A Ramesside High Official of the Domain of Amun buried in Dra abu el-Naga

 ARamessideHighOfficialoftheDomainoftheAmunBuriedinDraAbuel-Naga 621 A Ramesside High Official of the Domain of the Amun Buried in Dra Abu el-Naga José M. Serrano* A tDraAbuel-NagaNorth,aroundtherock-cuttomb-chapelsofDjehuty(TT11)  andHery(TT12),theSpanishArchaeologicalMissionhasbeenworkingfor20years.1  Inadditiontotheexcavation,cleaningandrestorationofthesefunerarymonuments, manyarchaeologicallevelsandfindshavebeenbroughttolight.Theycoveralongperiodoftime fromtheMiddleKingdomandtheSecondIntermediatePeriodtotheremainsoftheimportant occupationofthispartofthenecropolisintheGraeco-Romanperiod.TheNewKingdomisone ofthemostactiveperiods,bothinthe18thDynasty—towhichthetombsofDjehutyandHery areattributed—andtheRamessideperiod.2Inthisarea,severaltombsanddocumentsrelated toindividualsfromtheselatterperiodsmentionedhavebeendiscovered.AmongthemisTutuia, “OverseeroftheCattleofAmun”,towhomthispreliminarystudyisdedicated. TutuiahasbeenknownsincethebeginningoftheSpanishmission’sworkbyanumberof stampedmud-bricks.Thesebricksareidentifiedwitharectangularstamp,inwhichthenameand thepositionofTutuiaarewritten.TheywerefoundscatteredacrossthesurroundingsofDjehuty’s tomb,inhighlydisturbedlevelsandwithheavilymixedmaterials,mainlyconcentratedtothe southandsouth-westofTT11’scourtyard.Thesebrickswereextensivelyreusedinlaterstructures, mainlyshafts,whichcouldindicateapossibledestructionofTutuia’soriginaltomb.Itslocation hasnotyetbeendetermined,butitismostlikelysouthofDjehuty’stomb(TT11).Thetypologyof themud-brickssuggeststhattheydatefromtheendof18thtothefirsthalfofthe19thDynasty.3 Alongwiththemud-bricks,aninterestingsetofTutuiashabtishasbeendiscovered.During thelastfourseasons(2016–2019),alargenumberoffragmentsofdifferenttypesofshabtiswere collected,apparentlyfromthesameset.Theshabtiswerescatteredinalargeareasouthwestof thecourtyardofDjehuty’stomb,againinhighdisturbedsackinglevels,wheremostofthesealed * Sevilla University. 1. This paper is part of the research project HAR2017-88671-R under the Spanish National Program for Scientific Research, Technology and Innovation. We would like to express our thanks to its director, Dr. José M. Galán, for his continuous support and guidance. 2. For some recent publications of the Spanish Archaeological Mission, see: Galán 2015; Galán 2017; Galán, Jiménez-Higueras 2015; García, Galán 2016; Díaz-Iglesias 2017; Meyer, Serrano 2017; Barahona-Mendieta 2018; Jiménez-Higueras 2020. 3. Galán 2008, pp. 167–169, pl. XXVI; Zenihiro 2019, no. 658/B.31. 622 JoséM.Serrano mud-brickswererecovered.Thevastmajorityoftheshabtifragments,about160,weremadeof terracotta,carefullypaintedwithbrightcolours,andgenerallyverywellpreserved.Almostallof themhaveatextcolumn,withthesignsinblackonayellow-goldbackground(fig.1).Typologically, theyaredatedfromtheendofthe18thDynastytotheearlyRamessideperiod(SetiIandthe beginningofthereignofRamessesII).4Thistypeofterracottashabtisisfarfromcommon,and theyarepossiblyimitatingcontemporarywoodenmodels.5 Theinscriptionoftheshabtishastwodifferentnames:oneofthemisTutuia(Tw-tw-ỉȝ),sometimes describedas“OverseeroftheCattleofAmun”,butinmostcases“StewardofAmun”.Theother nameinoursetofshabtisisNebmehyt(Nb-mḥyt),occupyingthesametwopositionspreviously mentioned.TherearenodifferencesbetweentheshabtiswiththenameofTutuiafromthoseof Nebmehyt,neitherintechniquenorindecorationandtypology.Itiscertainthatwearedealing