Aplicación del paradigma de los Agentes Inteligentes a los sistemas de producción.
Abstract
La globalización de la economía, la rapidez de la evolución tecnológica y la exigencia de calidad por parte de los clientes, no sólo en el ámbito de las prestaciones, sino también en costes y plazos de producción, están trayendo como consecuencia
Full text
$SOLFDFLyQGHOSDUDGLJPDGHORV$JHQWHV,QWHOLJHQWHVDORV VLVWHPDVGHSURGXFFLyQ (UQHVWR3pUH]$OYDUH]-RVp,JQDFLR%DXWLVWD0DUDxyQ-RVp0DQXHO3pUH]5tRV 'HSDUWDPHQWRGH2UJDQL]DFLyQ\*HVWLyQGH(PSUHVDV (83ROLWpFQLFD(76,,QIRUPiWLFD 8QLYHUVLGDGGH9DOODGROLG HUQHVWR#VLGHXSXYDHV MLJQDFLR#VLGHXSXYDHV ULRV#VLGHXSXYDHV 5(680(1 /DJOREDOL]DFLyQGHODHFRQRPtDODUDSLGH]GHODHYROXFLyQWHFQROyJLFD\ODH[LJHQFLD GHFDOLGDGSRUSDUWHGHORVFOLHQWHVQRVyORHQHOiPELWRGHODVSUHVWDFLRQHVVLQRWDPELpQ HQ FRVWHV \ SOD]RV GH SURGXFFLyQ HVWiQ WUD\HQGR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD TXH ORV HVWLORV WUDGLFLRQDOHVGHJHVWLyQHPSUHVDULDO VHYHDQ GHVERUGDGRV\DTXHVX FRQFHSFLyQLPSLGH TXHWDOHVVLVWHPDVVHDGDSWHQDODVQHFHVLGDGHVUiSLGDPHQWHFDPELDQWHVTXHVHGHULYDQGH ODQXHYD HFRQRPtD$TXt HV GRQGHODWHFQRORJtDGHORVDJHQWHVLQWHOLJHQWHVSURSRUFLRQD XQD PDQHUD QDWXUDO GH VXSHUDU WDOHV SUREOHPDV \ XQ PRGR GH GLVHxDU H LPSOHPHQWDU HQWRUQRVGHSURGXFFLyQGLVWULEXLGRVLQWHOLJHQWHVGRWDGRVGHXQDPD\RUIOH[LELOLGDG (Q HVWH WUDEDMR VH H[SRQH XQD LQWURGXFFLyQ DO WHPD GH ORV DJHQWHV LQWHOLJHQWHV PRVWUDQGRFXDOHVVRQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHQRVRIUHFHQ\FXDOHVHOHVWDGRGHGHVDUUROORHQ TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQHQ OD DFWXDOLGDG IRFDOL]iQGROR KDFLDODV DSOLFDFLRQHV HPSUHVDULDOHV HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQORVVLVWHPDVGHSURGXFFLyQ$VLPLVPRVHKDUiUHIHUHQFLDDDOJXQDVGH ODVDSOLFDFLRQHVTXHHVWiQDFWXDOPHQWHHQIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHQHVHVHQWLGR ,QWURGXFFLyQ &XDQGRVHWUDWDHOWHPDGHORVDJHQWHVLQWHOLJHQWHV\ORVVLVWHPDVLQWHOLJHQWHVTXHHV VREUHHOTXHYHUVDHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVHUtDFRQYHQLHQWHPLUDUKDFLDDWUiVSDUDYHUTXpHV ORTXHKDGDGRRULJHQDHVWHQXHYRSDUDGLJPD $VtSXHVVHKDHVWDGRWUDWDQGRGHVGHDxRVDWUiVHOWHPDGHODLQWHOLJHQFLDDUWLILFLDO HQ DGHODQWH ,$ HQ HO FXDO VH KD YHQLGR HYROXFLRQDQGR PX\ UiSLGDPHQWH WDO YH] GHELGRDTXHVHWUDWDGHXQDWpFQLFDWRWDOPHQWHQXHYD\VREUHODTXHKD\PXFKRD~QSRU KDFHU$KRUDELHQODSULPHUDFXHVWLyQDODTXHVHHQIUHQWDHOLQYHVWLJDGRUVHUtD¢TXpHV OD,$"/D,$VH SRGUtDGHILQLUVREUHODEDVHGHVXREMHWLYRILQDOTXHHVHOGHREWHQHU VLVWHPDVUDFLRQDOHVTXH DFW~HQ GHOPLVPRPRGRDFRPRORKDUtD OD SHUVRQDDODFXDO HVWiQVXVWLWX\HQGR(VWHSXQWRGHYLVWDGDUiRULJHQSRVWHULRUPHQWHDXQDPRGHOL]DFLyQ GHORVDJHQWHVLQWHOLJHQWHVVREUHODEDVHGHXQPRGHORKXPDQR>@'HHVWHPRGRVH SRGUtD GHFLU TXH OD LQWHOLJHQFLD DUWLILFLDO HV DSOLFDEOH HQ FXDOTXLHU VLVWHPD GRQGH LQWHUYHQJDXQVHUKXPDQR 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODJUDQJDPDGHVLVWHPDVHQORVTXHLQWHUYLHQHXQVHUKXPDQROD ,$KDLGRHVSHFLDOL]iQGRVHDORODUJRGHOWLHPSRHQFDGDXQRGHORVPLVPRV(QFDGD XQR GH HOORV VH KD LGR HPSOHDQGR XQD PHWRGRORJtD GLIHUHQWH WRPDQGR FRPR JXtD FULWHULRV GLIHUHQWHV (VWR VLQ GXGD VXSRQH XQ LQFRQYHQLHQWH SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR \ FRQVROLGDFLyQ GH HVWD LQFLSLHQWH WHFQRORJtD 'HELGR D HOOR YDULRV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV TXH WUDEDMDQ HQ HVWH FDPSR KDQ FRPHQ]DGR D HVWXGLDU HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQD PHWRGRORJtD XQLYHUVDODSOLFDEOHDWRGDODYDULHGDGGHVLVWHPDVTXHVHSXHGHQGDUHQODUHDOLGDG$Vt SXHV DSDUHFH XQD QXHYD FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD GH OD ,$ TXH HV OD TXH 9 -XOLiQ\9%RWWLGHQRPLQDQFRPRSDUDGLJPDGHDJHQWHV>@
