Percepción de las organizaciones de personas con discapacidad sobre el tratamiento mediático del colectivo en espacios informativos

ICONO 14, Revista de comunicación y tecnologías emergentes, 21(2), 2023. ISSN: 1697-8293 https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 ICONO 14 es editada por: Francisco García (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España) y Manuel Gertrudix (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (España) bajo una licencia de licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. Artículos Perception of Organisations of Persons with Disabilities on How the Media Treats this Community in Information Spaces Percepción de las organizaciones de personas con discapacidad sobre el tratamiento mediático del colectivo en espacios informativos Percepção das organizações de pessoas deficientes sobre o tratamento que a mídia dá às pessoas deficientes nos espaços noticiosos Juan C. Figuereo-Benítez1* Victoria García-Prieto1** Mónica Bonilla-del-Río2*** 1 University of Seville, Spain 2 University of Huelva, Spain * Pre-doctoral research professor at the Department of Journalism II ** Interim substitute professor at the Department of Journalism II *** FPU pre-doctoral contract in the Philology Department Received: 24/03/2023; Revised: 06/04/2023; Accepted: 05/06/2023; Published: 01/07/2023 Translation to English: Agestrad To cite this article: Figuereo-Benítez, Juan C.; García-Prieto, Victoria; & Bonilla-del-Río, Mónica. (2023). Perception of Organisations of Persons with Disabilities on How the Media Treats this Community in Information Spaces. ICONO 14Scientific Journal of Communication and Emerging Technologies, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 2Icono14 |Julio-Diciembre 2023 Volumen 21 N° 2 | ISSN: 1697-8293 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 Abstract The media's treatment of people with disabilities is an important issue for their associative movement, which seeks inclusion and active participation for people with disabilities in all areas of society. Although progress has been made in media reporting of disability, there is still concern in the group about the type of news and the perspective from which it is approached. The qualitative methodology of the study is the semi-structured interview with federations and confederations associated with the Spanish Committee of Representatives of People with Disabilities (Cermi). The results point to the persistence of paternalistic or ableist perspectives that distance the image portrayed from the reality of the collective. Discrepancies are observed between the cases of blind people or people with Down’s syndrome, who are more accurately represented, and people with psychosocial disabilities, who are still stigmatised. Organisations put the focus on improving the training and specialisation of professionals, as well as on working with the associative movement to improve media reporting of disability. Clearly media space dedicated to them is still insufficient, stereotyped and uneven between different types of disability. Keywords: media representation; informative treatment; people with disabilities; stereotype; media; inclusion Resumen El tratamiento que los medios de comunicación dan a las personas con discapacidad es un asunto importante para su movimiento asociativo, que busca la inclusión y participación activa de las personas con discapacidad en todos los ámbitos de la sociedad. Aunque se ha avanzado en el modo en el que los medios informan sobre la discapacidad, persiste la preocupación en el colectivo por el tipo de noticias y los marcos desde los que se abordan. La metodología cualitativa del estudio es la entrevista semiestructurada a federaciones y confederaciones asociadas al Comité Español de Representantes de Personas con Discapacidad (Cermi). Los resultados apuntan a que persisten las perspectivas paternalistas o capacitistas que alejan la imagen mostrada de la realidad del colectivo. Se observan discrepancias entre los casos de las personas ciegas o con síndrome de Down, con una representación más ajustada, y las personas con discapacidad psicosocial, cuyo caso sigue estando estigmatizado. Las organizaciones ponen el foco en la mejora de la formación y la especialización de los profesionales de la información, así como en la colaboración con el colectivo para mejorar el tratamiento mediático. Se puede concluir que el espacio informativo dedicado sigue siendo insuficiente, estereotipado y desigual entre los distintos tipos de discapacidad. Palabras clave: representación mediática; tratamiento informativo; personas con discapacidad; estereotipo; medios de comunicación; inclusión Resumo O tratamento da pessoa com deficiencia na mídia é uma questão importante para seu movimento associativo, que busca a inclusão e a participação ativa das pessoas com Perception of Organisations of Persons with Disabilities on How the Media Treats this Community in Information Spaces Icono14 |Julio-Diciembre 2023 Volumen 21 N° 2 | ISSN: 