withauniqueset,madeatasingletime,andpossiblyforthesameburialortomb.Nevertheless, theybeartwodifferentnames. Inadditiontotheterracottashabtis,wefoundfourwhitefaienceshabtifragments,ofidentical high-qualityandcarefulworkmanship.Thedetails,linesandtextarefilledwithadark,almost blackcolour;thehandsandfaceweremadeofredclay(fig.2).Onceagain,theparallelsleadus tothe19thDynastyortheearlyRamessideperiod.6Wecanreadononeofthesefragmentsthe nameofTutuia,“StewardofAmun”,whileonanotherwefindthenameNebmehyt,withthe sametitle.Finally,thereisasinglestonefragment,thebottompartofacalciteshabti,wherethe nameofNebmehytcanberead. Tutuiawasnotacompletestrangeruntilourfindings:wehavethenameofTutuia, “StewardofAmun”,inaCairopapyrus(no.65739),whichcontainsajudicialprocessrelatedto theacquisitionofslaves.Here,ourcharacterappearstohavelentanamountofmetaltopurchasea Syrianslave.AlanH.GardinerclearlydatesthepapyrustothefirsthalfofthereignofRamessesII, orevenearlier.ItcouldthereforebethesamepersonburiedinDraAbuel-Naga.7 ThereisalsoafaienceslabthatlinksthenameTutuia,“OverseeroftheCattleofAmun”,to thenameofRamessesII.Unfortunately,itisapieceoutofarchaeologicalcontext.Itprobably belongstoTutuia’sburialequipment,andinanycaseitallowsustoconfirmthechronologyof ourcharacterandtheshabtis.8 Inthefollowingpages,wewillpresentschematicallythemainhypothesisandlinesofresearch thatweareconductingonthissetofshabtis,andespeciallyontheidentityofitsowner. 4. For some parallels, see: Schlögl 2000, nos. 11–12; Cavillier 2016, nos. 27, 28, 29, and 64; and from the rich collection of the British Museum, see: BM EA 71252 (Ramesside), 33947 (19th Dynasty), 9451 ( Ramesside), 71242 (Ramesside), 55256 (Ramesside), 22809 (Ramesside), 9469 (Ramesside), 9454 (Ramesside), 15760–15761 (19th Dynasty, possibly the closer parallel), 9457 (19th Dynasty), 47802 (19th Dynasty), 9448 ( Ramesside), and 9481 (Ramesside). See also the valuable work of H. Schneider 1977, vol. I, chap. V, pp. 260–318. 5. For the Ramesside wooden shabtis as models for the terracotta ones, see: Reiser-Haslauer 1990, ÄS 831, 837 y 8492 (all from the 19th Dynasty), and the parallels from the British Museum: BM EA 8623, 8615, 8648, 8624, 8594, 8634, 8619, 8630, 8586, 8595, and 18670 (all Ramesside, mainly from the 19th Dynasty). 6. For some clear parallels in white faience, see: Schlögl 1990, no. 46 (end of 18th to the beginning of 19th Dynasty); Janes 2016, nos. 24 (19th Dynasty), 25 (19th Dynasty), 28 (Ramesses II); Reiser-Haslauer 1990, ÄS 1323ª. 7. Gardiner 1935; Ja. Janssen 1994. 8. KRI III, p. 346, no. 155.  ARamessideHighOfficialoftheDomainoftheAmunBuriedinDraAbuel-Naga 623 1. NAMES AND TITLES ThenameofTutuiaisnotverycommon.ItcanbelinkedtoacertaingroupofnamessuchasTuia, TiaorTiy.Thesenamesbecamepopulararoundthesecondhalfofthe18thandthebeginningof the19thDynasty.Althoughtherearesomemaleindividuals,thevastmajorityarefemalenames.9 TutuiacouldpossiblyberelatedtoEgyptianonomastictraditionsrelatedtohypochoristicssuch asTiti,Tetiandsimilars.However,itcouldalsobeanEgyptianadaptationofaforeignname, basedonaSemiticrootlikeDwdw/Twtw,plustheending–ỉȝ,whichisverycommoninforeign onomasticsoftheNewKingdom.10Thisisthecase,forexample,ofTutu,thewell-knownminister ofAkhenaten’stimeinchargeofrelationswiththeSyriankinglets.11Anditcouldbeunderlinedthat oneofthenamevariantsinourshabtis,Twtw,correspondstothenameofthisAmarnacharacter. Thislasthypothesiswouldpossiblybesupportedbythefactthat,apartfromthegeneraluse asafemininename,wehavefoundonlyfewmennamedTutuia,andalmostallofthemcould