(VWH QXHYR SDUDGLJPD VH EDVD HQ OD GHVDJUHJDFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD HQ XQLGDGHV DXWyQRPDV FDSDFHV GH FRRSHUDU \ FRRUGLQDUVH HQ SUR GHO ORJUR GH ORV REMHWLYRV GHO VLVWHPDHQVXFRQMXQWR 'H HVWH PRGR OD ,$ VHFRQYHUWLUiHQXQDWpFQLFDRULHQWDGDD DJHQWHV(VWRDSULRULQRVSXHGHKDFHUYHUXQDVLPLOLWXGFRQODLQJHQLHUtDGHVRIWZDUH RULHQWDGD D REMHWRV OD FXDO GHVDJUHJD OD FRPSOHMLGDG GHO SUREOHPD HQ HQWLGDGHV VRIWZDUH LQGHSHQGLHQWHV TXH VRQ ORV REMHWRV $Vt SXHV VH SXHGH HVWDEOHFHU XQ SDUDOHOLVPR HQWUH OD HYROXFLyQ GHVGH OD SURJUDPDFLyQ HVWUXFWXUDGD KDFLD OD SURJUDPDFLyQ RULHQWDGD D REMHWRV FRQ OD HYROXFLyQ TXH KD SUHVHQWDGR OD ,$ (VWD HYROXFLyQHQODFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQGHOSUREOHPDKDVLGRSRUVXSXHVWRUHFRJLGDSRUORV PiVLPSRUWDQWHVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVGHODPDWHULD7DOHVHOFDVRGH6WXDUW5XVVHOOHOFXDOKD DGDSWDGRVXOLEUR,QWHOLJHQFLD$UWLILFLDOXQHQIRTXHPRGHUQR DXQHQIRTXHRULHQWDGRD DJHQWHV +D\TXHGHFLUTXHHVWHQXHYRSDUDGLJPDHVWi D~QSRUFRQVROLGDUVHVLQHPEDUJR\D H[LVWHQ QXPHURVDV DSOLFDFLRQHV HQ ODV FXDOHV KD VLGR DSOLFDGR FRQ p[LWR WDQWR HQ VLVWHPDV VHQFLOORV FRPR SXHGDQ VHU ORV ILOWURV HPDLO FRPR HQ VLVWHPDV GH PD\RU FRPSOHMLGDG FRPR SXHGDQ VHU ORV GH FRQWURO GHO WUiILFR DpUHR OD JHVWLyQ GH UHGHV GH WHOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHVJHVWLyQGHIOXMRVGHSURGXFFLyQFRPHUFLRHOHFWUyQLFRGDWDPLQLQ PRQLWRUL]DFLyQPpGLFDHWF>@\>@ ¢4XpHVXQDJHQWH" 8QD YH] TXH HO SDUDGLJPD GH DJHQWHV KD VLGR DGPLWLGR SRU OD FRPXQLGDG GH LQYHVWLJDGRUHVGHOD,$QRVHGHEHSDUDUDTXtVLQRTXHKD\TXHLUXQSRFRPiVOHMRVHQ OD QRUPDOL]DFLyQ $O LJXDO TXH OD UHYROXFLyQ LQGXVWULDO VH SURGXMR JUDFLDV D OD HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHODIDEULFDFLyQSXGLHQGRGDUOXJDUDODIDEULFDFLyQGHJUDQGHVVHULHV ODUHYROXFLyQGHOD,$VHSURGXFLUiVyORVLVHSURGXFHXQDXQLILFDFLyQGHFULWHULRV'LFKD XQLILFDFLyQ GH FULWHULRV KD GH VHU WRWDO \ SDUD SRGHU FRQVHJXLUOD SULPHUR KDEUtD GH DOFDQ]DUVHXQFRQVHQVRDFHUFDGHOFRQFHSWRPiVHOHPHQWDOTXHVHUtDHOGHFyPRGHILQLU XQDJHQWH 8QD SULPHUD DSUR[LPDFLyQ GH DJHQWH VHUtD OD GH GHILQLUOR FRPR XQ HOHPHQWR LQIRUPiWLFRVLWXDGRGHQWURGHXQHQWRUQRHOFXDOORSHUFLEH\DFW~DVREUHpO\FX\RILQ HVHOGH ORJUDUORVREMHWLYRVSDUDORVTXHIXHGLVHxDGR3HURHVWDGHILQLFLyQVHUtDD~Q LQFRPSOHWDVLQRVHPDWL]DVHDOJRPiVVREUHFyPRORVDJHQWHVVHYDQDFRPSRUWDUSDUD DOFDQ]DUGLFKRVREMHWLYRV (QFXDQWRDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVEiVLFDVTXHKDGHSRVHHUXQDJHQWHODYLVLyQDSRUWDGD SRU-HQQLQJV\:RROGULGJH>@SDUHFHVHUORVXILFLHQWHPHQWHJHQpULFDFRPRSDUDDEDUFDU DWRGRVORVSRVLEOHVDJHQWHVTXHVHSXHGDQJHQHUDU\ORVXILFLHQWHPHQWHFRPSOHWD\FODUD FRPRSDUDSRGHUGLVFHUQLUHQWUHXQDJHQWH \ WRGRDTXHOORTXHQRVHSXHGHFRQVLGHUDU FRPRDJHQWH6HJ~QGLFKDYLVLyQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHXQDJHQWHVHUtDQODVVLJXLHQWHV x$XWRQRPtD (VWRVLJQLILFDTXHXQDJHQWHSXHGHVHUFDSD]GHWHQHUFRQWUROVREUH VXV SURSLDV DFFLRQHV \ VREUH VX HVWDGR LQWHUQR WRGR HOOR VLQ QHFHVLGDG GH LQWHUYHQFLyQKXPDQDQLGHRWURVDJHQWHV (VWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD HVWDEOHFHXQDFODUDGLIHUHQFLD HQWUH OR TXH HVXQDJHQWH R VLPSOHPHQWHXQREMHWR0LHQWUDVTXHHQODSURJUDPDFLyQRULHQWDGDDREMHWRVXQ REMHWR$SXHGHLQYRFDUDXQPpWRGRGHXQREMHWR% GHWDOPRGRTXHHVWH~OWLPR QR WLHQH QLQJ~Q FRQWURO VREUH OD HMHFXFLyQ GHO PpWRGR HQ OD WHFQRORJtD GH ORV