1697-8293 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 3 deficiência em todas as esferas da sociedade. Embora tenham sido feitos progressos na forma como a mídia reporta sobre deficiência, ainda há preocupação entre o grupo sobre o tipo de notícias e os quadros a partir dos quais elas são abordadas. A metodologia qualitativa do estudo é uma entrevista semi-estruturada com federações e confederações associadas ao Comitê Espanhol de Representantes de Pessoas com Deficiência (Cermi). Os resultados apontam para a persistência de perspectivas paternalistas ou fortalecedoras que distanciam a imagem mostrada da realidade do grupo. Observam-se discrepâncias entre os casos de cegos ou pessoas com síndrome de Down, com uma representação mais precisa, e pessoas com deficiências psicossociais, cujo caso ainda é estigmatizado. As organizações se concentram em melhorar o treinamento e a especialização dos profissionais da informação, bem como em colaborar com o grupo para melhorar a cobertura da mídia. Pode-se concluir que o espaço de informação dedicado a esta questão ainda é insuficiente, estereotipada e desigual entre os diferentes tipos de deficiência. Palavras-chave: representação na mídia; tratamento informativo; pessoas com deficiência; estereótipo; mídia; inclusão 1. Introduction The media is seen as a strategic space from which to project a more inclusive, fair, representative and green modern society. In the current context of global crisis and inequality, it is important to generate debate and reflect on the processes, platforms, networks, media or other practices that help to “Transform Our World,” as stated in the motto of the United Nations 2030 Agenda (2018), which outlines the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the international community in the period 2016-2030 to ‘eradicate poverty and promote equal and sustainable development’. Important reports such as that of Hutchins (1947), in the USA, or that of McBride (1980), in charge of UNESCO, have strived to recover the social function of journalism, linking communication to processes of sociopolitical justice and eco-social transformation (Vaquerizo-Domínguez, 2020). The McBride Commission (1983) highlighted the importance of creating deontological codes developed by media professionals themselves, as already recognised in the UNESCO Declaration on the contribution of the media to the bolstering of peace and human rights. More than 40 years ago, this report included a series of goals closely linked to the idea that communication is a fundamental right of citizens and varied social groups; that the media should work to reduce inequality, and the distortions that occur during presentation. According to the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, representation in the media must be respectful of the diversity and complexity of the group, avoiding perpetuating stereotypes (United Nations, 2006). In this sense, disability 4Icono14 |Julio-Diciembre 2023 Volumen 21 N° 2 | ISSN: 1697-8293 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 should not be represented as a homogeneous group, but should be represented in a diverse manner, while using appropriate language to refer to them, avoiding euphemisms and discriminatory or paternalistic approaches (Vázquez-Barrio et al. 2021). However, journalists acknowledge that they do not have the training or enough time to address these issues (Díaz-Aledo, 2007). In this area of interest, persons with disabilities and the organisations representing this group, previously focused on obtaining minimum services despite having few resources, have spent years attempting to ensure that the media treat disability in an inclusive, equal and normalised way, given the social consequences of inadequate media representation. Disability has acquired more visibility in the media in recent years due to the important work carried out by a range of institutions, federations and associations of persons with disabilities, in addition to journalists and information professionals themselves. How the media determines the discourse and social representations in public opinion has already been widely studied and, therefore, their role in achieving visibility and awareness is essential (Orero et al., 2017; Álvarez-Villa and Mercado-Sáez, 2015). However, organisations continue to claim that they receive little media attention and are poorly represented (Vega- Fuente and Martín, 1999), considering the information shared is sensationalist, biased and stereotyped (Sterba et al., 2022; Díaz-Aledo, 2007). In the same vein, Asper et al. (2022) claim that the media tend to represent them as subjects who deserve pity or as sources of inspiration, instead of as full-fledged citizens. They are also sometimes shown as “weak” people who constantly require help (Lin et al., 2022). 