The natural landscape as a strategic element in nature tourism management

Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 1 RGSA – Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental ISSN: 1981-982X Submission date: 03/02/2024 Acceptance date: 05/03/2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n8-104 Organization: Interinstitutional Scientific Committee Chief Editor: Éverton Hillig Assessment: Double Blind Review pelo SEER/OJS THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE AS A STRATEGIC ELEMENT IN NATURE TOURISM MANAGEMENT Carlos Mestanza-Ramón 1 José Luis Jiménez-Caballero 2 Estefania Segarra 3 Fausto Guapi 4 Carlos López 5 Luis Miguel Yaulema Brito 6 ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the natural landscape as a strategic element in nature tourism management, in order to understand its conceptual evolution, analyze its relationship with tourism activities and explore the processes of valorization and stereotyping of landscapes in the context of sustainable tourism development. Method: The methodology adopted for the research includes an exhaustive bibliographic search in high-impact databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, complemented with a search in regional databases in Spanish such as Scielo and Redalyc. The selected documents were subjected to a process of critical reading and content analysis to extract key concepts, theories and findings relevant to the study. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that the concept of landscape has evolved from a purely aesthetic and visual perspective to a more holistic understanding that encompasses social, cultural and economic dimensions. The discussion highlights the close relationship between natural landscape and tourism, with landscape serving as a key resource and attraction for nature-based tourism activities. The processes of valorization and stereotyping of landscapes are also explored, emphasizing their influence on tourists' perceptions and destination choice. Research Implications: The findings of this study have implications for sustainable tourism planning and management, especially in areas with significant natural and cultural landscapes. The research emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to landscape conceptualization and management, as well as the importance of considering landscape as a central element in the development of sustainable tourism products and experiences. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the relationship between natural landscape and nature tourism, bridging knowledge from diverse disciplines. Keywords: Sustainability, Biodiversity, Development, Environment. 1 Departamento Economía Financiera y Dirección de Operaciones, Universidad de Sevilla, 41018 Sevilla, Spain. E-mail: cmesta[email protected].cl Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2401-4151 2 Departamento Economía Financiera y Dirección de Operaciones, Universidad de Sevilla, 41018 Sevilla, Spain. E-mail: jj[email protected] Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3456-2960 3 Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca 220001, Ecuador. E-mail: [email protected] Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-3892 4 Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca 220001, Ecuador. E-mail: jj[email protected] Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3456-2960 5 Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca 220001, Ecuador. E-mail: [email protected] Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7455-0721 6 Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca 220001, Ecuador. E-mail: [email protected] Orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1547-4582 The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 2 A PAISAGEM NATURAL COMO ELEMENTO ESTRATÉGICO NA GESTÃO DO TURISMO DE NATUREZA RESUMO Objective: O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o papel da paisagem natural como elemento estratégico na gestão do turismo de natureza, de modo a compreender a sua evolução concetual, analisar a sua relação com as actividades turísticas e explorar os processos de valorização e estereotipagem das paisagens no contexto do desenvolvimento turístico sustentável. Método: A metodologia adoptada para a investigação inclui uma pesquisa bibliográfica exaustiva em bases de dados de alto impacto, como Scopus e Web of Science, complementada com uma pesquisa em bases de dados regionais em espanhol, como Scielo e Redalyc. Os documentos seleccionados foram submetidos a um processo de leitura crítica e análise de conteúdo para extrair conceitos-chave, teorias e conclusões relevantes para o estudo. Resultados e discussão: Os resultados revelaram que o conceito de paisagem evoluiu de uma perspetiva puramente estética e visual para uma compreensão mais holística que engloba dimensões sociais, culturais e económicas. A discussão salienta a estreita relação entre paisagem natural e turismo, com a paisagem a servir de recurso e atração fundamentais para actividades de turismo baseadas na natureza. Os processos de valorização e estereotipagem das paisagens são também explorados, salientando a sua influência nas percepções dos turistas e na escolha do destino. Implicações para a investigação: Os resultados deste estudo têm implicações para o planeamento e gestão do turismo