DJHQWHV VLXQDJHQWH ; TXLHUH TXHRWURDJHQWH <HMHFXWHXQDDFFLyQHOSULPHUR GHEHUi UHDOL]DU XQD SHWLFLyQ GLULJLGD D < \ VHUi HVWH ~OWLPR TXLHQ GHFLGD VL VH HMHFXWDHVDDFFLyQ\HOPRGRHQFyPRKDGHHMHFXWDUVH x)OH[LELOLGDG HVWHFRQFHSWRSRGUtDVHUFRQVLGHUDGRGHXQPRGRPX\DPSOLRFRQ ORFXDOYDDVHUSUHFLVRDFRWDUORGHDOJ~QPRGR$VtSXHVSRUIOH[LEOHVYDPRVD HQWHQGHUVLVWHPDVTXHUH~QDQODVVLJXLHQWHVFXDOLGDGHV 5HDFWLYLGDG ORV DJHQWHV SXHGHQ SHUFLELU VX HQWRUQR HO FXDO SXHGH VHU HO PXQGRUHDOXQXVXDULRXQDFROHFFLyQGHDJHQWHVXQDEDVHGHGDWRV,QWHUQHW HWF\UHVSRQGHUHQODIRUPDDGHFXDGDDORVFDPELRVTXHVHKDQSURGXFLGRHQ pOWRGRHOORVLQSUHFLVDUGHODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHXQWHUFHUR 3URDFWLYLGDGHVWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDHVODTXHGHDOJXQDPDQHUDKDFHUHIHUHQFLDD XQDFDSDFLGDGGHDQWLFLSDUVHDOGHVHQODFHGHORVKHFKRVWRPDQGRLQLFLDWLYDV VLHPSUHRULHQWDQGRVXFRPSRUWDPLHQWRDODFRQVHFXFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRVTXH WLHQHDVLJQDGRV 'HHVWHPRGRORVDJHQWHVQRVyORDFW~DQHQUHVSXHVWDD ORV HVWtPXORVGHOHQWRUQR &DSDFLGDG GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ ORV DJHQWHV SXHGHQ LQWHUDFWXDU FXDQGR VHD QHFHVDULRFRQRWURVDJHQWHVFRQHOILQGHFRPSOHWDUVXSURSLDWDUHD\D\XGDUD FRPSOHWDU VXV WDUHDV D RWURV DJHQWHV 8Q DJHQWH GHEH VHU FDSD] GH SRGHU HQWDEODU FRPXQLFDFLyQ FRQ RWURV DJHQWHV D WUDYpV GH XQ OHQJXDMH GH FRPXQLFDFLyQGHDJHQWHV$&/$JHQW&RPPXQLFDWLRQ/DQJXDMH $VtSXHVFDGDYH]TXHVHKDEOHGHDJHQWHVLQWHOLJHQWHVRVLPSOHPHQWHGHDJHQWHVVH VREUHHQWHQGHUi TXH VH HVWi KDEODQGR GH HQWLGDGHV TXH UH~QHQ ODV FXDOLGDGHV DQWHV FLWDGDV(VWRQRH[LPHGHTXHDOJXQRVDJHQWHVSXHGDQWHQHURWUDVFXDOLGDGHVDGLFLRQDOHV GHSHQGLHQGRGHVXVDSOLFDFLRQHVSDUWLFXODUHVSRUHMHPSORPRYLOLGDGRDGDSWDELOLGDG SHURVHUiQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDQWHVFLWDGDVODVTXHVHUiQFRPXQHVDWRGRVORVDJHQWHVHQ PD\RURPHQRUJUDGR $ SDUWLU GH HVWRV SODQWHDPLHQWRV UHDOL]DGRV SRU -HQQLQJV \ :RROGULGJH DOJXQRV DXWRUHVKDQYHQLGRDSXQWDQGRRWUDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVFXDOHVDOJXQDVGHHOODVORTXH KDFHQHVPDWL]DUDOJXQDGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVEiVLFDVDQWHULRUHVHMODDGDSWDWLYLGDGVH SXHGHFRQVLGHUDUFRPRXQWLSRSDUWLFXODUGHUHODFLyQVRFLDO\HQRWUDVORTXHDSXQWDQ VRQFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVGHDOJ~QWLSRSDUWLFXODUGHDJHQWHHMODPRYLOLGDGGHORVDJHQWHV PyYLOHVSHURTXHHQHOFDVRGHTXHQRVHFXPSOLHVHQQRWLHQHSRUTXpFRQFOXLUTXHQR VHWUDWDGHXQDJHQWH1RREVWDQWHFRQYLHQHKDFHUPHQFLyQDHOODVWDOFRPRVHKDFHHQ ORVWUDEDMRVUHDOL]DGRVSRU)UDQNOLQ>@\1ZDQD>@FRPRVRQ &RQWLQXLGDG WHPSRUDO HO DJHQWH HV XQ SURFHVR VLQ QLQJ~QWLSR GH OLPLWDFLyQ WHPSRUDO $XWRQRPtD HO DJHQWH DFW~D VREUH OD EDVH GH VX SURSLR FULWHULR \ HQ OD SHUFHSFLyQTXHWLHQHGHVXHQWRUQR 6RFLDELOLGDG HO DJHQWH SXHGH FRPXQLFDUVH FRQ RWURV DJHQWHV R LQFOXVR FRQ RWUDVHQWLGDGHV 5DFLRQDOLGDGHODJHQWHKDFHVLHPSUH³ORFRUUHFWR´VLHPSUHVHJ~QVXFULWHULR