2. Agenda setting and framing The media influence how opinion in society is formed in at least two aspects, which would explain their influence and the informative treatment that news about disability receives in Spain (Vázquez-Barrio et al., 2021). One of them refers to the selection of the news they broadcast, as addressed by the theory of “agenda setting,” and the other, to the framework in which this content is presented. Following this formulation, Bouza (1998) considers that frames areunderstood as the organisational structures of the social world, providing meaning to social events. This author asserts that the process of construction of meaning is mediated and begins when social actors transfer their message and focus onto the media. The media then present it to the public, which then interprets the content that it has received. The media coverage and informational treatment of persons with disabilities is a matter that has been widely addressed by scientific studies and by reports from associations and institutions such as Cermi, Fundación A La Par or Fundación ONCE, which, in 2007, even set up a Committee of Support for Persons with Disabilities in Audiovisual Media (Comité de Perception of Organisations of Persons with Disabilities on How the Media Treats this Community in Information Spaces Icono14 |Julio-Diciembre 2023 Volumen 21 N° 2 | ISSN: 1697-8293 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 5 Apoyo a las Personas con Discapacidad en los Medios Audiovisuales), in order for the various organisations to join together and work to improve the image of this group as portrayed in the media. The journalistic coverage of persons with disabilities has gone through different phases. First, Soto-Rosales (2015) points out that in the 20th century we went from a compassionate or philanthropic stage to that of the recognition of collective rights, which allowed us to move towards another that promoted labour and social integration. The first study on the social image of disability offered by the media in Spain (Del-Río, 1986) showed, on the one hand, a tendency towards generalisation, institutionalisation and bureaucratisation of concepts related to disability. And, on the other, disability was presented from negative or limiting perspectives. Labio-Bernal (2006) and Soto-Rosales (2015) mark the announcement of 2003 as the European Year of Disability as a starting point for initiatives that try to improve media visibility of the group, and it is in that year that the long-awaited equality stage really began. The contribution of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (United Nations, 2006) is also essential in this area, as it was the turning point that led to these people becoming citizens with full rights, among which are the rights of access to information and to proper representation in the media. However, there is still concern in this community about the type of news and the perspective from which it is viewed (Sánchez-Valle et al., 2019). The lack of adaptation to reality, excessive stereotyping and superficiality are some of the tendencies that cause discomfort and conflict. Along these lines, some studies highlight the fact that despite changes at the political level, the media continues to promote clichés, thereby creating a critical perspective in government as regards financing, security and support (Winterbotham et al., 2023). Issues frequently addressed in the media treatment of disability are around the areas of technology and resources, violence against the community, problems in their daily lives, causes and consequences of disability, arts and issues related to education, the labour market, sport, family issues, events, solutions to disabilities, accessibility issues, life stories and inclusive society (Soto-Rosales, 2015). Regarding framing, it has been shown thatcatchy and sensationalist headlines are often used, thereby eliciting sympathy and stereotyping. Persons with disabilities are also often shown as victims. The perspective from which this information is normally represented is usually descriptive or explanatory and, in a small number of cases, tries to raise awareness in society. As an encouraging fact, information is also represented from a realist perspective, putting forward solutions and using a normalising tone. 6Icono14 |Julio-Diciembre 2023 Volumen 21 N° 2 | ISSN: 1697-8293 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 Against this background, the leading organisations have for years been decrying the fact that media representations continue to be very sensationalist, appealing to emotion and alluding to disability as a characteristic that adds drama, arouses curiosity and increases narrative tension (Labio-Bernal, 2006). Zalbidea-Bengoa et al. (2011) address this approach and state that it is necessary for the content disseminated to represent persons with disabilities in the media. In addition, it must be done in a standardised way, avoiding condescending, victimising narratives that humiliate the community. Prejudice and pejorative language must be eliminated (Labio- Bernal, 2006). In short, informative content should be provided that treats these people in a normalised and accessible manner, increasing