galenic, chemical and botanical aspects are discussed in a transversal way. Sources such as Web of Science (WOS) and databases such as Scopus, monographs and various web pages (where scientific–technical documents appear) were used. The results and discussion are based on the selection of the 50 plant species most commonly used in high-quality fragrances. Therefore, this publication should be considered an approach to this subject based on an analysis of a representative sample of data. Some characteristics of perfumes (classification according to the concentration of essential oils and combination of plant extracts) are presented beforehand. The main focus of this work is the botanical and chemical analysis of these described plants, pointing out their common name, correct botanical name, geographical place of origin, used part of the plant and main molecules. The most significant families are aromatic: Rutaceae, Lamiaceae (16.7%) and Apiaceae. The most represented genus is Citrus (with seven species or hybrids). However, it should be noted that natural extracts of good quality natural fragrances may be supplemented with chemically synthesized molecules. Of the 50 botanical species selected, 84% of the extracts have their origin in Tropical Asia, the Middle East and the Mediterranean region. This figure generally coincides with the percentage of medicinal plants (or their extracts) admitted by the European Pharmacopoeia. All parts of a plant (depending on which one it is) can be a source of molecules for the elaboration of these products. The most commonly used parts to obtain extracts are flowers and leaves, a biological circumstance that is explained in this work. In this work, 110 molecules have been found that are part of the essences of perfumes and fragrances; the most frequent are linalool, limonene, 1,8-cineole , eugenol and derivatives, geraniol, vanillin and derivatives, β -caryophyllene, p-cymene, and farnesene and derivatives. However, in order to elaborate a quality perfume, many other molecules must be taken into account, according to the creative experience of the perfumer, which is subject to confidentiality, and chemical analysis according to current legislation, which would avoid fraud, allergy and dermatitis problems. Keywords: cosmeceuticals; cosmetics; fragrances; history of pharmacy; pharmaceutical botany 1. Introduction Human beings have considered it necessary to improve the appearance and visible properties of the body in order to increase their self-esteem and to be successful in love, war or social life. Hence, they have put their interest in the elaboration of cosmetics and fragrances. Different civilizations have used and continue to use plants for this purpose [ 1 ]. Smell is an essential tool for animals, as it is used to link chemical signals or substances of different origins with emotions and memories. It is understandable to think of perfumery Cosmetics 2023,10, 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10060157 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cosmetics Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 2 of 18 as the art of composing fragrances using odorous substances from nature [ 2 ]. Following the Helicon considerations [ 3 ], the term perfume comes from the alliance of two Latin words: per, “by”, and fumare, “through smoke”, since it was originally considered an odoriferous vapor. Further to this argument, the (IFRA) defines the concept of fragrance as a combination of chemical substances that possess aroma or odor, but it is much more; it encompasses cultural, historical, social, economic and emotional values. We must thus understand that fragrance is the very “soul” of perfume [4]. Economic reports from different countries show that the economic impact generated by the personal external care of the organism with the use of cosmetics and fragrances translates into millions of euros [ 5 ]. In addition, people are interested in the characteristics of the products they buy [1]. It is essential to highlight in the following pages the evolution of the use of perfume in different periods and civilizations. Perfume formulas have changed according to their uses and composition, requiring a high level of knowledge of botany, chemistry and pharmaceutical technology, as these sciences have been developed with new analytical and technical instruments. If we go back in history, at the dawn of mankind, there was a certain interest in the use of aromatic substances for hunting, to repel insects and even in religious rites in the form of incense (Boswellia sacra Floeck.) [6]. The Sumerians began to manufacture the first perfumes for personal, medicinal and ceremonial use. The first chemical record of the history manufactured fragrances with flowers, oils, myrrh and balsams by boiling, enfloration, sublimation, filtration and pseudodistillation can be attributed to Tapputi-Belatekallim (4th century BC) [7]. The importance of perfume reached high levels during Ancient Egypt, and it was considered a significant status symbol. At this time, techniques such as maceration in animal fats and the pressing of aromatic plants were developed. Thus, fragrances based on rose (Rosa L.), violet (Viola odorata L.) and saffron (Crocus sativus L.) were elaborated. Greece and Rome borrowed from Egypt the numerous uses of perfumes, which had a social stigma according to the quality and quantity used. It was common to use fragrances for personal hygiene, insect repellent, worship ceremonies and festivities. They did not skimp on containers, which were made of glass, alabaster or ivory. Authors such as Theophrastus, Pliny and Dioscorides wrote protocols for the manufacture of perfumes and descriptions of romatis scents. Theophrastus refers to ways of coloring perfumes and ointments. The dye used for red perfumes was alkannet from the plant Anchusa officinalis L. (borage), while the sweet perfume of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) was painted with a dye called “chroma (=colour)”, a root imported from Syria. According to Theophrastus, the quantity of raw materials combined was directly relevant to the quality, complexity and distinctiveness of the produced flavor. In mixed perfumes, the targeted scent came as a result of all the ingredients together rather than having a dominant one [8]. In Christianity, the production of fragrances fell to apothecaries and monasteries for therapeutic use [ 9 ]. In Islamic times, there are records of the use of perfume by Arabs since the 6th century, and its use was considered a religious duty according to the words of the prophet Mohammed. Its use was also popular for its medicinal properties, according to Hippocrates’ theory of humor. Physicians such as Avicenna used them for therapeutic purposes as a precursor of present aromatherapy. It also included techniques such as filtration and distillation and even highlighted the side effects of essential oils. Fragrances, made up at that time of aromatic waters, oils and ointments, were manufactured on a small scale in small laboratories and apothecaries. Plants such as jasmine (Jasminum officinale L.), clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr & L. M. Perry)) camphor (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl), narcissus (Narcissus L.), wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) and roses (Rosa L.) were used [10]. In the 14th century, Queen Elizabeth Piast of Hungary popularized the Queen’s Water or Eau de Hungary, a fragrance with supposed rejuvenating and curative properties based Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 3 of 18 on alcohol, rosemary water (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), rose water, orange blossom, cedar (Cedrala odorata L.) and turpentine [ 1 , 11 ]. Also, as a consequence of plague epidemics and the idea that aromas avoid diseases, the custom of perfuming clothes and accessories appeared, causing a furor among the wealthy classes [12,13]. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the manufacture of perfumes was in the hands of Italy and France. In these years, the oldest “perfume” in the world reappeared, the aforementioned eau de Cologne or Eau de Toilette. At the court of Versailles (France), eau de cologne was a great success, originally prepared by Florentine nuns as Aqua de Regina—bergamot extracts—its formula was acquired by an Italian apothecary who manufactured the fragrance in Cologne in 1729. A breakthrough at the time was Aqua Mirabilis—by Gian Paolo Feminis—a citrus perfume with alcohol, bergamot (Citrus × bergamia Risso & Point.), lemon (Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck) and orange (Citrus aurantium L.). His grandson, Giovanni Maria Farina, created the popular perfume Aqua de Cologne from essential oils and alcohol. At this time, laws appeared that regulated fragrances, differentiating them from medicines and making eau de cologne undrinkable [14]. The modern age coincided with the worldwide expansion of the perfume industry, making Grasse, in southeastern France, the perfume capital from the Renaissance to the mid- 19th century. Advances in organic chemistry found their way into the world of perfumery, including synthetic molecules in perfumes at the hands of the Guerlain and Houbigant houses. The latter developed Fougère Royale in 1884, giving rise to the Fougère family of perfumes, which simulates the supposed scent of a fern [ 15 ]. In these years, pharmacists were the true experts in the elaboration of fragrances; since they were the experts in plant extracts for medicinal use, they possessed the necessary instruments, mainly distillers. It should be noted at this point that the current giant cosmetic companies were founded at the beginning of the 20th century by chemists and pharmacists in the United States of America and France. A well-known and current cosmetics company had its origin in the house-to- house sale of books, and along with the books, it also sold colognes manufactured by a pharmacist friend [ 16 ]. In the Spanish Pharmacopoeia of 1954, there are still 22 monographs for obtaining essences “Essentiae” and 6 monographs for obtaining waters, such as Aqua destillata floris auriantii (with freshly harvested petals of Citrus auriantium). All of them use steam distillation [17]. In 1921, Chanel n º 5 was born, a perfume that included five types of aldehydes: jasmine, orange blossom, rose, sandalwood (Santalum alum L.) and vetiver (Crysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) that bring a unique freshness that has survived to this day. The second half of the 20th century would be marked by the use of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth), fresh waters and masculine perfumes in men’s daily routine [ 11 ]. In recent years, the production of fragrances prioritized quantity and marketing over quality, investing especially in advertising by famous faces who founded their own lines [18]. With these considerations in mind, it seems interesting to recall the World Health Organization’s definition of health, which may in part be related to perfumes and fragrances: health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Proper care of the external appearance of the body contributes to this complete state of well-being. Therefore, there is a growing demand for information on this subject [ 1 ]. One of the main objectives of this publication is to provide the chemist–pharmacist, and other professionals working in the field of the manufacture of perfumes, fragrances and cosmetics in general, with a global vision that takes into account various aspects of the issue. This information is traditionally known, but it is scattered and very fragmented in publications from different areas of knowledge. For these reasons, we have carried out this transversal, integrative and synthetic work in which we describe some aspects of these odorous products, such as the classification of different types of fragrances according to the time that their effects last in the olfactory perception; mixing of different plant extracts to obtain different types of fragrances; traditional and alternative methods of obtaining essential oils; botanical considerations on the plant extracts used; and other Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 4 of 18 phytochemical, allergenic and toxicological observations described in the literature or in the European Pharmacopoeia. 2. Methodology A search for printed bibliographic material was carried out at the CRAI (Resource Center for Learning and Research) of the University of Seville, where books were found (with difficult access) on the history of perfume, as well as its cultural and social relevance in different civilizations around the world. The Web of Science and the Scopus database were consulted on the Internet. When the keyword “Frargance” was entered into the search engine, the number of documents found was very high, so the search had to be narrowed down with the term review. The initial results were 12,114 documents vs. 88 (WOS) and 33,984 vs. 3548 (Scopus). Given this number of documents, the most recent articles were analyzed. When this prospection was carried out, it could be seen that most of the documents were monographs of specific molecules on perfumes and fragrances dealing with chemical synthesis, chemical analysis, toxicity and allergenic character; hence, only the documents necessary to meet our objective were taken into account. In this case, the criterion chosen was to gather a representative sample of 50 plants relevant to the production of perfumes and fragrances, following the information provided on their websites by different commercial companies that produce these products, such as Calvin Klein, Gucci, Chanel, Christian Dior and Guerlain [ 19 , 20 ]. However, these websites may change and may not last over time. The scientific names of the species and plant families were reviewed in the WFO Theplantlist [ 21 ], eFloras [ 22 ] and Mobot [ 23 ]. Each species also details its geographical origin, the part used in perfumery and the main composition of its essential oil supported by a bibliography, such as Fitoterapia.net [ 24 ] (a professional page where complete monographs of plants with therapeutic action appear, related to the Spanish Pharmacopoeia and Theplantlist). 