beofforeignorigin.Thus,onastelefoundatGizadatingfromtheperiodofSetiI,onecanread thenameofaTutuia,“ScribeoftheOffering-TableoftheLordoftheTwoLands”,aswellashis wifeandtwobrothers.Allthreehaveapparentlyforeignnames.Moreover,thestelapayshomage toadeityofSemiticorigin(Hwl/Hwr/Horon)introducedintoEgyptwiththeinfluxofforeign people,andlinkedtotheSphinxofGiza.ItiswellknownthattheMemphiteareaandtheeastern DeltaunderwentaremarkableinfluxofAsianpopulationduringtheNewKingdom.12Inanother stela,alsofromtheMemphiteareaanddatedtotheRamessideperiod,wefinda“Goldsmithof theLordoftheTwoLands,Tutuia”.Onthisstela,whichmentionsnolessthansevenmembers fromthesamefamilygroup,weagainfindanon-Egyptianonomastic.Itisinterestingtonotethat thisTutuiabearsasecondname,Mery-Ptah,inthiscasetypicallyEgyptian.13 RegardingNebmehyt’sname,itiscertainlyafairlyclearEgyptianname.Itismostlyconcentrated amongthemembersofthePharaoniceliteoftheendofthe18thandthe19thDynasty,especially inUpperEgypt. 14 Thisname,inreferencetothenorth,couldhavebeenchosentoexpressthe foreignextractionofitsholder,apossibilitythatopensanewlineofresearch.Aspointedout earlier,bothnames,TutuiaandNebmehyt,bearthesametitlesinoursetofshabtis.Theyappear alternatelyas“OverseeroftheCattleofAmun”and“StewardofAmun”,sometimesincluding theepithetwr(“Great”or“Senior”).Itisworthnotingtheprevalenceinoursetofshabtisofthe title“StewardofAmun”.Wearenotsureaboutwhichofthesetwotitlesimpliesgreaterdignity orprestige.Perhapsthetitle“OverseeroftheCattleofAmun”did,butwedon’tknowtowhat extentitimpliednomorethananhonorificdistinctionintheRamessideperiod.15 9. Ranke 1935-1952, vol. I, p. 377, no. 18 (Tỉȝ, mostly women), p. 378, no. 2 (Tỉy, only for women), no. 6 (Twỉȝ, mostly women), p. 379, no. 9 (Twỉw, only for women). 10. T. Schneider 1992, pp. 243–244, no. 521. 11. The tomb of Tutu was published by Norman de Garis Davies (1908, pl. XI–XX). 12. Hassan 1953, pp. 261–262. For the god Horon, see: Van Dijk 1989, passim. 13. Roeder 1924, pp. 145–147, no. 7279. 14. For some onomastic parallels, see: PM I, 1, p. 483, and PM I, 2, p. 858; Ranke 1935–1952, p. 185, no. 7; B.G. Davies 1999, pp. 35, 37, 237–238. 15. For these titles, see: Haring 1997 and Eichler 2005. 624 JoséM.Serrano Givenwhathadbeensaid,ourcurrentresearchworksonthepossibilitythatTutuiaand Nebmehytwereinfactthesamepersonwithtwonames:thefirstonecouldbeofforeignorigin; thesecondisanormalEgyptianname,alsocommonamonghighofficialsoftheendofthe18th andthebeginningofthe19thDynasty.Ourproposal,aforeignoriginforTutuia-Nebmehyt,fits wellwiththecosmopolitancharacterofEgyptduringtheNewKingdom.16 Moreover,itiseasytounderstandwhyTutuia-Nebmehyt,ifinfactthesameperson,chose tobeburiedneartheTT11:fromthebeginningofthe18thDynasty,thecenterandnorthof DraAbuel-NagabecameanimportantburialareaforthestaffoftheDomainofAmun,also knownas“thecourtyardofAmun”(wbȝ n Ỉmn).17 2. TYPOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SET OF SHABTIS OF TUTUIA-NEBMEHYT Whenwediscussthefuneraryuseofshabtis,weusuallyemphasizetwomaintopics,whichobviously coexistandareinterrelated:first,theshabtiasfuneraryfigurine,arepresentationofthedeceased,or finallyitssubstitute(asarepositoryoftheka).Thehigh-qualityshabtis,characterizedbyaparticular workmanshipandmadefromnoblematerials(stone,wood)couldberelatedtothisconcept. Ontheotherhand,shabtiscanobviouslybeunderstoodasservantsofthedeceased,assuming thetasksassignedtotheblesseddeadintheotherlife.Thisisoneofthereasonswhytheshabtis begantoincreaseinnumber,intothehundreds,intheRamessideperiod,andespeciallythe