sustentável, especialmente em áreas com paisagens naturais e culturais significativas. A investigação enfatiza a necessidade de uma abordagem multidisciplinar para a concetualização e gestão da paisagem, bem como a importância de considerar a paisagem como um elemento central no desenvolvimento de produtos e experiências de turismo sustentável. Originalidade/valor: Este estudo contribui para a literatura ao fornecer uma revisão abrangente e actualizada da relação entre a paisagem natural e o turismo de natureza, unindo conhecimentos de diversas disciplinas. Palavras-chave: Sustentabilidade, Biodiversidade, Desenvolvimento, Ambiente. EL PAISAJE NATURAL COMO ELEMENTO ESTRATÉGICO EN LA GESTIÓN DEL TURISMO DE NATURALEZA RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el papel del paisaje natural como elemento estratégico en la gestión del turismo de naturaleza, para comprender su evolución conceptual, analizar su relación con las actividades turísticas y explorar los procesos de valorización y estereotipación de los paisajes en el contexto del desarrollo del turismo sostenible. Método: La metodología adoptada para la investigación incluye una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva en bases de datos de alto impacto como Scopus y Web of Science, complementada con una búsqueda en bases de datos regionales en español como Scielo y Redalyc. Los documentos seleccionados fueron sometidos a un proceso de lectura crítica y análisis de contenido para extraer conceptos clave, teorías y hallazgos relevantes para el estudio. Resultado y discusion: Los resultados revelaron que el concepto de paisaje ha evolucionado desde una perspectiva puramente estética y visual hacia una comprensión más holística que abarca dimensiones sociales, culturales y económicas. La discusión destaca la estrecha relación entre paisaje natural y turismo, sirviendo el paisaje como recurso clave y atractivo para las actividades turísticas basadas en la naturaleza. También se exploran los procesos de valorización y estereotipación de los paisajes, haciendo hincapié en su influencia en las percepciones de los turistas y en la elección del destino. Implicaciones de la investigación: Los resultados de este estudio tienen implicaciones para la planificación y gestión del turismo sostenible, especialmente en zonas con paisajes naturales y culturales significativos. La investigación subraya la necesidad de un enfoque multidisciplinar para la conceptualización y gestión del paisaje, así como la importancia de considerar el paisaje como un elemento central en el desarrollo de productos y experiencias turísticas sostenibles. The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 3 Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio contribuye a la literatura al proporcionar una revisión exhaustiva y actualizada de la relación entre el paisaje natural y el turismo de naturaleza, reuniendo conocimientos de diversas disciplinas. Palabras clave: Sostenibilidad, Biodiversidad, Desarrollo, Medio Ambiente. RGSA adota a Licença de Atribuição CC BY do Creative Commons (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1 INTRODUCTION Nature tourism is directly related to development and sustainable tourism, and practically refers to natural habitats and their biodiversity, where natural parks, protected reserves, ecotourism, the rural environment, agrotourism and the involvement of the population belonging to the specific area of tourist implantation acquire great relevance(Kelly & Lu, 2021; Mandic & Petrić, 2021). This segment of tourism represents an enormous opportunity to contact with the natural and healthy roots that people need in the habitats in which they live, and can act as a compensation for the "comfort" of the polluted urban habitat and its stressful pace of life (Carvache-Franco et al., 2019). The development and progress of modern life have worn out the environment and acted with negative impacts through the conventional tourism model. With nature tourism comes ecotourism, which contributes to the conservation of the environment and its people and, although there is no shared definition, at least there is agreement on four basic ideas: 1) travel to pristine natural environments, 2) internalize the experience obtained in pure natural environments and in contact with local people, 3) promote the conservation of natural resources, and 4) educate in environmental and cultural values of the places visited(Canteiro et al., 2018; Honey et al., 2007). The ecotourist is a traveler who enjoys his leisure time with a sense of ethics that motivates him to participate in rehabilitation works in degraded places, and helps in tasks for the development of local populations (Mestanza-Ramón & Jiménez-Caballero, 2021; Zhou et al., 2021) In tourism studies, landscape should be considered more often as a tourism resource. The landscape is certainly a much more valuable resource than other tourism resources when it comes to consolidating a given tourism offer (Figure 1). It is, however, a more delicate resource than the others, because it is somewhat fragile and difficult to manage and because its recovery once degraded is very costly, if not imposible (Kelly & Lu, 2021). Although more delicate, the landscape is certainly a much more valuable resource than other tourism resources when it comes to consolidating a particular tourism