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Some Considerations on the Classification of Perfumes and Fragrances The classification of perfume and fragrances is not homogeneous, and there are no globally agreed categories for these products. To separate the characteristics of these products, it is necessary to resort to the concentration of essential oils in each formulation [ 25 ] and to the type of olfactory notes they offer [ 26 , 27 ]. Fragrances consist of a mixture of essential oils or other volatile aromatic compounds (often synthetic), solvents and “fixatives” (substances used to improve stability and reduce slow evaporation). Typical solvents are ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water [ 28 ]. The denomination of the type of perfume or derivatives can be established according to the amount of pure fragrance concentration (although there are no exact amounts) and the time in which the formulation is perpetuated in the body odor. According to the above, this type of product would be divided into four classes: fresh water (approximate essence concentration of 7%), toilet water (approximate essence concentration of 12–15%), perfume water (approximate essence concentration of 17–20%), fragrance (approximate essence concentration of 30–40%) (Figure 1). It is for this simple reason that it is not the same to apply a parfum or a perfume water, in which evolution and fixation over time are usually very long-lasting (one application would be enough for the whole day), as it is to apply other types of lighter compositions such as toilet water or fresh water (Figure 1). On the other hand, some perfumes offer different versions of the same scent. The difference between them lies not only in the percentages of pure essence but, in some cases, also in a variation in the notes that enhance, for example, a fresh character or their intensity and duration. It is therefore necessary to separate their composition into layers or hierarchical notes in the well-known olfactory pyramid (Figure 2), in which we distinguish high, medium and low notes, which are described below: Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 5 of 18 Cosmetics 2023, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 19 Figure 1. Types of fragrances according to their concentration of essence and duration of effect. Own elaboration based on reference [25]. On the other hand, some perfumes offer different versions of the same scent. The difference between them lies not only in the percentages of pure essence but, in some cases, also in a variation in the notes that enhance, for example, a fresh character or their intensity and duration. It is therefore necessary to separate their composition into layers or hierarchical notes in the well-known olfactory pyramid (Figure 2), in which we distinguish high, medium and low notes, which are described below: . Figure 2. Olfactory pyramid. Own elaboration from citations [25,26]. Top notes. These are the most volatile notes with the lowest molecular weight. As a consequence, they are the first to be detected. They are usually made up of stimulating and energizing aromas, giving freshness to the formula. However, since they are so volatile, they disappear within 5 to 20 min after the application of the perfume (they can last up to two hours). Citrus fruits (lemon, grapefruit and lime essential oils) generally fall into this category as they have light and lively aromas. Fruit notes such as strawberry (Fragaria L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), cherry (Prunus avium L.) or peach ((Prunus persica (L.) Stokes), etc., are also included. Middle or heart notes. They form the body of the perfume. They are detected after the evaporation of the top notes, changing the initially perceived scent of the product. Flowers and herbs make up this category because of their strong and powerful but comforting scent. They are more muted compared to the top notes but last for 15 to 60 min on Figure 1. Types of fragrances according to their concentration of essence and duration of effect. Own elaboration based on reference [25]. Cosmetics 2023, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 19 Figure 1. Types of fragrances according to their concentration of essence and duration of effect. Own elaboration based on reference [25]. On the other hand, some perfumes offer different versions of the same scent. The difference between them lies not only in the percentages of pure essence but, in some cases, also in a variation in the notes that enhance, for example, a fresh character or their intensity and duration. It is therefore necessary to separate their composition into layers or hierarchical notes in the well-known olfactory pyramid (Figure 2), in which we distinguish high, medium and low notes, which are described below: . Figure 2. Olfactory pyramid. Own elaboration from citations [25,26]. Top notes. These are the most volatile notes with the lowest molecular weight. As a consequence, they are the first to be detected. They are usually made up of stimulating and energizing aromas, giving freshness to the formula. However, since they are so volatile, they disappear within 5 to 20 min after the application of the perfume (they can last up to two hours). Citrus fruits (lemon, grapefruit and lime essential oils) generally fall into this category as they have light and lively aromas. Fruit notes such as strawberry (Fragaria L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), cherry (Prunus avium L.) or peach ((Prunus persica (L.) Stokes), etc., are also included. Middle or heart notes. They form the body of the perfume. They are detected after the evaporation of the top notes, changing the initially perceived scent of the product. Flowers and herbs make up this