visibility and social awareness of disability (Cermi, 2011; Observatorio Estatal de la Discapacidad, 2018). In the same manner, there is a need to create a new inclusive impulse that does not prioritise disability over people, that does not equate disability with disease, avoids sensationalism, and reinforces diversity, inclusion and its normalisation (Sánchez-Valle et al., 2019). In this sense, Cermi (2011) calls for the media to be inclusive and offer a dynamic and active image of persons with disabilities. The committee claims that the media should give informational content a context to provide a more authentic portrait, use appropriate terminology and understand the great diversity that exists in the community. This contextualisation of the study has made it possible to determine that the analyses of media coverage have addressed the framingof information related to persons with disabilities, but only in very few cases the perceptions of the group itself on how they are represented in the media. 3. Goals and methodology The goal of this study is to collect the opinion of organisations of persons with disabilities in Spain on the representation of the group in the information spaces of the media. In addition, the following specific goals are pursued: • To describe the assessment of organisations of persons with disabilities on the media attention given to the community in information spaces. • To inquire into their perception of the treatment received, specifically in relation to the visual representation and the language used. • To know the opinion of the associative movement on the presence of persons with disabilities on the staff of media corporations or on the degree to which the media works with organisations representing persons with disabilities. • To specify the causes of the coverage received according to the organisations of persons with disabilities. Perception of Organisations of Persons with Disabilities on How the Media Treats this Community in Information Spaces Icono14 |Julio-Diciembre 2023 Volumen 21 N° 2 | ISSN: 1697-8293 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 7 • To present possible means for improvement or solutions, provided by the organisations. To achieve this, a qualitative study was carried out, which allowed the object of study to be addressed in depth, and rich and detailed answers to be provided (Bryman, 2016). The efficiency of the qualitative method in general stands out, and of the interview technique in particular (Vallés, 1997), which is to explore and gather information difficult to observe, such as, in this case, the opinion of the associative movement of persons with disabilities about the media treatment received. The study follows the principle of not limiting itself to observing the media representation of persons with disabilities but focuses on how the associative movement itself perceives the said representation (Benavides-Delgado, 2005). At the same time, it makes it possible to break with the ableist paradigm, which has historically been an exercise in structural violence against persons with disabilities (Robinson et al., 2020). Specifically, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 organisations of persons with disabilities in Spain during the months of February and March 2023. The associative movement, through its bodies, gathered the general and community feelings of the people it represents. Federations and confederations associated with Cermi were selected as a way of integrating bodies into the study that represent the interests of various types of disabilities and that bring together a large number of regional or local associations. The semi-structured interview format allows a prepared script to be used, which means that all the participating organisations answer the same questions, thereby making it possible to compare their answers. However, this technique avoids the risk that answers might reflect the ideology and concerns of the academic world (Ríos-Martínez, 2019), as flexibility is provided to adapt the script to the organisation being interviewed, but without falling into the doldrums of the free-interview format. This flexibility makes it possible to reorganise or expand the questions based on the responses received, thereby allowing them to go further and provide data that bodies consider relevant and that may not have been included in the initial proposal (Bryman, 2016). On occasions, the organisations found the interview script appropriate and limited themselves to responding to it, explicitly stating that all relevant aspects of the study were addressed. Others, on the other hand, contributed key perspectives that enriched the results of the study. The interview was structured around five axes in accordance with the goals of the research. The choice of these items was based on previous studies on media representation of disability, which dealt with aspects such as media attention, language used or the image of the disability shown (Aspler et al., 2022; Castán-Pérez-Gómez, 2020; Vázquez-Barrio et al., 2021). Added to these aspects is the presence of staff and the manner in which the media works with the organisations, in line with the study itself and with other previous works and regulatory documents (Soto-Rosales, 2015; United Nations, 2006). The list of axes to be researched was completed with an in-depth study of the causes and possible ways in which the treatment and media representation of the community could be improved. Specifically, 8Icono14 |Julio-Diciembre 2023 Volumen 21 N° 2 | ISSN: 1697-8293 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 the axes included in the study were: 1. Media space reserved for this issue. 