5HDFWLYLGDG HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH ORV DJHQWHV HQ SDUWH HVWi UHJLGR SRU ORV FDPELRVSURGXFLGRVHQHOHQWRUQRHQHOTXHHVWi LQPHUVRORVFXDOHVORVYDD SHUFLELU 3URDFWLYLGDGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHXQDJHQWHHVWDOTXHHVFDSD]GHFRQWURODU VXVSURSLRVREMHWLYRVDSHVDUGHFDPELRVHQHOHQWRUQR $GDSWDELOLGDG HVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRQHODSUHQGL]DMHTXHXQDJHQWHHVFDSD]GH UHDOL]DU\VLSXHGHFDPELDUVXFRPSRUWDPLHQWREDViQGRVHHQHVHDSUHQGL]DMH 0RYLOLGDG FDSDFLGDG GH XQ DJHQWH GH WUDVODGDUVH D WUDYpV GH XQD UHG WHOHPiWLFD 9HUDFLGDG VH VXSRQH TXH XQ DJHQWH QR FRPXQLFD LQIRUPDFLyQ IDOVD D SURSyVLWR %HQHYROHQFLD FRQ HVWR OR TXH VH REVHUYD HV TXH XQ DJHQWH HVWi GLVSXHVWR D D\XGDUDRWURVVLHPSUH\FXDQGRHVWRQRHQWUHHQFRQIOLFWRFRQVXVREMHWLYRV 6LVWHPDPXOWLDJHQWH 6LVWHPD PXOWLDJHQWH HV XQ FRQMXQWR GH DJHQWHV DXWyQRPRV JHQHUDOPHQWH KHWHURJpQHRV \SRWHQFLDOPHQWHLQGHSHQGLHQWHVTXHWUDEDMDQHQFRP~QUHVROYLHQGRXQ SUREOHPD>@ (O HVWXGLR GH ORV VLVWHPDV PXOWLDJHQWH VH HQFXDGUD GHQWUR GHO FDPSR GH OD LQWHOLJHQFLDDUWLILFLDOGLVWULEXLGDODFXDOVHEDVDHQODGHVFRPSRVLFLyQGHOSUREOHPDHQ SURFHVRV FRRSHUDQWHV TXH FRPSDUWHQ FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ VX SURFHVDPLHQWR GH XQ PRGR GHVFHQWUDOL]DGR /DVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPiVUHOHYDQWHVGHORVVLVWHPDVPXOWLDJHQWHVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV>@ &RRSHUDFLyQHVHOSURFHVRSRUHOTXHFLHUWRVDJHQWHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVJHQHUDQGHEHUHV PXWXDPHQWHGHSHQGLHQWHVHQDFWLYLGDGHVFRQMXQWDV 5HVROXFLyQ GH FRQIOLFWRV GHELGR D OD FRH[LVWHQFLD GH YDULRV DJHQWHV GHQWUR GH XQ VLVWHPD PXOWLDJHQWH SXHGHQ GDUVH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV TXH GHVHPERTXHQ HQ FRQIOLFWRV 'LFKDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVSXHGHQVHUYDULDV\GLYHUVDVFRPRTXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRORFDO HV LQFRUUHFWR R LQFRPSOHWR VH GD XQD FRH[LVWHQFLD GH PHWDV GLIHUHQWHV KD\ GLIHUHQWHVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQGHVROXFLRQHVORVUHFXUVRVHVWiQOLPLWDGRVHWF 'LFKRV FRQIOLFWRV VRQ JHVWLRQDGRV \ UHVXHOWRV D WUDYpV GH QHJRFLDFLyQ OR FXDO SRUXQODGRSURSLFLDUiXQLQWHUFDPELRGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXHPHMRUDUiODUREXVWH]\OD LQWHJUDFLyQGHOVLVWHPD\SRURWURODGROOHYDUiDVROXFLRQHVJOREDOPHQWHySWLPDV 1HJRFLDFLyQ VHUi HO PHFDQLVPR TXH D SDUWLU GH YDULDVSHUFHSFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHV GLIHUHQWHVGHFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDXQSXQWRGHHQFXHQWURTXHPD[LPLFHODXWLOLGDG GHO VLVWHPD JOREDO 3DUD FRQVHJXLU HVWR H[LVWHQ HVTXHPDV GH QHJRFLDFLyQ \ UHODMDFLyQ GH PHWDV FRPR HO GH =ORWNLQ \ 5RVHQVFKHLQ \ WDPELpQ H[LVWHQ PHFDQLVPRVGHDUELWUDMH FRPRHOGH/HVVHU\6\FDUD>@ (OSURFHVRGHODQHJRFLDFLyQVLJXHORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV
/RVDJHQWHVLQYROXFUDGRVHQHOSURFHVRKDFHQSURSXHVWDV /DVSURSXHVWDVVHPRGLILFDQVHJ~QDYDQ]DODQHJRFLDFLyQGHPRGRTXHODV SURSXHVWDVVXEVLJXLHQWHVQRSXHGHQVHUPiVH[LJHQWHVTXHODVDQWHULRUHV\ DVtODVSRVWXUDVVHYDQDFHUFDQGRSDVRDSDVR /D QHJRFLDFLyQ ILQDOL]D FXDQGR R ELHQ VH KD FUHDGR XQ SODQ FRQMXQWR R ELHQKD\ XQEORTXHRPXWXRWHQLHQGRTXHUHFXUULUDRWURSURFHGLPLHQWRGH QHJRFLDFLyQ GLIHUHQWH R ELHQ VH SURGXFH XQD DSHODFLyQ D XQ DJHQWH FRRUGLQDGRUTXHSXHGHPRGLILFDUPHWDVRUHODMDUODVUHVWULFFLRQHV &RPSDUWLFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR SDUDORFXDOVHUHTXLHUHGHXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRP~Q SDUD WRGRV ORV DJHQWHV RQWRORJtDV \ GH XQRV