category because of their strong and powerful but comforting scent. They are more muted compared to the top notes but last for 15 to 60 min on Figure 2. Olfactory pyramid. Own elaboration from citations [25,26]. Top notes. These are the most volatile notes with the lowest molecular weight. As a consequence, they are the first to be detected. They are usually made up of stimulating and energizing aromas, giving freshness to the formula. However, since they are so volatile, they disappear within 5 to 20 min after the application of the perfume (they can last up to two hours). Citrus fruits (lemon, grapefruit and lime essential oils) generally fall into this category as they have light and lively aromas. Fruit notes such as strawberry (Fragaria L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), cherry (Prunus avium L.) or peach ((Prunus persica (L.) Stokes), etc., are also included. Middle or heart notes. They form the body of the perfume. They are detected after the evaporation of the top notes, changing the initially perceived scent of the product. Flowers and herbs make up this category because of their strong and powerful but comforting scent. They are more muted compared to the top notes but last for 15 to 60 min on the skin (up to 4 h). Among other plants used for these notes are lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Her), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), rose (Rosa sp.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Base notes. They are rich, soporific and aphrodisiac. When they emerge from the perfume, they emerge strongly, and it is difficult not to notice their presence. They usually take an hour to appear and last up to a day due to their higher molecular weight. The components are usually extracted from sap, roots, fruits or wood. Some notes in this category are: cananga or ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson), sandalwood (Santalum album), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.), vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews), chocolate (Theobroma cacao L.), tonka bean (Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Orsyth f.), etc. Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 6 of 18 3.2. Methods of Obtaining Essences As shown below, the list of raw materials of plant origin is very broad, and it is complex to establish a classification of perfumes according to their plant composition since extracts can often be combined with each other to obtain different characteristics and notes [ 29 ]. This complexity is illustrated in Figure 3(inspired by Euler diagrams), in which an entire architecture of floral notes and fragrances is visualized from circles. Cosmetics 2023, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 19 the skin (up to 4 h). Among other plants used for these notes are lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Her), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), rose (Rosa sp.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Base notes. They are rich, soporific and aphrodisiac. When they emerge from the perfume, they emerge strongly, and it is difficult not to notice their presence. They usually take an hour to appear and last up to a day due to their higher molecular weight. The components are usually extracted from sap, roots, fruits or wood. Some notes in this category are: cananga or ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson), sandalwood (Santalum album), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.), vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews), chocolate (Theobroma cacao L.), tonka bean (Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Orsyth f.), etc. 3.2. Methods of Obtaining Essences As shown below, the list of raw materials of plant origin is very broad, and it is complex to establish a classification of perfumes according to their plant composition since extracts can often be combined with each other to obtain different characteristics and notes [29]. This complexity is illustrated in Figure 3 (inspired by Euler diagrams), in which an entire architecture of floral notes and fragrances is visualized from circles. Figure 3 is a simplification that is taken into account to produce a whole catalog of plant-based fragrances, starting from four basic floral notes (floral, fresh, woody and oriental), which in turn are subdivided into smaller categories. This figure, as an example, shows some of the plant associations that are scientifically responsible for the properties of the fragrance wheel used to demonstrate the complexity of perfume and derivatives and perhaps for marketing purposes. Figure 3. Denomination of perfumes and fragrances according to the combination of notes provided by the different plant extracts. Own elaboration based on citation [29]. As mentioned in the introduction, the use of fragrances is increasing demand, and this has forced synthetic organic chemistry to obtain molecules similar to those found in nature without resorting to plants. This is the case of the best-known synthetic fragrance in history: Iso E Super® [30]. However, in the field of cosmetics in general (including fragrances), people prefer products of natural origin because they are considered safer and more effective [1]. For the industries that produce quality perfumes, natural extracts, namely essential oils, cretins, resinoids and absolutes, are produced from mainly plant- Figure 3. Denomination of perfumes and fragrances according to the combination of notes provided by the different plant extracts. Own elaboration based on citation [29]. Figure 3is a simplification that is taken into account to produce a whole catalog of plant-based fragrances, starting from four basic floral notes (floral, fresh, woody and oriental), which in turn are subdivided into smaller categories. This figure, as an example, shows some of the plant associations that are scientifically responsible for the properties of the fragrance wheel used to demonstrate the complexity of perfume and derivatives and perhaps for marketing purposes. As mentioned in the introduction, the use of fragrances is increasing demand, and this has forced synthetic organic chemistry to obtain molecules similar to those found in nature without resorting to plants. This is the case of the best-known synthetic fragrance in history: Iso E Super ® [ 30 ]. However, in the field of cosmetics in general (including fragrances), people prefer products of natural origin because they are considered safer and more effective [ 1 ]. For the industries that produce quality perfumes, natural extracts, namely essential oils, cretins, resinoids and absolutes, are produced from mainly plant-derived