offer. This is so because, ultimately, landscape is a The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 4 consubstantial element of the tourism phenomenon. Landscape and tourism are, therefore, two closely related realities. Figure 1 Landscapes; a) Natural landscape - San Rafael waterfall (Ecuador), nowadays disappeared possibly by anthropic actions. b) Urban landscape - Eiffel Tower (France), one of the most famous urban landscapes in the world. c) Rural landscape - Punta Gallinas (Colombia), the northernmost urban area in South America (a) (b) (c) Source: Prepared by the researchers The problem of landscape in general and its role in tourism in particular has been the object of scientific concern especially since the 1960s (Zoppi, 2020). The intervention of geography in its different phases of disciplinary development and, in general, the so-called earth sciences or environmental sciences, have incorporated in their development important contributions to their conceptualization and approach methodologies (Caamaño-Franco & Suárez, 2020). The same is true of the contributions of urban planning, landscape architecture, ecology, environmental sciences - in general - sociology and phenomenological psychology, among others (Hall, 2019). However, and despite these contributions, there are still difficulties of understanding and intervention, given the complexity and conceptual, methodological and The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 5 technical diversity it has acquired from its increasingly holistic consideration, the overcoming of its almost exclusive treatment as a mere aesthetic-visual-perceptual experience as an artistic phenomenon, and the growing need for a more open and convergent participation in terms of disciplines and actors at the time of its evaluation and intervention (Mooser et al., 2018). 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Regenerative Tourism: This is an innovative approach to tourism that goes beyond sustainability. It focuses on designing tourism experiences that not only minimize negative impacts, but also have a net positive impact on destinations at the environmental, social and economic levels. The goal is for tourism activity to actively help regenerate and enhance natural ecosystems, empower local communities and stimulate circular economies. This is achieved through practices such as habitat restoration, supporting community-led conservation initiatives, promoting sustainable local businesses, and educating travelers to be agents of positive change. Multisensory Landscapes: This concept recognizes that the experience of a landscape goes far beyond the visual. It proposes designing and promoting landscapes that actively engage all of the senses of visitors to create deeper and more memorable connections. In addition to the views, elements such as the sounds of nature, the aromas of the vegetation, the textures of the earth and the rich local gastronomy are emphasized. Interpretive trails, aromatic gardens, gastronomic experiences in the countryside and multisensory observation pavilions are some of the ways to implement this concept. The objective is to provide a more complete and nuanced appreciation of the landscapes, generating greater attachment and appreciation on the part of visitors. 3 METHODOLOGY In this research, the following methodology was established to respond to the objectives set out in this study: a literature review was carried out in high-impact databases such as Scopus and Web of Science. This search was complemented with an exploration of regional databases in Spanish, such as Scielo and Redalyc, in order to obtain a broader and more contextualized perspective of the topic addressed. The bibliographic review focused on the identification and analysis of scientific documents related to the evolution of the concept of landscape, the relationship between tourism and landscape, and the valorization and stereotypes of landscape The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 6 in the context of sustainable tourism development. Specific search criteria were applied, using relevant keywords such as “landscape”, “nature tourism”, “sustainable development”, “landscape valorization” and “landscape stereotypes”, among others. The selected documents were subjected to a process of critical reading and content analysis, extracting the most relevant concepts, theories and findings for the study, as well as the different perspectives and approaches used to address the relationship between tourism and landscape. 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 THE CONCEPT OF LANDSCAPE Initially, it is useful to recall the meaning commonly given to the term landscape. They are not usually very academic definitions, but they are interesting, since they recall the colloquial and everyday origin and use of the words, to which it is sometimes convenient to resort. One of the definitions of landscape given by a dictionary is "Extent of countryside seen from a site", "The countryside considered as a spectacle", "Painting representing an extension of countryside" (Hall, 2019). Landscape is here conceived as the visible and perceptible aspect of space. It is interesting to note that all these definitions imply the existence of an observer, of someone who contemplates and analyzes this portion of space from a given point