SURWRFRORV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQFRPXQHVSDUDORVDJHQWHV 6LVWHPDVPXOWLDJHQWHHQOD*HVWLyQGHOD3URGXFFLyQ /D JOREDOL]DFLyQ GH OD HFRQRPtD OD UDSLGH] GH OD HYROXFLyQ WHFQROyJLFD \ OD H[LJHQFLDGHFDOLGDGSRUSDUWHGHORVFOLHQWHVQRVyORHQHOiPELWRGHODVSUHVWDFLRQHV VLQRWDPELpQHQFRVWHV\SOD]RVGHSURGXFFLyQHVWiQWUD\HQGRFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDTXH ORV HVWLORV WUDGLFLRQDOHV GH JHVWLyQ HPSUHVDULDO VH YHDQ GHVERUGDGRV \D TXH VX FRQFHSFLyQ LPSLGH TXH WDOHV VLVWHPDV VH DGDSWHQ D ODV QHFHVLGDGHV UiSLGDPHQWH FDPELDQWHV TXH VH GHULYDQGH OD QXHYDHFRQRPtD$TXtHVGRQGHODWHFQRORJtDGHORV DJHQWHV LQWHOLJHQWHV SURSRUFLRQD XQD PDQHUD QDWXUDOGH VXSHUDU WDOHVSUREOHPDV \ XQ PRGRGHGLVHxDUHLPSOHPHQWDUHQWRUQRVGHSURGXFFLyQGLVWULEXLGRVLQWHOLJHQWHVGRWDGRV GHXQDPD\RUIOH[LELOLGDG 'HHVWHPRGRDOJXQRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVDSOLFDQODWHRUtDGHORVDJHQWHVLQWHOLJHQWHVD ORV SUREOHPDV HPSUHVDULDOHV WDOHV FRPR OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ DO VLVWHPD HPSUHVDULDOJHVWLyQGHODFDGHQDGHVXPLQLVWURVSODQLILFDFLyQSURJUDPDFLyQ\FRQWURO GHODSURGXFFLyQDSURYLVLRQDPLHQWRVHWF &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHVPXOWLDJHQWHHQORVVLVWHPDVSURGXFWLYRV /RV VLVWHPDV SURGXFWLYRV KDQ GH VHU FDSDFHV GH GHVHQYROYHUVH HQ XQ HQWRUQR PX\ FDPELDQWH\ PX\ H[LJHQWHHQFXDQWRDFDOLGDGFRVWH\ SOD]RVGHIDEULFDFLyQSDUDOR FXDOVHQHFHVLWDTXHVHDQPX\IOH[LEOHV\TXHHVWpQRULHQWDGRVWDQWRDODKRUURGHFRVWHV FRPR D JDUDQWL]DU ODV SUHVWDFLRQHV GH ORV SURGXFWRV FRPR D FXPSOLU FRQ ORV SOD]RV WHPSRUDOHVPDUFDGRV$VtSXHVORVQXHYRVVLVWHPDVGHJHVWLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQKDQGH FXPSOLUFRQORVVLJXLHQWHVUHTXLVLWRV x,QWHJUDFLyQHPSUHVDULDO ODLQWHJUDFLyQGHWRGRVORVVXEVLVWHPDVGHODHPSUHVD DUWLFXODGRV HQ ORV GLIHUHQWHV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH OD PLVPD PDUNHWLQJ ILQDQ]DV SURGXFFLyQFDOLGDGDSURYLVLRQDPLHQWRV\ ODGHORVGLIHUHQWHVSDUWQHUVGHOD HPSUHVD GHQWUR GHO VLVWHPD HV IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD OD FRPSHWLWLYLGDG GH OD HPSUHVD (OOR JDUDQWL]DUi HQ WRGR PRPHQWR OD SHUVHFXFLyQ GHO REMHWLYR FRUSRUDWLYRGHODHPSUHVDSRUSDUWHGHWRGRV\FDGDXQRGHORVFRPSRQHQWHVTXH IRUPDQSDUWHGHODPLVPD\DGHPiVXQDUDSLGH]HQODFDSDFLGDGGHUHVSXHVWDGH PHUFDGRTXHGRWDUiDODHPSUHVDGHGLFKRFDUiFWHUFRPSHWLWLYR
x2UJDQL]DFLyQ GLVWULEXLGD HVWR HV FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OR DQWHULRU \D TXH SDUD FRQVHJXLU XQD EXHQD LQWHJUDFLyQ GHQWUR GH ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV VH QHFHVLWDUi GH EDVHV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR GLVWULEXLGDV FDSDFHV GH UHODFLRQDU OD GHPDQGD ILQDO FRQ ORV UHFXUVRV GH TXH GLVSRQH OD HPSUHVD WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD FDSDFLGDG GH OD PLVPD x(QWRUQRV KHWHURJpQHRV ORV VLVWHPDV GH JHVWLyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ KDQ GH VHU FDSDFHVGHDGDSWDUVRIWZDUH\KDUGZDUHKHWHURJpQHR(VWRHVDVtELHQSRUTXHODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO SURSLR VLVWHPD DVt OR H[LJHQ ELHQ GHELGR D TXH VH KDQ LGR LQWHJUDQGR GLIHUHQWHV VLVWHPDV D OR ODUJR GHO WLHPSR FDGD XQR GH HOORV GH GLIHUHQWH WHFQRORJtD HQ OR TXH VH GHQRPLQDQ ORV VLVWHPDV KHUHGDGRV FRPR VH PXHVWUDHQHOHMHPSORGHOD)LJXUD )LJXUDVLVWHPDGHSURFHVDGRGHSHWLFLRQHVGHVHUYLFLRGHXQDFRPSDxtDWHOHIyQLFD SXQWHUDGH86$>@ x,QWHURSHUDWLYLGDG HO