raw materials. The most commonly used methods are summarised below [26,30,31] (Figure 4): Enfleurage. The flowers are put in contact with refined and odorless animal fats for several days to extract the essences until an ointment is obtained from which the absolute is extracted (the most concentrated fragrance and most appreciated in perfumery). This method has been used to extract essential oils from jasmine (Jasminum officinale L.) and rose (Rosa L.) flowers [32]. Expression. A mechanical method is usually used on citrus fruits, the oils of which are found in the pericarp (mesocarp) of the fruit. Water and oil are separated by centrifugation [ 33 ]. Steam distillation. Distillation is the most frequent method used in the industry to extract essences, whether simple, fractionated or by steam distillation, depending on the boiling points and volatility of the products to be separated. In the collecting flask, aqueous and oily faces are easy to separate. The “perfumed” waters can be used to make rose water or orange water. Through steam distillation, basil oils (Ocimum basilicum L.) are obtained, an ancient plant cultivated in India for its medicinal and aromatic properties [34]. Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 7 of 18 Cosmetics 2023, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 19 Figure 4. Summary of methods for obtaining essences. Own elaboration. 3.3. Botanical Considerations on Perfumes and Fragrances As can be deduced from what has been developed up to this point, “Botanical Science” is an inexcusable factor to elaborate or at least fully understand the significance of products with a good quality odor, whether of the body or of the rest of the things to suppress unpleasant aromas. This desideratum is within the reach of a pharmaceutical botanist. For this reason, we dedicate this epigraph to make botanical considerations on this subject, in which we take into account, as already mentioned, a reasonable and representative quantity of plants (50), which are presented in alphabetical order (Table 1) by their common name in English, followed by their correct and complete scientific name, the first geographical origin, botanical family according to the current systematics and part or organ used. This table also shows the main components of essential oils found in plant extracts, taking into account that the number of phytomolecules may be higher depending on the extract. This is a consequence of the application of techniques such as chromatography and spectrometry (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)) and the use of plant extracts in in vitro and in vivo tests [1]. Table 1. Botanical characteristics of plants [21–24] and their essential oils as a source of extracts and fragrances. Botanical Taxa Common Name Scientifical Name Botanical Family Geographical Origin Used Parts Components Of Essential Oil Ref. Acid lime Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae. Asia. Pericarp. Limonene, myrcene, geraniol, linalool, citronellol. [41] Anissed Pimpinella anisum L. Aiaceae. SE Mediterranean. trans-anethole. [24] Figure 4. Summary of methods for obtaining essences. Own elaboration. Solvent extraction. Large quantities of plants macerated in hexane or acetates are used. It is based on the different solubility of the mixture in the solvent, and the soluble part is obtained in the organic solvent (concrete); it is not very soluble in alcohol. In this sense, absolutes are much nobler, richer and easier to use in perfumery. An example of the use of this method is the extraction of essential oils from the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf [35]. Tinctures and resinoids. These are the result of macerating raw materials with alcohol. They are then heated, and tinctures are obtained, which are similar to absolutes. This method can be applied to the extraction of essential oils from numerous plants: ( Labdanum—Cistus ladanifer L.; Tolu Balsam—Myroxylon toluiferum Harms; Tonka—Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Forsyth f.; Myrrh—Commiphora myrrha T. (Nees) Engl, etc. [36]. On the other hand, if we analyze alternative methods for obtaining these products, we must take into account the concept of so-called “green chemistry”. New techniques are currently being developed for the extraction of essential oils. These new alternative methods aim at a more efficient extraction. We can mention the use of supercritical fluids, microwaveassisted extraction and ultrasound. They are recognized as efficient extraction methods and can significantly reduce the amount of solvents and extraction times and improve yields and the quality of the essential oil. However, these methods are predominantly exploited at the laboratory scale [ 37 , 38 ]. Another alternative to produce some fragrance base molecules is the use of biocatalysis in which, from plant cell cultures, immobilized enzymes or metabolic products of some microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts and other fungi) [ 39 ]. For example, several strains of Pseudomonas putida, Aspergillus niger, Corynebacterium sp., Arthrobacter globiformis and Serratia sp. produce vanillin as an intermediate compound in the microbial degradation of various substrates such as ferulic acid, stilbenes, phenolic acids, lignin, eugenol and isoeugenol [40]. 3.3. Botanical Considerations on Perfumes and Fragrances As can be deduced from what has been developed up to this point, “Botanical Science” is an inexcusable factor to elaborate or at least fully understand the significance of products with a good quality odor, whether of the body or of the rest of the things to suppress unpleasant aromas. This desideratum is within the reach of a pharmaceutical botanist. For this reason, we dedicate this epigraph to make botanical considerations on this subject, in which we take into account, as already mentioned, a reasonable and representative quantity Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 8 of 18 of plants (50), which are presented in alphabetical order (Table 1) by their common name in English, followed by their correct and complete scientific name, the first geographical origin, botanical family according to the current systematics and part or organ used. This table also shows the main components of essential oils found in plant extracts, taking into account that the number of phytomolecules may be higher depending on the extract. This is a consequence of the application of techniques such as chromatography and spectrometry (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)) and the use of plant extracts in in vitro and in vivo tests [1]. Table 1. Botanical characteristics of plants [ 21 – 