of view. This observer will be, in our case, the tourist (Mooser et al., 2018). Landscape is here conceived as the visible and perceptible aspect of space. It is interesting to note that all these definitions imply the existence of an observer, of someone who contemplates and analyzes this portion of space from a given point of view. This observer will be, in our case, the tourist. In everyday usage of the term, landscape usually designates a spatial unit that exists as real and independent of an observer. In scientific disciplines such as geography, the term landscape was increasingly rejected because of theoretical deficits and its ambiguity, although it never completely ceased to be used (Blondel, 2006; Silva, 2006). Since the 1990s, the concept of landscape has increasingly made its way into human geographic research using socioconstructivist approaches. These socio-constructivist perspectives experienced their heyday in the course of the cultural turn, a major shift towards constructivist approaches in geography in general. This approach was ideal in tourism, as the process of construction constantly occurs before, during, and after the trip (Butler, 2017; Cucari et al., 2019). Landscape is a "way" of looking at a space and depends on the attributions of meaning that people negotiate in social interaction. When confronting a person with secondary information such as tourist advertising The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 7 or other forms of communication about landscapes (e.g., movies, social networks), stereotypical landscapes, so-called landscape stereotypes, emerge. They guide our ideas of spaces, which deviate from our native landscape (DeAngelis et al., 2020; Smith & Ram, 2017). However, these are not images of the world, but representations of the spaces we know. Landscape can be subdivided into four dimensions: social landscape (knowledge and ideas about landscape existing in society), individually actualized social landscape (individual knowledge and ideas about landscape), external space (objects of physical space) and appropriate physical landscape (objects of external space that are used to construct the landscape) (Smith & Ram, 2017; Vinky Rahman et al., 2018). On the other hand, the habitability of the landscape is the condition that supports the responsible articulation of the objectives of quality of the tourist experience (social welfare) and ecological balance. While sustainability is the condition that sustains the responsible articulation of the objectives of development of the tourism product system (production) and ecological balance (Kelly & Lu, 2021; Mestanza-Ramón & Jiménez-Caballero, 2021). Likewise, the availability and accessibility of the landscape is the condition that sustains the responsible articulation of the objectives of development of the tourism production system (production) and quality of stay and tourist experience of tourists, recreationists and residents (Farina, 2011; Melián Alzola et al., 2015). In this sense it is possible to interpolate the objectives and conditions expressed in the generic conceptual map of sustainable development, applicable to the conception of any responsible intervention of the territorial scenario and with the conceptual map of sustainable development of tourism. Integrated system in the articulation of the social, socio-cultural, economic-productive, and environmental dimensions that also integrate its holistic conception (Aguilar-Aguilar et al., 2015; Angamarca Monar, 2018). A similar conception can be transposed to a holistic and sustainable conception of the development of a system of sustainable tourism products included in product marketing (Lara Vasconez et al., 2022; Rocha & Ferreira da Silva, 2014). Thus it is possible to conceive a sustainable product development, where the landscape in tourist function forms a holistic entity that transcends the excluding physical-environmental and aesthetic-perceptual-artistic unidimensionality to include the socio-cultural and socio-economic dimensions. Thus, the landscape as a tourist function forms a macro-product or system of tourist products operable in the market that transcends the mere consideration of one more resource (Mandic & Petrić, 2021; Zagarkhorloo et al., 2021). In this way, the landscape as a tourist function forms a disciplinary corpus that transcends the directionality of a particular discipline, without prejudice to understanding the historical influence that geography and urbanism exerted on its conception. The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 8 It is significant to note that the definitions of the term landscape clearly respond to the idea of landscape that began to develop in Western European culture from the beginning of the 15th century (Ketter, 2021; Shao et al., 2020). Landscape relates to the artistic-pictorial representation of the visible world. Landscape indicates the scenic beauty seen by the viewer. The influence of this conception of landscape on our current conception of landscape is enormous. In our everyday language, the words "view", "panorama", "panoramic" and "landscape" are used interchangeably. It is as if the landscape could not exist without someone contemplating it (Butler, 2017; Caamaño-Franco & Suárez, 2020). Landscape is, therefore, a concept enormously impregnated with cultural and even