2. Treatment: visual representation and language used. 3. Employing staff or working with organisations. 4. Causes of the coverage received. 5. Possible improvements or solutions. In all cases, it was specified that the responses were detailed and once obtained, in the event that they contained generic information or unspecific terms, the organisations were asked to be more specific or to clarify. Regarding the format, the option was offered of conducting the interview by telephone, email or videoconference in order to facilitate participation and adapt the instrument to the interviewees convenience and needs. Lastly, the organisations expressed their desire to carry out the interviews via email, except the Confederation of Families of Deaf People (Fiapas) which preferred it be conducted using Zoom. To match the applied method, prior to answering the questions, contact was established with the organisations by email and/or telephone, the questions were provided in advance, doubts were resolved, and the questions were clarified or expanded to respond to the preferences of the organisations themselves. In addition, clarification was also requested, or questions were added to clarify answers that could be ambiguous or imprecise. An interview request was sent to all the national organisations associated with Cermi, to which the following federations and confederations responded, all of which were later interviewed: Perception of Organisations of Persons with Disabilities on How the Media Treats this Community in Information Spaces Icono14 |Julio-Diciembre 2023 Volumen 21 N° 2 | ISSN: 1697-8293 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 9 Table 1. Organisations interviewed Source: Created by the author. Lastly, as mentioned in numerous responses from different organisations, the news agency Servimedia was also interviewed, which in turn includes the specific portal on disability news Discamedia, and which has been used as a reference in various interviews. The view was taken that, although their answers cannot be compared with those of other news agencies, they are valuable and useful for this research. 16 Icono14 |Julio-Diciembre 2023 Volumen 21 N° 2 | ISSN: 1697-8293 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v21i2.2018 disabilities, the diverse cultures and social contexts and the intersectionality with other forms of discrimination. The results of this study open the door for future research aimed at gaining a keener understanding of how persons with disabilities themselves perceive the way they are portrayed in the media, in information spaces or in other mediums. Another possible path for future research would be to expand the study to the social networks, as argued by the organisations interviewed. Authors’ contribution Juan C. Figuereo-Benítez: Conceptualization, Research, Methodology, Validation, Verification, Visualization, Writing-original draft and Writing-revision and editing. Victoria García-Prieto: Conceptualization, Research, Methodology, Validation, Verification, Visualization, Writing-original draft and Writing-revision and editing. Mónica Bonilladel-Río: Conceptualization, Research, Methodology, Validation, Verification, Visualization, Writing-original draft and Writing-revision and editing. All authors have read and agree to the published version of the manuscript. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Funding The author Juan Carlos Figuereo Benítez is a beneficiary of a pre-doctoral trainee researcher (“PIF”) contract financed by the VI PPIT-US (Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad de Sevilla), within the framework of the research group “Communication, power and critical thinking before the global change” (Compoder) (Official Code SEJ-675) of the University of Seville. References Alvarez-Villa, María Ángels y Mercado-Sáez, María Teresa (2015): La representación mediática del deportista con discapacidad en el reportaje televisivo. Informe Semanal, un estudio de caso. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 6(1), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM2015.6.1 .03 Aspler, John, Harding, Kelly D., & Cascio, M. Ariel (2022): Representation matters: Race, gender, class, and intersectional representations of autistic and disabled characters on television. 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