24 ] and their essential oils as a source of extracts and fragrances. Botanical Taxa Common Name Scientifical Name Botanical Family Geographical Origin Used Parts Components of Essential Oil Refs. Acid lime Citrus xaurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae. Asia. Pericarp. Limonene, myrcene, geraniol, linalool, citronellol. [41] Anissed Pimpinella anisum L. Aiaceae. SE Mediterranean. trans-anethole. [24] Bay Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae. Mediterranean. Leaf. 1,8-cineole, metil-eugenol, terpinen-4-ol, linalool, eugenol. [24] Bearder iris Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae. Asia. Pericarp. Irone [24] Bergamot Orange Citrus bergamia (Risso) Risso et Poit. Rutaceae. Italy. Flower, Pericarp. Limonene, linalyl acetate, quercetin, hesperidin. [24] Birch Betula pendula Roth Betulaceae. Europe. Bark. Betulinic acid, lupane, dammarane. [24] Bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. Rutaceae. Asia. Flower, Pericarp. Quercetin, hesperidin. [42] Black pepper Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae. India. Fruit. Sabinene, limonene, β-caryophyllene, βpinene. [24] Camaru (tokan bean) Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Forsyth f. Fabaceae. South America. Seed. Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one). [43] Cananga tree (ylang-ylang) Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson. Anonaceae. Flower. Linalool, geraniol, α-farnesene, farnesol, β-caryophyllene. [24] Cardamon Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton Zingiberaceae. Tropical Asia. Seed. 1,8-Cineole, α-terpinyil acetate, sabinene. [44] Cedar Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae. South America. Leaf. Catechins, luteolins, tocopherol, α-pinene, limonene. [45] Cinnamomum bark Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton Zingiberaceae. Tropical Asia. Seed. 1,8-Cineole, linalool, β -caryophyllene, safrol, trans-cinamic aldheyde, eugenol. [24] Citronella Cymbopogon nardus L. Poaceae. Asia. Stem, Leaf. Citronellol, δ-cadinene, geraniol, 4-eugenol. [46,47] Clove Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. & L. M. Perry. Myrtaceae. Indonesia. Flower bud. eugenol, β-caryophyllene. [24] Common basil Ocimum basilicum L, Lamiaceae. Africa, Asia. Leaf, Stem. Estragole, fenchole, linalool, metil-eugenol. [24] Common myrtle Myrtus communis L. Myrtaceae. Mediterranean. Leaf, Flower. α-pinene, myrtenol, cineole, metil-eugenol. [48] Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae. Mediterranean. Leaf, Seed. Linalool, pinene, limonene, geraniol, borneol. [24] Damask rose Rosa ×damascena Mill. Rosaceae. Asia. Flower. Citronellol, geraniol, linalool, eugenol, nerol. [24,49] Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 9 of 18 Table 1. Cont. Botanical Taxa Common Name Scientifical Name Botanical Family Geographical Origin Used Parts Components of Essential Oil Refs. Eucalyt Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae. Australia. Leaf. 1,8-Cineole, α-terpineol, cimene, αand β-pinene. [24] Galbanum Ferula gummosa Boiss. Apiaceae. SE Mediterranean. Resin αand β-pinene, δ-caren. [50] Gardenia Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis Rubiaceae. SE Asia. Leaf. Iridoid glycosides. [51] Geranium Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér Geraniaceae, South Africa. Leaf, Flower. Linalool, isomentone, terpineol, citral, geraniol. [52] Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae. Tropical Asia. Rhizome. Zingiberene, sesquiphellandrene farnesene, geranial, bisabolene, curcumene. [53] Grapefruit Citrus x paradisi Macfad Rutaceae. Caribe. Fruit. β-pinene, linalool, α-terpinene. [24] Jasmine Jasminum officinale L. Oleaceae. Asia. Flower. Linalool, benzyl acetae, indol. [49] Labdanum Cistus ladanifer L. Cistaceae. Mediterranean. Resin. Linalool, indol. [54] Lavander Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Lamiaceae. Europe. Inflorescence. Limonene, nerol, cineole, linalool, geraniol, borneol, lavandulol. [24] Lemon Citrus ×limon (L.) Osbeck Rutaceae. Asia. Fruit. Limonene, β-pinene, terpineol. [27] Mimosa Acacia dealbata Link. Fabaceae. Australia. Flower. Ethyl propionate, ethyl butanoate. [55] Mint Mentha ×piperita L. Lamiaceae. Europe. Leaf. L-Mentol, menthone, isomenthone, cineole, Menthyl acetate (neomenhtol, isomenthol). [24] Myrrh Commiphora myrrha T. (Nees) Engl. Burseraceae. Asia. Resin. α-thujene, α-pinene p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, cyperene β-caryophyllene (Z)-β-farnesene. [56] Nagris Narcissus poeticus L. Amaryllidaceae. Asia, Mediterranean. Flower. Limonene, heneicosanol, dihydroactinidiolide,4,8,12,16-tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olide, heptanal, nonanal, (2E,4E)-decadienal. [57] Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae. Tropical Asia. Seed. Sabinene, α , β -pinene, limonene, g-terpinene, α-phellandrene [24] Oakmoss Evernia prunastri L. Parmaeliaceae. Europe. North America. Thallus. β-Elemene, linalool, α-coanene myrtenal, β-gurjunene, myrtenol, α-cedrene, Terpinolene, β-caryophyllene. [58] Patchouli Pogostemon cablin Benth. Lamiaceae. India. Leaf. αand δ-guaiene, Patchulol. [59] Peru balsam Myroxylon balsamum L. Fabaceae. South America. Resin. Cinamein, vainillin. [24] Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lamiaceae. Mediterranean. Stem. Leaf. 1,8-cineole, camphor αand βpinene, Borneol, limonene, p-cymene. [60] Sage Salvia officinalis L. Lamiaceae. Mediterranean. Leaf. A, βthuyone, camphor. [24] Sandalwood Santalum album L. Santalaceae. Asia. Stem. Z-α-santalol, z-β-Santalol, bergamotol, lanceol, santalene. [61] Spikenard Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC. Caprifoliaceae. Asia. Flower. Seychellene, βcaryophyllene, rogostol. [62] Sweet orange Citrus sinensis L. Rutaceae. Asia. Flower, Fruit. Citral, n-deciecilaldheyde, limonene, 1,8-Cineole, β-Pinene, p-cymene. [42] Tangerine tree Citrus reticulata Blanco Rutaceae. China. Pericarp. Citral, n-decilaldehyde, limonene, 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, p-cymene [42] Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 16 of 18 4. International Fragrance Association (IFRA). Available online: https://ifrafragrance.org/home (accessed on 23 April 2023). 5. Economy of Cosmetics. Available online: https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/resource/the-economic-impact-of-the-fragrance- industry/ (accessed on 1 July 2023). 6. Boy de García, M. Historia del Perfume Origen y Evolución. Available online: https://dossierinteractivo.com/historia-del- perfume-origen-y-evolucion/ (accessed on 1 December 2022). 