ThirdIntermediatePeriodonwards.Itwasatthistimethatthefaience,oritsclayimitation, becamepopular,aswellasothertechniquesindicatingmassivemanufacture,oftenofpoorquality andcrudeworkmanship.18 Thus,Tutuia-Nebmehyt’ssetofshabtisbelongstoaninterestingmomentoftheshabtiuseand evolution,betweentheendofthe18thandthefirsthalfofthe19thDynasty.Unfortunately,we haveveryfewundamagedtombsofprivateindividualsofthisperiod.Royaltombsshouldnotbe includedincomparisons,astheyareunique.Inanycase,theycouldhaveservedasmodelsinthe privatedomain.Thefactisthatatthebeginningofthe19thDynasty,wecanseeasignificantincrease inthenumberofshabtisamongtheburialequipment.Itisdifficulttobemoreaccurate,butitseems thatitgoesfrom2–4upto15–20shabtisintheprivateburialsofthe18thDynasty,toamuchhigher number(severaldozens,evenclosetoahundred)formanycasesintheearlyRamessideperiod.It shouldalsobenotedthatshabtisofdifferenttypesandqualityweremadeforthesamedignitary.19 AllthisfitsquitewellwiththeTutuia-Nebmehytshabtis:thefewwhite-faiencefigurines(just fourfragments),aswellasthecalciteone,constituteasmallsetofhighqualityworkmanship, whichcouldpossiblybeassociatedwiththetraditionofthefuneraryfigurinesorsmallstatuettes ofthedeceased.Conversely,thesetofterracottashabtis(morethan160fragments)isoneofthe 16. Jo Janssen 1964, pp. 50–62; Hirsch 2006, pp. 120–178. 17. Polz et al. 2012, pp. 125–127; Jiménez-Higueras 2020, p. 271. 18. J.F. Aubert, L. Aubert 1974, passim; H. Schneider 1977, vol. I, chap. v-vi (especially pp. 260–303); Stewart 1995, pp. 8–14. 19. J.F. Aubert, L. Aubert 1974, pp. 53–113; H. Schneider 1977, vol. I, pp. 260–303, 53-113; Podvin 1997, vol. II, pp. 7–8, 591–592, 621–622, 639, 654.  ARamessideHighOfficialoftheDomainoftheAmunBuriedinDraAbuel-Naga 625 firstexamplesofthesemassivesetsthatwewillfindinlaterperiods.Unlikethelatter,inwhich faience(orimitation)isthefavouritematerialandtechnique,theTutuia-Nebmehytshabtisare madefrompolychrome-paintedterracotta,perhapstoimitatetheincreasinglyuncommonwooden models,whicharemoreexpensiveandlesssuitableformassproduction.20 Regardingthetexts,itshouldbestressedthatononlyfiveshabtisofoursetdowefindthe well-known“Shabti-Text”(Chap.VIoftheBook of Going Forth by Day).Moreover,itshouldalsobe notedthatwedonotfindonanyoftheTutuia-Nebmehytshabtistheusualshorttextcontainingonly thedeceased’snameandtheofficialfunctionprecededbythesimpletitleof“TheOsiris.”21Instead, whatweregularlyfindisthefuneraryformulaofjustification:ỉmȝḫw ḫr+adeity’sname(whichvaries ineverypiece)+thedeceased’snameandofficialposition.Itisimportanttolistthedeitiesinthis formula.Frommosttolessfrequent,wefind:1)theFourSonsofHorus(Imsety,Hapy,Kebehsenuef andDuamutef),2)Geb,3)Anubis,4)afalconwithoutstretchedwings,probablyDwn-ʿnwy,5)Thoth22. Thisis,inmyopinion,themostremarkableandunusualfeatureofourshabtis,withveryfew,if any,parallels,andanimportantstepinourongoingresearch.Ofcourse,thesedeitiesbelongtothe mostrelevantandcommonfunerarygods.Butwedonotusuallyfindthemmentionedontheshabtis. Itiscommontolinkthemasresponsiblefortheprotectionandpurityofthedeceased,especially ofhisbody.Theyarealsorelatedtothesuccessfuljudgementofthedead.Itiswellknownthat theFourSonsofHorusplayedtheroleofprotectorsofthedeceased’sbody,bothofthemummy inthecoffinandthebodypartsinsidethecanopicjars.23ThesamecanbesaidofAnubis.24While ThothandDwn-ʿnwyarerelatedtotheritualpurification,Geb,inhisroleasjudge,isoneofthe godsinchargeofgrantingtheblessedconditiontothedead.25 