KHFKR GH WUDEDMDU HQ HQWRUQRV KHWHURJpQHRV SODQWHDUi XQD GLILFXOWDG DGLFLRQDO D ORV VLVWHPDV GH JHVWLyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ \ HV OD GH OD LQWHURSHUDWLYLGDG'LIHUHQWHVVLVWHPDVSXHGHQHPSOHDUGLIHUHQWHVOHQJXDMHV(VWR VLQ HPEDUJR QRVHUiXQD WUDEDHQXQ HQWRUQRPXOWLDJHQWH\DTXHOR~QLFR TXH VHUiSUHFLVRVHUiXWLOL]DUHOPLVPRSURWRFRORGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHV VLVWHPDV \D TXH FDGD DJHQWH SXHGH OOHYDU LQFOXLGRV PyGXORV GH WUDGXFFLyQ GH GDWRV x(VWUXFWXUDDELHUWD\GLQiPLFD HVORTXHOHYDDSHUPLWLUDOVLVWHPDTXHVHSXHGDQ DxDGLU QXHYRV PyGXORV R VH SXHGDQ HOLPLQDU DOJXQRV GH ORV H[LVWHQWHV PDQWHQLHQGR XQD SHUIHFWD LQWHJUDFLyQ 3DUD HOOR VH UHTXLHUH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH DUTXLWHFWXUDVVRIWZDUHDELHUWDV\GLQiPLFDV
x&RRSHUDFLyQ DOVLVWHPDQRVyORVHOHSHGLUiFDSDFLGDGGHFRRSHUDUVLQRTXHpVWD KD GH SURGXFLUVH GH XQD PDQHUD iJLO SDUD OR FXDO HV IXQGDPHQWDO TXH OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV GH OD HPSUHVD \ ORV TXH OH URGHDQ SURYHHGRUHVFOLHQWHVVRFLRVHWF\VXLQWHURSHUDWLYLGDGVHDHILFD] x,QWHJUDFLyQ GHO SHUVRQDO FRQ HO VRIWZDUH \ HO KDUGZDUH OD SUHVHQFLD KXPDQD QXQFDSXHGHTXHGDUGHODGR\DTXHUHDOPHQWHODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHXQSURFHVR HQ ~OWLPR WpUPLQR UHFDHUi VREUH XQD SHUVRQD 'H DKt TXH VHD SUHFLVR FUHDU HQWRUQRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ ELGLUHFFLRQDOHV HQWUH HO SHUVRQDO \ HO VLVWHPD SDUD IDFLOLWDUODLQWHUDFFLyQ'LFKDLQWHUDFFLyQHVFRQYHQLHQWHTXHSXHGDSURGXFLUVHHQ FXDOTXLHU HWDSD GHQWUR GHO SURFHVR GH SURGXFFLyQSDUD SRGHU LQWHUYHQLUHQpO R VLPSOHPHQWHSDUDUHFDEDULQIRUPDFLyQ x$JLOLGDG SURGXFFLyQ iJLO HV OD FDSDFLGDG TXH WLHQH HO VLVWHPD GH DGDSWDUVH UiSLGDPHQWH D XQ HQWRUQR GH FRQWLQXRV FDPELRV LPSUHYLVWRV GH PRGR TXH VH UHGX]FDQDOPi[LPRORVFLFORVGHIDEULFDFLyQ\DVtSRGHUFXPSOLUFRQORVSOD]RV H[LJLGRVSRUORVFOLHQWHV3DUDFRQVHJXLUGLFKDDJLOLGDGORVVLVWHPDVGHJHVWLyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ GHEHQ VHU FDSDFHV GH SRGHU UHFRQILJXUDUVH IiFLOPHQWH H LQWHUDFWXDUFRQGLIHUHQWHVVLVWHPDV x7ROHUDQFLDDIDOORV WDQWRHOVLVWHPDFRPRFDGDXQRGHORVVXEVLVWHPDVTXHOR FRPSRQHQ KDQ GH VHU FDSDFHV GH GHWHFWDU IDOORV GHO VLVWHPD \ UHFXSHUDUVH GH HOORVPLQLPL]DQGRVXLPSDFWRHQHOHQWRUQRGHWUDEDMR 9HQWDMDV GH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH WpFQLFDV PXOWLDJHQ WH HQ OD JHVWLyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ /DDSOLFDFLyQGHODLQWHOLJHQFLDDUWLILFLDOSDUDODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHVROXFLRQHVHQORV VLVWHPDV SURGXFWLYRV HQ PXFKDV RFDVLRQHV KD IUDFDVDGR /DV WpFQLFDV RULHQWDGDV D DJHQWHV FRQVWLWX\HQ XQD QXHYD IRUPD GH FRQFHELU GLFKDV VROXFLRQHV TXH SRU VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVRQPX\DGDSWDEOHVDODJHVWLyQGHORVVLVWHPDVSURGXFWLYRV$VtSXHVHO &RQVRUFLR GH 6LVWHPDV GH 3URGXFFLyQ +ROyQLFRV +RORQLF 0DQXIDFWXULQJ 6\VWHPV &RQVRUFLXPLQIRUPH+06VHKDRULHQWDGRHVSHFtILFDPHQWHDLQYHVWLJDUVREUH ORVSUREOHPDVGHJHVWLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQ\DGHVDUUROODUHOFRQWUROGHODSURGXFFLyQGHO VLJOR;;, /DSULQFLSDOGLILFXOWDGTXHSUHVHQWDHOSUREOHPDGHODJHVWLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQHVWi HQVXFDUiFWHUGLQiPLFR\DTXHWRGRVORVFDPELRVTXHVHSXHGHQGDUHQODGHPDQGDYDQ DH[LJLUXQDDOWDIOH[LELOLGDGDOVLVWHPDSDUDTXHpVWHSXHGDWHQHUODVHQFXHQWDHQWRGR PRPHQWR 3RU RWUR