7. Muñoz-Páez, A.; Garritz, A. Mujeres y química Parte I. De la antigüedad al siglo XVII. Edu. Quím. 2013,24, 2. [CrossRef] 8. Voudouri, D.; Tesseromatis, C. Perfumery from Myth to Antiquity. Int. J. Med. Pharm. 2015,3, 41–55. [CrossRef] 9. Davis, P. Aromaterapia de la A a la Z, 10th ed.; EDAF: Madrid, Spain, 1993. 10. King, A. Medieval islamicate aromatherapy: Medical perspectives on aromatics and perfumes. Senses Soc. 2022 ,17, 37–51. [CrossRef] 11. Academia del Perfume. Available online: https://www.academiadelperfume.com/ (accessed on 20 November 2022). 12. Reinarz, J. Past Scents: Historical Perspectives on Smell, 1st ed.; University of Illinois Press: Champaign, IL, USA, 2014. 13. Pybus, D.; Sell, C. The Chemistry of Fragrances; RSC: Cambridge, UK, 1999. 14. Burger, P.; Plainfosse, H.; Brochet, X.; Fernandez, X. Extraction of natural fragrance ingredients: History overview and future trends. Chem. Biodivers. 2019,16, e1900424. [CrossRef] 15. Guerlain. Available online: https://www.guerlain.com/es/es-es/p/aqua-allegoria-rosa-rossa-harvest{-}{-}-eau-de-toilette-P0 14700.html (accessed on 30 December 2022). 16. Oh, C.H.; Rugman, A.M. The Regional Sales of Multinationals in the Word Cosmetics Industry. Available online: http://kelley.iu. edu/riharbau/repec/iuk/wpaper/bepp2006-20-oh-rugman.pdf (accessed on 30 November 2022). 17. Gaviño-González, F.A.; González-Minero, F.J. A propósito del Estudio Botánico de la Farmacopea Española, 9th ed.; Ende: Seville, Spain, 2021. 18. Gilbert, K. Perfume: The Art and Craft of Fragrance; Ryland Peters & Small: New York, NY, USA, 2013. 19. Dior. Available online: https://www.dior.com/en_th/beauty/products/Y0996491-jadore-parfum-deau-alcohol-free-eau-de- parfum-floral-notes (accessed on 30 December 2022). 20. Chanel. Available online: https://www.chanel.com/es/perfumes/p/120090/n19-extrait-parfum/ (accessed on 20 December 2022). 21. WFO. The Plant List. Available online: http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed on 23 April 2023). 22. eFloras. Available online: http://www.efloras.org/ (accessed on 20 April 2023). 23. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Available online: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ (accessed on 15 June 2023). 24. Fitoterapia. Available online: https://www.fitoterapia.net/vademecum/ (accessed on 1 December 2022). 25. Denominación de Fragancias. Available online: https://www.academiadelperfume.com/tipos-de-fragancias/ (accessed on 1 December 2022). 26. Hornsey, S. Make Your Own Perfume; Begbroke, Spring Hill: Oxford, UK, 2011. 27. Dove, R. The Essence of Perfume; Black Dog: London, UK, 2014. 28. Manay, A.; Saeidnia, P. Cosmetics and personal care products k. In Encyclopedia of Toxicology; Wexler, P., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014. 29. Rueda Cosmética Europea. Available online: https://www.perfumecosmetics-eu.com/es/la-rueda-de-las-fragancias-de-michael- edwards/ (accessed on 1 December 2022). 30. Stepanyul, A.; Kirschning, A. Synthetic terpenoids in the world of fragrances: Iso E Super ® is the showcase. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019,15, 2590–2602. [CrossRef] 31. Tascone, O.; Roy, C.; Filippi, J.J.; Meierhenrich, W.J. Use, analysis, and regulation of pesticidesin natural extracts, essential oils, concretes, and absolutes. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2014,406, 971–980. [CrossRef] 32. Soe’eib, S.; Puspa-Asri, N.; Dwi-Saptati, A.S.; Diah-Agustina, P. Enfleurage essential oil from jasmine and rose used cold fat adsorbent. J. Ilm. Widya Tek. 2016,15, 58–61. 33. El-Toumya, A.; Husseinb, A. Cold Pressed Yuzu (Citrus Junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) Oil Sayed; Cold pressed oils; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020. 34. Pushpangadan, P.; George, C.K. Basil. In Handbook of Herbs and Spices; Woodhead Publishing: Oxford, UK; Cambridge, UK; Philadelphia, PA, USA; New Delhi, India, 2012. 35. Zhang, X.; Gao, H.; Zhang, L.; Liu, D.; Ye, X. Extraction of essential oil from discarded tobacco leaves by solvent extraction and steam distillation, and identification of its chemical composition. Ind. Crops Prod. 2012,39, 162–169. [CrossRef] 36. Perfume Chemiclas. Available online: https://perfumechemicals.wordpress.com/2014/04/30/on-tinctures-and-infusions/ (accessed on 23 October 2023). 37. Capuzzo, A.; Maffei, M.E.; Occhipinti, A. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Plant Flavors and Fragrances. Molecules 2013 ,18, 7194–7238. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 38. Stratakos, A.C.; Koidis, A. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2016; pp. 31–38. 39. Serra, S.; Fuganti, C.; Brenna, E. Biocatalytic preparation of natural flavours and fragrantes. Trends Biotechnol. 2005 ,23, 193–198. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 40. Shaaban, H.A.; Mahmoud, K.F.; Amin, A.A.; EL Banna, H.A. Application of Biotechnology to the Production of Natural Flavor and Fragrance Chemicals. Res. J. Pharmaceut. Biol. Chem. Sci. 2016,7, 2670–2717. Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 17 of 18 41. Venkateshwarlu, G.; Selvaraj, Y. Changes in the Peel Oil Composition of Kagzi Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) during Ripening. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2000,12, 50–52. [CrossRef] 42. Bourgou, S.; Rahali, F.Z.; Ourghemm, I.; Saïdani, M.; Tounsi, M.S. Changes of peel essential oil composition of four Tunisian citrus during fruit maturation. Sci. World J. 2012,2012, 528593. [CrossRef] 43. Anonymous. Occurrence of Umbelliferone in the Seeds of Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.). Willd. J. Agríc. Food Chem. 1982,30, 609–610. 44. Pujiarti, R.; Kusumadewi, A. Chemical Compounds, Physicochemical Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of A. cardamomum Leaves and Rhizomes Oils on Different Distillation Time. Wood Res. J. 2020,11, 35–40. [CrossRef] 45. Nogueira, T.S.; Passos, M.D.; Nascimento, L.P.; Arantes, M.B.; Monteiro, N.O.; Boeno, S.I.; de Carvalho Junior, A.; Azevedo, O.D.; Terra, W.D.; Vieira, M.G.; et al. Molecules Chemical Compounds and Biologic Activities: A Review of Cedrela Genus. Molecules 2020,25, 5401. [CrossRef] 46. Ameh, O.E.; Achika, J.I.; Bello, N.M.; Owolaja, A.J. Extraction and Formulation of Perfume from Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag. 2021,25, 1461–1463. [CrossRef] 47. Silva, F.; Moura, C.; Mendes, M.F.; Pessoa, F.L.P. Extraction of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil ussing supercritical CO2: Exprimental data and mathematical modeling. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2011,28, 343–350. [CrossRef] 48. Ben Hsouna, A.; Hamdi, N.; Miladi, R.; Abdelkafi, S. Myrtus communis Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities against Food Spoilage Pathogens. Chem. Biodivers. 