ideological connotations. Landscape is not only the world as it is, but it is also, a construction, a composition of this world. Landscape is a way of seeing the world. The definition of landscape as simply the visible and perceptible aspect of space is interesting, but perhaps excessively generic. More specifically - and considering that we live in an extremely humanized world - the landscape should also be defined as the final and perceptible result of the dynamic combination of abiotic, biotic and anthropic elements, a combination that makes the whole unique and in continuous evolution (Caamaño-Franco & Suárez, 2020; Vanslembrouck & Van Huylenbroeck, 2005). In western latitudes the term landscape includes, necessarily, the anthropic factor: our landscape is, to a large extent, a cultural landscape. "Landscape" and "natural landscape" are not, therefore, two synonymous expressions, even though, often, when we speak of landscape, we tend to think exclusively of natural or, at least, non-urban landscapes. The expression "natural landscape" presupposes the existence of landscapes in which the action of man is null or insignificant: relief, climate and vegetation would be its only elements (Richards, 2001a; Shao et al., 2020). It is often forgotten that this type of landscape is practically non-existent in the Old Continent and less and less frequent in the rest of the world. The few truly natural landscapes existing today in Europe are limited to small marginal areas, which, because of their special characteristics, have not been or have been little inhabited and exploited by human societies(Mandic & Petrić, 2021; Richards, 2001a). The confusion between natural landscape is at the basis of the almost total bewilderment in which the treatment of landscape is found in this and other countries. It may have been more or less difficult and conflictive to achieve the protection of those landscapes in which human intervention has been null or minimal, but the fact is that they are being protected. In fact, this is where most of the efforts of the European and North American conservation movement have been directed over the last century (Gilbert & Van De Weerdt, 1991; Richards, 2001b). Society The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 9 and public authorities are fully aware of the unavoidable need to preserve these small areas of exceptional natural interest for the future, which has been translated into appropriate legislation. Contrary to or perhaps precisely as a result of this conservationist philosophy, there is no agreement, neither implicitly nor explicitly, on how to treat the rest of the territory from a landscape point of view. There is, in short, no real "landscape consciousness", which translates into an adequate body of legislation. This is the crux of the matter. If we recognize this intense anthropic action on the landscape and if we accept the intrinsic cultural value of this concept, it will probably be easier for us to approach the issue of the relationship between tourism and landscape correctly. 4.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM AND LANDSCAPE When opening a debate on the relationship between tourism and landscape, it is necessary to pay attention, albeit briefly, to the conceptual framework in which nature tourism and landscape develop (Jennings, 2004). No consensus has been reached on the definition of tourism. Partly because it has implications of different nature (socioeconomic, socio-cultural, territorial and anthropological). Also because it is subject to internal changes (in its organizational structure, and in its capacity to generate product) and demand (increasingly flexible and changing) (Meneghello, 2021). The processes of transformation have generated a more specialized and intensive tourism, which has an unquestionable impact on the space in which it is produced, and which has led to new developments and perceptions of tourist destinations. But this tourism changes and generates an imprecise relationship between leisure and tourism, which is subject to pernicious effects due to the problems derived from congestion and in which new destinations and products are incorporated (Jennings, 2004; Jiménez-García et al., 2020). The concepts of tourism, nature tourism and landscape lend themselves to interpretation and are subject to in-depth debate. There is agreement in assuming that, from the territorial point of view, tourism is developed in rural and natural landscapes. These natural activities (because there are several modalities involved and developed in this area) are associated with specific types of accommodation, with a demand with specific characteristics, and with certain types of products. This reality leads us to pay attention to one of the essential parts of the process: the territorial tourism resources in the natural environment, and in particular the role played by the landscape (Terkenli, 2014). Three fundamental elements come together in the process of building nature tourism: facilities, resources and demand. In the case of resources, The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management ___________________________________________________________________________ Rev. Gest. Soc. Ambient. | Miami | v.18.n.8 | p.1-20 | e07547 | 2024. 16 Blondel, J. (2006). 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