ODGR ODV FRQWLQXDV DOWHUDFLRQHV TXH VH SURGXFHQ HQ ORV SURFHVRV FRPR SXHGDQ VHU SDUDGDV SRU DYHUtDV IDOWDV GH VXPLQLVWURV HWF UHTXLHUHQ GH XQDV HVWUDWHJLDVGHFRQWUROUREXVWRGHPRGRTXHORVSURJUDPDVQRTXHGHQREVROHWRVDQWHVGH OOHJDUDODSODQWDSURGXFWLYD /DWpFQLFDGHORVVLVWHPDVPXOWLDJHQWHRIUHFHVROXFLRQHVSDUDHOGLVHxRGHVLVWHPDV GHSURGXFFLyQ GRWDGRVGHODIOH[LELOLGDG\ODUREXVWH]QHFHVDULDVSDUDSRGHUKDFHUIUHQWH D ODV GLILFXOWDGHV H[SXHVWDV HQ HO SiUUDIR DQWHULRU /D LGHD TXH VH SURSRQH HV OD GHO GLVHxRGHVLVWHPDVGHSURGXFFLyQIRUPDGRVSRUFRPSRQHQWHVDXWyQRPRVTXHFRQWURODQ VX SURSLD iUHD GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDG \ FDSDFHV GH FRRUGLQDU VXV DFWLYLGDGHV FXDQGR VHD QHFHVDULR
/D DSOLFDFLyQ GH ODVWpFQLFDVPXOWLDJHQWH D OD JHVWLyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQDSRUWD XQD VHULH GH YHQWDMDV TXH ODV VLW~DQ HQ XQD SRVLFLyQ SULYLOHJLDGD IUHQWH D RWUDV WpFQLFDV 'LFKDVYHQWDMDVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV (OHPSOHRGHXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDDWUDYpVGHXQPRGHORGLVWULEXLGR UHGXFHODFRPSOHMLGDGGHODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVDWUDYpVGHODGHVFHQWUDOL]DFLyQ SURSRUFLRQDQGRDGHPiVXQDPD\RUSUR[LPLGDGHQWUHHOPRGHOR\ODUHDOLGDG /DV WpFQLFDV GH FRRSHUDFLyQ SHUPLWHQ OD FRODERUDFLyQ HQ XQDOWR QLYHO GH DEVWUDFFLyQ HQWUH ORV GLIHUHQWHV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO VLVWHPD SURSRUFLRQDQGR DO VLVWHPD IOH[LELOLGDG HQ WpUPLQRV GH FRQILJXUDFLyQ \ WDPDxR SXGLHQGR DxDGLU QXHYRVHOHPHQWRVDOPRGHORRUHRUGHQDUGLFKRPRGHORGHXQDIRUPDIiFLO 6HSXHGHQDVLJQDUGLIHUHQWHVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQDFDGDDJHQWHGHPRGRTXH VHSRGUiQGDULQFRQVLVWHQFLDVSRUFRQWUDVWHVGHLQWHUHVHVTXHSRGUiQVHUUHVXHOWRV PHGLDQWHQHJRFLDFLyQ (O VLVWHPD SXHGH DGDSWDUVH D HYHQWRV LPSUHYLVWRV PHGLDQWH UHRUJDQL]DFLyQ DXWyQRPDGHOVLVWHPD 1LYHOHVGHDEVWUDFFLyQHQODFRQFHSFLyQGHVLVWHPDVPXOWLDJHQWHDSOLFDGRVDOD JHVWLyQGHORVVLVWHPDVSURGXFWLYRV 3DUD SRGHU FRPSUHQGHU DGHFXDGDPHQWH HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH FXDOTXLHU HPSUHVD \ DVtSRGHUPRGHODUXQVLVWHPDTXHVHHQFDUJXHGHVXJHVWLyQHVSUHFLVRSULPHUDPHQWH GLVFHUQLUFXDOHVFDGDXQDGHVXVHWDSDVRQLYHOHVGHDQiOLVLV$VtSXHVVLVHDQDOL]DQORV VLVWHPDVGHSURGXFFLyQSDUDVXSRVWHULRUPRGHOL]DFLyQVHSXHGHQREVHUYDUWUHVQLYHOHV GHDEVWUDFFLyQ HOQLYHOGHRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQHOFXDOLQFOX\HODSODQLILFDFLyQGHOD SURGXFFLyQ \ OD FRRUGLQDFLyQ GH OD SODQWD SURGXFWLYD GRQGH RWUDV SODQWDV R FRPSRQHQWHV GH XQD SODQWD YDQ D HVWDU UHSUHVHQWDGDV SRU DJHQWHV 6HUtD OR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOQLYHOHVWUDWpJLFR HO QLYHO GH SURJUDPDFLyQ GH DFWLYLGDGHV HQ XQD IDFWRUtD TXH HV GRQGH ORV DJHQWHV VH FRQILJXUDQ FRPR VLVWHPDV GLVWULEXLGRV GH SURJUDPDFLyQ \ FRQWURO FRPRVLVWHPDVGHIOXMRGHPDWHULDOHVFRPRVLVWHPDVGHSURGXFFLyQIOH[LEOHHWF 6HUtDORFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOQLYHOWiFWLFR\ HOQLYHOGHSURFHVR GRQGHORVDJHQWHVUHSUHVHQWDQORVGLVSRVLWLYRVGHSURFHVRGH ODSODQWDFRPRSXHGDQVHUFpOXODVGHSURGXFFLyQURERWVGHHQVDPEODMHFDELQDV GH SLQWDGR HOHPHQWRV GH WUDQVSRUWH HWF 6HUtD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DO QLYHO GH RSHUDFLRQHV $VtSXHVODDUTXLWHFWXUDGHFXDOTXLHUDSOLFDFLyQGHVLVWHPDVPXOWLDJHQWHDODJHVWLyQ GHODSURGXFFLyQKDGHFRQWHPSODUHVRVWUHVQLYHOHVGHDEVWUDFFLyQ &ODVLILFDFLyQGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHVPXOWLDJHQWHDORVVLVWHPDVSURGXFWLYRV (QHVWDVHFFLyQVHYDKDKDFHUXQDFODVLILFDFLyQHQGRVFDWHJRUtDVGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHV GHVLVWHPDVPXOWLDJHQWHDODJHVWLyQHPSUHVDULDO'LFKDFODVLILFDFLyQVHUi