Butitshouldbenotedthatthisgroupofdeitiesistheonethatisusuallymentionedanddepicted inthecoffins’externaldecorationoftheperiod(18thand19thDynasties),includingprotective spellsforthebodyandblessingsforthehappydestinyofthedeceased.Moreover,thesegodsare usuallyrepresented,ormentionedintexts,inspecificplacesonbothsidesofthecoffins,possibly related,amongothersthings,withthecorrectorientationofthemummyintheburialchamber.26 Infact,theonlyparallelswecanfindarenotonshabtisthemselves,butinsomecoffinmodelsthat containthem.Moreover,thiscouldalsoberelatedtothefactthat,asinrealcoffins,someshabtis’ chestshavethe“Nutformula”engraved.27 20. See nn. 4-6, above. 21. For the origin, history and meaning of the texts decorating the shabtis, see: J.F. Aubert, L. Aubert 1974, passim; Stewart 1995, pp. 47–51; and the excellent study of H. Schneider 1977, vol. I, pp. 58–176. 22. Geb appears on six shabtis; Anubis on four; Dun-Anuy on three; Thoth on one only; and the Four Sons of Horus appear on three shabtis each, maybe because they belong to three sets. 23. For the Four Sons of Horus, see: Bonnet 1952, pp. 315–316 (“Horuskinder”); LÄ I, 1972, cols. 52–53, s.v. “ Horuskinder”; and more specifically: Assmann 1979 and Mathieu 2008. 24. For Anubis and his funerary role, see: Bonnet 1952, pp. 40–45; LÄ I, 1972, cols. 329–333, s.v. “Anubis”. 25. For Thoth, see Bleeker 1973, pp. 106–157; for Geb, see Bonnet 1952, pp. 201–203 and Barta 1973, pp. 40–49. And for the less known Dun-Anuy, see Altenmüller 1975, p. 233. 26. As on the coffins of Yuya and Tuya (T.M. Davies 1907, pp. 4–21). See also, Willems 1988, passim. 27. See the model coffin of Yuya (T.M. Davies 1907, pl. XXIII), or the model coffin, with shabti inside, of Amenemope, now in Leiden (H. Schneider 1977, vol. II, pp. 35–36 and vol. III, pl. 84). For others parallels in the British Museum, see BM EA 53892 and 65372. Usually, the reference to these gods is completed with the “Nut Formula”, as on real coffins and even in burial chambers from the beginning of the 18th Dynasty (Galán 2013). 626 JoséM.Serrano Again,anotherlineofresearchisthat,bymentioningthesedeities,Tutuia-Nebmehyt’sshabtis couldhaveassumedapotropaicduties,protectionandcaringfunctionsforthedeceased,and perhapsmorespecificallyforhisbody,themummy.Itisinterestingtonotethatamongtheburial equipment,theshabtisareoftenindirectcontactorproximitytothecoffin.AndinChapter151 oftheBookoftheDeath,whichdepictsthefunerarychamberwiththecoffininthecentre,there arefigurinesoftheFourSonsofHorus,andofAnubis(usuallytwice),withprotectivespells. Andalsotherepresentationoftwoshabtisoneithersideoftheentrancetothissacredspacewhere themummyrests.28 Finally,itshouldbementionedthateachshabtiinoursetisbroken,apparentlyintentionallyand followingthesamepatterninmostcases.Itisevenpossiblethattheyweretakenoutofthetomb ofTutuia-Nebmehytandthrownawayonpurpose.Thiscouldalsoberelatedtosomemagical practices(magicaldamagetoshabtis)occasionallyattestedatleastduringthe18thDynasty.29 Insummary,webelievethatthepresentstudy,oncecompleted,andifthehypothesisthatwe reportherecanfinallybeconfirmed,willallowustomakeavaluablecontribution,namelythe inclusionofanewcharacterintheearlyRamessideelite,probablyaforeignerwithtwonames, Tutuia-Nebmehyt,andastudy-caseofonomasticstrategies.Itwouldalsoprovideevidenceonthe evolutionandfunctionofshabtis,andtheirpossibleuseasprotectivefigurines,inrelationwiththe deitiesthatwererepresentedonthecoffinlidandsides,andinspecificfunerarytexts. 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