2014,11, 571–580. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 49. Mileva, M.; Ilieva, Y.; Jovtchev, G.; Gateva, S.; Zaharieva, M.M.; Georgieva, A.; Dimitrova, L.; Dobreva, A.; Angelova, T.; Vilhelmova- Ilieva, N.; et al. Rose Flowers—A Delicate Perfume or a Natural Healer? Biomolecules 2021,11, 127. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 50. Talebi-Kouyakhi, E.; Naghavi, M.R.; Alayhs, M. Study of the essential oil variation of Ferula gummosa samples from Iran. Chem. Nat. Comp. 2008,44, 124–126. [CrossRef] 51. Xiao, W.; Li, S.; Wang, S.; Tang-Ho, C. Chemistry and bioactivity of Gardenia jasminoides.J. Food Drug Anal. 2017 ,25, 43–61. [CrossRef] 52. Lo, C.M.; Han, J.; Wong, E.S.W. Chemistry in Aromatherapy–Extraction and Analysis of Essential Oils from Plants of Chamomilla recutita, Cymbopogon nardus, Jasminum officinale and Pelargonium graveolens. Biomed. Pharmacol. J. 2020 ,13, 1339–1350. [CrossRef] 53. Mesomo, M.C.; Corazzaa, M.L.; Ndiayea, P.M.; Dalla-Santa, O.R.; Cardozoc, L.; Scheer, A.P. Supercritical CO2extracts and essential oil of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.): Chemical composition and antibacterial activity. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2013,80, 44–49. [CrossRef] 54. Frazão, D.F.; Martins-Gomes, C.; Steck, J.L.; Keller, J.; Delgado, F.; Gonçalves, J.C.; Bunzel, M.; Pintado, C.M.; Díaz, T.S.; Silva, A.M. Labdanum Resin from Cistus ladanifer L.: A Natural and Sustainable Ingredient for Skin Care Cosmetics with Relevant Cosmeceutical Bioactivities. Plants 2022,11, 1477. [CrossRef] 55. Perriot, R.; Breme, K.; Meierhenrich, U.J.; Carenini, E.; Ferrando, G.; Baldovini, N. Chemical Composition of French Mimosa Absolute Oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010,58, 1844–1849. [CrossRef] 56. Hanuša, L.O.; ˇ Rezankab, T.; Dembitskya, V.M.; Moussaief, A. Myrrha—Commiphora Chemistry. Biomed. Papers 2005,149, 3–28. 57. Baranauskien ˙ e, R.; Venskutonis, P.R. Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Narcissus poeticus L. Flowers for the Isolation of Volatile Fragrance Compounds. Molecules 2022,27, 353. [CrossRef] 58. Joulain, D.; Tabacchi, R. Lichen extracts as raw materials in perfumery. Part 1: Oakmoss. Flavour. Fragr. J. 2009 ,24, 49–61. [CrossRef] 59. Donelian, A.; Carlson, L.H.C.; Lopes, T.J.; Machadoa, R.A.F. Comparison of extraction of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil with supercritical CO2and by steam distillation. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2009,48, 15–20. [CrossRef] 60. González-Minero, F.J.; Bravo-Díaz, L.; Ayala-Gómez, A. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary): An Ancient Plant with Uses in Personal Healthcare and Cosmetics. Cosmetics 2020,7, 77. [CrossRef] 61. Hartman-Petrycka, M.; Lebiedowska, A. The Assessment of Quality of Products Called Sandalwood Oil Based on the Information Provided by Manufacturer of the Oil on Polish, German, and English Websites. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2021 , 2021, 9934143. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 62. Chauhan, R.S.; Nautiyal, M.C.; Figueredo, G.; Rana, V.S. Effect of Post Harvest Drying Methods on the Essential Oil Composition of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. TEOP 2017,20, 1090–1096. [CrossRef] 63. Satyal, P.; Murray, B.; McFeeters, R.; Setzer, W. Essential Oil Characterization of Thymus vulgaris from Various Geographical Locations. Foods 2016,5, 70. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 64. Maiti, S.; Moon, U.R.; Bera, P.; Samanta, T.; Mitra, A. The in vitro antioxidant capacities of Polianthes tuberosa L. flower extracts. Acta Physiol. Plant 2014,36, 10. [CrossRef] 65. Singletary, K.W. Vanilla. Potential Health Benefits. Nutr. Today 2020,55, 186–196. [CrossRef] 66. Grover, M.; Behl, T.; Virmani, T.; Bhatia, S.; Al-Harrasi, A.; Aleya, L. Chrysopogon zizanioides—A review on its pharmacognosy, chemical composition and pharmacological activities. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021,28, 44667–44692. [CrossRef] 67. Chandra, D.; Kohli, G.; Prasad, K.; Bisht, G.; Punetha, V.D.; Khetwal, K.S.; Devrani, M.K.; Pandey, H.K. Phytochemical and Ethnomedicinal Uses of Family Violaceae. Curr. Res. Chem. 2015,7, 44–52. [CrossRef] 68. González-Minero, F.J.; González-García, A.; Venegas-Fito, C.J. Botánica Miscelánea. Apuntes Sobre los Herbarios y su Relación con la Farmacia; Ende: Seville, Spain, 2020. 69. Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Fay, M.F.; Chase, M.W. Plants of the World. An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants; Kew Publishing Royal Botanic Gardens: Kew, UK, 2017. 70. Real Farmacopea Española, 5th ed. Available online: https://extranet.boe.es/farmacopea/ (accessed on 23 June 2023). 71. Olorunshola, Y. Why Do Plants Smell? Available online: https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/why-do-plants-smell#:~: text=For%20plants%2C%20smell%20is%20a,attract%20pollinators%20and%20repel%20predators (accessed on 23 July 2023). Cosmetics 2023,10, 157 18 of 18 72. Croteau, R.; Kutchan, T.M.; Lewis, N.G. Natural Products (Secondary Metabolites). Biochem Mol. Biol. Plants. 2000 ,24, 1250–1319. 73. Devesa-Alcaraz, J.A.; Carrión-García, J.S. Las Plantas Con Flor; Universidad de Córdoba: Córdoba, Spain, 2012. 74. Olmos, E.; Sánchez-Blanco, M.J.; Ferrández, T.; Alarcón, J.J. Subcellular Effects of Drought Stress in Rosmarinus officinalis.Plant Biol. 2007,9, 77–84. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 75. Jonoubi, P.; Majd, A.; Marouf, A.; Amini, S. Investigation the structure of vegetative organs and development of reproductive organs of Pimpinella anisum L. Nova Biol. Reper. 2015,2, 151–165. [CrossRef] 76. Svoboda, K.P.; Svoboda, T.G. Secretory Structures of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants; Microscopix Publications: Powys, UK, 2000. 77. Saint-Lary, L.; Roy, C.; Paris, J.P.; Martin, J.F.; Thomas, O.T.; Fernandez, X. Metabolomics for the Authentication of Natural Extracts Used in Flavors and Fragrances: The Case Study of Violet Leaf Absolutes from Viola odorata.Chem. Biodivers. 2016 ,13, 737–747. [CrossRef] 78. Arribas, M.P.; Soro, P.; Silvestre, J.F. Dermatitis de contacto alérgica por fragancias. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012 ,103, 874–879. [CrossRef] 79. Legislative Framework of Cosmetics of the European Union. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/ TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017R0542 (accessed on 23 July 2023). Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.