,QWHJUDFLyQ(PSUHVDULDO\*HVWLyQGHOD&DGHQDGH6XPLQLVWURV 3ODQLILFDFLyQ3URJUDPDFLyQ\&RQWUROGHOD3URGXFFLyQ $SOLFDFLRQHV SDUD OD ,QWHJUDFLyQ (PSUHVDULDO \ OD *HVWLyQ GH OD &DGHQD GH 6XPLQLVWURV /D ,QWHJUDFLyQ (PSUHVDULDO WLHQH XQ VLJQLILFDGR GH LQWHUFRQH[LyQ HQWUH WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH IRUPDQ SDUWH GH XQD HPSUHVD GH PRGR TXH FDGD XQR GH HOORV SXHGD REWHQHULQIRUPDFLyQGHOUHVWRSDUDORJUDUXQGHVHPSHxRFRUUHFWRGHVXVWDUHDV$GHPiV GH HVWH PRGR VH SRGUi FRQRFHU FXDO YD D VHU OD LQFLGHQFLD GH ODVDFFLRQHV TXH WRPH VREUHHOUHVWRGHOVLVWHPDVLHQGRLQIRUPDFLyQGHJUDQXWLOLGDGSDUDSRGHUDOFDQ]DUORV REMHWLYRVJOREDOHV 5HVSHFWRDOD*HVWLyQGHOD&DGHQDGH6XPLQLVWURVTXHYDDHVWDUFRPSXHVWDSRUOD SURSLDSODQWDSURYHHGRUHVDOPDFHQHVGLVWULEXLGRUHV \ GHWDOOLVWDVKD\ TXHUHVDOWDUVX LPSRUWDQFLDHFRQyPLFDSDUDPXFKDVHPSUHVDV8QDEXHQDJHVWLyQHQHVWHVHQWLGRSXHGH UHEDMDU ORV FRVWHV GH SURGXFFLyQ FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH 3DUD HO GHVHPSHxR GH GLFKD JHVWLyQORVVLVWHPDVPXOWLDJHQWHVHDGHFXDQGHXQDIRUPD PX\ QDWXUDO\DTXHYDQD WUDEDMDUFRPRXQDUHGGLVWULEXLGDHQODTXHFDGDQRGRYDDHVWDUUHSUHVHQWDGRSRUXQ DJHQWH $FRQWLQXDFLyQHQODWDEODVHPXHVWUDQDOJXQRVGHORVSUR\HFWRVPiVLQWHUHVDQWHV FRQ VXV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV HQODFHV R UHIHUHQFLDV TXH SXHGHQ VHU HQFXDGUDGRV HQ HVWD FDWHJRUtD 3UR\HFWR *UXSR,QYHVWLJDGRU $UHD &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV $%0$ %XGHQVNHHWDO $UFKLWHFWXUH7HFK&R ,QWHJUDFLyQ(PSUHVDULDO $UTXLWHFWXUD0LGGOHZDUH $'( 0HKUD\1LVVHQ *HQV\P&R *HVWLyQGHOD&DGHQDGH 6XPLQLVWURV 8VRGHHYHQWRVEDVDGRVHQ GHOHDFLyQWUDWDGRVGHIRUPD SDUHFLGDD-DYD%HDQV $,06 3DUNHWDO /RFNKHHG0DUWLQ 3URGXFFLyQ)OH[LEOH 8WLOL]DFLyQGH,QWHUQHW $73 1LVW 1,67 3URGXFFLyQ)OH[LEOH 0DUFR3OXJDQG3OD\ &,,03/(; 3HQJHWDO 80%& ,QWHJUDFLyQ(PSUHVDULDO $JHQWHVGH6HUYLFLR &/$,0 0DONRXQ\.HQGDOO 50,7 ,QWHJUDFLyQ(PSUHVDULDO 0HWRGRORJtDSDUDOD,QWHJUDFLyQ (PSUHVDULDOXWLOL]DQGRDJHQWHV &26< %XUPHLVWHUHWDO 'DLPOHU%HQ] ,QWHJUDFLyQ(PSUHVDULDO $UTXLWHFWXUD%', ,$IUDPHZRUN 3DQ\7HQHQEDXP (,7>@ ,QWHJUDFLyQ(PSUHVDULDO *UDQQ~PHURGH$JHQWHVFRPR DVLVWHQWHVFRPSXWHUL]DGRV ,$2 .ZRN\1RUULH 8GH&DOJDU\ 3URGXFFLyQ,QWHOLJHQWH 'HVDUUROORGHVRIWZDUHGH SURGXFFLyQLQWHOLJHQWH ,'&66 .OHLQ &660,7 ,QJHQLHUtDFRQFXUUHQWH 8QPRGHORLQWHJUDGRTXH FRPELQDODH[LVWHQWHWHFQRORJtDGH FRRUGLQDFLyQ ,6&0 )R[HWDO 8GH7RURQWR *HVWLyQGHOD&DGHQDGH 6XPLQLVWURV (VTXHOHWRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGH DJHQWHV$%6 /HQJXDMHGHFRRUGLQDFLyQ &22/ $JHQWHVIXQFLRQDOHV .5$)7 *UD\HWDO .5$)7FRQVRUWLXP 5HXWLOL]DFLyQGHO FRQRFLPLHQWR 0HGLDGRUHVFRPRDJHQWHVGH FRQRFLPLHQWR 0DGHIDVW &XWNRVN\HWDO 6WDQIRUG ,QJHQLHUtDFRQFXUUHQWH 8WLOL]DFLyQGH,QWHUQHW 0$'(VPDUW -KDHWDO %RHLQJ ,QJHQLHUtDFRQFXUUHQWH $JHQWHVHQYROWRULRSDUDOD HQFDSVXODFLyQGHVLVWHPDV KHUHGDGRV
>@ 0XUWK\ 6 $NNLUDMX 5 5DFKOLQ - DQG :X ) ³$JHQW%DVHG &RRSHUDWLYH 6FKHGXOLQJ´ 3URFHHGLQJV RI $$$, :RUNVKRS RQ &RQVWUDLQV DQG $JHQWV $$$, 3UHVV >@ 2XHOKDGM'+DQDFKL &DQG%RX]RXLD%³0XOWL$JHQW6\VWHPIRU'\QDPLF 6FKHGXOLQJ DQG &RQWURO LQ 0DQXIDFWXULQJ &HOOV´ :RUNLQJ 1RWHV RI WKH $JHQW %DVHG0DQXIDFWXULQJ:RUN6KRS0LQQHDSROLV01